27) LlecLron ConflguraLlon

le
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
1p
6
3d
6

Al
3+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

Cu
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10

8a
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
4d
10
3p
6

8r

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
C
2
1
2
2
2
2
6
211) LlecLron conflguraLlon and properLy
a) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
7
4s
2
Lhls ls a LranslLlon meLal because one of Lhe characLerlsLlcs of
LranslLlon meLals ls parLlally fllled d subshell
b) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
Lhls ls an lnerL gas because all lnerL gases have compleLely fllled
subshells whlch ls whaL makes Lhem unreacLlve
c) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
Lhls ls a halogen because halogens have one elecLron ln Lhelr ouLermosL
subshell
d) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
Lhls ls an alkall earLh meLal because lL has lncompleLely fllled ouLermosL
shell
e) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
2
4s
2
Lhls ls a LranslLlon meLal because one of Lhe characLerlsLlcs of
LranslLlon meLals ls parLlally fllled d sub shell
f) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
1
Lhls ls an alkall meLal because lL has one valence elecLron
218) lonlc bonds are elecLrlcally charged lons formed when Lransfer of elecLrons Lakes place from one
aLom Lo anoLher 1hey are formed by Lhe elecLrosLaLlc force of aLLracLlon beLween Lhe respecLlve
negaLlve and poslLlve lon
CovalenL bonds are formed when Lwo ad[acenL aLoms share Lhelr elecLrons presenL ln Lhe
ouLermosL shell ln order Lo form a sLable sLrucLure
MeLalllc bonds are formed beLween meLal lons whlch are surrounded by a sea of valence
elecLron dlspersed LhroughouL Lhe meLal acLlng as elecLrosLaLlc glue holdlng Lhe poslLlve meLal lons
LogaLher
219) lonlc CharacLer
a) 1lC
2
- (
-0.25(X
A
-X
B
)
2
) - = -(
-0.25(1.5-3.5)
2
) - = .% lonlc
b) MgCl
2
-(
-0.25(X
A
-X
B
)
2
) - = -(
-0.25(3.0-1.2)
2
) - = .% lonlc
220)
= . -. = .(8) + .8 = . = .
221a) hosphorus has 3 valence elecLrons hence requlres 3 elecLrons ln order Lo obLaln a noble gas
aLomlc sLrucLure As a resulL lL forms 3 covalenL bonds
= ,
8 - =
221b) Chlorlne has 7 valence elecLrons hence requlres 1 elecLron ln order Lo obLaln a noble gas aLomlc
sLrucLure As a resulL forms 1 covalenL bond
=
8 - =
222) a)8rass MeLalllc bong beLween copper and zlnc lons Lo form meLal alloy
b)8ubber CovalenL bondlng wlLh secondary bondlng (has Lhe ablllLy Lo be sLreLched)
c)8ronze MeLalllc bondlng beLween meLallons
d)nylon rlmarlly composed of carbon and hydrogen so covalenL bondlng wlLh weak van uer
Waal forces
e)Alumlnlum hosphlde CovalenL bondlng predomlnaLes slnce dlfference ln elecLronegaLlvlLy ls
very small
223) Lven Lhough Pl has lower molecular welghL and experlence lesser vander Waal forces Pl ls
hlghly polar Lherefore forms hydrogen bonds sLronger Lhan LhaL of PCl (rlmarlly because Pl has hlgher
elecLronegaLlvlLy dlfference Lhan PCl)
31) ALomlc sLrucLure ls Lhe no of proLons and neuLrons found ln an aLom and Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of
elecLrons ln lL Whereas crysLal sLrucLure ls Lhe arrangemenL of Lhese aLoms ln a speclflc an repeLlLlve
paLLern ln a crysLalllne maLerlal
32 ALomlc 8adlus lf Alumlnum 0143nm
o
2
+ o
2
= ()
2

o
2
=
2

o =

8
2
=

2
= .n
3
= .
-29

3


33) o
2
+ o
2
+o
2
= ()
2

o
2
=
2

_
16R
2
3


4R
V3

ALomlc packlng facLor
voIumc oI atoms
oIumc o] unt ccII
=

8
3
nR
3

64
3V3
R
3
= .8
37) o =
4R
V3
=
4-0.124
3
1
2
= .8 n
p =
nA
v
C
N
A
=
2-55.85
0.286
3
-6.02-10
23
= .9 -
-21
g
nm
3
= .9
g
cm
3


7.93-7.87
7.87
- = .%
38) p =
nA
u
3
N
A

o
3
=
nA
pN
c
=
4-192.2
(22.4-6.022-10
23
)
= . n
1313) p =
nA
u
3
N
A
=
4-(102.91)
0.1345
3
-6.022-10
23
= .
g
cm
3
so 8hodlum has an lCC sLrucLure