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r r a : ] B y K o r s r c .c c p r 3 / l c r r r H a r p r l r p y r r ! l : I ) ; l n x a r c , l c n a n a p a r , x o i i ' r . oo 6 x -
l a l l t a f i c - n u l c , r t p o 6 o r r cr r ' r p t x e r t ' a : 2 1 ( r o l a I l r o r r e r r a n a p a r , x o f i . r o o 6 x n a r r l a
fp't,KJrtlac rjlilcttJrKlrre3 : ) a p r r r x y , r l t t t r r o l r j lirl r J p J T , x o i i r r r o ( l x n a l l l a r r , p -
J t c i l ' r ' i l .l t o c l t a T i ll 1 y c l ' r r a T : lx y \ l U t a e ( ' J l . t K i tH. c 6 t l e T oU y c ' l r [ . r T e ,c o c o B r r o
r r p e A r r a 3 r a q e l u ei t a o 6 p a : y t a o r j l e - t r r u r c 3 B y K o B e. r r a c H L t t t c t , r r a c l l L
O r rrre/urlte ua ri;orreruxalr u3\.{ex.f,yroBoprrure oprarrH aprr.lKyltarlt,tolr-
I I r I t ' t 'a r a p a r c u a i .-r B i r x r r x r r , T r , i i K J t o I o i i . l p r t | K y n l f r ( y . r ' J r e r r a n a: n) y r o -
I t c t c r r a p e q l a . O o p M a r a , K o q l o r r p r l J I o S H gfa; t a c o B r . l r rK a t I a J I I p u r r 3 fo l l o p
Ita lit;lcll 3ByKjce rrapflqa roHc!trypaurrr ra r,'IacoBxttrarra,r. Tn u(. orpe/'lerl
t | l ( ) . t ( ) ) t i c e T o I I J L - ] H K J -] e t I I I I T C U M L . K O I O l t e 6 l l e .

Y c r r l r r e o 6 p a : y s a r ' [ 3 x o / ' I a H a L r l t c o a l r K a r r a i ]r o r p a l t f l q a B a r o r r r p e l
y c r n a ' l i l K y x r l r a . B : r y x o o 6 p a : y t a l e r o r { x H a r a p o : t r e r B ' b p . q el . o l r r M i l ,3 t r -
r q o r o f i , r a r o l a p c H l c l a u o l r B t r x t r o c t - f ac x r e N r o r l l r . q ac c { 3 T e r n r r l t a n p e A ,
, t l ac c 3 a K p L f" r t T l r , r r r 3 T e f J t T B c r p a r r [ r n o T o 3 HH a q l t r A a [ p o M e l t . f l Tn . L I -
xt{rrart r (popN,raTa Ha It3xolla tra fracoBHt Katla-rl.
[ ] : n r r , r e e . q n Ho ' r o c r r o B H l t r eo p f a H l t a a p r ( K y n a q [ o H n u a a n a p a r . K a r o
o p r a H T o i i e N { H o f ol o . { B u x e H e l t a c r n q e t l . C r c r r a e u o r M l o x e c r B o M y c -
KyJrn, TorI Moxe.ua ce aBr.rxl{ Harlpe.q,Ha3ai,.ia ce ,r3!llfa 868 BepTlIKaIHa
fiocot<aH Ila of]Ba Kpalr[tara cH. Or HeL-osoro[o.]oxeHHe B ycrrrara KyxuHa
rastcu xorrrlnrypaulrflTa Ha r-tacoBur KaHar'r! a orraM rr aprl{KynnpaHero Ha
foBopHlrTc 3 ByKoue.

t6
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clulo ce pa3,qenrHa rpr{ qacrrl,
r.rKopeH.Or caor crpana rrp6r,r ua e3r.rKa
qunro rpannqu ca rBap,qeyc:roBHr.r:
npe,qHa rroa npeaHorora'spAore6ue,
cperHa noa 3aAHororrspao ue6ue - H 3aaHa- nog uexoro ne6qe.
He6uero npe.{craBnsBaropHara rpaHuua Ha ycrHara xyxrlHa r{ cJryxr.r
Karo rpaHHuaMex,qyycrHara H HocHaraxyxnHa.To ce pa3AenqHaABerrac-
rv: TB'tpro c KocrHoo6pa:yaaueH Mexo c MycKynHoo6pa:ynaue.Kparr Ha
veroro rre6qe,HapeqeHMbxeu, oqepraBa3a,[HararpaHuuaHa ycrnara Ky-
xI,Ha.
3a HyNlrre Ha aprx(ynaufonHoro onkcaHuerBGpAoro ue6qe yc.norno
ce pa3,qerrHarpri qacrtr: a]rBeo:rlt,npeAHori cpeaHo.B :ayroo6pa:yraHero
TBbp,qoroue6ue c,ryxn caMoKaro yqneHr.rrenHo Mrcro, Kaaero e3r.rKbr
npa-
BH IIperpaAa lljrr-r cTecHeHlle.
M e r o r o r r e 6 u e e n o , u s r r x e Ho p r a l . E , r a r o q a p e H u e H a M y c K y : r H a r a c l t
cTpy(Typa To Moxe '[a ce oTrrycKa K rr3lHfa rj rro To3Lt HaqI{H H3ALr[IHaTa
crpyr Aa rrpeMr{HaBaeAHoBpeMeHHorrpe3 ycrHara r..r HocHara ryxnna. B :a-
Rrrcr.rMocror nojloxeHttero Ha MeKoro re6qe ce aprlrKynfiplr ycrrreHlre H
lIocoBHTe 3IlyKoBe.
H o c s a r a t t y x H H a B : l a y x o o 6 p a : y n a H e r o r { M a c p a B H r . { T e n Hoor p a H n q e H a
po,ra. flpn cflycHaro l,rero He6ue rr cnyxrl Karo lorrhnH[TelreH pe3oHarop.
l l o c r r a r a K y x x H a r l e r r p o M e r r rc a o r r a Q o p n a an o 6 e w . 3 a g u a r a r p a n l r q a H a
r r o c r { a r aK y x I r H ae w e x o r o u e 6 q e , a l p e g H a r a H o 3 A p [ T e .
flocoqegnre rpn KyxlIHI-lIIa r-uacoBrlt KaHar'IkMar ocHoBHo 3HaqelJle 3a
o 6 p a : y a a n e H a p a 3 r x t r H u r e 3 B y K o B eH a p e v r a . T p . r 6 n a o 6 a v e g a c e r r o a q e p -
Tac, qc Huro eAHa or rqx lle leiicr8S cgM.r ]l He3aBficr.ruoor 4pyrnre. Han-
p o T r r B ,T r x l | a T a r r e A e J r r M o c Te n p H q H H a3 a a p T H r ( y n a u l l o H H o - a K y c T [ q H a T a
x a p a K T e p r . r c T n KI raa B c e K H3 B y K .
I l o g a p r u x y , r a q u o H n oM r c r o c e p a : 6 l p a r a 3 n q a c r o r r n a c o B H r K a H a r , r J
K o r r o o n p e A e n e r r aq a c r H a e 3 h K a H . r t Hy c r H x r e o 6 p a r y a a r [ p e r p a A a f i J r r r
crecHeHrjea, [ o . q H a r i H HH a a p r u K y n H p a r ] e r l x c e o 6 p a r y e a 3 B y x . b r :c f l p e r -
paAa, npoxo1t, c yqacrnero Ha r-tlacrl-rKl{Te l't MeKoro He6rle u,'ru 6el rqxHoro
yqacTnc.
3a onpegerrue Ha aKycrHr.rHHTe xapaKTep[crnxtr Ha 3ByKoBerece u3rroJr-
3Bar cbulo pa3ruqHrr Mcro.{H H anaparypa. 3a qe,ure na $onerurara oco-
6erro nore:ur ca AuHaMHrrHHTe cnexrporpaSn, Kor.rrorrpeacraBsr rre caMo
crreKT'bpaHa 3ByKa,Ho lr HeroBxre rrpoMeHuB rroroKa Ha peqra. Taxra ypeg
e corrorpatlrr, xoiiro arpxy nscr xaprur (cororpava) qpe3 nperaprHe
oqepraBa $opvaurure Ha 3ByKa,T.e. ycuxeHHTe co6creeHr,rqecroru Ha r;ra-
c o R n r K a H a , r rO. o p v a u r u r e c e o 6 o l u a q a s a r c , r a r n H c K a r a 6 y r s a ( F ) , a r e x -
Hurr HoMep c apa6cru qnQpu. <DopvaHrtr c naii-Hucxa qecrora ce or6e-
rr:na c quQpara I (Fr) u e pe.qa Ha noBHrtraBaHeHa r{ecrorr.rre c qN$pnre
2.3 n r.u.
2. frt r.nn ia 6rp.6ur a irbr. r. t1
 flo nepruxa:rnara oc Ha coHarpaMara ce orr{l'ITar qecrorl'ITe Ha QoplrrH-
T r r e B u H T e p B a J roar 8 0 - r o 8 0 0 0 x u . 3 n o x o p r l o H T a r s a r a i r o c BpeMer-
paeHero lla roBopHlrt:ryx. 3a cn,rara Ha pe3oHaHcHI'ITe qecrorl't ce cr'Alr o
CTeIIeHTaHa nOqepHtBaHeHa XapTl'ItTa [IO-Tl'MHnTeOqepTaHLt ()3HaqaBaT
ro-cnjreH ,rHTeH3UTeT,a no-cBeTj'IuTe- no-c-qa6 [IHTeH3[1TeT. O6qara r.rH-
TeH3nBHOCT tla 3By(a ce npe,lcTaBt qpe3 oT,qerHa KpHBa, H3rII{CaHa Ha fOpHItt
rpaf ua conarpauata. B notoxa Ha peqra QopvaHrure He 3arla3Bar eAHa I'I
cr,ua qecrora, rrfi xaro orpa3tBar npoMeHnre B KoHQl.irypaq[tra Ha f,'la-
coBr.rr (aHa:r trpll cBT,p3BaHe Ha 3Byl(oBere. flpoveuenara vacr or Soplual-
T r ' r r eH a r r a c H u T e c e H a p H q a$ o p v a H T e H n p e x o a . Koraro qecro-
T[Te Ha npexoAa Ha BTopxt $opvanr ca [o-HI.lcKH or t'Iecror[Te I{a HeroBara
ItocrotHHa .{acr, Toii ce Hapxrla orpHuare,rleH,a Koraro ca no-RtlcoKt'I rlo-
noxHTeJrerr. OopvaHrHnre npexo.qn HMar rollfiMo 3HaqeH[e, rtii xaro nr,r
OCHOBa IIa TeXHHTeqeCTOTt{}I XapaKTepXCTIIKI{ C-TIyXOBO Ce BI'3IIpHeMaTHt-
KOH TI]IIOBe C'LfIaCltH, KaTO HalIpHMCp MeKUTe CI'rilacIIII

3a lr:crelsaHe Ha cynepcerMeHTHHTee,qnHnufiHa pe'ITa - y.qapeHfiero }r

rHTOHarIXqTa, 3a KOHTOe BaXllo.qa ce o[peaentT rlpoMeIIITe R rlecrorara
IIa OCrrOtsnHt rolr, HHTeIl3lrreTaH BpeMerpaeHeToHa 3ByKoBeTeHa peqTa, oe
[ 3 n o r 3 B a c f i e q r a n e Hy p e . q ,H a p e q e l t H H r o H o r p a Q . I 4 r y x n o r p a Q r u -
qeH HaqHH Bbpxy xapTlit ce ri3llHcBar KpllB[Te, orpa3tBault npoMeHHTe B
qCCTOTATA HA OCHOBII't' TOH HA UHTCIT3HTCTA.

IlpuroxeHuero ar,n $oueruxara lla eKcrleprlMeHTaJIHH Mero/'lll 3a n3c-

-rleaBaHeHa aprr.rKyrauHoHHo-aKycTI{qHHTexaqecTBaHa foBoplrr,ITe3ByKoBe
H T r x l l o r o c J r y x o B oB T , 3 r I p H e M a H e ec B b p 3 a t l o[ p e . q ] I B c l { q K oc $ y l l r u l t o H u -
palrero HM Karo j t H H r B H c r x q H I t
e A H I I H q HB. l p o r u a e u c , t y v a i i o n a c a l a e ' r o e
$n:uojrorr..rvrro x-rrnaKycr[qIIo! T.e. npejlMer tla ApyrH HayKtI.

OOHETI{qHA TPAHCKPHIIUUq

$ 1 2 . B 6 r r r a p c r r t e 3 H KM e x t r yd r o t t e r n v n a rua r p a $ u u H a r ac l l c r e M aH e
I J g H a f r {n M a n b r H o c ' b o T B e T c T B KT e ., e . H e B I { H A I HI ' I 3 I O B O p bH
T a A A , { e H3 B y K
B paMKnre Ha AyMara ce or.6e,ra:la c or,qeJlHa6yxoa. Bporr HJ 3ByKoBxre
peanfi3aquu B rroroKa Ha perlTa e BHHarIl MHoro [o-roJItM or 6pol ua 6yr-
BHTe, c Kotrro pa3noJrara a:6yxara Ha aaleH e3!IK 3a rtxHoro nl.IcMettoor-
6e,rx:saHe. 3a Aa ce npe,qa,qarno-Totluo oco6esocrn.re Ha flpoH3HorlteHIIero
Ha 3ByKoBere B peqra, orxollxoro rlo3BortBa o6[xuoseuoro rrucMo, ce I{3-
$orrernvHara rpaHcKpHnuur. Harpuvep 6nt xtn6 SoneruqHo ce 3a-
nol:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ra
n n c r a [ 6 ' d : r x r ' i r ] . O o u e r u v H a r a r p a H c K p x r l u n re r p a $ l l v e n c n o c o 6 : a : a -
nIlcBaHe Ha peqTa, 3a Aa ce noxyr{H no-n'bnHo u rlo-{cHo choTBercrBrle Me)K-
Ay 3ByKoBapeanfi3auIIt Ir nrlcrueu 6e,ter. OcuogHllsr npnnqrln npr'tSoxeruv-
H o r o 3 a n c B a H ee B c e K n3 B y K , q aH M a c B o i i n u c v e H 6 e , ' r e r .

t8
 E'rrrapcrara Qoneru.rHarpaucttpHnullrr.r3rron3Ba
npeAr.{Mno 6yxeure or
KripxncKaraa:6yra, a 3a rrrKoH3ByKoB peanu3arlr{}rce u3rror3Baru 6yxnu
or JrarrrHcKaran rpcur(ara a:6yxa. 3a [pe,uaBaHeHa no-oco6eHu.sr,raceN
HaHrKorr3ByKoBece ri3no,rt38arH AuaKprrruqHu (Aonr,,runre,rrrn)
3Harll.t
Kr,M
o6uxltoeeHHq IIllcMeH 3Iiax - ToqKa, 3arlerat, IbfI,tqKa K Ip.
3a rlrouernuHo3arrucBaHe ua 6t,lrapcxara peq ce K3rron3Barcnegur.rre
6yralr u 4uaxprrrqHl 3HauH:
[ ] 3 a o : u a u a r a n eH a $ o u e r u v H ar p a H c x p r r q r s : f c n ' a x ] , [ v e r i , ] , [ r p d r
R n . q u H l [, S c r d i i a r a ] .
,^ 3a or6erg:gaHe rra HeyAapenar.lacua [a] c no-c,ra6acrerreHHa pelyK-
u u r : [ 6 ^ x d ] \ , 1[]n, " r d r r ] , [ r p , r g i j r ] . C r o : u : r r a r c e o r 6 e l r : B a r r o - o r B o p e -
Hr.{rrrracex rra Hey/'laperra r;racHa[r,]: In"rexa], [i,r",r], [rarr^r<].
c 3 a o r 6 e r r : s a s e r r aH e y n a p e Hra, r a c H a[ a ] c n o - c n ; r H a c r e r r e rHr ap e I l y x -
u r n : [ 6 e p " 6 i x ] , [ v a r " : l i r n ] , [ 6 d 6 a ] . C r o 3 r 3 H a Kc e o r 6 e r s s s a u n o - c l a 6 a
c r e r r e H1 1 ao l t r o p e H o c r r ar r e y n a p e r rra" , r a c u [ar , ] : [ 6 a p r u u a ] ,[ n i r c e , r ] .
a 3a o:laqalane Ha rro,:rype jtxxurrr Ha rrupoKa r,racrra6e: y,Eapenue.3a
H e y 7 1 a p c rrr;ar a c u a[ a ] r o 3 ] r 3 H a Ke p a B e ] rl a 3 H a K a^ : I e p a r i ] , [ o 6 d u ] ,
Ivor6i].
a 3 a o : u a q a g a r rH e an o - c H - q r cr ar e n e HH ap e l y K u r { r .3 a u e y g a p e Hral a c r r a
I a ] r ' o : u : r r a x e p a B e r r r a: H a x aa : [ p a l l n r r d ] , f r o n , r r . r H dI ]u, i , r x o ] .
y 3 a o : t r a v a a a t cH ar r o - o r B o p e r {J ' r a c e H x a} r c y l a p e H a r r c n a r , r a c r r a[ y ] :
[6rnr1i],[cyvardxa]. C r o : u : u a r c e o 3 H a t i a ara 3 a r B o p e H H 3 r o B o pH a r r u -
p o r a r n a c r r a[ e ] n o , ry1g a p e H n e[:v e H e ] ,[ r e 6 e ] .
'a
3a olltaqasaHeHa no-npclno yrl.qenelrxe HafJracHKcre/l MeKr.r r tuyul-
K a B uc L r ' r ' r a c H [uu: i r p a ] , [ x a p ] , [ v a c ] , [ 6 a r ] , [ x d s r , ] .
a 3 a o : t t a g a l a H eH a n p e / ' I H oy q - ' r e n e t r r r rea 3 a ! H a n e , t a 6 u a t t Hra, t a c n a
p e ! u y r r K a B l .cr b r r a c H u : [ - r i v e r r ] .
i i 3 a o : r r a q a g a Htct a I l p e , ] H oy q r r c H e r r uHea 3 a l H H T er ; r a c H uM e x A y ; 1 B e
M e K I cr ' b r l r a c r r rI{o: 6 ' l i r ' d n a v ] , [ , r ' j i r r 'a x ] , [ r ' y r ' j , H ] .
r 3 a o : H a q a i l a uH e aA , L r x H H a( x n r H r e . r )H af r r a c r r lf i c t r J r a c H n [: x y 6 a n ] ,
[ v y l e c e r r ] ,[ , r y H a ] ,I e c e H a ] .
y 3a o:rravaaaue H a H e c p i rK Lo i r B o p H raJ r a c r a :[ n i i : a ] , [ a ! r ] .
€ 3 a o : l r r a q a n a Hr rea u H p o l rr r 3 r o B o pH a r . l a c r r a [: 6 € r ] , [ , r € r e r r ] [, r r 6 n l r o ] .
i 3 a o : H a . r a s a HHea r r o c o Bi l 3 r o B o pl a r " r r a c u a[ x: a H c r r ] , [ r d n r p d c ] .
d 3 a o s H a . r a s a Hr iea r J r a B t ryo, u a p e H H [ev:A c a ] , [ l , r a n n H d ] .
6 3 a o : H a q a s a H eH a B T o p o c r e n e n u o( g o n r , l u u r e l r r o ) y l a p e H u e :
Icp6lHoerpor6ricxu], Icrj'goycrofrvirt], Ici,,rHordron].
f i 3 a o : r r a v a a a Huea g l r Q r o u r u v e Hr i 3 r o B o pH ar B e f n a c H u :t f i r ] t O O ] .
, 3 a o : n a . r a n a nH e a a x u e H T Hea! H H H u a[:n o r _ r r l A c a r a ][ ,a l r g ' a x , r o ] .
l 3 a o : H a . r a s a HHear B b p . qH 3 r o B o p H ac l r r a c H a r a [ " , r ][:l o u r ] ,t l o $ ] , t l e r ] l
l9
 n'3a o s H a q a s a H eH a M e ( a ( n a ; r a r a l u a ) c L r J I a c H a :[ 6 ' a l ] , IcH'ax],
[6'ySer].
n' 3a olnaqasaHeHa nonyMeKocr Ha cbr;lacHara: [r'e6' e], [u' ero].
p 3a o:HavaraHe Ha cpHqKorBopHocr Ha coHopHl.lre cI'rJIacHIr [p] lt [,1]:
[apx], [c;:a].
r o 3 a o s H a . i a s a H en a - l a 6 l r - n l t l a u n fH
f a cbcracHara: [r'yr], [,q'p"yv].
f3o orrru"uuuna Ha I(parKa tayza: C.ttu4emo utrpt I u no3tamu n,raHu'
t{ama.
I l3u ornu"""un" na cpeAHanay3a: Vepua eottua nmu4a xabpqerueHucKo ll
6uetrc u cauomtto.
# 3a osua.ranaHeHa,qbJlra nay3a B Kpat lla u3per{eH[ero: Eces # Mlr.rn
rr abxaoBe f .
y 3 a o 3 u a q a B a H eu a a $ p n r a r d : r : [ v o n ] , [ v y v d ] , [ v a c ] .
s 3 a o s H a ' l a s a H eu a a Q p u x a r d : : [ s i ; u x a v ] , [ s n $ r ] .
| 3 a o s H a q a s a H eH a K 3 r o B o p a H a c p e , q H o[ , ' r ] r p e g r , r a c u a [ e ] [ n ] : I l e Q ] ,
fldotoI.
w 3a o:uaqagaue (6u,ra5ua.aett)
Ha,qByycrHen u3roBopHa c'br:Iacuara
x].
In]: Iwosd],[rvofirri
q 3a o:uavaeaHe (6u;ra6na-retr)
Ha rByycrHeH u3roBopHa ctrracllara
[dr]: Irpj,pua].
1 3 a o : u a r a s a u e H a 3 B y q r l ac b r ; I a c H a [ x ] : [ r u g ' i y r o ] , [ 6 u 1 r o o : d . ' r ] .
1 13 a o l r r a v a a a H eH a l { 3 r o B o p aH a 3 a A H o( r e - n a p H o )[ r r ] : [ 6 i r 1 x a ] , [ r a t l r d ] .
v 3 a o : l r r a . r a g a H eH a t , t 3 r o B o p aH a n p o x o l l t l a c r , f J I a c H a I u ] : I r d v c r n ] ,
lavcirv6 r:rl.

20
 TJIACHI{

RJIACI,IOIIKAUIl' HA T.I'IACHI{TE

$ 13. KracnrfNxarrnrra Ha 3ByxoBere Ha peqra Moxe Aa ce HanpaBL or

r(Be rneAuura aprn(ynaulroHHo H aKycrI.ItIHo.Tr'i raro :nyrorere ce o6-
pa3yBar or KoMnJrexcHoro ,qencrBHeHa roBopHHTe opraHtl, Te Mofar.qa ce
o ulJar n r.nacu$uqupar cfiopeA yqacrHero Ha re3n opranlr. flo raxhB Ha-
q r . r Hc c 1 . . r 3 r p a x r a p r l x y n a u h o HH a r a x , r a c u Q u x a u u r .
Or 4pyra crpaHa, 3ByKoBere Ha peqra B a(ycrHrrHo orHotxeHHe ca pe3yr'r-
Tar nMeHHo or pa3JrtrqHaraHarraca Ha apruKyJrHpaur{TeopraHll. B]s ocuo-
Ba Ha [oJyrreHara $opvaxrHa crpyKTypa, T.e. pa3nlqHoro cr,orHotrreHHeHa
pe3oHaHcHr,rreqecrors Ha crreKTbpa, ce rrpaBx aKycrl.IqHaKracI,IQr.rKaur.rr
Ha
3ByxoBere Ha peqra. Mexgy gnara runa x,racn$Nxaq!{r Bp63Kara e MHoro
T r c l r a , M a K a pH . [ a H e e B u H a f u e , q H o 3 H a r { H a .
$ 14. 3a Aa ce ornrue aprHKyJrarlxrra Ha ,{aaeHa r,racna, Heo6xonlrvo e
aa ce nMa rlpeA BUA yrracTr.reTon rrojroxeHHeTo Ha Te3r.ropraHr.r,KotrTo on-
peAenrr {ropvara u o6eva rra xondurypauurra rra r;racoBur raHar. Taxusa
opraHtt ca e3uKbr, ycrH[Te u vexoro tte6qe.
C no,toxegrero Ha e3r.rKaca cBr,p3aH[ ABa np[3Haxa Ha f;IacHara: y q -
N E I I I I T C J I H O M q C T O K C T C T I C H H A I { 3 ] I I - { T A H E H A
e3HKa B y c r H a r a x y x r s a. 9,resureJrHoro Mrcro rrpfi rnacHuTe
c 3 o H a r a r r a u a i i - r o , r r v o r o c r e c H e H u e ,o 6 p a : y a a H o w e x g y r r , p 6 a H a e 3 r { K a
r ue6qero. Erurlr nopagn rorsMara clr no,{BnxHocr fi rLBKaBocr Moxe Aa
ce IBHxri B xoprl30uranHa x BeprrxarHa nocoKa r,trro ro3I-tuatuH ga ce npn6-
rxxaBa r{ u3,[nra K'r,Mrrpe,qHarauJu,r3agHara qacr rra r]'racoanr raua,r. flplrg-
BnxBaHcTo Ha e3HKaB XOpH3OHTajtHa nOCOKaHanpeAe C' bqeTaHO C He|OBOTO
n p l r A B u x B a H eB l l B B e p r u K a . [ H an o c o x a . T o g a t l 3 H a r ' r a B q
ae, e f H K 6 Te A H o B p e -
veuHo c npu6rrxaBauero crr xbM pe3rlnre ce npu6,ruNana H K'r,MnpeAHoro
rarpgo ue6ue. flpu rora ABr.rxeHHeHa e3HKaycrHr.rre Morar Aa yqacrBar
r.r.;rri.[aHe yqacrBar B aprl{r(ynaqlirra. I,l:rosop'sr ua 6r,;rrapcxare npegnu
rracHfi ue e cbrleraH c yqacrHe Ha ycrHure, T.e. Te3u rJIacHIlca Hera6ua,l}It{.
Ilpr4ruxeauero Ha e3sKoBara Maca Ha3aAB xopr.r3onTanHanocoKa Moxe
,qa 6rAe n,rn 4a ne 6r,ge cbqeraHo B,qBHxeHrrerr 868 BeprtlKarr{a noco(a.

