Contents
PART VIII FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS
Chapter 30 Fossil fuels 2
Chapter 31 Homologous series, structural formulae and naming
of carbon compounds 4
Chapter 32 Alkanes and alkenes 6
Chapter 33 Consequences of using fossil fuels (Part One):
Burning of fuels 8
Chapter 34 Consequences of using fossil fuels (Part Two):
Environmental problems associated with the use of fossil fuels 9
Chapter 35 Alcohols 14
Fossil fuels
1. B
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. (a) It is a complex mixture of alkanes. Some of the higher alkanes dissolve in liquid oil to form a
solution; besides, the various compounds present lower the melting points of each other.
(b) Fractional distillation
(c) 1
(d) 1 (refinery gas); 2 (petrol; naphtha); 3 (kerosene); 4 (gas oil)
(e) Most of the residue is burnt directly as fuel oil in large furnaces such as those in power stations or
big ships. A small proportion of it is vacuum distilled to give lubricating oils, waxes and bitumen
(for surfacing roads).
(f) Fraction 2; petrol as motor car fuel, naphtha to produce town gas and alkenes (for preparing
many useful chemicals)
(g) It is immiscible with water and has a density less than 1 g cm−3, hence it forms a layer on the
surface of water, suffocating the larvae. Fraction 2 would not be suitable, as it is volatile and will
easily evaporate away.
Boiling point in °C below 40 40 − 170 170 − 250 250 − 350 above 350
Percentage (by mass) 2 35 11 30 22
of crude oil which
boils off
(b)
35
30
Percentage (by mass) of
crude oil which boils off
crude oil which boils off
25
20
15
10
(c) 40 − 170°C
(d) North Sea oil
(e) Yes. North Sea oil contains a higher percentage of the 40 − 170°C fraction (the most valuable
fraction).
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. D
11. D
12. B
13. B
14. D
15. (a) C, D, E
(b) C, D
(c) E
(d) A, B
(e) A, C, E
(f) B, D
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
17. A and F
1. D
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. (a) A substitution reaction is a chemical change in which an atom (or a group of atoms) of an organic
molecule is replaced by another atom (or group of atoms).
(b) CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
13. Both are a family of substances, which show gradation in physical properties and similarity in chemical
properties.
(ii)
(c) Ethene can decolorize an acidified solution of potassium permanganate, while hexane cannot.
(b) 1,2-dibromopropane
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. B
9. C
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. C
13. (a) Sulphur dioxide is the main pollutant which causes acid rain. Coal-fired power stations in Hong
Kong are major sources of sulphur dioxide. To greatly reduce the amount of sulphur dioxide given
out, more expensive high-grade fuel (with low sulphur content) should be used. Also, the power
stations should be installed with scrubbers. However, the installation and maintenance cost a lot
of money. The price of electricity would surely go up.
(b) Some would be willing to pay, some would not. Some people are well aware of the importance of
environmental protection. However, others may think that the acid rain problem is not yet serious
in Hong Kong at present, and it is not worthwhile to pay any additional charges.
14. (a) Coal is used as fuel in the industrial plant. When the fuel is burnt, the sulphur it contains turns to
sulphur dioxide. Besides, some nitrogen dioxide is also produced during burning. Sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen dioxide emitted from the industrial plant escape into the atmosphere directly above
and are blown by the wind from the southwest. These pollutants combine with rainwater to form
acid rain (which is likely to have a pH of 4) that falls on X.
(b) Y.
Not at X. The acid rain would harm the rice.
Y is near a pier (ease of transportation).
15. (a) If the atmosphere was thicker, we would have more of an insulating ‘blanket’ to provide a thermal
balance. As a result: the average daytime temperature would be lower.
(b) If the atmosphere was thicker, we would have more of an insulating ‘blanket’ to provide a thermal
balance. As a result: the average nighttime temperature would be higher.
Heating Powering
Reflected Heating up Powering
18. (a) Coal the renewable
back into the the water
surface of energy
space atmosphere cycle
(b) Oil the Earth sources
(c) Consumption of coal has decreased greatly.
(d) Nuclear
(e) Rapid growth of industry and number of motor vehicles.
20. Collecting the spilt oil using a boom / applying bioremediation / spray the spilt oil with detergents to
change it into tiny droplets (any two)
2. C
3. D
4. D
5. C
6. C
8. (a) Add Na2CO3(aq): propanoic acid gives a colourless gas (CO2), whereas propan-1-ol does not.
(b) Alkanols are usually identified by the esters they form, as those compounds have pleasant, fruity
smells. Mix the substance under test with an alkanoic acid and a little concentrated sulphuric
acid. Heat the mixture gently for one or two minutes. If the vapour evolved has a pleasant fruity
smell, then the substance under test should be an alkanol.
9. (a) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
(b) Melting point / boiling point / solubility in water (any two)
(b) Heat ethanoic acid and ethanol in the presence of a little concentrated sulphuric acid for 2 or 3
minutes.