2l
 Axo xopu:onra,rHoro ABr{xeHue e cr,rleraHo c Beprr.rKaJlHoro,yqacruero Ha
ycTHI4Tee 3an6rrxliTeJ]HO.
,[nuxennero Ha e3HKaB xopri3oHTa.[HarlocoKa oIIpeAent yqreHLITerI{nre
Mecra Ha rracHure. B 6r,,rrapcru.n e3r.rr(rJacHHTe cnopen yqneHnrerHure
c r { M e c r a c e o 6 o c o 6 . s e a r B I B er p y r n : n p e , q H H w 3 a g u n . f l p e g u u c a
rrracHure [u] r [e],:aglru [r], [a], [o] n [y].3a r:rorop Ha r,racHrlre[n] l,l
[ e ] e r n r r r c e n p u A B l r x B aH a r r p e ! k H a r o p e K r ' M n p e A H o r or n r p a o u e 6 q e , : a
Ii3roBop Ha r-racHuTe [r] r [a] Ha:a; K bM rbp:reHara creHa, a 3a r.r3roBopHa
r;raclrure [o] u [y] Ha3aI H narope xrv vexoro rre6qe.
Creneura Ha H3AIifaHe ua e3lrxa B ycrHara KyxI.IHaonpeAer'It fjtacHara
Karolu H p o x a r{nHT q c H a (orBopeHa t"rrr :araopeHa). Koirxoro nose.re
e r.r3lllrfHar e3HKbrj ToJrKoBar'-qacrrarae rro-TrcHa (:arnopeaa) u o6paruo
KOJTKOTO tro-HHCXOe efOBOTOnOJtOXeHI{e, TOJIKOBa fr'raCHaTae lro_txfipoKa
( o r s o p e r r a ) . f l o r o : r [ p f i 3 H a x r r a i i - r c c r r Hc a r n a c H l r r e [ r ] " [ y ] , a n a f i - u r u -
potta rnacriara Ia]. Ocrarra,rrre r-!acHri ca npoMexAylb.rHlr h crerrcrrra 3ar-
B O p e H O CH T O I B O p e H O CCTe O n p e . q e n ro T 3 B y K o B a T ca I { c T e M : H r a e3nKa.
B 6 r r r a p c r x t c 3 x K c n o p e j r[ l H p n H a r a rra I poxeaa Mexly
r r , p f i a H a e : t r a l t r r e 6 u e r o x a l " t - o 6 r q oc e o 6 o c o 6 r s a r I B e r p y l l x r r a c l r l :
'recru
tul,tyl,tr,luurupoxu
[ e ] ,[ o ] ,[ a ] .
B'iasucHN,locLor crerreltra na ri3Jltrranerra e3rKa B ycrHara KyxrrHarrac-
n r r c c e o 6 o c o 6 r B a rB t ' p n r p y r x : B r r c o K r r t u ] , [ V ] , t " ] , c p e , 1 H u [ e ] ,
[ o ]l r r n c x r [a].
Btrpe u re3r.r rpynfi rJacHHTc rro rocoqerrnTe rrpfi3rra(u Hs ca eArrHHr{,
r r a l r p x M e pB r p y t r a r a r r ar c c n r . r r cr r r t c l r Hr - , r i l c H a r i[lt ] e c n o - u r u p o x n p o x o 1 1 ,

I orro;rKolo rpoxo;lbr npH r.rritcHH.re Iu] u [y], a B rpyrrara Ha trrKpoKtrrerrac-

r r f i r J r a c H H T e[ c ] r [ o ] c a t o - r e c l l r o r r j r a c H a . r a[ a ] . O r n p y r a c r p a r r a , r r
fpylraTa ra RllcoKltI e fnacHu Ito"'roxeHfieTorra e3lIKa3a rr3foBop rra fjlacltaTa
[t] e rro-uucxo,olxo,rrxoro3a x3roBopa rrar,qacHHTe [u] u [y].
C l l o p e l y v a c r u e r o r r a y c r r r x r c r . , u a c u u Tcce o 6 o c o 6 g s a . r . tast s er p y r r r l :
y c r I r c r r u ( ; r a 6 r a , r r r uo r . l a r . l a b i u n t ) H l e y c r r r c r r l r ( H e r r a 6 t a l r r n ) .
Ilpr utronop rra -ua6lla,ttture r.qacnu ycrHure ce 3aKpbrr.sr lI u3Tefr,Irr ltarr-
pc,lt l.l rro'ro3r't Halnlrr y.qb,'rxaBar r"]acotsrlt xaHal. B 6.r,rrapcrun e3ltK n a _
6 u a r u u c a r r r a c H r l r c[ o ] u [ y ] , a r r e r r a 6 n a , u s r [ u ] , [ e ] , [ r ] , [ a ] .
B 6 r , ; r r a p c x u l e 3 u r {r - t a c H u T ec a c a M o y c r u u ( o p a : r H n ,H e H o c o a n ) .
IIpu rexuu.n ri3roBop vcroro He6ue e rr,']r,THonprir'rerrHaJro K r,M lr]pr,reHara
cTeHa H IIO TO3r.rHaqHHrl3K-rlrc.IBa y.{acTHeToI{a HocHaTaKyxHHa r(aTope30-
uarop. l'-'ractrlre ce Ha3anu3lrpar B orrpele;reH[ QoHernvHu lo3rrrlurl, tro
' r o 3 n p l i 3 H a Kc 6 e r
dottottoruyga c roiirroc't.

22
 Ta6.nrual
Apr x)rauxoxHa ra6,'rl|ua lra r.,racHrre

flo npoxoaa Mexay flo u:qararre

e3t-rKa
,l xe6uefo Ha e3tl(a
Tecrn l BtlCOK14

Illupoxx I cpc,qns
H'ICKII

lIo vgacrue lra vc'rrlrrre

$ 1 5 . A n y c r r v H a r a x a p a K T e p r c r x K a H a r r a c H n T e , B , b 3o c H o o a H a K o r r o
c e n p a B r . ra K y c r n r J H a r a x " ' r a c H $ t x a q l l . c e o n p c . q e n r o r l o r o x e H n e r o H a
{lopvaHruure rrecrorr no cner(Tr,pa.3a u:ronopa Ha BcrKa rnacHa aprhKy-
nHpar.rlHTeopraHH 3aeMar onpe,ueneHorrojroxeHHe, or Koero ce ooycraBrr
qecrorHHTe crofiroctll Ha
QopvaHrure.
3 a r p u r e r p y n n r n a c H H n p e g H a [ n , e ] , 3 a t r H nH e , r a 6 n a l s u [ r , , a ] r a : a g H n
,ra6na,rHu Io, y], - o6oco6eHH Ba3 ocHoBa Ha apr[KynaqtroHHr.rre [pr43Harlrr
yqJteIIIrTeIHOMACTOjCTeIIeHlla n3Ar-rraHeHa e3I{Ka r,IyqacTfie Ha ycTHt{Te,
r p o p v a H r u a r a K a p r H H ae c n e A H a r a .
3a npe.qunre rracHu [u] u [e] e xapaxrepuo pa3cpeloroqaBaHe Ha 3ByKo-
B a r a e r r e p r r t n o c I l e K T b p a .T o B a 0 3 H a y a B aq, e u H T e p B a n b rM e x A y r r r , p B L t r e
qra SopvaHra e MHoro l-o;rrM. To:lu arycrrveH e$err ce o6yc,raat nail-o6-
ulo oT rrpeaHaTaapTr.rxyrausq Ha r,'racHHTejKorTo cTecHrBa npe.qHaTaqacT
ria rnacoBl-tt KaHaI II cr,oTBeTHopa3ur-rpqBa3aarlaTaMy r{acT.
3a :aglrre uela6Na,rnH r,racnr.rIt] n [a] a cpaaHeune c [peAHHTe rJ]acH]t
e x a p a x T e p H o l l o - f o n r M o c l c p e l o T o q a B a H e t l a 3 a y K o B a T ae H e p r I - I n ,T . e .
n p x 6 , r u x a a a H c H a n b p B U T e4 n a $ o p v a u r a . H a i : i - : u a q r r e , r u o e c 6 c p e A o r o -
q a B a H e r oH a e H c p r r r r a r r o c n e K T , b p aB 3 o H a r a H a 1 2 0 0 x q t a r , r a c H a r a
[a] n
cpaaHl,tTe.l]Ho rro-c,ra6o npt.rr-lacrrara [r,]. Tosa ce o6qcHssa c oco6eHocrr.rre
e rouQrrypaqurra Ha H3roBop ria r:racHara [.r], roxro HMa HeyrpanHo rro-
noxeHHe! r.e. 6e: rpro H3pa3eHocrecHeHr.reB rracoBr.rr xarral. flpu6lnxa-
BaHero Ha rr,petx Qopvarrr Ao BTopHr Hail-o6rqo ce onpeAe;rr or 3anHara
apTHKynauh.fl,npH xosTo npelHaTa qacT Ha xaHaJrae pa3txrlpeHa, a 3anHaTa
c:boTBerHo cTecHeHa.
3a ra1Hnre la6nalsn r,racHu [o] u [y] e xaparrepHo c.bcpeAoroqaBaHe
Ha 3ByKoBaraeHeprur B ltxcKara qacr Ha cneKTbpa.3a ro:n aKycruqeH
eQeKT ocBeH 3aAHara aprrrKyjtarlHr roJrrMo 3HaqeHueHMa r{ y,qbnxaBaHero
Ha fnacoBnt xala-1, 6larogapeHHe Ha Koero Qopvanrnrlre qecroru ce no-
HI-IXAB AT.

23
 Bpl:xara Mex,qy aprrrKyJrauHoHHr{Te npn3Harlu H pa3npeAeneHuero Ha
qecrorure ua Qopuanrure nafi-o6u1o e cne.qHara. {ecrorr.rre Ha n6pBr{t
$opuaur (F 1) ca cBT,p3aHHcbc crerreHTaHa H3,qHraHeHa e3r{Ka,a qecrorr{Te
Ha BTopr.rrrpopvaHr (F2) c aprxxy:raquoHHoro vscro. Kolxoro no-Trcna e
r;racHara, ToJrKoBaqecrorfiTe Ha nbpBr{r t}opvanr ca no-HltcKlr u o6paruo
KoJtKoro rJlacHara e no-tttupoKa, ToJrKoBare3n qecrorlt ca no-sucoru. flo
To3n noKa3areJrrJracHHTe[n] u [y] xuar nafi-Hucrlr qecrorlr aa ntpana $op-
qecro-
MaHT, a rJracHara Ia] uafi-rNcoxu. flpegHara aprnKynaqt-lr noBr.rtttaBa
THTe Ha BToprlr QopuaHr, a 3a,{Hara rn noHfixaBa. OcreH rosa, KaKTo ce
or6e-nr:a, yeacrnero Ha ycrHr{Te c y.qrnxaBaHero Ha r;racoBrrr KaHa;rnoHr.t-
xasa 6oovaurHI{Te qecroru.

Ta6nIrua2

OopMaltTlrn rrecrorx Ha rnacHfiTe (3a McxFt,| rnac)

OopMal|rr B xu u c a o v
250 400 450 700 400 250
Fz 2000 1600 lt00 1200 800 700
F3 2500 2l0r) 2200 220|J 2200 220t)

gecrorure Ha rrbpBlrTegaa QopvaHra Ha rJracHHTe,B]3 ocHoBa Ha KoHTo

cJryxoBo ce unelrruQuqnpa Bcrxa rrrracHa,vorar Aa 6tAar npeAcraBeHt-rcxe-
M a r r L r r o n o H a q H H an
. o c o L r e Hx a Q r - r r .L
rfecrornre Ha BTopr.lr rlopvaHr ca Hafi-s[coxr{ 3a rlracHara
[n], a Hafi-
HHcKIl 3a rracHara [y]. Mexgy rqx B cfla,qaul peA ca qecror[Te Ha BToprlt
QopvaHr Ha ocraHarHTe r,racnrl. 9ecrorlrre Ha nr,pBrlr rfopvaHr ce noBr.l-
firaBar or rJracHara [u],uo r,racHara [a], c,reg Koero ce noHnxaBar.qo r;rac-
rrara [y]. Brcoxnre uacuu [u] u [y] I cpegHnre [e] n [o] nMar eAHaKBr4
rrHcjrl-rTenHI,r croiiHocrk rra rr.bpBHrQopMaHT.
Xq

4000
Oxr.l. 6anfapc(ure ttacltx, Ha-
p e a e l r r c n o p e a c n a A a H e T or r a
qecro'rt{Teha BTopt-tt(popMaHT
or rnacHara Ia] e nocoxa xr,v
rnaclrara[y]. qecror{Te Han!p-
Bht QopMaur ce noBH[IaBaro,f
r-- _ r,lacHara [r-r]Ao rracHara [a] x
- - csoTBeTHOCe nOHIXaBaTa nO-
coKalla rnacHara [y].

II
 onr. 2. Pa3npe.ueneHue B xoopax-
llaTHaTacrcTeMa Ha r.,racHxrecflo-
pea rrecrorfiTeHa nlpBut |r BTopttt
+opMaHT. Kp6roBere orpaH{qaBar
qec-rorHarao6racr sa (bopMartare
B 3aBUCIiMOCT OT n3fOBOpaHa pa3-
ttqllu roBopHTeIfi

)4 20 16 12 l0 8 0 q(rq)

AprrrKyraunoHHoro pa3rIoJIox€HHeHa rJIacHKTec orql{TaHe Ha yqneHH-

TeJIHOTO M'0TO l-i CTeneHTaHa II3.[I-{raHeHa e3UKaCe CbfnacyBa c aKycTl-lq-
HOTOpa3rroroxeHHe, [p]r xoero no BeprHKarHsTa oc ua snrypara ce orqH-
Tar crofiHocrl.tre Ha nt'pBHt Qopvaxr, a no xopt.t3oHTanHala - qecrorure
Ha BTopr.rrrlopvaHr. B ro.rxara rra npecfir{aHero Ira (oop.qxnarnTe e or6e-
JIg3AHA fJIACHATA.
qecrorHTe Ha Qopvanrure
$ 16. B :arucr.l'locr or pa3nonoxeH ero Ha
rro cneKTrpa rJracHHTes 6r:rrapcxu.a e3HKnpI,ITexaBar creAHtrTe aKycrt{trHlt
npH3Harlu:
l . K o v l a I ( T H o c r H , ql t Q y : x o c r . K o v n a x r s n c a r l r t - r ' l ] a c H u ,
lrpn Korlro rlbpBntr H BTopHtr Qopvaxr ca npu6,ruxexr eallH Ao Apyr, a
gutfy:Hlr ca rnr, rrpu KoHTo rrLpBI{Te,usaQopvaura ca oraar'IeqeHneAttH o'r
Apyr. B aprl.rKynaqHoHHo orHoneHue KoM[aKTHocrra ce cBbp3Ba c uHpo-
Klrre r;racHn, a .qu$y:Hocrra c recHXTe. KovnarrHl ca r.nacHure [a], [o],
- frlacHrre [ta], [t], [y]
[e], a rHQy:un
2. T o s a r H o c r (nucouuua). To:u rrpn:uax ce oflpe,qent or qecrorHoro
3HaqeHHeHa BTOpHTrlopvanr. BrcoxNre vecrorr ooyc,raaqr BficoKara ro-
lra;rHocr Ha rJracHlrre (rncoxu r,racHr or al(ycrl.IttHor.neguule), a HI{cKI.ITe
qeororl.{ - Hr.rcKararoHatHocr (Hncxn r-nacHu).B aprury,raqnouHo orHotrre-
HUe BnCOKaTaTOHaJIHOCT Ce CBbp3BaC npe,qHHTefjracHl.r,a HncKara roHar-
Hocr cr,c 3aaHure fJracHn. C sncoxa roHajlHocr ca rjlacHl.ITe [u] n [e], a c
rr[cKa roHaJ]Hocr - r;IacHI{Te Io] " [y]. f,racntre [a] n [t] ca c'r'c cpe,[Ha
TOHaJTHOCT, HO B O6UlaTa aKyCTIIqHaX"'raCr$nraqnr nopaAl{ cpaBHI{TeJIHo
HrrcKure crofisocrlr Ha BTopus Qopvanr re ce BKrtoqBar B rpyrlara Ha rJlac-
HH C HI,ICKA TOHAJIHOCT.

3 - B e v o J r H o c r . T o : u n p n : n a r c e o n p e , q e not r o 6 l u o r o p a 3 n p e A e ; I e -
rrrreHa rlbpBrire,qaaQopvanra B H[cxara qacr Ha crleKTbpa.B aprury,raqn-
25
oHHo orHo[reHrie rot ce cB6p3Ba c yqacruero Ha ycrHxre (na6uluocrra).
Ber'4orHri ca rracHure [o] n [y], a ue6euo;rss - r,rracHure [n], te], [r], ta].
B 6rlrapcxna e3HK -irlrrrcBarlllrrlr H Kparxn rnacHu c Qonoloruuua
crofinocr. Ygr,,rxaaar ce r;racHprc eKcrrpecr{BrraSyuxqrlr 3a u3pa3.sBaHeHa
pa3rnqHn BlrAoBeeMourri. OcneH rona qr,-lxfiHara Ha rJ]acHara e nefiua ntr-
peuHo rrpncbula xapar(TepucruKa. Taxa Hanpnvep ufpoKnre rJracHr.rnplt
pannn QoueruvHn ycJroBHr ca rto-.ub:]rH or recHr.rre rracHlr.
B :as cyvocr or y.qapeHHerornacuxre r'aorar ga 6r,gar o6oco6eHras gae
rpynu: H a n p e r H ar H H H e H a rrp e r H ar n. Hanpernarn ca rJrac_
Hr.rrcrroA yAapeHne, a HeHanperHaru - rnacHr.rre6er yaapenne. To:ll npn:-
r r a Kc e c B l p 3 B a c u 3 p a 3 x o ! B a r r a T a p T H K y n a r l H o H H o - a K y c T r r q
eH a
epfHr, Ko-
''fo e ro-foJt.fiMa rrpH x3foBop Ha y.qapeHHTefjracHrr B cpaBHeHHec fi3foBopa
H a H C y A a p e H u T fen a c H u .

IJIACHU NOA YAAPEHI4E

Ilpeduu ztacnu

$ 1 7 . f , r a c t a l u l . 3 a n : r o e o p H al . r a c H a r a[ r ] e : r x r , r c e [ 3 A . b p r B a
cu;rHo
nalpeJI. Karo lrp6r,r lra fipe,qHaraH cpc.utiaraMy qacr e BHcoKoLt3A]tftrar
Kr,Mnpellrroro rsr,p,qoue6qe. C xpalrrqaraclr e3[Krr ce nprTrrcKaAo cre_
r r n r e H a H e 6 q e r on I I o r o 3 H u a q H I tB n p e i l H a r aq a c r H a y c r H a r a K y x H H ac e
o 6 p a : y r a r o n r M o c r e c H e H H eI ,.l 3 r e r , r e u a rH
a a r r p e fl i l a r o p e , q l t H r B a ; r nMaa -
ca c r,3llaBarrltpoK [poxo]] B f.r,pjrer{aTa r 3aaHaTaqacTHa ycTHaTaKyXHHa.
IIo rarrs Haqulr3a u3roBop Ha r;racrrara[u] xorrrlarypaufirra Ha r.r,racoBurr
K i l r r a lc c x a p a K T e p H 3 Hcpbac c H J I l r coT e c H e H [ B e r r p e a H a Tqaa c Tx e a l l o B p e _
M c H t t oc r o B a c r ' c c u n H op a 3 t t t u p e H l B e 3 a , q H a rcan u a c r . B r , p x t r H a e 3 H K a

/\/\

6
OHr. 3. f _,racHa
[rl
a (oroxrypaurr Ila rracoarr rlrral;5 na,rarorpaua

26
e orllycHar u ce onHpa B ropHaTa no"IIoBIrHaHa ,uonHrre pe3llr{. v crHrrre ca
3HarrnrejrHolpu6jrlrxeulr eAHa.[o .qpyfa, Ho cr'qeBpeMeHHo ca tI3TefJle]In
BcrpaHu. flo ro:u naqlru ce cb3raBa receH [I ,Er,n]f orBop Ha ycrHara Kyx[Ha.
Aprrr(ynaquoHHr..rre xapaKTepucruKu onpeAentr rracHara [u] no c,reg-
HUr HaqLIH:IIO yqneHIITeJIHOMTCTOTt e n p e,{ H a, nO CTeIIeHHa LI3,qIIfaHe
H ae 3 r . l KB a n c o K a, anortpoxo,{Mexay rrp6anaetwra r ue6qero r t c H a.
B axycruvuo orrJorrrcHrjecnerilbptT Ha r,lacHara [lt] ce xapaxrepu:upa
cbc creaHuTe oco6eHocu. 9ecrorure Ha nbpBxt Qopvartr (Fr) ca srlcru r.r
cpeAno rro crreKT'r,pace norBqaar B roHara Ha 250 xq,' a Ha BTopt{t (ropwaur
(Fz) . cpe,qHoB 3oHara Ha 2000 xu. I,I:wex.qy Bclrt{Klir,,racHl caMo r;IacHara
r{ecrora Ha Bropl.rr $opnraHr. flopa,qr
[u] ce xapaxrepn3Hpa c rar(aBa BucoKa
r o B a r ; r a c H a r a [ r . r ]o c p a a H e n N ec , u p y r n T e t r a c r l ] r c n y K o B o c e B L 3 I l p n e M a
raro naii-rucoxa. 9ecrorrre ua rpern.n $opuartr (F1), xouro nMar 3Har{eIIfic
3 a c n y x o B o T o p a 3 n o 3 r r a B a r {H c a T a 3 } rf j r a c H a , c p e A H oc e n o t B t B a T n o c r e K -
lr,pa B 3onara Ha 2500 xu.
ArycrruHnrc xapaKTeprlcrnKH otlpeae,:ltr rracHara [u] ro cregturn rta-
rrxll: fio pa3cpe,[oroqaB:lHeHa 3ByKoBaTaetlcpf]lt, T.e. rlo oT,{ajleqaBalleHa
BTopur or n'spatrr Qopvaur rr e
Xq ! u Q y 3 H a, a fio-BxcoKara qec-
3000 rorxa croiilrocr Ha nropNr Qop-
Mar{T BrrcoKa (oncort rona,r-
7000 r ro c r ) .
$ 18. l-,racxa [e]. 3a r:rosop rra
6000 r . j r a c H a r a[ e ] e r n r r r c e [ 3 A ' b p r r B a
H a n p e A H H a f o p e B r r p e n H a ' f aq a c T
5000 H a y c T H a T aK y x K H a ,H o s n o - c , r a 6 a
c T e I I e HB C p a B t l e f i H eC n 3 r O B O p aH a
rnacnara [n]. Kpanulara Ha e3HKa
4000
ce orrHparAo creHnre na ue6qero,
HO 3acerllaTaTa IITTOUI e I]O-MaIKa lI
3000
no-Kbca, oTKoJrKoTorrpH apTr.rKyjrlr-
parrero Ha rJracHara Iu]. flopagu
2000
c p e ; I H a T ac r e r r e H H a [ 3 / ' l H r a H e H a
e 3 H K ac r e c H e H H e r o ,K o e r o c e o 6 p a -
1000 t y B J n o , qn p e n n o r o r a r p a o H e 6 u e .e
cpaBHxTeJrHorro-tx[IpoKo, oTKo-rIKo-
0 To rlpu r-qacHara[n]. VcrHlrre cr,r1o
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 cer
ca no-uupoKo oTBopeHr.rr.r[o-cj]a-
Olr- 4. Corrarpa*ra.l,lrroeop 6o u:rer,resu Bcrpanlt, orKoJrKoro
rra uacua Iu] R I\yv^ra ntpu r p H x 3 r o B o p a r r a r , r a c r r a r aI r ] .
I
.rccrorr{ca 3aM6xxu r,1ac.Ilpr{ xeucKxrcrnacoscc roii-
quOpoBxreIaHHx3a{l)opMaHTIlurc
U O C T I 1 T CC a C p a B l l t ' l T C r ' l l l o n o - a u c o X l r .

21
 6

O H r . 5 .f , , r a c f[l e
a]
d t(olrQnryparlHt
ltit rnacouHtkaian; 6 nalaTorpaMi!

CpasHeuuero vcxgy xoHrfnrypau(HTe Ha rlracoBr.{rKaHajr3a r.r3roBopHa

rrpeAH[Te rlaclru [l] u [e] noxa:aa, qe B rrperlHara ctl ,lacr roi e crecneH, a
B 3aAuara cH rlacr pa3rxnpeH. Pa:,rurara ce crlcroll B crerrelrra Ha orBope_
uocr u 3arBopeuocr Ha pa3-rtlrqHureqacrl.r Ha KaHaJra.flplr n:roeop Ha r;rac_
uara [e] npeguara qacr Ha KaHa,rta e [o-r trpoKa B cpaBHerr[e c [3r.oBopa Ha
rracrrara Iu], a:aguara cborBerHo no-crecHeHaT . oaa ce gr,,rxn Ha no-cJra-
Xq 6 o r o n : g r , pneaue rra Jrr{HrBaJrHara
Maca B xopH3oHTaJrHatr BepTrrKajrrra
8000
rloc oKa.
Aprlrry,raquoHrr IlTe xapaKTep].tc-
70m
T H K x o n p e l c n r r r . na c Ha r a I e ] n o
CJ'IeIHHt IlaqHI{: fiO yqr'IeHI,IT€J'IHO
6000
MtcTo Tq e I p e.q H a, [o cTerIeH Ha
H3]lr.rfaHe Ha e3HKa - c p e ,q II a, a [o
-s000
rrpoxo,]lMexay rrp6a na e:rra u ue6-
ueTo-lxtrpoI(a.
40m
B axycrlrvuo ornoureHlte ctle(T.b-
plr Ha rJ'racHara[e] ce xaparrepnru-
3000 p a c b c c n e A H H T eo c o 6 e s o c r n . V e c -
rorKre Ha [bpBr.rr 4)opMaHr (F1) ca
2000 -IT I.ICCTOTUTC
3 H A q U T E N H O T I O - B T , I C O K IO
rranrpnna QopvaHTHa rnacHara[r.r].
l0m Cpeguo re ce norB.{BarB 3oHara Ha
400 xq. 9ecrorure ua sroplrl $op-
0 vaxr (F2)ca BlrcoKuH, o B cpaBnrl-
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 ceK
TEjIHO IIO-MAJII(A CTEIIEH OT qECTOTII-
OHr. 6. CorrarpaMa.l.l3rosop Te Ha BTop[.q Qopvanr Ha rJ]acHara
rra fnacua Lel B ly,v.ara 6e6e
[lt]. CpegHo re ce norBrBar B 3oHara
28
 H a 1 6 0 0 x u . C p e A H H T er { e c r o r s H a r p e r l ' I {
QopuaHr (F3) ca e 3oHaraHa 2300 xq.
AKycrrqHt,ITe xapaKTepucrHKlI onpeAeJrflT
rJacnara [e] no c:regHur HaqttH: no pa3nono-
xeHlre Ha r|l,pBtITe,qBasopMaHTa B cpaBHeHIle
cr,c cneKTlpa Ha rJlacHara [u] rr e r o v -
n a K T H a , I n o B f i c o K a r a, l e c . r o . I gca. I o I g o c r
Ha Fz - B H c o K a (BI4coKaroHa,'IHocr).

3aitu ue,tabuatHu zracHu

$ 19. l','racxa [a]. llpu ti3roBopHa rnacna-

O x r . 7 . f n a c H a[ a ] . ra [a] r:raconlrlr KaHaJIe cI.IJIHocrecHeH a
Kor()Hrypau s Ira rnacoBtt xaHajl3a.qHaTa cu qacr s o6rac.I.raHa f'bpreHaTaKy-
xxrra H c'hoTBeTHotx}IpoKo oTBopeH B IIpe,{HaTacn qacT B oo,rscTTa Ha yc-
THaTaXyXUHa.flOpaln Qaxra, rle cTecHeHfieToe B 3aaHaTaqacT I{a KaHaJIa,
a tre B cpe,4[aTa, rJacHa [a] no yr{JeHlTerHo Mscro ce onpeaejlt KaTo 3a.qHa.
3a uaroaopa Ha rJIacHara [a] e:nxtr B utrara ycrHa KyxKHa 3aeMa HI.IcKo
roJroxelrre, KaTo 3aaHaTa My qacT e cxxllo H3a'bpnatlaHa3a,4K'bM cpeaaTa
rra fLprefiaTa (yxHna. KparluaTa My ca ornycHaTfi [l He ce AoKocBa'f Ao
cretlure na Hc6lrero. B'spxtr ra e:rrra
xrl
e clrlo orrrycrlaT. KaTo "leKo iloKocBa
3000
ocrloBara IIa Io,'IItrre pc:llr. Ycrtturc
c a x r l r p o K o p a 3 T B o p e I I H6, e r ; ( a c e l t : -
70m
llbpnBar llcrpaHU. f{o;rttara qeJIrccr e
c]'rrlo cujrrro orrycfiara r{allo,ry u 3ae!(-
6000
r r o c y c T r r u T eo c H f y p t B a M l l o f o l I u p o K
o r r o p H a y c r r r a r a K y x H H a .H u c r o t o n o -
noxeHI,Ic Ita e3nr(a, cHJIHoorllycllarilra 5000
qeJrrocTH ItIHpoKoorBopcHHTeycrrlri xa-
paKTeptl3nparflracrrara Ia] xaro Har-or- 40m
RoperrB cpaBHerrrec,qpyfHTe r,'IacIlu.
n p r u K y J r a u u o H H H T ex a p a x r c p l l c r H - 3000
Kx o[pelleJ]rr r;lacHara Ia] no c-re;ltrltr
H a L r u l r : l l o y q , ' r e H r t T e J I H oM t c T o T t c 2000
3 a a lr a, I]o cTerIeIIHa k3,IIHfaHeHa e3u-
Ka H x c K a, a rto npoxoa \lex.Ity rbp6a 1000
r r a e 3 H K a uu e 6 u e r o t u l t p o K a .
B arycruvHo orHorueuue cneKTbpr,r 0
Ha r.Jracrrara[a] ce xaparrepu3Hpa c]c 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 ceK
c . J I C J I H l l TOeC O 6 e n O C r g 9 - ecrotn.re ga
4) r. 8. CorrarpaMa.tl3rotsop
nrpru.n Qopwaur (Fr) ca Hafi-srcoxu s
Ha rnacna [a] B )\yvara 6d6a
c qecrorHTe ua nrpau.n Qop-
cpaBHeHr.re

29
MaHTHa Apyrnre rracHu. CpegHore ce norBrBar B 3oHarana 600 700 xrr.
9 e c r o r u r e H aB r o p u r { o p v a H r ( F 2 )c e n o r n a e a rc p e l H o B : o u a r a u a I 1 0 0 -
1200 xq. Ilo.recrortrara 6-ru:ocr vex;y F1 t,tF2 rnacHara [a] ce onpene,ra
Karo .spI<oH3pa3eHa Kol{flaxrHar,racsa. 9ecrornre Harperrrr rfopr.,ranr (Fr)
ca.qocraorAa;reqeruor r{ecrorfiTelra Bropxr QopmaHr.CpegHore ce rorBr-
Bar B 3orrarana 2200 xu.
Arycruurrurc xapaKTepKC l'rKlr oflpe,qe,rrrr rJracHara[a] no clre,4HuaHa-
9n|l: rro pa3ltojtoxeltue Ha rl],pBnre,4Ba QopMaHTa rt e K o M II a KT H a, a
rro qfcreHara croinocr Ha BTopHr rfopuaHr cbc cpeAH a ro Har-
lI o c T.

$ 20. I-racxa [r,]. 3a n:roeop Ha rJracHara[r,] e:ur<tr B ycrHara Kyxurra

: ' a e M aI l o - B l . t c o xIot o , t o x e I I H eo,r x o n ( o r o n p ! rH 3 r o B o p H
a ar l a c l a r a [ a ] , r a -
TO KpanrqaTa rra cpeaHaTa My qacT JrreKocc /xoKocBaTao 3aaHaTa qacT tra
rrc6rlclo. B rlp,reHara Kyxlrra e3u(r,r e cpaBHxreJrHorroBeqe x3AbprraH o.r.
flpJreHara crerra, orKoJ'rxoro rrpH r,rracnara [a], nopana xoero n o6pa:yla-
t l o r o r y K c l c c l t c u u c c n o - c - t a 6 ot 3 p a 3 e n o . B r p x r r u a e : n x a J I e K oc e , ' l o K o c a a
A o f o p n a r a n o r o B l l l l u a J l o , r r r x r cp e r r r r . O r R o p l r H r y c r t t r . r r ee c p a B n u r e l t -
H o n o - T e c e H ,o r x o r x o r o n p u u 3 r o B o p a l a r - r r a c n a r a[ a ] . V c r r r r a r e c a n p u 6 -
,rIIlXeIIx eJlHilllo,i1pyf a u 8 apTsI(y-IIauxtTt ca IIeyTpaJIHII IItl]'o ce H3TCrjlrT
r r r r r p e l l r x r ' o c e r l 3 , t b p n r l a lB c r p a r r l r .C r e : u c x o c o 6 e r r o c r r K o H $ t , t r y p a ( u -
r l i l n a r l r a c o B r i qK a r r a , 3r ra u 3 r o B o p r r a r J r a c H a r a[ r , ] u a n o g o 6 a e ax o H t ! r . r r y p a -
t l u t r a I I a f J I a c o B H 'K l a t r a -Br rc ] , c r o r l | c f l t n o K o t , I l p f i x o t r o c e a p r x K y J I H p a r
I t c y ' f p a ; t H l r c f - r t a c n t ro r , , [ r r n " r u r r . X a p a x r e p n a o c o 6 e n o c r H a f r a c o B r - j t
Kauan npu u3roRop na 6r,rrapcxara r,racHa[t] c o6aue ovepraaaHero na
H 3 B e c r l t oc r e c H c g l t c g o 6 r r a c r r a H a f r r p j r e H a r aK y x u H a .T o s a c r e c H e H L I eM , a-
x a p x A a r r ee r a K a l r 3 p a 3 c H oK , a K l o n p l r r r l r o B o p a r r a r : r a c H a r a[ a ] , e g o c r a -
'lLrrro, 3a
A a . c ey c r a H o B r .ar p r l r K y - n U l t o l l t o - a K y c r H L t H6t . r r l t o c r M e x l y A B e -

O r . 9 . f n a c r r aI L ]
ar (olrOfirvpaqur lra r-'racoBrrxaua-l;6 nalarorparla

30
 Xq Te r,racHH.flopagt ra:u r.rMeHHo rrpnqu-
8000 Ha r rJracHara[r,] ce onpe.qerutro yqne-
HHTeiIHOM'CTO KaTO3aAHa.
7000 Aprnry,raqlrouul.ITe xapaKTeplrcrfi -
Kn onpeAe"{rr rlracHara [r] no c:reguna
6000 HaqlIH:Iro yqneHkTeIHo MrCTOTt e
3 a .q H a, no cTerreHHa H3AIZfaHelta e3r{-
5000 Ka B U C O K a, a nO npoxoaa Mexl(y f],p-
6 a u a e : l r x au s e 6 u e r o r r c H a .
4000 B arycrrvuo orHouleHr{e crreKTbpr'r
Ha r.r.racHara[r,] ce xapaxrepn3r.rpa cbc
3000 c j r e , q n u T eo c o 6 e r l o c r u . 9 e c l o r u l e tta
nrparr Qopvanr (Fr) ca ro-BrcoKri or
qecrorHTe Ha n6pBur
2000 Qopvanr Ha rJrac-
rara [e] n [o-HKcKll or trecror(Te Ha cb-
1000 ulnr $opvaur Ha r;racHara Ia]. Te ce no-
r B r B a r c p e . u H oB 3 o H a r a l r a 4 5 0 5 0 0 x u .
0 9ecrorure Ha Broprr rlopvaHr (F2) ca
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 cex rro-HrlcKr or.recrorrrre Ha nropul Sop-
O H r . I 0 . C o r r d r p a M aH. i r o B o p MaHT Ha r-iracHara[e] r.rca rarp,4e 6,rn:ro
rra rnlcrra [r,l r] Jlyr\lara6.a-? ,qo qecrorrrre Ha cr'rrllrr Qopvaul rra
r-rracHara [a] r,rn cc fi3paBHfiBar c rrx.
T e c e n o g s q s a rn o c n e x r b p ac p e l H o B 3 o H a r al r a 1 2 0 0 - 1 3 0 0x q . g e c r o r u r . c
ra'rperr'rr rfopvaHr (F3) nogo6no ta qecrorfiTe Hacrrqra dropvarrrHarlrac-
na'ra [a] ce rorBrBar cpeArroB 3oHaraHa 2200 xu.
ArycrnvHure xapar<repHcrrlxx onpeAe-rrrrrJ.racHara [t] no c,regHnl lra-
qnu:rlopa3nono)KeHH [ ean r , p B H Tgen a Q o p v a u r aI c p a B H e H nce, b cc r r e r T ' [ , -
p a H a r ; r a c H a r a[ a ] r . a e g u t Py : x a , a [ o q n c - ] r e H a cr ar o i i H o c r l r a B T o p r z ,
Q o p l r a u r c ' r , c c p e A Ha r o H a i r H o c r .

3alnu ia6uarrutl zracqu

$ 21. I.rracua Io]. 3a u:ronop Ha r.iracHara [o] e:nxr,r ce r{3,4.bprrBa rra3alt

B ycTHaTa KyxHHa, KaTO C.brrleBpeMeHHo cT,c 3a,AHaTaCr{ t{acT ce r.r3ar{faB
rlocoKa K bM veroro ne6qe, Ho B no-MaJIKacrerleH, orxo;rKoro 3a H3foBopa
r a r l r a c H a r a [ y ] . K p a n u l a r a H a e 3 u K ac e . q o K o c B a rr T e x o , q oc r . c H t l T eH a M e -
xoro ue6qe, a BT,pxr,TMy e orrrycHar r.ru3lbprrarr Ha3a! or npeAHnre pe3rlrr.
flo ro:r HaquH ce o6pa:yna cpaBHHTe-rrHo ro-lrMa rrpe.qla KyxHria t.rcpaBrrtl-
TeJIHoMarr(a 3a,IIHaxyxrlla. YcrHure e,qHonpeMeHHo c ABt{xeHllero Ha e3I{Ka
B XOpH3OHTajlHaX BepTHKa,tItaIIOCOKaCe 3axpbfntr r.rJIcKo ce [3Terr.sT

3l
lralrpel r(aTo He caMo crecHtBaT, Ho I.ry,{bnxaBaT oTBopa Ha ycTHaTa ryxu-
Ha. B arycruuen njraH ToBa y,qbnxaBaHeHa rracoBlr{ KaHaJrBoAu Ao noHl.l-
xaBaHe Ha qecToTIjTexa Qopvaurnre.
AprurylaquoHuHre xapaxrepl-tcrllKI{ onpe,qertr rJIacHara Io] no c:re,q-
MtcTo Tt e 3 a a H a, no cTeneH lra I'I3AHraHeHa
Hn.nrraqHH:no yqJleHI.ITe-rrHo

a 6

Orr. I l. f.nacrra
[o]
d - (olrq)firypauxqlra rracoRrq Karan; 6 .. nanarorpNMa

Xq
E000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0,t 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 ceR

O x r . l 2 - C o B a r p a M al .4 3 r o B o pH a u a c r r a [ o ]
v gyvara 6o6oa

32
 \\----2,/'

@ r r . 1 3 .f : r a o r a[ y ]
a rouifurypaqrr lla r_qacoam rarra,r;6 - na,rarorpava

e 3 x r ( ac p e A H a , n o n p o x o A M e x ; l y l b p 6 a l t a e : n x a r u e 6 q e r o r x H p o K a -
a n o y q a c r l . r eH a y c r H n r e I a 6 n a , r n a .
B axycruvHo orHo[reHne cnexTbp]T Ha rrracHara
[o] ce xapameplr:npa
c b c c r e A n L r r eo o o 6 e n o c r l l . 9 e c r o r l r e H a n b p B x ,
$opvaHr (Fr) ca cpaasu_
reJrrrorrlcKr.rH ce rrorBrBar cpelHo B sotrara Ha 400 xq. C ra:u croiirrocr F1
rra r;lacrrara Io] ce tapaetr.aaa c Ft tla r.racHara gecrorure Ha BTopr.r,
[c].
r f o p v a r r r ( F 2 ) c a c p a e x u r e l H o r r r r q K nr r c p e . q H or e c e [ o r B r B a r B 3 o a a r a H a
800 xq. Vecrortre Ha rperr.rr rfopvaar (Fr) ca Aocra orAareqsHr.ror qecro-
rl.1r'cHa B'ropltr (topvHar. Cpegno re ce [orBrBar B 3oHara na 2200,2300
xu.
AKycruqnr.trc xapaKTeprcrl.rrrr onpe,Ielr.sr r;racHara
[o] rro clegulra ua_
q r: tro pa3rrolroxeHne rra nrpB]rre,qra
Qopvaura B cpaBHeHr.re cbc c[eKT.l_
pa Ha r.ltacrrara[y] rr e a r r] y : H a, a rro rrKcleHa croiiHocr ua tropnr
Sop_
MaflT urrcKa (c uucra roHanHocr).
$ 22. l'lacrra [y]. 3a r:rotop Ha r_qa*rara[y] e:nxrr ce r3rer;n Ha3a,q
I y c T H a T aK y x I l H a , x a T o c b u e B p e M e H H OC , b C3 a A H a T ac H q a c T c e f i 3 A I { f a
B
nocoKa K.bMvexoro He6qe B rro_forrMa creneH, orKo;Iroro 3a l_I3foBopa
Ha
rracHala [o]. C xparqara c].re3KKl,Tr_rlGTHoce onnpa
,qo crcHrrre Ha rrpe.q_
lroro MeKo rre6r1e,rt4cro ce o6pa:yaa r saii_ro,rgvoro crecHeHr.re
Ha r,rra-
coBIIr KaHtn. Br,pxr,r rra e3rlKa e orrlycHar I_rcl_IJIIloI{3A,bpIraHHaB,hrpe
B
ycrHa l.a KyxrjHa, Karo no ro3n HarrHHce o6pa:yaa H ror.reMtlrr o6ev
na yc-
Trrilra Kyx[Ha. YcrHlre eXHoBpeveHHoc !BKxeHr.rero Ha e3uKa ce 3ar(pbr_
nrr l u3Terlrr Hanpe/l lroBeqe, orro"rKoro 3a H3roBopa Ha rlacHara
[o], e
pe3ynTaTlra KoeTo f_nacoBnrTKaltaJIce y.qbnxaBa tr ce cTecHrtsaHa
H3xoaa.
B arycruveu IIraH ToBa ylrnxaBaHe lla fJacoBH, KaHar, KaK.r.ot-rrrpu rnac_
Hara [o], BoIu Ao rroHxxaraHe ua QopvaHTHure .{ecroru.
AprHKynatluoHHHTe xapaKTeprrcrtrrr.ronpeAeJrrr rracHara
[y] no c,reg-
fillt HasUH: rro yq,!eHlITe.!HOl\{trCTOTt e 3 a a It a, no cTeneH Ha II3_[rZf
aHe
l. rp.r.fr. B. a|p.6vr.6. rDdretrr.
JJ
 Xq Ha e3LIKaB H C O K a, rIOIpOXOAMeX-
8000 Ay fbp6a Ha e3HKau He6uero r t c-
H a, a no yqacrr.re Ha ycrH[Te - r a
6uats a.
B axycruvHo orHoflreHue cI]eKTb-
p6r Ha fjracHara [y] ce xaparrepu:lr-
pa cr,c cJrenHHTeoco6esocru. 9ecro-
THre Ha n'bpBnr tpopvanr (F1) ca no-
HrrcKHor qecrorr.rre Ha nr'pBut Qop-
vallr Ha f,racHara [ol r no crofiuocr
ce rr3paBHrBaTc qecToTr.ITeHa rIT,pBl.rf
$opvanr Ha rJ'IacHara [I.r]. Cpe.quo re
ce norBrBar B :osara ua 250 xu. 9ec-
ror[re Ha sropur $opvaHr (F2) ca
r rcKr.r,Haii-Hl{cI(I,IB cpaBHeHI4ec qec-
TorHTeHaBTopnt Sopvaur Ha acnvrn
Ipyrr r,racHu. Cpealro re ce IIorBtBar
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5cex B 3oHara Ha 700 xU. flopagr roaa u
( D r r . 1 4 . C o u a r p a M a1. 4 l r o a o p c,[yxoBo rracHara [y] ce B'b3[pre-
r a r r a c r a I y ] ! l t y M a r a6 t 6 d Ma Karo Hafi-gucxa. 9ecrorn're tta
rperul {lopvaur ca c't,c c.;ra6IrHTelr3rrer. Cpegrro re ce [oqBtBar B 3otlara
rra 2200 2300 xu.
Axycruurrure onpeaentrrJracHara
xapaxrepxcrl.rKLJ [y] no c,regHl'Ir
Ha-
gLrrr:no pa3rroJroxeHHeHa [r,pBHTe JlBaQopMaHTaB cpaBHeH[e c]c crIeKT't'-
p a u a r ; r a c H a r a [ o ] r t e g n Q y r u i t . a n o q l { c J l e H lc r o t H o c r H a B T o p H t
rllopvarrrrr c H H c K a (c lrucKaroHa,'IHocr).
3 a 6 c,r c x K a: OnHcarollc (oltQtrypauu[ Ita rilacoaut (alla,l H cBbp3aH qI c rqx
ilxycl.rqer c{rcx'r xapaxrcpurxpai r,tacrrHTe B craruqllo noroxeIlfie. O6pa3yBattcro lta ap-
r H h ) r i r u x o t t t . l | a I c l H T i r c , ' f i f l 4 \ l ] t t tncnt ot t t c c . r F r H ( o l . i l o y q , ' t c t t c t t h c t o H t n c c K r l B y K c o 6 y c -
trloBcro R no-rortMa 'ttu B no-vaJl(a crenr'B or )trrcrrtrrcnrtHTe oco6etrocrr.{ lra cl,ceJUIulc
M y 3 B y r ( o B e .I I p u c B R p t B a f i c r r a o l l e - ' D t r r e : l B y K o B c K o u d ) x r y p a q u x r e H a r r a c o B H q ( a H a , ! c c
npoMerrr! a 3acalro c rrx r {opvaxrxara crpyxrypa. IIpoMtHara e Haii-olrlra, Konaro yq-
, c H l r T c J . r r r T l ] M e c T a H a c r c c / ' l l r u T e 3 r l y x o B e c l A r l l o r o o T / ' l l n e q e l i H . B T a K u B ac I y ' l a u M o x e I a
B r , 3 r r n ( l c J l o n B J r H T e n e r n p u 3 R y t ( x a M r r a c H a r a f i ? ' I t o 6 p a 3 y B a H e t I a H o B x S B y K o B c .T p g 6 t l d
o 6 a q e r a c c o 1 6 e , r e x r ! q e K o r x o r o H c B n r t o a a 6 ' L A es r r q u u c r o I t a a p r H ( y J I a l l i o l t l t o I o M t c ' r ' o
n a c 1 ' c e j l t l , t r r: ! B y x , c r p e M e x ' l T e n p l , l l l 3 f o B o l l r a u d r l e l r a r r l a c H a A a c c 0 6 f l t y B a onTfiMa,lllaTa
rort$urypaurr rra fllacoBlrt xar{ajl
 TJIACHI.I 6E3 YAAPEHI,IE

Pedyx4ua

$ 23. Peayrq .sra e rfoHeruvuo rBjreHue, [pr.r Koero HacTr'nBar Kaqecr-

BeHur,rKoJrHqecrBeHHnpoMeHH B r,qacexa Ha HeyAapeHlrre rlactur. Ko;tll-
qecrBeHxre npoMeHH ce nporBrBar saii-o6uto B no-KparKrlt l-rs no-cra6lll
r3roBop Ha HeyAapeHarafnacHa B cpaBHeHr.{e c n3roBopa Ha y,qapeHarafrac-
ua. To:n run npoMeHH, r.r3BecrHurroq Ha3BaHI{ero,,KoJII{qecrBeHape,qyK-
rIHr", rre Bo,qrr Ao pa3jr[qHo 3ByqeHeHa HeyaapeHara rJracHa,T.e. [pr4 paBHr4
rloHerlrvun ycjroBus rs ce rr3roBapr raKa, KaKToce rI3roBapt rJlacHara rIoA.
qe ocraBar He:a6e,rq-
ylapeHfie, HnH pa3nHKnre ca roJ'lxoBaIIe3HarII.{TeJIHI.I,
3aHUOT CJryUaTen9.
Kaqecrgenara peayxqnr 03HarraBarIpoMqHa B r;lacexa Ha r.nacHata. Eer
Tr ce rr3roBapr no-pa3nl{q[o, oTKoJ]KoToc y.(apeHl.reI,tMHoro qec-
yAapeHr.re
ro e TpyaHo,ua ce ol]peAentr ueiirrara reu6pona xapaKTepficTsKa.
06uara Qr:noloruvna ocHoBa Ha xojrHi{ecrBerrara r.{KaqecrBeHara pe-
ItyKrrur e orc:raOeaHe Ha MycKynHoro I{anpexeHHe Ha aprHKyJII{pau[Te op-
falru u o'rrKpauJaBarre Ha npogb.lrxsre"rrHocrra ua QoHaqrlra. flo-c,'ra6ara
yq,rerrxrelnra cu;ra or cBofl crparra BoJIn,ilo r.r3MeHeH[rr rorr$ r.rrypaqlr rra
Ha fJracoBr-trKalIar, B pe3ynTaT Ha xocTo ce fioryrlaRa HoB TI-.I[3ByqeHc
6 n x 3 b x A o o c l l o R l l l r t f r a c e x , H o B c e n a x B e . q r r ar r n n B A p y r a c r e f i e H p a 3 r x -
q e I I o ' r 'l r e f o .
Ocserr or rlr:rororuuuara ocnoBa KaqecrBerrara peAyxqnq ce o6yc,'raBt
r.roT Apyru npHqHHfi,npHcl,ulI-l Ha aa.qeHHre3HK xapaKTep Ha yaapeHr.{eTo,
ropaxAarrt ro-culreH n,ru no-cra6 Korrrpacr MexAy yAapeHH H HeyAapeHH
cplrrrKtl, KoucoHaHTHo-BoKarHosraHvo,qeilcrsre. Boxa,'tHI-t Qoxerraun Heyr-
parr.r3arlfiuB paMKuTc Ha Kope,rsTHBHr.r lBoHKH, BH,qHa cp rrKaTa- oTBopeHa
l . t J l 3 a T B o p e H a , H 3 f o B o p e Hc T H , tH T . H .
B 6r,,,rrapcxH.re3xK lreyAapelrxre r,qacun ce xapaKTepH3r.rparKaKToc Ko-
nuqecrBeHa, TaKa u c xaqecrBeHa pe.qyxrluq. flo,q r.sxHoro nr,:neficralre
Itoor,[eJ]Ho u:ru xovbrnnpano Hacrr,rlBar 3Haqr,ITeiIHH
npoMeHx B 3ByKo-
aua crpoex na 6rnrapcr(ara ,uyMa.B pery,rrar Ha xon!{qecrBeHara peAyKqr{t
HanprMep (.rper c r,rparqasaHe Ha BpeMerpaeHero) rracurare [N] u [y] a or-
uoHerurHu ycJroBurMorar.qa ce KoHco-
A e n H u c n y q a n r . ,r r p u o n p e , q e J r e HQ
HaHTI-{3Hpar, Apyfu fnacHn or.qa,qeH Turr cbqeraHHe,qa H3naaHaTH T. H.
$ 24. Kavecraenara pexy(qr{f, e eAHa or u a ii- xapaxrep uure oco6esocrpr
ra 6r,rrapcxn.r Heyaapelr BoKa,rr.r36M. T.a ce npoxsraa npeAuMHo n npn6.nu-
xaBaHe Ha rJracexa Ha trrupo(xre r-,racur [e, a, o] fi],M rJracexa Ha crorBer-
Hlrre recHu [u, r,, y], 6e: o6aqe ila ce crura ao n]rHo noKpurne c rqx. B
3HaqHTeJIHo[o-MarKa crerleH ce Ha6Jrcaaea r o6paruoro tBJ]eHHe,Koero

35
 MoxeM ra HapeqeM,,o6parua peryr<qxr.. npn6,rr.rxaeaue
Ha r,qacexa I{a
TCCHIiTE fJIACIIN K],M |,r]ACCXA HA C'bOTBCTHIITE IIII.IPOKH
f J,IACHI-I:

a '
o ' v
e , LI

llpu rora B3aHMHo,qBrrxeHre Ha HeynapeHrTe r'lracHll paMK[Te

B Ha Ko_
peJrarnBHHTeABoiixn [a r], y], ce lo_rryqaBar
[o [e_u] Me*4"n,,, orr"nr,lr,
KOnTOts 3aBncuMocT oT H3fOBOpHrlxcTwtl w oT
II4aJ'reKTHaTa 6a:a Ha roeo-
peullr ca no-6,tn:xu llJIH rlo-orAa,rteqeHnor fnacexa
Ha f;IactrltTe noA yJ(a_
p e H Ue .
Pelyxunrra r 6r,,,rrapcxnr e3HKe rrepaBHoMepHar{ orgenHflTe
rracrru pe_
a r H p a r r r o p a 3 n n q e Hn a q n l H a u e i i r r o r o a r : g c i i c r r u e . I I a f i _ v y n c r r r r e n u u
Kr,M B3aHMrrxrevopolll I]poMcHI' ca rJrac[HTe o_r Kopejlarl_rBllara
T,], rcouro B ABo'rKa
Ia HeyAapelto [o_r]oxerrneHMar BaptraHTlrcr,c cHJrHorrpH6,,]uxelr
rnacex, c rro-c..rra6a lporBa ca npoMeHKTerrpll rjracHrre
[o y], a naii-cla6t
ca re :la KnuxolrrJl.rru3roBop rrpr rjracHfiTe u]. flo o6ulo rrpastlo recut_
'te rJr:Icrr[ [e
[H] u [y] ce noAqar]ar no-Tpy,Ilflo Ha KarrecrBeHapellyKUxr, orKon_
KOTOllIItlloKfiTe f Jrac !1.
I lpu6-rruxanaue,r.o r] rjracexa rra lreyllapcHxre r,racnt
[e t], [a t], [o y]
o p a M K r l..i e l a K o p c n a r u a r r u r el l o i i r t e s t , 3 M o x r r on o p a A l l H c y r p a r ! I 3 a ( l l r t
r r a n p r i 3 r r a K aK oM r r a K T r r o c r - J l r t r l l y : r r o cHr e . ygaperrtre rraclrlr ce
orfopva,r.
K u ' o B a p r a H ' r ( a . u o q ) o r r Hr r) a c ' " o r B e r H H T er , r a c r u
$o[eur r . b K M O3 a r u O T O
r ] c u c l c M a ' r a f i M a K o p c l r i l r J l B l r u , t n o i i x n[ p k r r c y r p a l r H 3 a u n l
Ha;lnQcpeurln_
paUIur f u np 3rrilK,Moxc;.Ia rraclblrx npuS_rtrNarauelrr,IIr
cjttrBarreHa e]rllIlr'l
rijrc tril JlBollKat.ac lJpyfr{r.
Kaqecr.leuara peltyKulJr e uB.bp3arrar c xapaKTepa ua y,t1aperrnclo.
Lir,tr-
fapc|{olo y,qapclrxe n ctl_'rHolleH.rpa,tl,I3Hpatuo, T.e. 3a ylaperraTa cprrqKa ce
tI3pa3xol(t]arontMa apTfiI(y-!auIIoHIlacH_rIt,B pe3yJrTaT
Ha Ko(j.foce cb3]laBa
rpKo r.r3pa3errKolrrpacr Mexily y,f,apeHr.r rr Hey.qapeHl rrracrrn. 3saqrre,rrro
l o - c , r a 6 a r a a p ' r r r K y n a u x o H R ac x . q a , c K o r r o c e H 3 r . o B a p r l .
HeylaperrlrTe
cprrrlK[, IropaxAa I3BeCTHa IlHeptlrl' Ha apTlIKyIIIpau]rrTe
opfaHr.i, a oTTaM
r'rycitoBur 3a lpoMeHx n xoHrfllrypaurlra Ha f-rtacoBll,
KalaJr.
[3 axycrrvHo orr]o.'erlue pelly(u,'qra rla ,,,,,HpoKfiTe f,rac]11 B rloco*a KLM
TccHI,ITecc lrporBtBa gaii_o6rqo Lrpe3[orr[xeHxe Ha qecrornre
Ha rrbpr]llrr
Qopllaur .- yKa3arrse 3a rro-3arBopeH rjracex lta rjraclrara! a rrp recHnle
q p e 3 T r x H o T o n o B u u l c r r u e_ y K a 3 a t r r r e
3 a I I o _ o T B O p e frjrt a c e x