(c)
CH3(CH2)4CH3 CH3CHCH3
OH
(b) Add water (only propanoic acid and propan-2-ol are soluble); then add Na2CO3(s) (only propanoic
acid gives colourless gas bubbles (CO2)).
Add KMnO4(aq)/H+(aq) to the remaining two liquids (only hex-1-ene decolorizes the solution added).
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. D
12. B
13. C
14. A
15. D
17.
20. (a) C
(d) One of the monomers must have at least two reactive sites in a molecule.
(ii) and or
(i) (ii) or
25. (a)
(b)
(c) Chloroethene
(d) Vinyl chloride
(e) Making floor tiles / pipe / raincoats / shower curtains (any one)
(f)
(g) Thermoplastic
(h) Condensation polymerization
(i) Making textile fibres / sails
Detergents
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. D
8. C
9. C
10. A
11. D
12. (a) Their chief source is triesters in animal fats and vegetable oils.
(b) Low m.p. (b.p.)
(c) No; stearic acid is insoluble in water
(d) Although both are ionic salts having a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophilic ionic head,
the hydrophobic tail in sodium ethanoate is too short to allow detergent action.
(e) (i) No; stearic acid (having no detergent properties) is displaced out:
CH3(CH2)16COO−(aq) + H+(aq) CH3(CH2)16COOH(s)
(ii) No; insoluble scum formed:
2CH3(CH2)16COO−(aq) + Ca2+(aq) [CH3(CH2)16COO]2Ca(s) OR
− 2+
2CH3(CH2)16COO (aq) + Mg (aq) [CH3(CH2)16COO]2Mg(s)
(f) Stearic acid is not easily available in nature compared with fats and oils. Soap is manufactured by
13. (a) No. A soapless detergent may or may not form lather in water. It is so called to distinguish from
soapy detergents (soaps).
(b) (i) Both consist of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head.
(ii) −COO− is the hydrophilic part in soaps but not in soapless detergents.
(c) (i) Hydrocarbons
(ii) Conc. H2SO4, followed by NaOH
(d) (i) B
(ii) B
(e) No. It has branched chains and is non-biodegradable, thus causing foaming at sewage works and
in rivers. Water life will be killed.
14. (a) We can tell whether a solution is hard or soft from the height of the lather formed in the
experiment.
Lather with a height of 5 cm is formed in distilled water.
A liquid with a height of 5 cm high (or slightly less) is considered as soft.
A liquid with no lather (or very little lather) is considered as hard.
(b) Soft water
(c) Dilute sodium chloride solution is soft.
Sea water is hard.
Sea water contains appreciable concentration of magnesium salts in addition to sodium chloride.
(d) Yes. It contains appreciable concentration of Ca2+(aq) ions.
(e) Hard water
(f) A lather (probably a few cm high) is formed in every liquid, with approximately the same height in
each case.
Separation of mixtures
1. (a) C
(b) A
(c) B
(d) D
(e) E
2. (a) B
(b) A
(c) C
(d) D
(e) C
3. C
4. Heat, collect X (as sublimate) on a cool surface; put the remaining solid into hot water, filter, wash
residue with distilled water, dry residue (Y); evaporate filtrate to dryness (or crystallize) to obtain Z.
5. No. Add solid to distilled water and stir well. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to dryness by heating. See
whether any solid is left.
6. (a) The receiver test tube should never be stoppered, otherwise the methylated spirit will be heated
inside a closed system, which is a very dangerous practice.
(b) The receiver test tube should be placed in a beaker of cold water to condense the hot vapour
given out.
(c) As methylated spirit is flammable, it should not be heated by a naked flame; a hot water bath
should be used instead.
(d) Test tube A should not be filled to more than 1/3 of its capacity.
Detection of substances
1. E
2. C
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. F
8. A
9. D
10. A
11. C
12. B
13. A
14. A
16.
Test Observations Inference
Appearance White solid Cation resulted from Group I or II
(a) _____________________________
elements
_____________________________
_____________________________
Heating No change
Flame test Brilliant golden yellow Cation should be Na+
(b) _____________________________
flame
_____________________________
_____________________________
Add dilute hydrochloric Solid dissolves, no Neither CO32− nor SO32− present
(c) _____________________________
acid effervescence
_____________________________
_____________________________
Add dilute hydrochloric No precipitate No SO42− present
(d) _____________________________
acid followed by the
addition of barium chloride
solution _____________________________
_____________________________
Add dilute nitric acid and White precipitate Anion should be Cl−
(e) _____________________________
silver nitrate solution
_____________________________
_____________________________
17. (a) Add magnesium sulphate solution to the substances. Sodium carbonate forms a white precipitate
while sodium hydrogencarbonate does not.
(b) Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the substances. Effervescence is observed for calcium carbonate
but not for calcium hydroxide.
(c) Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the substances. Sodium sulphite gives out colourless sulphur
dioxide gas while sodium sulphate does not.
(d) Add acidified silver nitrate solution to the substances. Sodium chloride forms a white precipitate
while sodium nitrate does not.
(e) Add acidified silver nitrate solution to the substances. Potassium chloride forms a white
precipitate while potassium iodide gives a yellow precipitate.