36
 Cmenen na pedyx4unma

$ 25, flo-rolavara r{Jrriro-ManKara crereH Ha pelyKur.tr Ha HeyAapeHr,rre

r,lacHracc o6yc,rarr or ar,:leiicrstero Ha pa3,tHeHl,rnpIrq HH. Ha nr,pao
lrrcro rp.a6ra Aa ce [ocor{H ,qtrareKTHaraapKHTynarIHoHHaocHosa. flo or-
HoueHue rra peAyrrlt rra 6r,-'rrapcxnre !HaneKTK ce pa3.qe;rrr lra rr3ToqHtrr{
3arragHu.Pag..rruxara Mexlly rtx o6a.le He e B rra-rl[qrero n B Jlnncara Ha roBa
tBJIeHIrc,a B trefoBure crenelul. .{oxaro a n:rovuo6r,lrapcKIITe foBoprr pe-
"nr,rrra",
Ilyr(qxrra e T.e. HeyrapeHaTe [r]rpor[ rJracHrj ca cunuo npfi6nll-
xeHx Ao cr,orBerrrrre recHn r_rlacHlr [e-u], [a b], [o-y] H,rrHce cJrHBarc
r r x , n : a n a g u o 6 r , n r a p c K u r er o B o p u p e l y r u H { T a e o r p a H l r q e H ar r c p a B H r r r c J t -
n o r r o - c r a 6 o x 3 p a 3 e t r a- T r 3 a c r r a r J r a c H l r r eI a ] l r I o ] , a r , r a c r r a r a [ e ] r r a i i -
o6uo ue npoMenr rcv6poaara cri xapaxrepHcrxKa.
K t r u x o s u u q t . x 3 f o B o p H a r I c y l a p e H H T cf l l a c u u e H 3 f p a A e uB j , : lo c H o l t ar r a
:altaluo6r,rrapcK}lTe trporI3HocHTe,rguoco6eltoc'I.lt g o6,rac']]raHa BoKanrrS-
M a .T o B a o 3 t r a q a B aq, e p e A y K t l H r r r a K H H x o B r r H H r 3 f o B o pe o r p a f l I I q e H a T
, l,ri
r{aro 3acrla rraclr,rrc [a] I Io], a no crenerr e rrerlbJ'lHa, T.e. nonypelyKrg{,{,
rr,i.rKaro ne Bo.[1.{ llo cJ]HBaneua Ia] c Ir,] u Ha [o] c [y]. Heygaperrara rJtacHa
[ c ] . r a r r o u s : a n a l l o 6 r l r a p c K l r e r o B o p l , o c , r . a B au a p r h K y J t a q r r o H r r a r a
3 o u a n o ; l y l a p e r r x l : . 3 a r o t a s K H H x o B r r l JH
s 3 r o B o pA o p x c u J r r { a r ac r e n e H H a
l l c l ( y K r l x rr t r e y l a p e r r e r , r a c l r r I o ] w I y ] r r e n p a a r a r t e q a l . . l c l r Hrcr a r r i r -
J r e K ' r elrlr3 f o B o p , / l o K a r o 3 a M e c r B a H e r or r a H c y l a p e r l a r a r n a c H i t [ e ] c r l a c u a
[u], oco6elo B cncly/'laperr[ rro3nu]r[, afip. spe.uu BMrvspc . e,6ettm sr,,t.
6cute, xo)ttt.tttt ll[tu,t.
xodc.t.ve, cc oqclrrBa Karo orKjroHcnre o-r.nDaBoroBOD-
r r a T aH o p M l l .
I l o - r o r q v a t a x J r Hn o - M a J r K a r ac r e t r e H H a p e A y K I l H re B 3 a t s t r c [ M o c ru o r
n3r'oBoplJlt' cTrir IJ pa3foBopltaTa peq pelyxuHtTa e fio_cr.rjlHaja npu llo_
r r 3 r { c K a rrr, r 3 f o B o p , 3 a K o t - r , f oe x a p a K T e p H or p x x j r } l B o T o a p , f r r K y n n p a r r cH a
3 R y K o B c l e ,r q e n o - c n a 6 o H 3 p a 3 e H a .
$ 2 6 . C l e l e n r a H a p e , [ y x u u r r a e B 3 a r ] u c r v o c r L ro r M r c r o t o H a r , q a c u a r a
c r p r M O y J l a p e r r u e l o . B n p e g y l a p e H u r r o 3 I r r ] x Hp e . q y x r l n r r a , 4 e i i c r n a r r r . r
ItpltHllfilla Ha npofpecfiBHoTo 3aTHXBaHe KOnKOTOHeyAaperraTarnacHa e
no-6jru:ro .qo y.qapeHuero, To-!xoBa pellyxuxrra e no-cla6a (r.bptsa crerell
la peAyKuu.q) H o6parHo KoJrKoro no-.{a"rtcqe or yAapeHuero, ToJrKoaa
rro-cr4Jrrae crenerrra Ha peAyr(uHrra (BTopa cre[eH Ha pegyxqru). B c,regy_
^ a p e H n r r o 3 x u u f i n o 4 o 6 u n c r e n e H r u e c e H a 6 , r r o g a e a r . -p e l y r ( u n r r a e e 7 1 _
ITaKBO ClIJrHaKaXTO3a fracHaTa, KorTo ce Ha\{rlpa lte[ocpelcTBeHo cJreIIyjla-
peHaTa cpxqKa! Taxa rz 3a f_rlacHaTa,Havupaxla ce B cpnqKa cneA fl,t,pBaTa
HcyAapeHa rlacrra. Crenelr.a Ha pe,iyxqnrra rra rraclrkre B cneJlylapeHx
ro3rrrluu rraii-o6u1o e paBHa la crerrelrra Ha BTopa [pelyaapcna rro3lrrluu

37
(Bropa creneH Ha pegyxqux). flo raxlr HaqI.rHnepu$eputra Ha.qyMara npu
cpeanuHo yaapeHlre ce oKa3BaHai-3acefHara or eoeKTa Ha pe.qyKuHtra.
Crenenra Ha pegyKul4tra e B 3aBl{cI4MocrH or KoHcoHaHTHoroc'bce4crBo
Ha HeyaapeHHTe fnacHIi. c.JIeATBl,pAHCAfnaCHHpeAyIIHpaHI'ITe rJIaCHn3By-
qaT no ear,rHHaqIrH, a cileA MeKH no apyf. c,reg vera cbrJIacHI{ BeAHGX
npoMeHeHara fnacHa or penyKuutra ce rloajlara Ha Aon:bJIIrHTeJlHa npoMtHa
or aprr.rKynauuoHHIISrHn Ha OKpr'XaBaI{ara t carjlacHa.
Or xov6nunpanoro BI'3,qeilcrBxe Ha peayKuntra u KoHcoHaHTHoroc'L-
ce.qcrBo ce lloryqaBa ro:rr:uo parwoo6pa3ue B lByqeHero Ha HeyaapeHttre
6'lnrapcxlr rJIacHH, xoHTo B KaqecrBoro ct Ha QoHeMHtl Bapr'IaHTI.lo6urno-
BeHo ocraBar He:a6erqtaHli or cJrytrrare;It, T.e. BbnpeKH pa3rlrqHoro 3By-
qeHe re ce u1eHrrQuuupar cr'c c'I'orBerHI4TeQotlevn at: ocnona Ha $yut<-
llr oHar HoTo xNl e.lllHCTBO.
$ 27. Hcyaaperra rJIacHa fa]. l4:vexgy Bc[qKI.t]IeyAapeuu rJIacHHrJrac-
lrara [a] ce rroAAaBasaii-vtloro Ha peAyruut. KoH$nrypaqnrra Ha rracoBt'It
KaHa-rr3a x3foBop Ha Hey.qapeHaTar,raclla [a] ce xapaKTepH3Hpac'bc cJreA-
rrr.rreoco6elrocrfi. Esuxtr e JreKo[I3,qr,p[aHHarlpeai Karo cpeAHara My qacr
c rrpHrroBAHrHaraxrv ne6qero, a 3a.qHaraMy qacr e orAaJleqeHaor rLpJIe-
rara crera. Il pe:yrrar Ha ra3n npoMtlla ycrllItre cr,qo ce npn6lnxanar
elllia Ao Apyfa, Karo llaMa-rrtBaroTBopa Ha ycTllaTa KyxI{Ha. flo rolr Ha'iHH
r r p o M e H e H a r ar o r r r l u l y p a u a r H { rr J I a c o B H tK a H a n3 a H 3 r o B o pH a t l e y 1 1 a p e H a r a
r l a c H a [ a ] c e n p n 6 ; r n x a a a B r I o - M a J I K lal r l l B n o - r o : I t M a c r e n e l g o r o n Q l -
r y p l u r { r r a r r l l r a c o B } t q K a H t . I3 a l t t r o B o p H a r , l a c l l a r a I u ] .
B axycru.rrro orHo enue cneKTbp't,TI{a Heyaaperrara rlacla [a] ce xa-
p a K T e p r i 3p a c p a 3 c p e , l o T o a q B a H eH a 3 B y K o B a r ae H e p f H t ,T . e . B y B e J I t { q a B a H c
rra qecrorrrur HIrrepBa.rr Mex,qy rIT,pBIrtH BToptlt tlopuarr. Ko,rxoro noseqe
nrrTepRarbT ce yBeruqaBa, ToJIKoBa 3roBopt,T rla IIeyl(apeHaTar,racHa Ia]
c e 1 o 6 , ' l r u x a a a o u 3 r o B o p aH a r r a c r a ' r a [ r ' ] . O c a e r rI p o M e H H T en r , n { t o p v a u -
rrrara crpyKrypa Hey.qapeHarar,racua [a] ce x apaKrepl{3t.Ipa n c orcla6Hala
a K y c T H q H ae H e p r I l t n o u e n 1 1 tc I I e K T , I , p .
HeyAapeHara r;racua [a] B 3aB]rcllMocr or rlo3KuHI{Tecfi cnptMo ygape-
rrueTo lloryqatsa pa3nI{qHL BxjloBe 3ByqeHe,Mex.qy KoI.lToIIoH{Kofa e TpyA-
no ra ce rrocraBH orqer-rrrrBarpaHHIIa. flpu eqttaxeo KoHcoHaHTHocbceAcrBo
nai-o6uo ce oqepraBar rBa rLI[a MexaHHH]I peann3aul.Iu n nocoxa or [a]
KT,M['[,] eAHara, xotro e no-6,1[3Ka Ao rnacexa na [a], rpaQllrecrn or6e-
J r r 3 B a r ac . r , c : u a x a [ ^ ] , t I a p y r a r a n o - 6 l s : o , q o r n a c e x a u a [ l ] , r p a r f u v e c x u
or6er.flssaua ctc 3HaKa[a], 6e: o6ave aa ce crr'Ira Ao H3paBHtaaHe:

lnl r ["] -t [a] -+ [n].

$ 28. BapuaHrr,r [^] ce octuecrnsBa B napBa flpeay.qapeHano3r{Ill4t, a
I4:rosopr,r Ha ro3ll Ba-
npI-I no-fpr{xJrr..rB}r3foBop u B ocraHajlllre rlo3I.{uI'IK.
prraHT ce xapaxTepH3Hpac [o-cna60 HanpexeHne Ha apTHKyJII.{pau,lIrTe op-

38
 raHh, c rro-3aTBopeH fnacex H c no-MaJrKo
B p e M e r p a e Hoer x 3 r o B o p au a r n a c r a r a [ a ]
rroAylapeHlre. Hanpuvep acneKmf^c CKTI,
asaHc l^Bd[cl, adpec faapd,c),aKmus f^K-
fir$1, anopd l^xdprl, anpu,t lxr'pirl], apxue
[apxnQ], 6adeu [6"sd.ul, 6amou l6nuduf,
t\ epama fspnrdl, zaaem fzxzdr), uanem ln"-
:i,/r/' /,,
tndrf, zraea lr:tl.zi), 6pada [6p"..qd].
Cx.nsaracrenes Ha 3arBopeHocrHa rnac-
t-/ I uara [a] B nbpBa npeAyAapeHano3r.rqurce
I
I o u e H r B aK a r o T H a J I e K T euH: r o s o p : a e r i r r c ,
OMr.15. CpaBrreHxe llexly xou{x- t'dpic, trmia, 6diu, 6urxdu, 6tuqd.
rypauxr.rTcra lracoBHr (alla',r 3a B axycrlrvHo orHo[teHne cneKT'bpbrHa
u3roBopHa r.nacxara Ia] no1 y1a- rJracHara[a] r nr,pnanpeAyAapeHa rro3nrtr{t
perfreu 6e3 y,[apcH,e tt ryval a 6a- B cpaBHeHr.re clc cneKTbpana r,racHara [a]
6d. Ilon yAapcHvc-, 6ca ylape- no,q yAapeHr.re ce xapaKrepr{3npac paBHo-
u€---
MepHo noHl{xeHne Ha qecToTHTe Ha n'LpBI.{t
fi Bropl.i.qQopvaHr c ororo 150-200 xtt. IIoHHxeH[ero Ha re3n qecrorr
e yxa3aH[e rrMeHHo3a no-3arBopeH[r r;racex Ha rnacHara [a] a nr,pea npe-
AyaapeHarro3Hurr, a 3ana3BaHeToHa KoMrraKTHr.rr xapaxTep Ha crreKTpanHa-
ra KaprHHa - 3a rracex, 6.:rn:tx,qo r;racexa rra yAapeHara r,racHa [a]. Ba-
puaun r [^] cJre.qoBarenHoe a-3ByK, Ho c no-3arBopeH r;racex.
BpeverpaeHero Ha r;racrrara [a] a n'r,psa flpeAy,qapeHarro3rlqnr e tlo-
Kparr(o or BpeMerpaeHero ir rIoA yAapeH[e. B u:roropa Ha I\yMara ?naaa
HanpuMeprJeyAapeHarar:racrra Ia] HMa BpeMerpaeHe0,07 cex, a yAapeHara
1,12 cex. Cnexrpaluure xaparTepncrrKr..tca cJreAHrrre::a r,racHara [a] nog
y1apeHr4enbpBr.rrr $opr,lanr uv.a 750 xuj a BropxJrr 1300 xq, 3a ueyAapc-
rara rracHa [a] nr,prurr $opavaHr uva 600 xq, a Bropn.qr I100 xrt.
$ 29. BapnaHrrr [a] ce peanr:upa B cpr.rqKa,Korro He e HerrocpeAcrBeHo
npe;1cplrqKara c yAapeHse lr B cJre;Iy,qapeHlr
no3nr(xu, l{erosHsr I,r3roRopce
xaparceprr3[pa c oule no-3aTBopeHr-nacex r c oue [o-KpaTKo BpeMeTpaene
or u3roBopa Ha r;racHara [a] r nr,pna npeny.qapena rro3uur{r. Clyxoao r.na-
cexbr Ha ro3r.r 3ByK ce nnerrrn$xuupa xaro 6ln:rr 4o rracexa Ha rJracHara
[r,], 6e: o6aue Aa ce cnuBa c sero. Blt:ocrra e tro-cKopo c Bapr.raHTaHa
HeylapeHara rracua [r,], orKo;rxoro cbc caMara rjracHa noA y,{apeHHe.
B axycruuHo ornolueHlie crreKTbplr Ha Bapr.raHTa[a] I cpanHeuue c'tc
cneKTbpa ua BapraHTa [^] ce xapaxrepu3Hpa cr,c c,ra6o nounxexae Ha qec-
Tor[Te Ha nrpnu.n rpopvaur - c oKo,to 80-100 xq. flo-sllcxnre qecrorn Ha
nrpru.a QopvaHr ca nMeHHoyKa3aHle 3a no-3arBopeHur rlracex Ha r;racHa-
ra [a] u ra HeiHoro HaBJrH3aHe B cnerTpa:rHara :oua xa r,racHara [t].
Bpeverpaenero Ha r;racHara [a] srr eropa npeAylapeHa rro3r.lunr e no-
Kparro or BpeMerpaeHero Ha r-racHara [a] s nr,psa npelyrapeHa no3urllrr.
B n:roaopa Ha ,qyMara 6opa6au HanpHMep BpeMerpaeHero ua r:racHara [a]

39
 Xq
8000

7000

@00

5000

,to00

3000

2000

1000
O H r . 1 6 .C o [ a r p a M a .l , l l r o B o pr r a
r , ' r a c r r aI a ] n o r y r a p c r r r u 6 c ]
0 o', -
y I a p c f i u c t n p c . r l y J l a p c rnr a
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 n 5 0,6 ceK
\ux n )\yl.ratt Sapa6att

Il'bBr] r'opa flpeaylapcHa no3[ulJt e 0,06 cer, B II]pBa npe,[yAapeHarlo3lluxt

0 , 0 9 c e r , a B p e M er p a e r i c l ' o H a r , l a c l l a r a [ a ] n o 1 y l a p e H I l e e 0 , 1 I c e r .
T p n 6 n a l a c e o l 6 c " r e x u , q e a a p H a H T b r[ : ] n o p a g r c , r a 6 a r a H a I I p e r H a r o c r
r a a p T x K y . l r r p a u l t i T co p f a l l u l { c p a B l l H T e " ] H K Op a T K O T B Op e M e T P a e I I H e a !I3-
f o B o p a e r B b p , ( ex o , r e 6 , r n nB 3 B y K O a a r ac H p e a x L I 3 a I I t J B
t . p a l r o a o p H a ra pc.l
T e l r 1 1 e l t l l t t r ae K r , M r r o - c H J r u a3 a r l l o p e H o c r , T . e . r r o - c u J I r I on p N 6 , r l x l R a u e
K r , M u 3 r ' o B o p i tr r a r - r r a c n a ' r 'Iar ' ] , a e r o n 3 n c K a H I t tI i 3 r o B o p n p l r 6 , r n x l r a t t c
K r , Mn 3 r o r r o p aH a B a p H a r l r a[ " ] , x a n p u v e p : 6 u p a 6 a t r[ 6 a p " 6 i t t ] u [ 6 " p " 6 i r ] ,
.vu?u3urt Ivar-^:urr] u Iv"r^:liH], :tttctad.i lzactan'd] u [:^c"t"n"i'],
su6tantltr f :a6-rr"r'drr]u [:"6.,r"rdrr], suxu'rd'txu [:ax,^.vd,rr<a] r [r"x,rvi,rra],
nupuutym Inap"ujrr] u In"p"rujrr], .uaxapd Ivor"p;)] u Iv"r"pn], npo3tlrttru
[npa:Hrrri] r Ittp^:Hurtd, pastturtul IpranuHd] tr fp"rrnlral, .ttuxulu
Ivax",rd]u Ina"x""ri].
B xruxosurlg rr3roBop fllacHara [a] t npegy;lapenn rIo3I.{qrHuMa c.lrer-
rrrire Itap[aHTx:

tdl -+ i"l + [,^.]n,ur [i] + [e] + [.^].

B a p u a u r H r ec r c CK.IHO 3aTBOpeH f"'racex a flbpBa npe.qyaapeHa I{ B'bB
Bropa npeay'trapeHa TIO3IIIIH' CE OIICH'BAT KATO ,IHA"IICKTHIj:

[A] + frl -+ [r].

40
 $ 30. B c.ne,4yaapeHr{no3Hrrrrrl pa:xoo6pa:aero B rJracexa Ha r,racHara [a]
e no-c"la6o u:pa:eHo, orKoJrKoroB npeAyrapeHr.rrro3nuntr.Brnperu H{Kor{Ko-
;re6aHrarvex4y no-orBopeH H no-3arBopeH r,racex o6ulara reHAeHurrJrB rltr-
poKaTax3foBopHa npaKTkr(ae KbM IIo-3aTBopeHf"rracexfia Hey.qaperraTa fr'rac_
na [a], nparruvecKu u3paBHe]rc r-Tacexa u s.sn aropa fipe.4yAapcHarro3trrlr{r.
llpn no-rpuNlun lr:rorop o6ave ce rr3roBapr H no-orBopeHusr Bap[aHT rra
HcyllaperrararnacHa Ia]. Ero 3ar!o B KHHXoBrnrrrr3roBopBapltaHTr.tre Ha r;rac-
rara [a] r cJreAyJlaperru
rro3uuHn Morar xa 6rgar c-rreluure:

[d] -+ [a] + [e] H,'rH[e] -+ t"l -+ t"l.

l. B :arnoperra cnery.qapeHacpuuxa: sanud [:inar] a feata.r), opurr
fopcu] a [6p"r],puscad lpdccarl ra[picc"r], xta1uet fxti6a$l n [x,rd6,rt!],
rz,paaoIripaarf] H Iri;pe^r[], .ul,pzacluypra$l n [wj'pr.^,rf],uuau liwavl
r [irwnv], varca.nIvdrav] r IvAr"v], daoa.rr[;1inav] u [aieav], cvlme.M
fcv'drcr.r] H [cv'ir"v], npo6aa.u[npo6r:v] N [npd6s"v], nucat lrritcar l u
[nr]c",rl, ptunut lp renl n [pnr";r], rutmo.ufnirar l u fnirnsrl, atpturr
Iri,p:err] n [ai,p:"rr], cxaatrumfcxnAuar] I [cxsirr,"r], 6_qrcsar[6.ni;cHcr]r
[6nicHnr].
2. B oraoperracpnqr(aB Kpaec-,toBrie: 6a6a l6i6al a [6n6^], uaca laical a
luic,^), rpuaa [rpdaa] I lxpinn), putrc fpdne] n fpA.unf,rcttuza[xrrr.rra]I
Xq lxttir "), mairru [riiile] n [ririirr"],
80m .r'r.tudalu fi.1a1 u fv tti,y"f, mururc
friruaa] r [rivu,r], uocu ludral u
7000 fwolr,], z,,reda Irndqe] u [r,rd1"], r;lrra
u
[airxa] [arir<"],varca[virxa]r [var<"].
6000 3. B uexpaiirra c,reAyAapena cpfiqKa:
npuKu3KaInpixacxa] n In pr]rc,r cnr,rI ,
50m num tKu fnirauxa] u [nirr,.,rrr,r], 6u-
6 a n u l 6 d 6 e r e l u [ 6 A 6 ^ r ^ ] ,t t o 6 n n t u
4000 I r r d 6 e r e ] r . rI r , r d 6 " r " ] , K u L t . u n u
Ixurilere] x Ixrrirr^r^], apa uma
3000 I e p i H e r e ] u I a p a H " r ^ ] , r t u . u n ol u
[,rdvnere] u [.rriwn^r'"].
2000
O6ntarapelyxrnBrracxeMaHa Hc-
y.capcHal'a r,racHa[a] e:anucrvoc'r or
MrcToTo Il crrprMo yAapeHueTou B
1000
c LcelcTBo c TBbp.qII c'Lf,rracHlt r] KlIa-
xoBHl.tr ir3foBop rIMa cJIeAHltt BttA:
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0.5 cet
t"l <- t"l <- [a]-'>t^l -+ t^l
O r r . 1 7 . C o r a r p a M a .l l r r o l o p H a r r e y A a p c H a uJlw
t -laclra[a] I orBoperracpx.JXaR xpacc-qoBtets
I\yMa1a6bda [a] <- ["1 < [d] -+ [e] --+ [a]
4l
 B crceAcrso c MeKHH rryuxaBn cBrJracHHrJracexBTHa HeyAapeHara
rrpoMeH[,pe3ynrar or s'r:geicr-
rJracHa[a] ce no,urara Ha aorrbJrHHTe.rrHu
Br{eroHanpeAHoronaJraraJrHo yqJreHeHueHaTe3t.r crrJIacHI.t.or :aaua r:rac-
Ha Tr ce npeBparqaB npeIHa H c6c cpaBHr.rTenHo rro-cr,rjrHa
cTeneHHa 3aT-
BopeHocr(ex. flpouenn Ha rracHllTe B cr,treraHuecrc c'rr.racnu, $ 104).
$ 31. Heyaapena rracHa [b]. B pavxrre Haxoperrarr{BHara ABoftra[a-'r]
KaKToHeyaapeHararJacHa Ia] ce npu6.rnxaBaKt'M r;racHara [r,], rara r
HeyAapeHarauacHa Ib] B eAHaHJrr{B Apyra creneH ce npu6;ruxana xr,l,r
rracHara [a]. B peayrrar rra roBa B3auMHonpn6luxaaaHe ce no;ryqaBar
6.nr.r:xnu,rs o6rqu napuaHruHa rracHnre [a] u [r,]:

['i,] -+ [a] -+ ["] -+ [a].

Koutlurypaqurra Ha rracoBrrr Karrar3a r3roBop Ha HeyAapeHara rracHa
[r,] e cpasHexuec rouQnrypaqrrra Ha H3roBopa Ha yAapeHarar.nacHa [r,]
ce xapaKTepr..r3r.rpa
c no-fo-nrMaoTBopeHocT rra ycTHaTaKyxrHa, T'l,HKaTo
e3 l(r,T l-lMa no-ItHcKo noIoxeHHe, H c'boTBeTHo c fio-fojttM€ 3aTBopeHocT
rra rr'preHara ryxuHa. flo rorn HaqnHce c's:4aaaxoHQnrypaqnr,6lr:ra go
xonrlurypaqn.rra 3a rr3roBopHa rracrrara [a] n,rn no-tovuo Ao r{3roBopHa
HefrHnreBapxaHTH.
B axycrrveH nnaHTa3lrrrpoMrHar roHQurypaqlrrra ce orpa3rBa BT,pxy
cIIeKTr,pa B cRcpeAoToqaBarleHa aKycTI{qHaeHepfllt qpe3 IIoBH[laBaHe Ha
qecroruTe ra II bpBHr q)opMaIITr-rcT,oTBeTHo
r{pe3noHl,IxaBaHeHa qecToTLtTe
lra BTopHr QopvaHr yKa3anHe 3a rro-orBopeH r,racex. OceeH npoMeHr.rre
B r.r3roBopaHa rlracHara ['l], no ue,u.n cneKTrp ce ua6:rrcgana, KaKTo nplr
llpyrxre Hey](apeHx r:racuu, o6ulo orc,'ra6saHe Ha aKycrHqHara eHeprllr.
OcuoslrHnr BaplraHTHa HeyAaperiara rnacHa [r,], rpadlrvecru or6err3aH
chc 3HaKa Ic], ce xapaKTepr.r3r,rpa
cbc cpaBHx-
T e n H o n o - o r B o p e Hr ; r a c e x , 6 e : o 6 a q e A a r . . r 3 J r H -
3 a H 3 BL H a p T H K y n a q r { O H H O - a K y C T h q H3a0THaa
Ha rrracHara [r,] noq ygapeHHe. Toor napuaHr
e rBbp,ue 6,ur:r,x.qo BapuaHTaua r:racnara [.1],
pea_qr.13[paH
BbB BTopa IIpelynapeHa rrnH B cne-
,4y.qapeHrlno3HuHH, rrj]n ce cnr.rBac nero. B
tii cnoBoQopMHKaToHanpHMep
[pirav] n [pireu], omKa314
puma.M14pumbM
omxuc fdrxecf u
ldrxacl, uuct,t v nucar [vircen] a [uirca.n]
drrr. 18. CpasrrerrlrcMcxly xou- MexAy H3roBopa Ha HeyAapeH[Te rnacnn
[a] n
q)uryprqtrte rra rracoBrs xattat
pa:,rura He cr,LrlecrByBar.{npaKTnrrecKlrre
3 a x 3 r o B o p H a r n a c l a [ L ] n o a [r]
YIapcHse- x 6c3 yllapenue ce cJrHBar s eAHH o6u npo r.r3Hocr.rre;reHBa-
B AyMa'fa b2b,Ia p ualrT.
/t.)
 Hape,4 c ocHoBHnr BapriaHTHa HeyaapeHara r,racna [r,] ce ua6,rro,4asalr
Terr,qeHqHrKbM no-uupox H3foBop, clBnaaal! c H3foBopa Ha BapI,IaHTaHa
HeyAapeHaTauracHa [a] B nbpBa npe.{y.{apeHa no3HIIHt. Pa: rpanlrvenuero
MexAy no-3arBopeHr.rrIr no-orBopeHltrl rnacex Ha lleyAapeHara rnacwa [r']
ce 3arpy,[HrBa ocBeH or 6;ru:ocrra Ha 3ByqeII[ero IlM oIIIe fi nopagn Qarra,
qe B e,uHaH c'bula no3urlHs Moxe Ia ce cpeulHe H e,qt,IHHqr,I{,qpyfrltr Ba-
pHalrr. Haii-o6uo o6a{e Moxe aa ce xaxe, qe B cpIIqKa, Kotro He e H€noc-
pe,qcTBeHonpeA yaapeHHeTo, no-qecTo ce cpeua It3foBopl'T Ha no-3aTBope-
Hnr BapHaur: 6t'duurta [6agnnud], 6z'psuua [6op:rHd], az'duuap [naguvdp],
nbmenuc [uerenric], mbpJrcecmso [repxecrad], Kr.qpoKoc [xagpoxdc], cac-
myA eHm [cecrygdHr], Mbp 3enaH [vop:e,r]rH], du'r6wt a fnan6uwitl, dtrcdo-
onn [,uaxaoairr] , pbqeHuK [pauenix].
$ 32, IIo-orropeHurr BapHaHr Ha HeylapeHara r.nacxa [r], rpaSrvecxn
or6el.agau c.r,c 3HaKa [a], r.aoxe.qa ce [otBII c Qaxyrraruaxa ynorpe6a n
c n e a H x T ec n y q a f i :
l. B n'spaa npeayAapeHa no3rurlq: sont6apttux Iro,r.r6ipnax], nbcmbpau
[n"cri,pna], ^tbttucmo [v"Hilcro], utuuve fl u r'wilvel, ctcmao [c,rcr?rrp],ca-

Xq
8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

@rr. l9- CoI|arpaua. l{-JroBopria anacHa[b] B nperyAapeHanolHqfit

R I\yM!^ia?6a66apHuK

43
 6op lcn6itpl, ntmexa lr,nrd.xal, dtx,de4 h"N,qeql, zfiap
lr n6itpf, cz,r)y,rxa
[r",qj,.rxa],Spr.uud l6pnw,tdl, dapao [g"pad]
2. B c,rc,UyAapeua no3Krlllr B 3aTBopeHacpuuxa:ez,,tz,6 lrin^,n1, nta,vux
[ n , r d v " x ] , x a , n a x I x A v , . , x ] , n : r c a r ,I n , a c , ^ x ] , u t p m t e f u i p r n e l , 6 o d t p
[6da,rp.],o6ot [d6":t], ar.,ca,t[noc..x],.r.rorap[wox,^p],*"*ui 1rdi^n1, *i_
.;la.,r[xd:^,'r], .urrct,.rluic",stl, ve,ra,rIvex,.,;r],rtueatt
[tri,r nr.l,HAnrH[Hiu,^rr].
B ra:rn noruqrs Mexlly rJacexa HaneyllapeHarar,racHa o"u qropr"*
[a]
rra MHUaJIOCBtrptlrerloleqTe,rllto npHqacTue r{ f_nacexa Ha BMel
HaTaTaeDoBa
r l r a c H a p a 3 n u r a n e c e u a 6 , l r o g a e a .I , l : r o t o p t r M o x e
Aa 6rle c tro_tartopc__
trvt utlt1 c_lno-orBopeHt,trBapria]J,r:aura.t
fsixcll u [airr",r], nucttt lni,rctll
w fnic"stl,-pact r [pAca.r] r [pAcr,r], otrecz,,t
lzwdcatl w fsrudc^|, urcti
[vriccr] r [vica,r].
3. B,r,'lcnuara tlopva:a Mbxnu po/'l e.rrrHcrBclo trlrcJ,roc.bruo
ce cperrla
lo-orBop-eH rr HJJt rro_3arBopclnrrr f,qacex Ha fJ,IacHara
f.sf: vvetturcz,nt
.yt!ettuKu[yuerrirxar] [yvcruix,.,],_rrr_,_rantm.,to.nt6u [vd,rnnei]---
[vd:rua^],
t-tul:)odbnt rtupodu fuapdttarl
flrapdg"], xlacnhn xpucmi lipicrarl'
Ixpicr"], cmyderrnnnl cntyicrrntu Icry;rerir:r] [cly1errr,.,], si,troit,nt
. : t r r r o d a[ : l as d ! a r ] [:atox"].

Xq
3000

0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

O f i r . 2 0 . C o l r a r p a r j al., l 3 f o B o pl r a r x a c l r a
[!]
B C.'re,lvjlapcHa nolxufit B llv[1aTa.vltcb,/

44
 O6qara pegyrruBna cxeMa Ha HeytrapeHarar,racua [l] B 3aB[cr.rMocr or
MrcToToHa fnacrraTa cnprMo ylapeHxero lr s c'bceacrso c Tabp,ql{clrjlacHn
B KHITXOBHHTLI3|OBOpUMa Cre,qHHt BH,q:

[a] <- [a] e [i'] -+ [e] -+ [e]

trtlt
[a] <- ["] e- [i,] -+ ["] -+ [^].
Cle,q veru c'r,r;racH BapIraHTHTeHa Hey.uapeHarar,racua [.r] rro,q863-
AeicrB[Iero Ha I]aJIararHoro yqneHeHHece IIOAJIararHa,qo[],JIH[lTeJIHa rlpo-
urua, npu,4o6urairs no-cn.rso u3pa3err orBopeH r,[acex, Hanpr.rMepnbmJt
[ntt'n), yuumett fyvirrer'"], xodr [xd,u'a].
$ 33. Hcyaapeua r,racua [o]. B HeyAapeuo noJ'roxeHlleaprnKyJ]arI[oHno
a x y c r f q u u r e K a q e c r B aH a r r a c H a r a [ o ] c e n p o v e x n r t sn o c o K a K . b Mf r a c r r a r a
[ y ] , r a x a K a K T or r e y A a p e H a r ar r a c H a I a ] c e n p o v e n n B n o c o K a K r M r J r a c n a l . a
It]. B nHrxoaunr u3roBop crrllrra crerreH Ha pe.qyxunr na r,racHara [o] ue
ce lorycKa. B pa:ronopnara pev o6ave rr e rltkpoxo 3acr.bfierratr oco6erro
R rr3r-Jracrro roroxeHue HeyAapeuara r,racxa [o] e c reHAeHrlr{r 1a ce npn6-
l r H x r . r . u (x)3 r o B o p a H a r , r a c t t a r a I y l .
K o r r r J rrny p a q H r r a H a r J r a c o B H rK a H a r 3 a H 3 r o B o pr r a l r e y A a p e H a r ar n a c H a
[ o ] c c x a p a r l e p u 3 u p a c b c c J r e . q Hrre{ o c o 6 e u o c r n . 3 a g r r a r a u a c r r r a e 3 [ K a c c
np[,IlBxxBa ncKo Hallpea I, Hafope B nocoKa KbM rrpenHaTaqacT tla MeKoTO
l c 6 r t e : r o r a r r a a p r u r ( y J t x p a l r eH a r , r a c r r a r a[ y ] . B p e r y n r a r r r ar o a a r l 3 M e c -
l B a l r e t l b p x ' L l I l a e 3 u r ( ac e u 3 . q b p [ B ao r q e n o - I l i l B t T p e B y c T H a T aK y X [ H a ,
K a r o c ' l ,r [ c B p c M e l l r o r ] , p , ! e r r a r aK y x H n a . l e K oc e p a 3 t l r r . r p f l BEal.l o a p e v e u r r o
c ' f a 3 x I I l l I J I a c i lH a e 3 l r K ay c T I t u T eI l o B e q ec e 3 a K p . r , f n t TI i n p o T t f a T I l a r l p e l .
B axycrlveH nralr npoMruara n xon(ltrypaql.rlra Ha fJracoBnfK l a r r a r c' re
o l p a 3 f l l l aB b p x y c r e r ( T b p a q p e 3 J r e K on o H r l x a B a l t el r a q e c T o T H T er r a I I b p B ] t t
Sopvarrr u e o6uoro orc,ra6garte rra
I,trrrerr3Tera Ha BctlqKHtpopuaH'ru.
Ctererrrrre IIa peAyKrll{tra Ht r:Iac-
rrara Io] ce o6yc,raelr or pa3rlrqrul
rp[qnHtl. 14ryr no-oraope[rnqr r.r]'lH rto-
3arBopeHr.rrrBapkarrr Ha r,racrrara [o] l
rrpelylapeHa no3r.trlllr e a 3aBucr.tMocT
or Mrcroro ri cnplvo y,qapeHnero -
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T O J ' I K O Bnao a e q e C e 3 a I I a 3 B a TX a p a K f e -
i pncrrrrxre Ha ocHoBnr.rrrlacex rra [o]
O r r . 2 ) . C p a n r r c r r lvce x 4 v r o r r r f r r y p a -u o6parHo Ko-rrKororro-Aareq e, Tor-
u l l l l ' l e r r a f n a c o a H r x a H a I 3 a u 3 f o a o p t r a K o B an o B e q e r a c e g o 6 , r u x a a a , q o u 3 f o -
rnacl|a [o] no/.Iytapeflue - f i 6 c a y / ' l a - Bopa Ha rnacHara [y]. OcreH or M.f,cro-
peluc " - -.s;1yua'rt6o6oa ro cIprMo y,qapeHHeTorro-crrjrHaTar.rr'[r

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lo-cla6ata crelreu rra peayxrlr'rrra ce o6yc,raa-r fi or rt{na Ha KoHcoHaHTHoro

cLcc/lcrBo 6ula6ua,rrrure n BeJrapHltrecr,r;IacHH cnoMafar 3a no-cxrrra
nporBa ua peiryxrlurl a rrar;racr;rra [o], orxo,rxoro or.qpyrl.ire r[noBe cLr-
r a c r r u . O r g p y l a c l p a H a ,r ' l r a c H a r a[ o ] n o " ' r y r a n ac p a B H H T e , ' r H
n o - c , r a 6 ac r e -
trerr rra peJlyKrlllr HJrl rroqrH ,rHncBa pcnyKrllrr, Koraro r.r3rnJrHflBar[yrrxqn-
l la rra cy$rxc 3a 3Bare,rruaQopva rra kMenara, uanp. Mumxo, e.ra; nucax
ttu Mumxo. (>oreruqrrara ocHoBa Ha no-c,ra6ara crerreH Ha peayKur,rrB Te3h
cJryqa c yar,nxaBaHeroHa rracuara [o], a orrav H rro-rcnnrr i rracex,
6rusr,x.qo rlracexa HitriracHara [o] no1 ygapeHue.
$ 3 4 . B a p r a n r x r e H a r r e y , q a p e H a rfa: r a c H a [ o ] e : l a n n c u v o c r o r r r o 3 u u -
rra i crp.avo yaapelluero Mora r Jra 6r,gar npegcraaeH[ no crean[r Ha.r[rr:

[d] i[s] + [q]+ []l

H,t l-I
[d] -+ [o] -+ [o].
Baplaurrr [o] ce pea.ru:upaB rrr,pBanpeqylapeHarro3Hulrfl[r B 3Bare:r-
uarir $opva Ha [MeHara, a B [o-H3HcKaH r.r3roBop
rr B ocraHaJrnTe[pe.qyna-
pelr[ no3rrurrn.Xapaxrepn:rpa ce cbc cpaBHxre,rrHono-3arBoperrnacex, c
rro-c:ra6aHarrperHarocrrr c no-KparKoBpeMerpaeHe or H3roBopaua [o] no4
46
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[sq!,ir], zopa [ropit], do6po [ss6pd], uouuue lllglli're), KoKuve [xprive],
xouap lt<gudpl, uot6a fwgn6itf, uope fvqpd], co,,rucmlcg,r.icrf, zoduutuux
[rg,{iruru/r], uu,vo fv,iwol, mamxo [rdrxol, napmuio fniryruhof , E,teuo
[Erdno], Mumxo fM rxol, Bauro fBdn'ol.
Pe,qyruunraHa rracHara [o] ce orpa:rna rrpI,ru3roBopafl [rrcaHero Ha
Hzrou co6crsevh nMeHa:fleio u Ifen $ldiryl, Kotao u r(ozn [Ko:r'y],
)Itetao n )Ketn [Xdn'y), ilopdat u lOpdau filypnitu].
B axycrnvno orHo[reHue cne(T'r,pr,THa BapI{aHTa [o] r cpanHernecrc
crr€KT'bpa [o]]Ha nog yaapeHne ce xapaKTepr.r3r.{pa c JreKonoHr{xeHueHa
r{ecrorure Ha napBnr H BTopr4rr}opvaHr - yKaraHxe3a no-3arBopeHrna-
c e x , H oc r , u l e B p e M e H H 3o a3 a n a 3 B a HHeao - i B y K o r n n aC. p e n u o r ou e c r o r H o
pa3rrpeAeneHxe Han'r,pBr.rr n BTopnqQopvaHr na rracuara [o] n ua sapuaHra
e c n e 4 n o r o :[d]-F, : 4 7 8 x u , F z: 8 9 4 x u ; [ S ] - F r = 4 0 5 x u , F u : 8 5 5 x r t .
[o]
BpeverpaeHero Ha yAapeHarar:racua [o] e cpe,uHo0,13 cex, a Ha Heyl(ape-
Hara 0-09cer.
Bapuarrrr,r [o] ce ocrrqecrrrBa B cpHqKa,Korro He e HerrocpelcrBeHo
npeAylapeHnero H B cneAy,qapeHfi cpuv xu. Toii ce x apaKTcpr.l3r.rpa c [o-3ar-

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@ r r . 2 3 . C o r r a r p a n r aH.3 r o B o pH a r r a c l r a [ o ]
B CneAylap€rran03Huur B ,yttrara 66pto

47
 Boperr rjracex l' c no-KpaTKo BpeMeTpaeHeoT BaprraHTa,peanr.r3HpaH B nbp-
Bara npeAyAapeHarro3Hurrr.flo c,ryxoro anevar,'reHHece r{,qeHTr.r(br4ur.rpa
Ka-
To 3ByK, 6lu:rr go riracHara [y], 6e: o6ave Aa ce cJrHBac uex. flo-cxopo
ToBa e 3ByqeHe, paBHo nJrH 6,q[:ro ao 3ByqeHero Ha HeyAapeHara rJ]ac]ra
fy): omonteuue IoronrdxHe], .uonopemKa Ivoropdrra], doeop,s [norop'i,],
,rionomotrctr IuoxordneH], nodapneau Inogap'isaN{], KoKoutuptruK
IxoxoruirpHnr], nodeteuue Ineae,rdHlle], 6opoauurca [6oporirHra], cotluiteu
IcouuAreu], montu tn [ron'lruHir].
B axycruuuo orHotueHne cneKTapLT Ha Bapnarrra [o] a cpanHeHlre c:lc
crreKlbpa Ha fraclrara [o] e nlpra flpe.uy.qapeHa n03r.ruur ce xapaKTepr.r3upa
cr,c c:ra6o rroHlrxeHHeHa qecrorrre Ha n6pBHfi u BTopnr Sopvaur cpeguo
c o x o , r o 8 0 1 0 0 x . l - tc o u l e n o - K p a r K o B p e M e r p a e H e .
I 4 r r o n o p r r H a r r o - 3 a r B o p e r r u !B a p H a H Te B 3 a B H c H M o c ro r r r 3 r o u o p H l r f i
c r f i J I B l t o - l t 3 f i c K a Hn 3 r o B o p r o t c e 3 a M e c r B ac n o - o r B o p e H H _Bqa p I { a I I t .a,
B p a 3 r o B o p r r a r ap e q e 3 a c r l n e r r r , r I a B H on o - 3 a r B o p e H l t t r B a p u a H t . K o i i T o ,
v a r a p u 6 , r u : r , r A o r n a c H a r a [ y ] , H e c e c n H B ac H e r . I 4 : r o e o p r , r H a H e y n a -
p c H a r a r . r r a c H a[ o ] x a r o [ y ] c e o u e r r B a K a r o a r r a J r e K r e H .
B c:regylaperlr no3DrIl,l]r,oco6erro B r(paecnoBHe.Ba[pex!{ ro,re6aHl,t.rra
Mex.rly lto-oTBopeHr-IfiH IIo-3aTBOpeltHqr,tacex TeHIeHuRtTa e KTtMIIO-3aT_
l o p c r r r a c e x r r a u e y l a p c r { a r a r ; r a c u a [ o ] . B a p l a l r r r r e p a B e uH a B a p H a H T a
r]r,B BTopa npel;]ylapeHa n03HuHr: Sumoa f6itro$1, cnoco6 fctdcon], nodtoz
Ird;prox], 7ra:.rod Ipicxor), npuntox Inpirrox], rcynot lxyngn), ntoto
[wrr<)r-o],,ua,rrr.,Ivirrro], ir2uao Irpriao], utaio lwtaagl, czadro [c.rr;irr<o],
Kut!ecn6otiro Ini.rccrsoro], Lt.teucmnomo ?omBettomo
Iv,rdHcrsgro],
Ir'dlr;errolo].
C , r e 1 v e r u c r , f l t a c H nn o c o 6 e H o M e x / ' l yI l B e M e K c t , f r a c r { u H c y ; l a p e r r a r a
rrracrra Io] tltpoMeHrB crrJ]Hacrenelr apr[KynaufioHrro-aKycr[qecKHTe cr-.r Ka-
qcc'lBa, Karo ce flpeBp]tua or 3a.qHala6ua,rHa B rrpeAlra la6rc,rrra rtrlcul
(ax. Ilpoveur.r ra rnacflr{Te B c'bqeraHr.rec.rJccr,rJracHr{,{ 104 106).

$ 3 5 . H e y a a p c n a r J r a c r a [ y ] . l . , i a c u a r a [ y ] a c p a a H e n u ec r l a c H a r a [ o ]
ce noAAaaa B 3Haqrre;rlto ro-Ma_rrKacrerreH Ha peAyr(qlrr u Haii-o6u1o :ana:_
Ba rracexa ua [y] no4 y.qapeHue.B onpege,renu rro3uuntr o6aqe rn e c rerr-
.qeHrlrrrKr,M rro-lrrHpoKH3roBop, KoiiTo ce lo6,rfixasa Ao H3roBopa Ha rrey-
IapeHara r,racra [o] B'bBBTopa npely,llapeHa ltJ]r{B cneAyAapeH[ no3lrrluu.
B apruxy,rraquonrro orHorrrerrKeno-oiaoperrar rlracex Ha HeyAapeHara
r r a c u a [ y ] ( r p a Q r a v e c x uo r 6 e l g : a H c r o q K a H a I 6 y x a a r a ) c e o 6 n c H q s ac n o -
cna6oro HarrpexeHue rra aprr.rKynr,rpaqHTe oprar{x, [pr{ Koero HacrrnBa rro-
c,ra6o n:pa:eHa ,ra6llaln:aqr.a u no-HtrcKo nonoxeHue Ha e3r.tKa.trI elsara.
n Apyrara oco6cHocr rra xoHQurypaqnrra Ha rracoBHr KaHan [plr rr3r.oBop
Ha Hey.qapeHararlacHa [y] Botrrr no npu6"rrnxanaHego xou$urypaqnrra :a
r'r3roBopHa Hey,qapeHarar"lacHa [o]. IIo rartt Ha.ruHB paMKrlre Ha Kopena-

48
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r u,+ u,) u,o u,t 0,E 0,9 ce(
o'ir. 24. corra.paM",.;:l"J_H u npc:ry,raperra
no:uqur
;;:,ja,[y]

r u a r r a r an a o i x a [ o y ] , r a r a x a r r o I n p r ; a o i i x a r a
[ a r ] , c e o y e p r a B ac r p e _
Mex Kt M B3a[MHo npu6.ntxasaHe Ha Bapr{aHT}rre.3a pa:,rnxa
or rJracHara
I r ' ] o 6 a v e r J r a c ] i a r a [ y ] c e p a : ' r u p r r a B c p a B H H T e J r Hnoo - c r a 6 a c r e r r e H '
cnyxoBo ce u4eHrHrluqupa Br.rrrarr.,t Karo ,y_3ByKorHn.
tl axycrurrHo orHorrJe![e crrerT,r]p.br]ra Hey,qapeHara
r,racua [y] ne ce
pa3nr{qaBact uecrBeHo or cneKTLpa Ha rracHara yra:a-
[y] no.q ygapeHr.re.
Hr.re3a rro-orBopenr{r rnacex Ha Hey,qapeHarar,raclra
[y] e c,ra6oro nogn_
": ".t"rHre Ha nbpBr, $opvanr, a B HrKoH cJtytraun Ha Bropr.t,
T^.:_r_rl_.l
PopMaHT. Lpentloro gecrorHo pa3npele,rreHne Ha nr,pBpr, u aroptr
Mar;rHarnacHara Iy] noa y.qapeHrie 300 r g50 xq, Qop_
a 6 e r y a a p e u r a e3 g 0 n
v u u x u . r J p e M e r p a e H e r oH a r n a c H a r a
[ y ] n o g y . q a p e u u ee c p e A H o 0 , 1 5 c e r ,
a 6e: ygapeHnc0, l0 cex.
Kore_6arruc MexAy no-orBopeH H [o-3arBopeH rnacex
Ha HeylapeHara
r,racua [y] ce xa6,rrogara B cJre,trHrrre crvqaH:
l) a a6co,rrorHo KpaecrroBle --6ruiy
. [6ninyl, doty lnittry], dpyeuuy
[apj'rrzvli], treny ftnd.:'vyl,
xoao.rl, Inoeovyl, uaij"ay fti"pe"1g1, ,i*oiy
IH'arcov1i.].KyKypu?! [r<yrypnr!]:

a. rD.enh E crrp.6vr c' rDoHcr,n

49
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oxr. 25. h Jrorroprra r,racrra[y] 8 crellyllapcrrano3lruxq

B Jly,!{aIa,r,lr'liy,l

2) a :aruoperrac.rr:Ayllaperra cpl.vKt mo yc frdrycl, ntetryu [udHyv],

,uycx.1,,r Iw]cxy,rl, clri-r2 [cirrlyp], xrl'r17rIxirvyp], cmuuyt fcr uynf, uaxcu-
,uy,u[vArcururyv];
3) a cpH.rrr, Korlro rre ca HenocpelcrBeHo[pe.q yAapeH[ero 6yteaupr)
[ 6 ! n e a A p r ] , 6 y p t xo a : u n I S y p x o i r : n r ] , d y 6 r u r c u m[ g ! 6 r u x i r ] , n y u t u l t a K
I r j r r q u l d x ] , c y a n o x a [ c y u a r d x a ] , x v . u o p e c K[ax y v o p d c x a ] ,
C : r e Aw e r r c ' l , r - q a c Hr .l Jro c o 6 e r r oM e x r y . q B eM e K xc b r n a c l r nH e y A a p e H a r a
r.rracHa Iy] no.qo6sorra uey.qapeHara r,racna[o] or sa,[,Ha ra6[a,'IHace trpeB-
p:brrlaB npeaHa,ra6na;rsar-racra (ux. flpotrleuu Ha rJIacHI.{Te B c'Lqe'laIIHe
c r , c c r , r J r a c H r{, 1 0 , 1 1 0 6 ) .
$ 36. Hey.rapexa r.racHa [e]. I4:uex,1y rxrpoKllre r,racHnrracuara [e]
B KHIIXOBHUTH3rOBOpce no,q.03BaCpaBHtlTenHOlraI{-Ma]'IKOHa pe.qyl{Ullt.
C l r , r s a l a c r e n e H H a p e . q y K u l { tB n o c o r ( 3K b \ l r l I a c H J T a[ r ] u , r r : a v e c r a a H e r o
Ha rJracrrara [e] c r,racHara [n] ce oueHrna Karo orKroHeHue or rlpaBoro-
B o p H a r a H o p M a n o r B i r n q H H er t n r t o q H o 6 l . l t a p c l ( r H e y g a p e HB o K a J I I T 3 T ' M ,
Harrp Mep cucd, uu6i, "runt,aa"v, 6durtt, epi'tttt, cudixttru.
Brrperu qe HeyaapeHara rlacHa Ie] saii-o5nlo 3ana3Baulacexa clr nog
y,[apeHue, KaKTo.apyfltre HeytrapeHlrr-lacHl{, TaKa lI Tt B enHa HnI4B Apyfa

50
 creneH Tbpnn apruKynauHoHHo_aKycruqHx npoMeHr.r.Te ca e gee pa3rr.rrrHlr
rloco(H: B npeAyAapeHn no3r.{quuuacexbT e cpaBHHTeJrHO rro_3aTBoDeH r.re
oprreHTr{paHKbM rJracHara [n] r pauxnre Ha KopeJrarr.rBHara
aaofira [e u],
a B creAy,qapeHn no3urlHH rracexbT e opHeHTnpaHB nocoKa K:bMrJracHaTa
[r]. 14 n aaara cryvax o6ave B KHr.rxoBHr.rr x3roBop He ce crr.rra ao cr.rJllo
lpr6.nuxaaaue llJrr.tAo cJrHBaHec fJracexa Ha rracHara
[n] tr [r].
B apruxylaquouHo ornorrreHHe npoMrHara n xousnrypaqnrra Ha rJtaco_
Blr KaHaJrB rrocoKa xrv rou$lcypaqurra ja 'r3roBop ua r,racHara
[n] uln
rnacHara [t] ce o6rcxlna, KaKTo tr fipx npyrxre HeyAapeHr.rfJracHn, c
[o_
c,ra6aHanperrarocr Ha apruKynlrpaulnre opraHr.i.f:iacnara
Ie] Karo npeA[ra
no MrcTo Ha ytlJIeHeHI{eH CpelHa rro cTerIeHHa r{3nt.{faHeHa e3r.rKa e eIHaKBO
6.nygxaxarro Io yqretreH[ero Ha rJ]acnara rara lr Ao yqneHeHr.rero
[n], Ha
rnacHara ['l]. 3aroua nMer{Ho B HeylapeHo no;roxeHue rrpoM.sHaraB rJrace_
xa Ha rnacHara [e] woxe ga 6r,4e s nocoxa Kt,M agn"ru rn. KtM
Apyrara
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[r,] aa
oTnycKaHeToHa e3[Ka, B pe3ynTaT oT KOeTOHaCTr[Ba rleHTpaJ]r.r3HpaHe
Ha
r o x $ u r y p a q u l r a H a r : r a c o B u r K a H a n3 a H 3 r o B o p H a r : r a c H a r a
[e], r.e. uan-
Jr 3aue B apruKynaufiolrHara 3oHa Ha r,,racrrara
[r,]. Toaa $oHerrvHo as-rre_
H r e u e r r T p a n H 3 H p a r rHea H e y a a p e H nf I a c H H _ e 3 B e C T I { O B M H O | Oe 3 r u .
B rrlroN 6r,"urapcKrJAriarcKTu 3aMrHara Ha rrey,uapenarar,racrra
[e] c r_nac_
rrara Ir,] (oco6euo xpaii corropN) e nl,rHa, uanp.
[ 6 d , r , r , u ] , y x , t .6 r t t e r t ,
I r o p ' r , r r ] t v . , ' o p e r r , [ g d . l ' r , r ] e : r l .i o t e r t , I s d p , r r r ] B v . .o e p e u ,
f r r p a t , . s , r ]a v .
npurct, lrdg' t trl zx,r. cttiert u yp.
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[e] e lpe-
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Ho le B
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Cpe,4rroro qecrorHo pa3rrpereneHlre Ha nbpBx, u BTopx,{
QopruaHr ua yga_
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ctorgerHo 35g
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Heyaape_
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[e] ce xapar-
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[r,] e 413 u lggT
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BoKanr3i,M IIetc rBar npuquHH or pa3.lntieH xapaKTep. Tpr6aa
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O r r . 2 6 . C o r r a r p a M a1.4 3 r o B olpr a r n a c r r aI e ] Orr. 27. Co[nrpaMa" 14:,roBop
la rnacrra[c]
rr npcjlyj(apcrrano3ruur a )\y''r'. ara |e6e s c-lcltyAaperfa
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lux.iou.u, sexoai euxooi, qecmoma vucmomi n 1p. BaNHaponr rpae
cr,rr(o raxa r Qyuxqnoua.nuara HaroBapeHocr Ha r;racrara [e] :a pa:.nuvasa-
He lra rpaMaruqHr.r Karefopru po,q, qHcno, nalex (3BarerHa tfoprr.la),- a
c'r, Io raKa u:a qu$epcuqupaHe lia 3HarieHrirra Ha npet[rxcure npe- v nplt-.
nu/te (cpeneH poA eAuHcrBeHo .lrc,ro) (MHoxecrBeuo xttcsto), cuue
l?r./,,ru
(:sarc;rua rlropva) curru (nprlarare,qHo MHoxecrBeHo 'rvcno), osqe 06-
\u, nmuve nmu\u, rroLet Hocu,I, npeabp3Sa,u npLtsbp3naM,npenuc6a,u
npunucna,M.
Tp;r6sa o6aue la ce o16e,rexu, qe Bb[pe(lr nplrqr.rHHTe, KoHTorrolAbpxar
pa3nuq[ero Mexay HeyAapeHHTerJ]acHr.r[e] n [r], B rlrrrpoKara [3roBopHa
rrpaxTxKa B npeAyAapeHrl no3Huurl Hey.qapeH3Tar,racua [e] e c reHAeHurrt
. 4 ac c n p l r 6 , r r x u K ' r , Mr . r 3 r o B o p au a r , r a c r a r a I u ] .
$ 37. Hey4apena rJracHa [n]. l'.racHara [lr] nogo6uo ua r,racnara [y] n
H e y a a p e H o r r o j r o x e H H e c e x a p a K T e p n 3 l , p ac 6 c c p a B H H T e n H on o - o T B o p e H
rnacex, orKoJrKoro B ygapeHo rIoJIoxeHI-Ie.I{:uegeguero e B rlocoKa KaM
Bapuarrrure Ha HeygapeHara r,racHa [e] I npelyAapeHH no3nuI.rlrB paMKnre
gaofixa [e-u], 6e: o6a.re Ia ce crxra Io cJrHBaHeHa 3By-
Ha KopeJrarr.rBHara
qeHero. ero 3auo HeyAapeHara rJracHa [u] arnpexn cpaBl[TeJrHo rro-orBo-

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 peH[scMrracex cJryxoBoce ltgeHruQuqnpaBHHarr{(aro u_3Byxortrrr He3a_
Br.rcrrMo or no3r.rul.rrraI-rcnprMo yAapeHlero, Hanpr.rMep 1uedrc,6ultdm,
a u z u m a q u ae, u u d , z u z d u m , u t u p d x , u z t i x a , u s e d c m u e ,u s n i m a u . t i a u .
nosu, dcnu, ednpexu.
B aprnxy-naqlronHo orHo[JeHr.re cpaBHr.trerHo no_orBopeHr.trr r]racex Ha
eyaapeHara r,racua [u] ce o6scHnsa,KaKroH rrpx lpy."ri HeyAapeHn rnac-
tttt,c no-cna6o HanpexeHueHa aprHKynaparlrre opravrr. IIpr urrorop Ha
HeyAapeHara r,racua [r.r]e3HKr,Te fio-orrrycHar]r 3aeMarro_HncronoJroxe_
Htle,orKoJrKoronplr n3roBopB ynapeHonoJroxeHHe. C.;ra6aranpovlua o6a_
uer ronQurypaqltrra Ha r;racoBHqKarra.lr He BoAHAo c.brrlecrBeHx npoMeHH
B cnerTpanHaraKaprlrHaHa HeyAapeHarar,racua MaKap qe B orAenHr.r
[r.r],
cryqalrce ua6lronana cra6o nosHuasaHeH cborBerHo c,ra6o flou[xasaHe
HanbpBrr H BTopnr OopMaHT.

T a 6 n u q a 3
Ilponrelll Ha HeyAapeuxre r,tacfir B c.r,cencrBoc racpllr cbr,]lacrr

fnacrrn nojl Il l,pBanpeAylaperra Bropa npcgy/lapora C,rc11y1apcla

yAapclrxc no3ljur.tr nolxtlh, n03xtlt{t
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53
 CI,TJ'IACHI{

KJIACLIOI{I(AUnq HA ct'I'IACHnTE

$ 38. Ilpnxqnru Ha I(nacH(DHKaIIHq.C'brnacHnTe3a pa3JII.{Ka

or r.llac-
HUTeCa TB'bpAepa:noo6pasHaKaTefopHtI{ 3a TtxHoTo on[caHlte I{ KJIaCn-
rlrraqu.a ce u3rlor3BarnoBeqer pa3nHr{rtfi
aprllKynaq[onHo-aKycrl{qHI{no-
KA3ATCJIU.
H HaqI-JHlr Ha yrlJteHeHlle ca ocHoBHI-{ aprl'rKynaut{oHHrl xapaK-
M-qcroro
TepItcTrrKH Ha BCtKa c'LrJIacHa. Mgcroro yKa3tsa B KOt TOqKa Ha fjtacoBl' lfl
KaHar ce u3BT'puBa yqreIIeH[eTO, a HaqlI116T KaK Ce H3Bt,p Ba TOBa yt{Jle-
rcHne: c nperpana. c npoxoa tlrr npfi TtxHoro xov6lHlpauo refrcrBne'

Clrr,racHure B 3aBHcKMocr or xapaKTepa tta ar'rbyxgaHe Ha r.lacoBllfl

xauar 6nea'r,3 B ytl Il l,I I 6 e 3 3 B y r l x u . f l p r ' r e g H o a p e t r a e H n ap a o o r a
rra fJ']acoBhq ll tuyl\,IoBHtl H3TOql{HK C' bf,'IacHaTa ce BoKaJrH3l4pa,T.e. ocBeH
u r y M r r o c r r e K T b p a c e f i o t B t B a r H B o K a J I H He r e M e H T I I . f l p n p a 6 o r a n r , K c a M o
lla [IyMoBHt n:]'lot{IlllK, pa3nojloxell B cTecIIeHaTa HnH nperpaaeHaTa qacT
lIa fJ]acoBHq KaHaJI, l' lo cneKTapa Ha clfJIacHaTa ce IIotBtBa caMo txyM I-'I
clryxorlo rrcc BT,3[pfieMa xaro 6el:nyutla 3ayvHnre H 6er:ayvHure cll-
racllr o6pa:ylar f o J I t M a r a r p y l a c b r n a c H l t , Hapeqel{fi tll y M o B rl ()cHo-
BaHue 3a rrxHolo o6eaunesue c Hair[qnero Ira tcHo [3pa3eH I yMoB KoM-
TOIICHT TIOTCXHflTE CTIEXTPI-1,
IIa-rrnquero ttbK rla flo.qqepraua rl-ropvattrHa crpy l(Typf,. 6ll:xa .qo crpyx-
Typar'a Ha lJlacHlrre, no3BoJrtBa qacr or clf-ractlnre aa 6'l.lar o6eAHHeHll B
fpy[aTa Ha coHopHlITe c'I,fj]acIlll.
Il 3asucu14ocr or Hanlittltcro lt"rlI ]lHrlcara Ha JJoII'r,JlHnreJIHaaprlrKyJIa-
riacr lla e3[Ka KbM nanaTyMa'
u u , r , I 4 3 p a 3 e H aq p e 3 n 3 a H r a H e l l a c p e A H a T a
c ' b f l l a c r r r , I T ee 6 t l r a p c r u l e3ux 6uBaf Me rtfi ([anara;tHr) I'I TB b pAlt
(lle araranHu ).

Cnopea noroNerHero Ha uexoro ue6ue [o apeMe Ha aprnKynaqnoHlttls

rlpouec cbfnacHllre 6usar Ii a 3 a.r u u (nocoan) uo pan H n (ycrHerrtl).

$ 39. Knacurpnxaq[fl n o M f l c r o B a y ' l J I e H e H r l e . 3 a , u , ac e o n p e n e n u y i { -

JreHureJrHoro Mqcro Ha e,(Ha cbfJIacHa, Heo6xoarMo e aa ce nocoqu B Kot
qacr rra fracoBllt KaHall ce oc'blqecTBtBa npefpaAaTa I'IJIH npOXOAbT' T.e.
rpl6na ga ce orroBopn Ha B'brlpoca' xr'.{e ce 06pa3yBa cbrJlaclrara. Clrnac-

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p e g. fpynoaoro nporuBonocraB.f,HeHa carlracHr.trece oc:btq€crBrBa r.rMeH-
HOnO nOKanHHpeAOBe.
flpu x.nacu$Hraqurra no M.{cro Ha yvleneuue rp.a6aa Aa ce HMa npe.qBHA
u yqacTlteTo Ha e3I4Ka,T6H I(aTo OT CAOTHOIIeHI.IeTOMeXAy naclrBHt{t u aK_
TI-lBHr.rr
OpraH ce onpeaenr apTHKynauIloHHo-axycTr.rqecKoTo c6nbp)KaHHe
Ha AaAeHacbrJracHa. Tara :a cr,r,tacunre [r, n] Hanpl.rMepHe e AocrartqHo
Aa ce Kaxe, qe re ca aJrBeorHH,rti xaro B laBnct-{Mocr or roBa. nanr.I B
yqreHeHHeTo yqacTBa BlpxLT Ha e3r.rxaI-I qHHefoBaTa KopoHa, ce o[peAenq
r{ THn6T Ha re3n c}rracHH arrlKartHHHJrr{KopoHaJrHr.r. B anr,ruficr<t.rqegr4K
Hanp. cr,fJracHuTe [r, ,q] ca anuxaJrHr.l,a r 6r,,rrapcrnl xopoua.nnn, flpu
6r,rrapcroro yq:reHeHHeBT,pxr,THa e3rrKae ornycHar HaloJry, a npu aur-
rsfrcKoro - n3AHrHar Harope.
Cnopeg u.acroro Ha yqreHeHue c brJracHHTer 6r,:rrapcxn.r e3t-rKce AeJ]rr
Ha qernpn ocHoBHu rpynn: ,ra6na:rxl, arBeojrHlt, npe4xoue6HN r{ BerapHt,t.
l I I a 6 H a l H u ( y c r H e H n ) c r , r , r a c u u c a r e 3 x , K o l . r r oc e y q r e H r B a r c
IBr{xe}rHero Ha ycrHrre, Karo aKTnBeHopraH e .qoJlHarayc'tua. B :anlrcu-
Mocr or ocl,ulecrBeHara Bpr3Ka,,ra6na:rulrre carJ'racHr.r ce pa3Aerrr Ha ABe
noAfpyrr H:
a ) 6 u n a 6 r a , r s I ( q a y y c r u e H a ) , 3 a q n e r o y q n e H e H x eA o r H a r a y c r H a
e B Aonnp c ropHara ycrHa: [n, n, 6, 5', v, lr'];
6 ) I a 6 n o A e H T a n u u ( y c r u e H o - : r , 6 H n ) , : a v n e r o y v r e H € H r . r ,€q o : r H a r a
y c r H a c e n p u 6 l n x a a a t < r , Mr o p H u r e p e : q u : [ $ , 0 ' , s , u ' ] .
2 . A : r s e o , r H H c a r e 3 n c b r , q a c H l rK
, o H T oc e y q n e H r B a r H a a ; r B e o ; r a r e
c yqacrnero Ha npeAHHr e:[x. B tasxcuvocr or Aonnpa Ha npeAHara qacr
Ha e3nKa c pa3IHqrrxTe qacTH Ha a_qBeoJrHTe carnacHl,ITece pa3AeJIrTrra aBe
rro,qfpynr:
a) a I a e oIe H T a I x n (a,rneo:t6Hn),:a tnero yqreH€rr[e npelHara
qacT Ha e3HKaycTaHoBrBa nperpaaa rirrH npoxo! c HHcKaTaqacT Ha
aJrBeo_
Jrr4Te t , tc b c e A H r . l r eq a c r u H a r o p ] r l T e p e 3 q u : [ T , T ' , L , q ' , c , c ' , 3 , 3 ' , r L u ' ,
g : , g : ' , . n ,r r ' ] ;
6) a I a e o,r n H,3a rruero yr{_rreHenlte npeAHara qacr Ha e3[Ka ycraHoBrBa
nperpaaa rrJrHnpoxoA c ueHTpajtHara H ropHara qacr Ha ajrBeoJrr{re:
[u, u',
p ,p ' 1 .
3 . f I o c r a J r B e o , r H u ( n p e g n o n e 6 u n )c r r , r a c n n c a . r . c 3 u ,K o r . r r oc e
yqreHrBar B ropHH.srpaii Ha a,raeolure H npegHara vacr ua rar,pgoro He6qe
c rroMoulra Ha npe,qHaraqacr Ha e3HKa:[ur, x, v, gx]. B npegnone6sara qacr
Ha rrracoBuq (aHa:r c noMoLrITaHa cpelHltr e3HKce yqneHrBa u r,rafilrr
[fi].
4. B e r apH u (vexoxe6Hn) cr,r-lacuucare3u, Kouro ceyyneHrBarHa
v e x o r o H e 6 q e c n o M o u l T a H a 3 a A H a T ar { a c TH a e 3 n r ( a :I x , r ' , r , r ' , x , x ' ] .

55
 Or arycrllruo fJIeAHITIeaprl.lKy.irallnoHuoro Mtcro onpeae;rt' or e,[Ha
cTpaHa, pa3npeaereHHeTo Ha uyMoBuTe qecTor no cneKTBpa, H' oT apyfa
- nocoKara r.ic(opocrra Ha Ilporl.iqaHe Ha oopMaHTHI'rrenpeKo,uuHa c6ceA-
Hara r;racHa. Hafi-o6uro Moxe,qa ce xaxe, qe nplr arBeoJlHoro ytuleHeHHe
cT,rJIacHuTece xapal(TepH3IIpaTCbC CpaBHHTejIHO BIICOKI{qeCTOTl.i'npI'I JIa-
6lra.nnoro cbc cpaBHHTenHo HllcKH H npfi BeJlapnoro H npeAHe6Horo cr'c
cpe.{Huqecror}r. Cropocrra Ha flporuqaHe xa Qopvawrultre npexoAl{ ce
o6yc:ras.a Ka(To or Mqcroro, TaKa H or HaqHHaHa yr{neHeHl're.
uavu-
$ 4 0 . K : r a c r r f x x a q l r s t r o H a q H H H a y q n e n e H H e . , I I ac e o n p e g e , r l r
H'bTHa yqreHeHue Ha e,qHacarjlacHa, 03HaqaBaAa ce oTfoBopH Ha B'bnpoca'
KaI(ce o6pa3yBa rt - c nperpaAa, c npexo,q I.{J'I}I [p!t rtxHoTo xov6nHltpauo
AefrcrBr.re.
Cnope,q uaunHa Ha yq.;reHeHxecbrJracHl'ITes 6r,.nrapcxux e3I.lKce.4e;Itr
Ha Tpn oclroBHL rpyfl[r: nperpaaHli, flpoxoaHlt I' {flpefpaaHo-npoxoAHl'r'
I . fl p e r p a A H Lr (arycr. ercnro:lnnu) cr'rnaurn ca re3u' Kol.lro ce
o6pa:yaar nplr nBnHa fiperpa'qa Ha r,'lacoBXt KaHaJI, ocl,ulecrBeHa qpe3 rlpl'r-
JrerrBaHeHa ycTH[Te eAHa AO dpyra tinr 'Ipe3 npHTl{cKaHeHa e3HKaao pa3-
J [ r r l H H T eq a c r H H a a r B e o i l H T e H e 6 u e r o . f l o r p e v e H a p a 3 p y u a B a t l e H a
r p e f p a a a r a B ' b 3 H r r K BKap a r K o r p a e Hr y p 6 o n e H r e H r l l y v ( 0 , 0 1 - 0 , 0 3 c e K ) , K o i -
To cJryxoBo ce HgeHru$ruupa xaro n:6yxaane llJIHeKcrl;ro3ut.
f l p e r p a g H u c b r - n a c H ur 6 r , , r r a p c x n ne 3 H Kc a [ n , n ' , 6 , 6 ' , r , r ' , 4 , g ' , l c ,
r', r, r'].
Or arycrnuno rneatlure nperpa,[Hllre cbrilacnH ce o[pener'Iqr Karo eKc-
nJro3r.rBHH, a nopaAtl xpar(ocTTa Ha ruyMa KaTo M14TOBII. LrIeKTbp'bTHa npef-
paAH[Te CbrracHI.r ce xapaKTepli3l'lpa c npoAanxHTeJIHocT Ha npeKbcBaHe
Ha H3AHruHaracrpyt, c Kparxocr Ha ryp6o,'rettrHnt floror (eKc[,'Io3vsra) v
c 6rp:a npovnHa Ha r{ecrorl.{Te Ha (popMaHTHt{Te npexo.{H IIa npe,[xoAHara
Hnlt cneaxoaHara fJIacHa. 3a c,ryxoaara ugenrntfuraqnr Ha rIperpaAHHTe
c r , r r a c H u o r B a x H o 3 I I a q e H H ec a Q o p v a H r x u r e n p e x o a r K I r o - c n e q [ a J l H o
TrxHara nocora. flpn JIHrIcaHa uyMoB KoMnoHeHTQopMaHTHHtr rIpexo.q
Moxe Aa 6rge qocrarr,veu drarrop 3a pa3no3HaBaHero[Ia ra3H Karerop]lt
cbr'JIacHI-r.
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o6pa:ynar nplr crecHeH npoxo.u B r.rracoBI.ttKaHaJI,ocLuecrBeH {pe3 rrpI,t6-
Jrr..rxaBaHeHa ao;IHara ycrHa KT,MropHllTe pe3qlr xnll vpe: npn6luxaaaHe
Ha e3l-lKaK6M aJ]Beo,rlnrcrlJlripa3-[uqH[Te qacrl{ Ha He6l.(eTo.flopa,qfi (barra,
qe u3foBopl,T Ha Te3It Cl'r"racHu Moxe Aa Tpae ToJIKoBaBpeMe, KoJlKoro e
KOJInqeCTBOTO Ha H3,qI'lIxBaHHtBt'3IyX' Te Ce OIIpe{entT KaTOHenpeKSCHaTI-l
nnu npOAt'nxHTenHtt
flpoxorHr,IcbrnacHll a 6r,:rrapcxuae:ux ca:
x, x, x'l.
56
 B axycrruno orHorxeHue cnexTbpr,T Ha (DpHKarr.rBHHTecar;racHa ce xa-
paKTepn3upac ABa ocHoBHu rroKa3aTeJrr:oTHocr{TeJrHofonrMo BpeMeTpae-
He Ha uyMoBrrt KoMnoHeHTH nocTerreHHoHapacTBaHeHa HefoBltf nHTeH3It-
qecrorH. 3xaqrre,rworo BpeMerpaeHeHa [IyMa,
Ter B rrocoKa KbM Br.rcoKHTe
qecToTHo'l'oMy pa3npeAeneHueno cI]eKTbpaH cpaBHHTejrHocHJrHr.rrTr{HTeH-
3urer ca AocrarbqHr.i aKycrr{qHH Qaxropn 3a cJryxoBara lrgeuruSnxaqur ua
$pnraruerure c't rracrLl. Ero:auro ponrra Ha Sopvanrxure npexolu 3a
pa3nsxa oT e(cn.lro3lrBrrnTecrrJracHH e cBeAeHanpr.{Trx.qo MfiHr.tMyM.
3 . I I p e r p a A H o n p o x o g x u ( a x y c r . a Q p u r a r n t n u ) c ' b r ; r a c H nc a
Te3r.r,KoHTo cl,qeraBar s ce6e cu ocHoBHHTeapruKynaqnoHHo-aKycrr.rqHr.r
oco6eHocrn Ha nperpaAHnre H npoxoaHnTe cr,r;racHr.r.Tarnsa csr,'lacHs s
6r,rrapcru re3uK ca: [q, u', l:, g:', v, gx]. Tara a$pnxarure [q] r-r [v] n
apTHKynaunoHHooTrroureHnece xapaKTepr.t3r.ipaT c n6rHa npefpaaa, xapaK-
T e p H a 3 a B 3 r o B o p a H a c r , r J r a c H a r a[ r ] , r c r e c n e H n p o x o r , x a p a K T e p e H3 a
x3roBopa Ha cbrracHnTe [c] [ur]. Iperpaqara n rpoxolr,r no Mrcro Ha yq-
neHeHIle cl,BnaAaT I..IapTr{XynaUHoHHHtTaKT npt I.r3roBopaHa aQpr.rKaTr,rTe
e e,qfineH:c pa3py[raBanero Ha nperpa,qara ce o6paryaa crecHexr.{e,Koero
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n p e r p a A H r r e c b r J r a c H ny c n o - K p a r K o B p e M e r p a e H eB c p a B H e H r . rceQ p u x a -
T}{BHHtulyM Ha npoxoaHuTe cGf_rracHtl.
B arycrnvHo orHolreHHe cneKTr,pbr na aQpuxartrnlrre cbr;racHt,lce xa-
paKTepu3r.rpac Ha;ruqlre Ha nay3a, c eKcn;ro3nr r $pur<aruseH tlIyM! KoHTo
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fx lperpaAHr.r H rrpoxo,qHlrc]rnacHr.i. Pa::rrxara e npeA[ BcHr{KoBbB Bpe-
MerpaeHero ua $pnrarnaxu.n myw, xofiro npn a$pnxarrre e HarroJroBr{rra
t,tlruna e,[Ha rpera or BpeMerpaeHero Ha [tyMa wa Qpararuanrre ctrracHr.
Ercnlo:urra, Korro ce rroryqaBa npH pa3pyuaBaHe rra nperpaAara, B rroBe-
qero cryrrar ce oraenr xa 0,0 I 0,02 ceK or Haqaroro na tfpnrarnauua rlryv
u ce oqepraBa Ao6pe no coHarpaMara. B gpyrn c,ryvan o6ave rr e rBtp.qe
cla6a no rrHTeH3HTer,c.nt-rBa ce c Harra.noroxa Qpnraruauul uryv r,ru r:o6-
u l o H e c e r t o r B r B an o c n e K T p o r p a M a r a T . o s a n o K a 3 B aB T o p o c r e r r e H H o r 3 oHa-
q e H x e H a e x c n : r o 3 r { r r an p n u g e l r r a Q u x a u Hr r a l r a c . b r ; r a crrv.
Qpaxartsrnre
CtorsoureHuero MexAy nay3a u $purarlraeH rxyM npn n:ronopa rra a{r-
pHKaTHBHHTe CrrracHn e npoMeHnHBO- TO Bapnpa Ty B noJr3a Ha nay3aTa,
Ty B rro.lr3aHa $pnrarneunr uyv. 14gsere c bcraBKu o6aqe uvar o6u1o npe-
MerpaeHe, Koero He Ha,qBurxaBaBpeMerpaeHero na egua o6nxHoaerra tfpr.r-
KaruBHa nnu nperpagHa cbr;racHa. AQpuxarllsxrre cbr,qacHr.lc;reAoBareJr-
uo rpl6aa Aa ce pa3f'llexAar xaro xov6ugaunr Ha eJIeMeHTuo l. saHara I-ror
Ipyrara Kareropnr ctrracHr, T.e. Karo cavocroiisll 3ByKoBHeAuHr.ruu,a He
KaTOC' bqeTaHUeHa nperpanHaTa ll npoxo,qHaTac'r,fJracHa.

57
 4. IL ar e p a Jr H H r e (crpaxrvHrl) clr,racnx rro Haqr.rHHa yqJreHeHr.re
crqeraBar s ce6e cr.roco6enocrsre Ha nperpaAHhre r{ npoxoAHuTe c'brJrac-
HH, Ho 3a pa3:rr.{Kaor ar}puxarunxlrre cr,r:racHu npr.rrrxHoro yrlreHeHue
nperpa,(ara n rtpoxo,ur,Tca e,qHoBpeMeHeH yqreHr{TeJreHaKT. Ilperpagara ce
ocT,IIlecTBtBaB 3OHaTaHa aIBeO.iIHTeC nOMOIIITaHa Bbpxa Ha e3I4Ka,a npo-
xo,qbr qpe3 ornycHarure Kpauula Ha e3r.rKa,noKpan Koxro nporHqa o3Byqe-
Hara n3,[uuHa crpyr.
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Or axycrnrlo rren[rue crreKTbpr,THa J]arepaJrHHTe ctrracHn ce xapaK-
TepH3Hpac rcHo otrepraHa QopvaurHa crpyKTypa, rarpge 6lu:xa 4o $op-
MaHTHaTaCTpyl0ypa Ha fJracHHTe.
5. B H 6 parrrHure ( r p e n e p , r x s n ) c ' r , r . l r a c Hnuo . q o 6 n oH a i r a r e p a J r H r . r r e
cr,qeTaBaTnpH cBoeTo yqneHeHr.renpefpalaTa K rrpoxoAr,T, Ho 3a pa3JrHKa
o r r r x a K T r r H a c b q e r a B a H er y x e n o c n e . q o B a r e , r e nH: a i - u a l p e g c e o 6 p a : y -
Ba MUfHOBeHarrpefpaAa Ha aJIBeoJIHTe c noMouTa Ha r(opoHaTaHa e3t{Ka,
cjreaBaHa oT npoxoA, r oTHoBo ce ocT,ulecTBrBafipefpaAa,. naK rrpoxoA.
To:u rvesHo utl KT,JrHa nperpara.-[poxoA-rIperpaAa c'b3AaBactyxoBo Brre-
r{arreHtle 3a rperreprrlBocr. Ctr;racHa [p] or
SprrarraeH Tr.rnc yqneHr.rrer-
H o M r c r o H a M e K o r o u e 6 u e s e e n o 3 H a r a ,n 6 r , , r r a p c r r x e : n x .
B z 6 p a H r u r c b r . n a c H nn 6 r , r r a p c x u r e : l l r c a [ p , p ' ] .
C)r axycrlrvrro r.lleAuule nl-r6paHrHurec rJrlracHunogo6Ho Ha Jrarepa;]Hr.l-
're ce xapaxrepu3rpar c rcHo orrepraHa
QopManrHa crpyKTypa, 6,rn:ra go
rpopwaurrrara crpyxrypa Ha rJracHrlTe.
6. ll a: a,r H H T e (Hocoslr)c6rJ'racHrK , a K T or { n a r e p a J r H n r e ,c e y q n e -
H r B a r c e A r r o B p e M e r r Hnap e r p a l a H n p o x o a . 3 a p a : , r u r a o 6 a q e u e c a M o o r
JtaTepaJIHHTe, a H OT BCHqr(IlOpaJrIlIiCI,|JIaCHI{,KOHTOCe OTJIrrqaBaT C TO3rI
aqttH Ha yqleHe Ue, lpoxo.qbT npH Ha3all -rTec'bf,'IacHI-Ice ocbII{ecTBtBa
qpe3rocHara xyxuHa.Ta:u uweHso oco6eHocr HayqJreHeHr{ero nperpaAa
B ycTHaTa KyxuHa H flpoxo.q B rrocoBaTa rropaxAa Tr.r[I{qHu crreKTpar'rHr.t
xapaxrepucrxKH, xouro o6oco6-rBar Ha3artHHTect'r,rIacHlIB caMocroqrerrHa
KaTetopllt, npoTrrBonojloxHa Ha opaJlHIiTecbf JIacHK.
I I a : a , r s u c r , r J r a c H Hr 6 r l r a p c r u r e : u r c a [ v , u ' , H , H ' ] .
B axycruuuo orHouleHHe crreKT'r,p.br Ha Ha3aJIHItrectr,tacau nogo6uo Ha
nareparHHTe u rr6panrxure ce xapaxrepH3Hpa c qcHo oqepraHlr tfopvaurr.r,
pe3yn'rar or ceo6olnur flpoxo,q Ha o3ByqeHara H3lr{[rHa cTpyr npe3 HocHa-
Ta KyxHHa.
f l a i a [ i i ] o r a u u . g l i d e , , l e u x a c e " , , , n p u , r e n n a uc e " . I l a f i g o n e r e c a
oco6eHa KareropHr Ar.rHaMuqr{x3ByxoBe, npu qfiero ytrreHeHUexou{rHrypa-
rlnrra Ha rJracoBur KaHan He ce 3aAbpxa B laAeHo loJroxeHue, a 6tp:o ce
[ p o M e H r B r r o c o K a K r ' M a p T r r K y n a u H o H H [ r u e H T ' b pH a n p e A x o a H a T aH n r {
cre,qxogHara r,:racrra.I4,1euruQu xauurra na r.lra[,1oaere ce r.r3BbptrrBa rrMeH-
58
 HOB1,3OCHOBa Ha ABUXeTTHeTO Ha apTr.rKynxpaulHTeopfaHx rr Ha nopoaeHxfl
or roBa aKycrt-rqecxneQexr. Tasu oco6eHocr Ha yqneHeHr{enolgorssa o6o-
co6.snaHerona rrafigonere B caMocrorreJrHa 3ByKoBaItareropfiq.
B 6r'nrapcrut e:nx r:rafiA e ffi]. IIo Mtcro Ha yr{reHeHr.ierofi e ne6en, a
n o H a q H HH a y q l e H e H H e n p o x o A e H .
B arycrnvHo orHolreHr.re Ar.rHaM[qHHrr aprr.rKynauuoHeHrrpoqec ce or-
pa3rBaBbpxy cneKTporpaMara qpe3 ABuxeHuero Ha qecrorr.rre Ha $opuau-
Tnure npexoAn, (oHTo ca rrraBHHr{ cpaBHHTe.IHo6anHu. flpoxo4Horo yqne-
HeHre[opaxAa c.na6 Qpuxarnnerr uyv, xofiro, KaKTonoKa3aar orrr.rr[Te rro
cuHTe3aHa peura, e 6e: c bulecrBeHo 3Hat{eHHe:a ugeuru$lrraqnrra Ha [[].
O6parHo, r'r,pB qr $opvarrr ua [ii], xofro lr.jraBHoce cBrp3Ba c npexoAa Ha
nrpnlrr QopvaHr Ha cbceAHara rJracHa,3ae,qHoc flpexoAHTeHa caMara r;lac-
fla ca or pe[raBaulo 3rratieuue :a nlerrrrQrxaqNrra rra [fi].

Illy,roeu cbzrac u-3eyq u u 6ezzeyvs111

S 41. Iloroxeunero lra rrlacr;rKlrrerro BpeMeHaaprltxyJrar{{nrao[peAe-

nr 3Byqrocrra nllr 6et:ayvHocrra ra cbr;raclara. flo rpeve Ha aprr.rKyna-
qrrra rra 6e:l:nyvulrre cr,r.lracHnr.qacu,rrKuTe
ca pa3TBoperrnlt u3Arurna.ra
crpya cno6oguo nporuqa Mex,qy rrx, a fipx aprrKy:]au[rra Ha 3ByrrHrrre
c t I ' J t a c r r l re I H o B p e M e H H oc t x y M o B H t t t 3 T O q H l - t Kx ,o i i r o c c y c r a H o B r B a B
crecHeHara l'lnr.rB rlperpaleHara qacr Ha fJlacoBlrt KaHar, jleicrBa lt fjttco-
B x r r u 3 T o q H l r K o, 6 p a : y n a t r o r r p c n r e r r u r r a t I a r n a c r t J I K f i T e .
V.racruero lra r-nacHJtKrrrerie e nprKo cBt p3arro c yqneHHTelulrr trpoqec,
r.c. lrHTo pa6orara Ha aprnKy,rrnpautaTeopraHrr 3aar{crror geficralero rra
rraculKnre, rulro nlK,qeiicrBuero rra r;IacHJIKrrree B nptKa 3aBrlcuMocr or
noroxelruc'l'o ria aprfiKyntlpauhre opraHs. Tona o:uavana, qe Aalerra KoH-
coHaHTrraapr[xynauur Moxe .qa6rgc N,ru;1axe 6t4e npugpyNeHa or rpen-
'relrtrrra Ha r-nac[J'lKUTej
r.e. ,4a6r,,qe3ByrlHannr{ 6e::ayvrra. Karro Haquurr
Ha yqJlelreHuej TaKa r,IyqacTlreTo Ha rjlacu_rtKttTe rro3BoJItBaTIa Ce OCHrypLt
pa3rnrinero Mex.qy crrracHrire B paMKHre Ha e! rr r c.r,ul,qoKaJreH pe,n.Cr,r-
racHrire [n] H [6] Ha[pHMep llMar e,llla H c bu]a xaparTepr.{crnKarro Mrcro
I,l Haqr.rHHa yqJ]eIeHl,le eauHcTBeHaTapa3nxKa MexIIy T.SXe B rraJ'lfi.IHeTo
xnl, B IUI]caTa rra 3ByqltocT.
B 6r,rrapcxrl e3rix c'brJracHHTerto 3Bytrnocr 6e::ryvuocr o6pa:yaar
crelHxre nBotKr{:
6e:rsyuun: [n,n', S,Q', r,r', c,c', q,q', ru, v', x,x', x,x']
3ByqHr.r: [6,6', a,n', !,,[ ', 3,3',.rc,.q3',x, 'ax', r,r]
B arycruuHo orHo[reHHe cneKT.bpbr na 6e::syvHure cr,r;racH14ce xapaK-
Tepu3lrpa c Haj]urt}lecaMo lta IIyMoB r(0MIIOHeHT, a CIIeKTIpbT Ha 3ByrIHI{Te
c'hfjtacHu - c Hart-tqt'e Ha lIIyM r-i ocHoBeII ToH, KotTo B bpxy coHarpaMara

59
 ce noraaaa nog SopMara Ha rpenreuH.s g Hafi-Hr.rcxarari qacr. flpu nperpa,q-
Irr.iTecbfJracHrr ocHoBHr.sTToH Ce rroqBrBa no BpeMe Ha nperpaAaTa, a llpu
QpuxarunHnre eAHoBpeMeHHoc Qpuxarn;Hul uryv
3 B y q H n r e n 6 e : : t y v H u r e c B r J a c H r . ro 6 p a : y e a r f p y l a r a H a [ t y M o B u r e
cT,fjracHl', KotrTo rro cBoHTe apTuKyjraurroHHo-aKycTHrrHxapaKTepr.rcTtrKn
ce nporxBorrocraBrr Ha,[pyrara rpyna c.brracHx - coHopHXTe.Illyvornrc
q'hrnacHHBbpxy aKycTHqeHn-rraHce xapaKTep{3r.rpaTcaMo c rxyM r,rn[
c txyM
u ocHoReHToH, a coHopH(Te ocBeH c ocHoBeH ToIt ce xapaKTepn3rrpaTrr c
Bot<a.lrHa crpyxrypa. E,luucraexo npfi rrryMoBHTecrrJracHr.rc],uIecrByBa pa3_
Jrrlqne no 3ByrtHocr u 6e::nyvuocr, coHopHure cr'r;racHH He rro3HaBarroBa
pa3rnqxe, Tr,rlKaro HrMar clorBereH 6e::svqeH KoDerar.

CouoDnu c6z.4ac H,l

$ 4 2 . C r ' r l a c H r r c [ p , p ' , " ' ] ,, r ' , w , v ' , x , a ' ] n o c B o H T ea p r . r . r K y n a r I K o H H o -

aKycrnqHu oco6euocrr ce or.qelrrr or llpyrHTe clr,qacHr.ru o6paryoar rpy-
nara Ha conopHHTe cLrJlacHH. OcHogalrrrra 3aroBa orIeJIrHc ca cJIenHIrre_
B aprurylaquoHHo orHotrelrHe! KaKToBeqe ce or6e,rl:a, Te3[.]c.brJIacH].r cc
yqileHraaT eaHoBpeMeIIIlon xaTo cr,fjlacIrfi, H KaTo fJ,IacHrI:oT eaHa cTpaHa,
n p e r p r A a B y c r r r a r a x y x u r r a , a ! o r A p y r . a ,c s o 6 o g e H n p e x o A r r a o 3 B y q e H a r a
r.r3Ar4urH c rap y a 6 u n o r l p e 3 H o c H a r aK y x H H a3 a [ v , v ' , H , n ' ] , 6 l r , r o t t p e 3 y c _
T r r a r r K y x r . r H a : a[ , r , , r ' ] H . r r un ] K r l p e r p a A a n p o x o A t r p e r p a 1 1 3a a
[p, p'].
B axycrH,ruo orHouetlfie cne(Tpl{Te Ha coHopHI{Te cT,fjlacHlt ce xapaK_
' r c p r r 3 u p a rc r c u o H 3 p a 3 e H a
$oplraHrrracrpyrTypa, rolro e rer,pge 6,rr:xa
1o rltopr,,rarrruaracrpyKTypa Ha rracHHTc. B cnexrpa,rHo orHotlleHHe pa3J.rn-
KaTAMexly fjracHLITefi coltoplluTe crrrj]acHII ce c.LcTor.t[peA[MHo R [O_CJIA_
6 a r a n H r e u : n s H o c r u a ( r o p v a H r x r r r e o 6 p a r y a a u n l H a c o H o p H t l T ec L r j r a c r t t , r .
Koraro ce roBopr.r3a couopHnre c r,rracHU, ve o6pa:lyaar orAenHa rpytta
nro $olernvHara crrcreMa Ha Aa/teH e:lax, rpr6na !a ce nMa lrpel BllA, qe
ToBa rrxHo o6oco6.tsaxe c B K3BecreH cMlicLJI orllocltre;Ino, 3auloro BBn_
pexn rfopuarrrHara crpyxrypaj Korro rn o6egnulaa xaro o6rq rexeH np 3_
[aK, rro Apyfu noxa3aTer'rHTe ce pa3]rriqaBaT.qocTaqyBcTBHTeJ.rHO eAHr,roT
,rlpyfx. TaKa rra3arHHTec.t,I.-racHllnpurexaBar xaqecrBoro Ho!,otsocr, Koero
Hc ce cpeua nprl HHKor Jlpyra cr,rnacHa, k rro Hero re ce o6oco6qsar a or_
Ae;rrrarpyna, HapeqeHarpyna Ha rra3a,'rrrre.B axycrNvuo oruoureHHe Hoco_
BOcTTaCC nporBrBa B,r,pxy cneKTbpa qpe3 [orBaTa Ha ao[bJlHr{TeJrHH.rec_
Torlr! pe3yJ]Tar or cnequ$nqsure pe3oHaropHx csoi:icrsa Ha HocHara Kyxrr_
lra H crpaH[qHoro AeiicrBr{e Ha rrperpaneHara ycrHa KyxHHa. Ctuacgnre
[ p , p ' ] , [ , o , : r ' ] n r x o r c B o r c r p a H a c e o 6 o c o 6 . s s a r B o r A e : r H ar r o n r p y f l a ,
HapeqeHafpylla Ha rlrlaBHHTec.bf.llacHH,no qriiro crreKTtp JII_{IrcBar
AorIbJl_
HHTeJIITU pe3OHaHCHLqeCTOTII.

60
 O6oco6ssauero Ha coHopHlrrecr,r,rracHH B or,qe;rHarpyna, nporr.rBono-
JroxHaHa rrryMoBuTe cbr;racHlr,ce npaBHor SyuxrlnoHa,ruouearrue - no-
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Mr{Jrarlr{qra. tr4rosa e cRBceMecrecrBeHo re rrsMar 6e::nyveH KopeJrar.
IIlo ce oruacr ao r,raiiqa [ii], rr,npocr,r e no-oco6eH.O6[rHoeeHo roil
ce BKjlloqBaB rpyrrara Ha coHopHTerjraBrroor rPyHKuHoHa_rrHo rneAr{u]e,T.e.
nopal(HHeacHMnJrparrloro vy tr:geiicrrne ar,pxy 6e::ryvunre cGr;racrrn.
KaKro se.rece nocoqH, [fi] npnrexaea raKHBaaprkr(ynaqroHHo-aKycrur.rHlt
K a q e c r B aK, o u r o c a A o c r a l b q H ox a p a x r e p H r , r , 3 a , 6x ',bal e o 6 o c o 6 e Hs x a r e -
roD}lrra Ha rnaiiroBere.

Ilatamalun (uexu) cz'ztac nu

$ 4 3 . E n H ao r H a i i - x a p a r r e p u u r e o c o 6 e H o c r uu a 6 t , r r a p c x u r K o H c o H a r r -
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lla Ha,rlfiq{eT0u"qIIJ']HIICaTa
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paKTcpuc'frKa, Korro ce Hac;Iaraa rra/'locnoBara tt [opult ronr cncqt{rwv-
r r r r r e r r r y M o B l lo c o 6 e t t o c r u I r e c c n p o M e r r r r H J ' I H
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[3 apruxy;taqrouHo orHofllerrre [araraJIH3arIurra e cBrrp3aHac HaJtt'rrrr-
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BETHI'TC HENAIATAIHTI C1,f JlACHIi.

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Tc Ha BToptlr t[opvaHr rI cborBerHo noHgxaBane Ha qecrorllTe Ha n],pB[q
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$ 44. Cncxrpa.rrrr rrpolrerrrr.Axycll.rruur e{eKT or nar'laraJrrr3aqur.ra

la qccToTllTe rra n,bpBa
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F3 na rottcotrattltttrr cnexrr,p.

62
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cltcTeMa,cbcTaBeHa oT raprellaTa ll HocHaTa KyxHHa, He ce [poMeHg, T.e.
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64
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67
 B aprury:raquouHo I{ axycruqHo orHottleHfie r<aqecrBaraHa c.hfJIacHItre
[n] u [6] uorar ga 6rgar onpege.neHr.r no cnenH r Havun. B aprurylarlHoHHo
o r H o r x e H u en o M g c r o H a y q J l e H e n l er e c a 6 r s t a 6 w a r H u , a r o H a t I t t H H a
yqneHeHue - n p e r p a A H r..r. flo yuacrlrero Ha tracHJrKr{Tecrrlacuara [n]
e 6 e : : B y q H a , a c b r J r a c H a r a[ 6 ] : a y q u a . B a x y c r n q H oo r H o u e n [ e
no KoHueHTparlr.rrTa Ha 3ByKoBaTaeHeprlrt B HHcKaTaqacT Ha cneKTr,pac6f-
Jracrrrrre[n, 6] ca a lr S y : rr H, a no cnyxoBo BrreqarreHr.re, n n c r n. rlo
npoArnx[TenHocT Ha rxyMaTe ca n p e K b c H a T u.
$ 49. Ila.nara,rxH clrJracHu [n', 6']. flalaralr.r3auurra sa la6na.nsnre
npefpaaHH c:bfJracHHce nojryqaBa qpe3 H3A[faHe Ha cpeaHaTaqacT Ha e3nKa
x'bM TBl,pAoro He6ue npn rrr,JrHo3ana3BarteHa ocHoBHHTeaprHKyJIaq[oHHlt
xapaxTeprrcTHKfiHa Hena-naTaJrHnTe cbfJtacHu, T.e. cpe[HaTa qacT Ha e3[Ka
x3BbpruBa Aon bJrHr-iTeJr Ha apTIlKyJIau[lt, KotTo ce HacJrafBaHaa ocHoBHaTa.
flo ro:u naqus xour[nrypaqnrra Ha rtacoBnr KaHaJrce npu6lrxasa rnrpge
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68
 HOTOITOBI,IUaBaHeHa HaqanHuTe uJyMoBH qecToTH, a BTopaTa B IIpoMrHaTa
HanocoKaraH BpeMerpaeHeroHa rrpexoAxTeHa BTopu.,r H Tperr.r,Sopvaur
HacaceIHaTafracHa.
Pallurara Mexay rxyMoBHTeqecrortdHanarararuI.ITer{ HenaJlara;rHLITe
cbr;lacHue 3HaqnreJrHa - 1050 x. 3a n,bpBararrryMoBa:oua n 750
x. :a
lropara. B paiona ua Br.rcoKure
vecrorlr o6avepa3JrnKaranporpeclrBHoHa_
MAJI'BA.
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pu3rllparcl>c creIHHTe oco6esocrg: a) no:roxnte,rna xaparTep[crr.rKaHa
[pexoAuTeHaBToplrtn rperxr rpopvaur Hacne.qxoAHara uacnal 6) sncoro
LrecrorHoHaqaro Ha npexoaa Ha BTopHr
$opvaur H ctorBerHo HncKoqec_
TorlroHaqaro Hanpexo,{aHan.bpBnteoprraaur;r):uavnre:ruo npeMerpaeHe
rranpexoAxTe.
Pa:.nrrara B HaqaJrHHTe qecrorr.rHe npexoAa Ha BTopH,
$opvanr npu
rraJrararHr.rre[n', 6'] n HenaJraraJrHr.rre
[n, 6] e 1000xq, a HaBpcM€TpaeHero
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BpeMerpaeHe Ha npexoAa:a na:rara,rulrre[n', 6'].
B aprurylaquotrHo u aKycrHqHoorHoIrIeIlHeKaqecrBaraHartaJIarallIrI{Te
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Ha
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IIJIIOC(aqeCTBOTO A Il e 3 H O C T, KOeTOC]n.t,pxa KaKTo noBuuleHl.rTe
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69
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IIa f JracoBHt xagaJr g o6;lac'lra Ha aJIBeo,'tI{Te. KopoHara Ha Ebpxa Ha e3I-{Ka
ce Aon pa njrl,Tlro ao a,qBeoil[TeH cbceIlHHTeqacrH Ha fopHI.ITepe3I]I{, Karo
c buleBpeMerrHoxpaurtlara lra e3t,tKace ,qoxocBar ao Irr,roro He6qe. [Io rorl
llalrHH 3a yqjrelreHxero rra c'br,'t3cHr{Te[r, ,u] y.racrsa Uenfi,{TrIpeAeH e3xx.
M c x o r o r r e 6 q ee l r 3 l I l r n a r o H a r o p e . o n H p a c e 4 o Q a p l H x c o a a r a c r e H a [ I I I e
ro3BolrrBa ua H3aHrrIHaracrpyt,qa flporxqa [pe3 HocHara ryxnna. l'1 ryx,
K a K T on p y q n e H e H x e r oH a 6 n r a 6 u a l l t t r e n p e r p a A H l lc ' b r ; I a c H HH , a6pantrlr
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rlfipa KaTo eKcI]JIo3Ht.
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psBa or HarH'{Hero Ha ocHoBeH ToH no crleKTLpa Ha cbrracHara [4] I o'r
l l C f o B c T aJ l H I l C an O c n C K T l , p AH a C u r , r a C t t a r af r l
flpn c'lr.racunre [r, g] :a par.uxa or c Lr,'IacHI{re[n, 6] ronllertrpauusra
Ha 3ByKOBaTaeHepIHt Ce H3BI'prUBaB CpaBHHTenHO BHCOKaTa qaCT Ha CIIOK-
Tl,pa cpeAHo B 3oHara Ha 3000 4000 xu. floa rasu 3oHa I{ Har Het B'bpxy
coHarpaMara ce oqepraBar qecrorH c1,c cpaBHrreilHo no-cla6 ltrreu:nrer.
O6ulo s:ero r.lHTeH3HTerbrHa trryMa npu cbrracHltre [r. a] e uo-cll,ren or
uyMa Ha cbrJracHuTe [n, 6] , uo u no-c;ra6 or yMa xa c'lr,racuure [r, r]

70
 BpeverpaeueroHa rxyMa,(aKTonpH car;racHr.rre [n u 6], e rn:lp4e rpar-
Kox Bapxpaor 0,01 go 0,02 cer.
B:asucrrvocr or r-nacHara,c Korro ce cBbp3BarcrrJlacHrrre[r, g], npe-
xoAlr Ha aropu.r QopvaHr e notox re;rex, HyJreBr.trrl{orpuqare.neu.flplr
cBLp3BaHe c rJracHHTe [a, o, y] npexogr,Te no;roxr{TereH,npr uacnara [r]
HyneB,a nplr rJracHrrre[e, n] - orpnqare:reu.BpeverpaeHeroHa npexoAa
Baprpaor 0,05 cer go 0,09 cer, xaro npu cB6p3BaHe c6c 3a.qHr.rre rJracHHe
c reH,{eHuu.s .{a 6:rge rro-ro:rxMo,o'r.Ko;rKoroHa [pe,qHHTe rJracHH.
B aprtxy,raquonHor.iarycrnqHo orHo[reHr.re Kar{ecrBaraHa c.brJracHr.rre
[r] r [g] vorar ga 6.l1ar onpegeleHHno cJreAHHr Haquu.B aprnxylaquonuo
oTHO[IeHHenOMTCTOHayqneHeHre Te ca a r'I B e o A e H T a r'I H I_r,aI]O Ha-
qfiHHayqreHeHre np e r p aAH H. flpu yvacrnero Ha rr,racr.rJrKaTe
c6r-
, r a c n a r a[ r ] e 6 e : : B y t r H a , a c r , r , r a c n a r a [ g ] 3 B y q H a . B a x y c r u u n o
oTHOlxeHHenO rOHUeHTparIHrTaHa 3ByKOBaTaeHeprHs B cpaBHr.rTenHo Br.r_
c o x a r a q a c r H a c n e K T l p a c b r ; r a c H H T e[ r , q ] c a 1 n t ] r y : H a , a n o c J r y x o B o
B r e q a r l r e H n e - B u c o x H . I I o n p o g r , , r x u r e l H o c r H ar r y M a r e c a t r p e K : b c _
tIaTl,I.
$ 51. IIalara.nnH c'r,rJracnH [r', g']. IIa,rarallr3aur,rrra Ha c.brJracHprre
[r', a'] ce r3BbprxBa .rpe3 neKoro npeMecrBare Ha nperpanara or HHcKara
qacr Ha a:rBeotHTe Blpxy cpelHara H BHcoxara r.rvacr. CpegHrlr
e3r,rxce
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Bbpxy crpaH[Te Ha rlr]toro rarpgo He6ue. flo ro:u Haqr{Hce !,.b..lnaBa KoH-

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MHoro fio-roJrrMa 3a lr3foBop Ha naJlarailHlire [r', 1'], otrolrcoro 3a H3fo-
Bopa Ha Hena:Iara:lrnre [r,,4]. y'IacrlIero Ha cpeaHara qacr Ha e3nra B ap-
TI,IKyJIaqlroHHHtnpouec ocllfypgBa pa3rHrII.Iero MeXAy naJlaranHfi L Hena-
JraraJIHI.rctr.nacnn [r, g].
B arycrt.ruo orHolleH e cneKraptr Ha nanarailHuTe clrlacnn [r', g']
ce xapaKTepll3Hpa c noBH[IeHI,tlxyMoBH qecToTll Ii [oJIoxt{TeIHH npexo,qu
lra cr,ce,qHarauacna. Pag-nlrxaraMexAy IrIyMoBI.ITeqecrorH Ha rIaJIaraJlHI'I-
Te H HerraJrararHure [r, a] e rB't,pAevalxa - 250 x 3a n'],pBarauyMoBa 3oHa
ra easa 150 xu 3a Bropara. Tosa ce o6gctlcsa c $axra, qe npx naJlaraJlH3a-
urllra Ha alBeoJlHlrre cr,rJracHHxoxQurypauu.rra Ha rracoBllt KaHa,lTbprlu
cpaBHnTeJrHO nO-MaJI(l{ npoMeHn, oTKoJIKOTO npX rIaIaTaJIH3aL(lltTaHa.qpy-
f rrTe c'bfnacHH.
OceeH nosruagaHe Ha [IyMoBHTe qecrorl.l no cneKTbpa Ha cbr,'lacHHTe
[r', a'] ce sa6,'rro,qarar,r{pnxarureH ruyM, KofiTo ce [otBtBa cnea eKcrlno-
3nqra, c BpeMerpaeHe cpe,qHo0,03 cex. Herosara KoHlleHrpaunt e rraBl{o
u pafionawa2700,3700n 6500xu.
OopvaxrHnre npexoAn npu na.raraJIHHTecT,r,racun [r', g'] tlMar c6urllTe
xapaKTepr..rcrl.{(H, KaKTo H npexoaHTe npu nanaranHxTe c'lr,racHn [n',6'].
Pa:rnxara B Ha.ranHure qecroru Ha npexota Ha BTopH,lQoplvraHrrlpt-rnana-
T a ; r H r . r r [et ' , 1 ' ] n H e n a r a r a . I l H n r e[ r , , q ] e 5 2 5 x q . T a : u c p a B H I { T e n H M
o arKa
pa3JrHKaB qecrorHoro HaqaJIoHa npexoaa ce ar'Jlxtl Ha Qarra, qe B e.qHHHt
n B apyrlrr c,ryvai npexogxre ca nonoxHTeJIHn.BpeverpaeHero Ha npexoaa
r r a B T o p u qQ o p v a H r n p n I l a r a r a J l H a r ac b r t a c H a [ r ' ] e c 0 , 1 I c e K n o - r o J l t M o
or BpeMerpaeHero Ha npexoAa npH HeraJIaraJIHaracbrJIacHa [r], a npr.r:nyv-
lrara c'brracHa [a] pa:.nuxara e c 0,14 cex. PallNxnre B qecrorure Ha npe-
xoAa Ha rrrpBlre Sopvanr ca or nopqgt'Ka sa 150-200 xu, a Ha BpeMerpae-
Hero 0,06 cer.
B apruxy,raquoHHo 11aKycrHqHo orHotltreHHettaqecrBara Ha nanaranHr.{Te
c'brJracHr.r[r', 4'] vorar Aa 6r,nar ofipe.qereHn no cJle,qHut uavuu. B aprn-
KyJrauHoHHooTHOlxeHI{eTe npuTexaBaT yqJ'IeHfiTenHHTe Ha
xapaKTepl' IcTI.IKU
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C ' I ' O T B E T H I { T CH C N A . T A T A J I H IC- I6 f J ] A C H } t N J I K ) C K A T I E C T B O T O
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njltoc (aqecTBoTo A H e 3 H o C T.

$ 52. Csr.nacxx [x, r]. Te:u carJlacHH ce yqneHtBar c nbJIHa nperpaAa

Ha rracoBr.rr xauar, o6patyaaHa B pa3rHqHH 3oHtl Ha MeKoro u rBr'pAoro
He6ue s laglicHvocr or aprHKyJIauHoHHoroMtcro Ha cJleaxoaHara rnacHa.
Taxa npu cB'bp3BaHec r.rracHHTe[o, y] nperpaaara ce ocr,uecrBtBa B'hpxy
npe1Horo vexo se6qe, a npn cBBp3BaHec rracHuTe [a, t] ra ce npeMecrBa
no-Hanper H ocBeHMeKoro ne6ue o6xsarqa tt qacr or rBt p,Eoro ne6qe. C orqe

72
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no-npe,qHoyqJreueHrreca ct,rracHt-tTe Ix, r], xoraro ce cBr,plBar c rJlacHr.rre

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fi3pa3tBa 3ollara Ha 3aAHoro yqneHeHHe, xogro o6xeaua KaKTo qacrl-t or
MeKoro. Taxa r qacr" or rar,p.noro ue6ue.
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qajroro Ha npexo,qa, KotTo ce cBrp3Ba He[ocpeAcrBeHo c nGpBaTauyMoBa
3ona Ha BeJrapHl-ITectfracHr. B ra:H .{acr Ha crleKTbpa e c},cpeaoro{eHa H
qecrorK rroc-
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3BaneHa c'br;racrruTe -
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c r r r a c H s r e[ n , e ] : 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 x q n p e a [ o , y ] n 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 x q n p e n [ r , e ] .
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Bpeverpaenero HarrryMaHaeKcnro3rrcranpn c brnacHure[x, r] e no-ro-
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[r, r], o'rrolroro npu [n, 6] u [r, g].
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lra KoaprxKynaunrra npexolure ca HyJreBH HnHorpuuarenHn. Bpeverpae-
Hero Ha rrpexoAaBaprlpaor 0,06 ao 0,08 cex.
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qe 3a pa3nuKaor na;raralrHnrecr'r,-racnu[x', r'] e$err,,r Ha rra;rararfi3aurl-
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r e 3 c H r K a K Bral p y r a ,o r r e n H aQ o u e v a .
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x3roBop Ha cr,rracHlire Ix, r] ce nperuecrBaB rrpeAHaraqact na se6qero.
flpu raraaa xouQnrypaqn.rHa r;racoBHr(aHalrce loryqaBar qecrorn c Br{-
coxa rr[cJ]eHacrofiHocr. Cneq pa:pyuaraHero Ha rrperpalara ce o6pa:yaa
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c uHTeH3HTeraHa rxyMa Ha excnJro3r{rra. KoHuexrpaqlrrra Ha 3ByKoBara
eneprfir ce H3Br,puBa B ABe ocHoBHu 3oHH, BKJrK)qeHr,r vexgy 2700 4500 tz
5500-7000 x u .
Bucoxure rrryMoBr-tqecrortr, (orrro ce or.lrr'IyaBarclc cI{JIeHr{HTeH3HTer
r.r3Haqnrel.nHo BpeMeTpaeHe,ca ,qocTaT'br{Ho cHIHH [apaMeTpn,3a Ia c'D'3na-
Aar BneqarreHrre 3a MeKocr Ha clrracHnre [r, r] npeg rJracHr{Te[u, e] . tlo
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lr rraJrararrHr.rre [x', r']. Pauu.ruero rr,r Syuxquoga,tsara Nv crofigocr o6a-
q e n p a B He A H h r e . [ a 6 r g a r a , r o $ o H u , a n p y r r e $ o H e u n .
B aprury:raqlronHo H aKycr[qHo orHoueH e Ka.recrBara Ha c'brJ]acH[Te
[x, r] ruorar Aa 6r,Aar onpeAeneHr.rno cJreAHHffHa.rnu. B apr[KyJlaufioHHo
oTltouteHlIeno MtcTo Ha yqJleltell[e Te ca B e n a p H H, a IIo Haqr.tHHa yq-
JrelreHxe-nperpagnu. I I o y r i a c r n e H a r J r a c H J r K r {cTr e, r n a c H a r a[ x ] e
6 e : : n y q H a , a c b r ; r a c H a r a [ r ] : B y q H a . B a x y c r u v r l o o r H o r u e n f i en o
KOHrleHTparIHrTa Ha 3ByKOBaTaelreprxr B cpe,qHaTaqacT Ha cneKT,r,pacbf-
, r a c r n r e [ r , r ] c a r o M n a K T H r i , a n o c n y x o B o B n e q a r J r e H [ e - r r t r c t <t { .
l l o n p o . q r , r x u r e . n r r o c rH a L [ y M a r e c a r l p e K 6 c n a r r r ,
$ 54. Ila.nararux cbrJracHn [x', r'']. flalaranr3arlnrra Ha Benapr{Hre
cbrracun ce h3B1,ptrrBaqpe3 npeMecrRarrero Ha nperpaAara u:qr,ro n paiio-
fla rril rBbpnoro ne6ue. Ilpegnurr e:ux e cao6o,rlHoornycuar, Karo Bt pxt r
My ce aoKocBa ao BBTpeuHHTe cTeHHHa aonrrkTe pe3rlH.
flpu nelapHlre c'brJlacHr e$exrr,r or narararf3arlarra e 3Har{r{TerHo
no-cl{J'reH,orKoJrKoro npn arrBeorHfiTe c},r,racl{H, rr,ii xaro npoMerrtlTe B
xondrnrypaqurra Ha rJracoBtrr KaHa;rca 3rrarrllTerrrotlo-roreMH. flpevec,r-
B a r r e T ol l a a p T x x y j ] a r I H o r r H o TM o rcTo Harrpe.K q M a 3 a p e 3 y j r T a TH a M a j r r a a H e
o 6 e u a r r a n p e A H a r aq a c r H a y c r n a r a r ( y x u H aH c t o r B e r n o y n e l N v a r a H e o 6 e -
M a n a 3 a A H a r a t { a c r H a y c r r r a - r l H r l , p r e r r 3 T : rx y x l x a . T a x a n p o M e H e H a r a
rcoutfurypauul Ha fJracoBrifl xaHa,r, 6,ru:ra go r-xoxQrryparlrrra, BoArrIto
crexTpaj rr npoMeHu, Kor.rToocHfyprBaT pa3nx'{xeTo MexAy naJraTanHrrTe
x lrelraJraTaIHHTeBenaplllI c]fJIacHH.
14ryx, rarro npu ocraHanfiTe trperpaAHHcar-'lacHH,rra;raranrr3arl]rrra ce
lr3pa3rBa Bbpxy cnexTtpa B noButuaBaHer{a uyMoBI{Te r{ecToTlt u B nono-
xr4TerHara xapaKTepncruKa ua QopvaurHare npexo,qH.Pag,rlrrara B Haqar-
rrnre .recrorn Ha rra;rararul.rre K Hena;rara;ltnre [x, r] e ruavurelHa - I 100
xu 3a n'r,pRaraqecrorHa 3oHa u I 150 xq:a gropara. 3naqnre,rsa e pa3nr.rxara
u B T p e r a r a r x y M o B a3 o H a 1 2 5 0 x q .
flogo6rro Ha [a:]ara;rHt{Te [r', a'] u lro cnexrrpa na Ix', r'] ce rro.flBrBa
cJreAeKcrrJro3HrraQpurarHaeu rr-IyM,quero BpeMerpaeHeMHoro.{ecro crH-
r a , q o 0 , 0 4 c e r . H e r o s a r a r l o r B a e c p e A H oa p a i o H a H a 1 0 0 0 , 4 0 0 0 , 5 5 0 0 s
7000xu.
75
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lr HenararajrHure BerapHH c]'rjracHr.rBapr.rparB 3aBficr.rMocror Qopvaa.rlra-
Ta crpyrcypa rra cJreAXoAHarar"qacna. liaii-va.nKa e pa3nHxara rrpn cBT,p3-
naue na [r', r'] c uacttNre [a], [r] 250 xu, a Haii-rorqva npx cB'r,p3BaHe
c r,racHure [o, y] cpe.qHoc 1000 xu. Te:r orx,'roHeHnr B qecrorHoro la-
qaJro rra BTop[r rpopwarr ce .r1T,,r]xar Ha pa3Jrrqurra Ha npexolrTe npr{ He-
raJrararHure [x, r]. IIpr cBLp3Barrec riracHlTe [a, r,] npexo4lrre ca rroJro-
x f l T e ; r r r n c B r c o ( o q e c r o r H o H a q a , r o ,a n p n c B c p 3 B a H ec r , r a c u u r e [ o . y ]
nyneBH unt-rorpHuarenHu c rBrpAe Hlrcro qecrorHo xava-no. Bpelrerpaene-
T o H a r r p e x o A ae 0 , 1 8 c e x , r . e . c 0 , 1 0 - 0 , 1 1 c e l <[ o . r o J r r M o , o r x o J r K o r o r r p H
cr,oraerH HTe I rertararair Hl-.rcr,r,rac Hu Ix. r].
B aprury,rat1uorrHo rr aKycrHrIHoorHo[IeHHe KaqecrBara Ha rIaJIaraJIHure
[r', r'] vorar Aa 6r.qar onpe.qeneHuno c.rreAHr.rr
Ha.{t.rH.B aprr.rKynaqnoHHo
oTHOllreHUeTe np},lTexaBaTyq-rreH14TeJrHHTe xapaKTepIrcThKHHa cboTBeTul.{-
Te HerraJraTaJrHHcbrjracHH finmc KaqecTBoTorr a JI a T a JI H o c T, a B aKyC-
TI{qHOOTHOllIeHI-ie TeXHHTeCneKTpan}lHXapa(TepHCTKKH
nJIIOCXaqeCTBO-
T OI H E 3 H O C T .

76
 Ilpoxoduu c6?./racHu

$ 55. Cnr.lacnx [$, a]. Yvleuenrero Ha crrJracHr.rre

[{, a] ce ocbulec-
TBrBaqpe3 npr6luxaraue vnn .r'pe3Henr,,,rHo IoKocBaHeHa B,r,TpeuHara
crpaHaHa AonHaraycrua.qo ropHrrrepe:qn. flo ro3H HaquHvexgy st6nre
r AoJrHaraycrHa ce o6pa:yna receH npoxo.q,xoiiro lopaxga trryM,rrpllcr,ru
Hare3u c brJracHH.E:urrr HeyqacrBartpqKoB yrrreHeHuero.Meroro ne6qe
e 3AHfHaTO Harope H OCHfyprBanpoTHqaHeTo Ha H3Ar.r[lHaTacTpyfi caMo
rrpe3ycrrrara xyxuna. l1:o6u1o npu $puxarurxnre cbr;racHnuana cly.raii
Ha Ha3ajrHOyqneHeHHe.
flpn xa:ruvne Ha r;racoB r txyMoB I,t3ToqHHK
ce yq:reHrBa cr,r,racHara Itl,
a flpu Hat[q]re caMo Ha uyMoB H3ToqHnK- cr,rlacHara [$].
AKo B y.rJreHrrrenHoorHolreHne HrMa pa3jrr{xa Mex.qy cbrjracHHre [r[] n
[a], e axycruuuo orHolteHhe re ca rBbp.qe pa3Jrr.rqHx. Parlnrara e He caMo
I HaJIlrqHeTO HJlr' B JIHIICaTaHa OCHOBeH TOH,HO ]t B CneKTpaJrHaTa KapTI{IIa.
Cr,rlacuara [rlr] e rnnnvxa Qpuxarrnxa c]rracHa, a cr'rracHara [a] c
Qop-
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3HaqllrerHa crerleH Ao collopHI{Te cr,r;IacHL{.Kaxro ule ce altll-t tto-HararbK.
re:s oco6eHocrn Ha c:br.lracHaraIt] onpege:rrr B 3HaqxTerHa creneu n nefi-
roro r$yrrrquonllpaHe B roBoprrara Bepnra.
Cnerrrprr Ha cbrracHara [$] ce c'r,crou or rrlyM c ar(ry:ua crpyKTypa,
KoiiTo B'bpxy coHarpaMara ce [osBsBa o6llxHogeuo B 3oHara sa 1000 xu u
noqrr paBHoMepHoce pa3npocrHpa go 8000 xu. ll:secrHo c.bcpeAoroqaBa_
He Ha 3ByKoBara eHepryr ce Ha6,rrogasar,taaHo r paiioHure Ha BTopH,Tperx
r.rrrerB'bprl-l$opvaur lra cT,ceIHa rJracHa,c Kotro ce cBbp3Ba c.brnacHarer

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lt3rouop Ha rB6p!r,!Tcc!rracrrn [0, B] - u MeKHlectrJlacllr
[0', "'] i 6 - nanarorpaMaHa rvlerurccr,r,racrru[tf', n']

77
 [r]]. Illyvoanre :ouu o6aqe ce orrrrqaBar cbc cpaBH[TeJrHotrrtrpor Arrana-
3ol, clc c,ra6 unres:rrer 14c HepaBHoMepHopa3npe,{eJreHueHa r{ecrorr.rrg
Ha uyMa.
I4nrenslirerbr Ha uyMa Ha c brracHara [$] n cpasxenue c gpyrure 6e:-
:nyvHn QpuxarlrBHH cr,rJ'racHrre saii-c,ra6. BpeverpaeHero Ha rlyMa 3aBr,rct-r
oT ro3HrlH.ETaHa crfjracHaTa B IyMaTa B HaqaroTo r..r
B Kpaq To e no-fojtr-
Mo, a B cpe,qrrc:roBue[o-Ma,rrKo. Cpegno apeverpaeHero Ha myva e 0,10
0 , 15 c e r .
Oopvaurrrnre npexo.(H HMar cRlrlHTexapaxreprrcrr.{Kr.I,
rarro npn,ra6lr-
aJrHHTerrperpaAHn c'brJracHHIn] r [6], 6er na uvar c6uoro 3HaqeHne 3a
u,qeHrnQuxaqnara ua Qpuxarnaunre cr,rnacHr.r.
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ce xapaKTepu3npa ocBeH c Ha,rlnqneHa ocHotselrToH oIIIe n c tcHo It3Da3eHa
rpopvarrrrra crpyKrypa.
llepnoluvuurc rpenrerrtlr Ha ocrroBHHr rolr, nonyqeHH or rpenrenl,tqra
rra fJracrJrKrlTe,o6pa:ynar nr,psr.rr d;opvaur, qltflTo qecrora aaplrpa or 200
3 0 0 x q . I ) c p a B H e l r x ec r H T e H 3 l t r e r a l r a n t p B x r $ o p v a r r r H a c n e n x o l { H a r a
r J r a c r r rl o t c 3 l a q l r e r H o n o - e - r a 6 .

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78
 9ecrorure Ha BToptrq,Tperur r{ qerBbpru{ r}opuanr cc ofipelerrr or
qecrorr.rreHa c'r,orBerHr{Te
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ce cBr,p3Ba.B cr,rquocr SopvaHrnxre o6pa:yranur ua crrlacHara
[a] ca
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[t],
rr,ii xaro qecrornre Ha BTopr,trSopr,lanr Ha rracHara Bap[par t,rHMar pa3_
nuqHopa3nolroxeHr4e no cneKTlpa. Ero lauro xoJrKorono_Btrcore BTopr.rrr
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yur HayqreHeHHe- n p o x o.q H K. IIo yvacrHe HarJracnJrKr..rre
c,r,rJracHara
k l t ] e 6 e 3 3 R y t r H a , a c b r , q a c H a r [an ] - : l B y e H a . B a r y o r . u . r n oo r u o _
ureHnecbrJracrrure[$, a] no npol]nxlrTenHoc.t.rralrryMaca rr c rr p e K ,b c -
r ra r r ' r ,r r oK o l r q e r r r pqaH r r a H a3 B y r ( o B a reaH c p r [ q a u y : r r u , a n o c ; r y -
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[tf', u'] ce noJIyqaBarIo cr'.r't rraqfirrjKaKTo,, rlarara,Ilr3aufir{r.a rracLrr,rac-
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[$,, n,]
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r r e r r a r a r a r r H u[ d r , e ] , r . e . $ o p u a r r r u a c r p y x r y p a : a
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OopvaurHnre trpexoau rrpu fia-r]aralrr[Tc
[Q,, B'] rrMar cluluTe xapaK-
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prrcTuKa Ha npexo'qfiTe Ha F: H ita F] lra cnelxolHara rjracHa. BucoKo qec_
rorHo Iraqajro Ha flpexola Ha BTopur
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xo!rrTc.

79
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Pa:,ruxara a HaqarHrre rlecrorll Ha trpexoJla Ha BTopHr

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KyjlaunoHrro oTHol1leHHe
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IIITOC XaqeCTBOTO A Il e 3 H O C T.

$ 57. Cr,rlacnx [c, :]. Cr,r-rracurre [c, 3] ce yqJreHrBar c receH H K.r,c

npoxog, o6paryraH or npeAHara qacr lra e3HKaK crpaHrrre Ha a;rBeor,tre.
KpaHqara Ha e3rxa ce Aonltpar.qo crpaHuTe Ha Urnoro He6qe, a Bbpxbr e
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3a c'bcKaHe,nopaau KoeTo c brjracHHTe[c, :] vecro ce Hapl,rqaTc ,b c K a B U
3a pa3nfiKa or clrJtacHr.rre [u, x], xolrro nrK ce Hapuqar trr y trr K a B r.{.
Cnexrrprr Ha car.rracHara [c] ce crcrou caMo or tlyM, a crreKT6p6T Ha
c'bfJracHaTa[:] or uyv ]l ocHoBeH ron. 14 npl ABeTe cr,fjracHH rxyMLT Ce

80
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[c', :'] - -; 6 - cpaaueHHe N{cxly n&qarorpaMmeHarB.l,pAxrc
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norBrBa Bbpxy coHarpaMara cpelHo B paioHa Ha 3 500 xq r.rce pa3npocTr.rpa

Ao 8000 xu, Karo uaii-rol.suara KoHrleHTpaqH, Ha 3ByxoBara eHeprn, ce
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MaKcuMyM B 3oHara sa 7000 xu. Ha pasunulero Ha BTopr.r,r.rrperH, (bop_
MaHTHa c;reaxonHara rJlacHa ce Ha6:rrcganar trryMoBr o6pa3yaaHn.tr,Kotrro
npr cr,rJracHara [:] uvar $opvaHreH xapaKTep. Hai-o6uro uyMoBHflT KoM_
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cbfjracHa lo 3500 xu, Korro ce xapaxrepH3Hpa c rB],p,qe cjra6 HHTeH3r.rrer
r OopMaHTHHoqepralur, H BTopara Ha,q3500 xu, Korro ce xapaKTepr.r3r{pa
c bc cxneH lrHTeH3HTeTH KOMnaKTHOCT Ha lllyMa.
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82
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B II' bpBaTaUyMOBa 3OHaeABa _qfica B c.bcTorlrHe!a ocuryp, f pa3r,tHqueTo
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$ 59. Cr,r:racnx [lr, x]. Cr,r,racHure [ru, x] B cpaBHeHHec.bc ctrJracHrre
[c,:l] ce yv:reHaaar c flo-rrllipoK n Kpr,lh,r npoxo!, o6pa3yBaHB ropH[q Kpan
Ha anBeoruTe H B KpalrHaTafipelrra qacr Ha TB.bploTo He6rle. flpoxon,r,T
ce

83
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rxupoK.
Or arycruuno rJrealule o6a'{e Mtcroro Ha Haii-toJltMoro crecHeHl{e e or
perxaBaulo 3HaqeHIIe3a pa3IrpeAeneHHeHa uryMoBHTeqecTorH.
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Ha Bbpxa Ha e3HKa,KofiTo He ce onHpa .qo .qoJrHr{Te pe3uH, KaKTonpu yqne-
HeHreTo Ha [c,3], a e H3TefJreHHarope B pafioHa Ha arBeoJII.ITeI.i e -neKo
ornycHar. I{epe6parnlrxr yqneHurereH THrr He e xapatcTepeH3a Krrr,rxoBHr.rt
6:bnrapcKH e3HK.
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6o ce u:rer::sr Hanpe.qh cbueBpeMeHHo reKo ce 3ar(pr,rJrrr. Brpxy aryc-
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rra ua 5000-6000 xu, a 3a cbr;racHxre [ru, x] e paiioHa cpeaHo Ha 3000 xq.
Ilopagu roaa c r,rJracHr{Te [c, :] ce rr:rnpneMar cnyxoBo Karo BHcoKlt,a c br-
racrrnre [u, x] Karo cpaBHHTe,rHoHr{cKH.
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84
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v y v . B r o p H M a x c t M y M , H o c b c c p a B n ( T e , r r r on o - c , r a 6 f i H T e H 3 [ T e rc e H a 6 _
nlollaBa ll B 3oHaTa na 6000 xq, cne.q xoiiTo l.trrTeH3nTeTrTloorerreHHo
or_
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85
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n a x T H H, a no cnyxoBo BneqaTJIeHHe - H I{ c K I'I

$ 60. Crr.racna Ix]. Ta:u ct,r.IIacHa noAo6Ho Ha ctfJ'IacHIrre [r, r] ce

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qacr Ha e3HKace H3anra B rlocoKa KbM MeKoro ne6qe, onnpa ce nJI'brHo.qo
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xoiiro nopaxga uryv. lipu cBr,p3BaHe o6aqe c rracHnre [a, L] n [e, n] yv,re-
rrrrTe-rrHoTo MrcTo nocJIe,4oBaTeJIHo ce [peMecTBa Harlpea, 3a aa cTHfHe.(o
IIpCAHaTaqaCT Ha fJIacoBHt KaHaJl.
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c;la6 uuren:uter. B paiioHa Ira ancoxnre qecrorr.I (IITeH3r'ITelhr Ha uyMa
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86
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c1bfJ]acHl.t,Bapltpa B 3aBHCIIMOCT OT nO3HIIHtTa Ha C'bIJIaCHaTa B.[VMaTa.
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flpexo1rr rra BTopHr rlopvaur Ha cJreIXoAHara fracHa HMa calur.{Texa-
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Koraro rr ce cBlp3Br c r,racHure[o. y].
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e3vKa,qvaTo Kpanruace ,qonupar,qocrpaHr.rreHaMeroro u rnr,p.qoro ue6qe.
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pa3pyrrraBaHero rratlperpa,qaraHacruoro Mrcro ce o6pa:yna crecneu lpo-
xo,q, nogo6eu Ha u3roBop Ha c:brracHrrre[c, :]. Tpr6oa o6ave ga ce uva
npeA BH.q,qe nperpalara u npoxorr,T He npeAcraBnrBaro6nrnoaenlraptn_
KyJrarIHoHHlrnocJteAoBarerrHocru, a e,(r.rHeH
yqneHHTeJreHarr, npll xoiiro
nbpBara Qa:a e nperpanara, a BTopara- npoxolbr. B ro:n cvncr,n yvle-
HeHr{eroHa crf.lacHr]Te[u, .q:] ne e o6uxHoseHoctqeraHue rracbr.lracnlrre
88
 5

A],'r.47.
(r cpaBI€8HcMexly (o QHrypaluJllTe lta rrracoatli,(aBarla x3-
foRop Ha TBr,plltTecurlactta [u. nt] - tt MeKHTc c],f.,lacltH
[u', ,rr'J - I 6 cpaalrcrruc
Mcx1tynanarorpaMHTe lra rB.r,pAHTc
cr,uacrr'l [u, 1r] - n vcxrrc cr,r,racrrr[u',Ir']

[r,,q] cr,orrerHo ctc [c, :], a lo-cKopo c],r{era}rxe Ha rexHlt eneMeH.rn, Ko-
rro c63IaBaT HoBo KaqecTBo.
Crerrrpr,r ria cr,rJracHlrre [u, .q:] ce crcror To ABe qacrr: nbpBara, tro
BpeMe Ha KotTo ce notBtBa rlay3aTa 3ae.qHoc eKcnJIo3HtTa,n BTOpaTa,r]o
BpeMe Ha Korro ce norsrna QprxarrBHurr nryM. flrpaara qacr npeAcraB-
nrBa c eKT'bpaHa cbrJracHara [r] nln [l], a BTopara - cneKTapa Ha cr,r.rrac-
uara [c] u,ru [r], Ho c rBlpre HaManeHo BpeMerpaeHe B cpaBHer{}rec Bpe-
MerpaeHero lla c'brnacHara [c] u;nr [:]. C,ryxoaara Nqenrn(lHraqnr ua ctr_
,racHnre [u, ar] ce octrrlecrBrBa npeArlMHo 8,r,3ocHoBa Ha rraMaJreHoroBpe-
Merpaerre Ha QpnKarlrBHur llyv, xoiiro e HanoroanHa Hrfi Ha eAHa rpera R
cpatsHeH[ec BpeMerpaeHero Ha H3roBopa ua cr,r,racullre [c, t].
Kaxro npn crrJracHnre [c, :], raxa H npn cbr.rracHure [u, A3] ocHoBHtrrr
[ryMoB paiioH, xofiTo uMa l(oMIIaKTeHxapaKTep, ce fio.sBrBaB.bpxy crreKT],pa
cpeAHo or 3500-4000 lo 8000 xu. I4Hres:Nrertr HapacrBa rrocreneHHo, 3a
Aa.qocrurHe MaKcr.rMyMaB 3or{ara Ha 6000 7000 xq.
BpeLaerpaeuero Ha car;racHure [q,,q:], s Koero ce BKrror{BaBpeMerpae-
neTo Ha npefpalaTa r.r npoxo.[a! e KaxTo rrpH Apyf]rTe carJracHH _ cpeAHO
0,15-0,20 cer. B :aeHcllvocr or reMra Ha roBopeHero BpeMcrpaeHero Ha
rray3ara Mox(e Aa Bapupa, Ho [pr.r Bcurtrri cr'ryqarrBpeMerpaeuero ua
Qpuna_
TxBHLtt [IyM ocraBa cKbceHo. Herosoro rrpoAt rxaBaHe o3Hat{aBaI{3foBop
H a c b f ; r a c H a r a [ c ] , c p a . x a n p n v e p H 3 r o B o p aH a o m c e H K uH o q e H K u
B apruxy:raquouHo H aKycrrr.rHo orHo[leHr.te KaqecrBara Ha cbfJracHr,rre
[u, a:] vorar.qa 6r,Iar orrpe,1e-r]elHrro c,rreqHnrna.{uH. B apt.[(ynaqr.roHHo

89
o T r r o [ I e H f i en o M t c T o H a y q n e H e H l { e T e c aa J I B e o , { e H T a I H I I , a I I O H a -
qIiH Ha yrIJeHeHHe-n p e r p a A H o - tr p o x o.{ H tr. flo y.racrne na ua-
c n J r K r i r e c : b r J r a c H a r[au ] e 6 e 3 3 B y q H a , a c a r r r a c H a r a [ g t ] , : R y q H a.
B axycruvuo orHouleHr.leno HaqHHa Ha rrpeKbcBaHeHa BpeMerpaeHero Ha
rlpuraruenrl rrryM cbr,racHHTe [u, A3] ca p e 3 t<x, rro KoHueHTpaq]rrra Ha
3ByroBara eHeprur - A n Q y: H H, a no cityxoBo BneqdTreH[e B r..rc o K rr.
$ 64. Ila.nararxa carnacna [u']. Ila,'rara:lu:aq[rra Ha c.tr,racnara [q']
ce noj]yqaBa no c,LluHt Har{[IH,KaKTOH [aIaTa,rII-I3arIX.r{Ta Ha aJIBeOJIHI_{Te
rrperpa,[HHlr r[pxxarntuu cr,r;racHH c rr3MecrBaHeHa yqreHuTerHoro Mrc-
TO OT HhcKaTa qaCT IIa a-nBeOJlHTe KI'M BttCOKaTaLt qaCT, KaTOB CbIIIOTO
BpeMe ri cpeaHaTa r{acT rra e3uKa c xpauulaTa ct,l ce Aonr4parrJ].bTHo.qo cTpa_
IrH're ra rBrp4oro se6ue. Br,pxtr na e3HKae ornycHar r.rce AoKocBa Jr€Ko
IO fOprraTa rrojroBHHaHa fopH[lTe pe3rtl4.
K a x r o l a l a r a , r H a r a c ' t r J r a c H al c ' ] n o x o n u e H r p a r l n r r a H a 3 B y K o B a r a
eHeprnr BbB BHcoKrrTeqec foTH ua crreKT6palre ce oTJrHqaBaoT c.boTBeTHaTa
rrerrarara,rrHac'br;racla [c], raxa H na,qaraJrHaracr,rracHa [u'] no ro:n na-
p a M e l b p H e c e o r . l r H q a B ao r H e r r a , t a r a J ' t l a r co r , r r a c H a I u ] . o r e a u g H o e , u e
nHQopvaqurla 3a rranara;rHocr H TyK ce Hocl-rnpeglt Bcnq(o or r[opuaHr-
rrl'lTeItpcxoll], Ha cne/'IXoIlHaTar,.racHa.

Xq
8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

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0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 cex 0,2 0,1 0,4 0,5cer

@ l j r . 4 8 .C o l r a r p a M a
d r.r3roBop
fia cGrracHa[q] s ,qyl'rara4ap:6 uzroeop Ha c.6r]'lacrra
lu'l o lyv-ara 4tp

90
 Qopvaurnure lpexoan nprr nanara.rHaraclrnacHa Iq'] uwar c.lulare xa-
pal(TepucrnKl-i Iz croiiHocrH, KaKTonp arBeoJrHHTe naJlarajlltfic.bfJlacHr{
l r ' ,a ' l u [ c ' , : ' ] .
B rexcurara Ha 6r:rrapcxu.aKHr.rxoBeH e3HKHee perucrpupau c,ryvail Ha
3ByqHoct,orBercrBHeHa raJrara;rHarac.lrracHa [u'], r.e. cr,rlacna [gr,].
Tosa o6aqe He o3HaqaBa,qe seiisara noraa e n:o6r4o uea'l:lroxua. II{ov
xaro peanr.r3auu.sra Ha cr,rJracHara[q'] e B63MoxHarr cbrrlecrByBaB KoHco-
HaHTHaTa CfiCTeMa,HrMa OCHOaarrEroT apTfiKynaqHoHHo_aKycTnqeH xapaK_
Tep.qa He ce ocbulecrBH u naJrararHara c.brJracHa[a:'], [pyr e Bbrrpoc.r,T
cbc ctrracHr.rre or npegHoue6Hara rpy a [ru, x, v,4x], - rorlro n:o6qo
H en o 3 H a B a rn p o q e c a H a r r a r a r a r H 3 a u r g r a . l l e v o x e l t a [ p H M e p A a c e n a J T a -
ral'rr3npa cbrracHara [ax], rri Karo rre ce nararanlr3r.lpa r crr,racHara
[v].
Cruloro, pa:6upa ce, Baxu r:a cr,rracurre [n, x].
B apruxy.naqrouHo H aKycrrryHo orHotrleHHeKaqecraara rra naJrararHara
c'brJracua[q'] :r.torarga 6rgar onpege,reHKno c;rerHur uaqug. B aprr.rKy;ra-
ultoHHooTHollleHI{eTr rrprlTexaBa KaqecTBaTaHa cboTBeTHaTaIIerraJ]aTaJrHa
cbfnacHa nIIoc KaqecTBoTon a I a T a ,'l H o c T! a B a(ycTHqtlo oTHotxeHLtc
r r e t H H T ec [ e K T p a J ] r I Hx a p a K T e p H c r H K xr r J ' l K )Kc a q e c r B o r o A H e 3 H o c , r .
65. Crrracrlr [v, nx]. Aprnry-rlauuolrnlrrr MexaHH3.bMHa cr,rracHr.rre
- $
[q, nxl r: cr, l[rr, Kaxro Ha cbr;racrrrTc [u, ,qr] - nocle,qoaare,ruo o6paly-
Baxe rra rrpefpala l,rnpoxoll! xonro ca B3auMHoo6ycnoaettu r cl,craerr eAu-
rrerryrrJ'lenHTe Jterrarr. Ilperpalara ce o6paryna or rrpelrrara yacr Ha e3nKa,
Kofl'r'orJIr,THo cc ronflpil l1o roprttlr xpat rr] il,'rBeoJrrrea rpai:iHara npe,lHa
qacr ra rBbpAoro rre6(e. I4:rrer,rcnoro Ha3a,qaprr.rKyliaqnoHHoMrcro rra
c'r,rr'racHara[r] e npuvullexo or aprr{KynarrroHHoro Mrcro Ha ctr.JracHara
[ur]. f]o ro:n HaqHH ce ocrrypsBa rle-qocrra Ha yqlre]lr.rre;rHrr lpoqec c

6
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4 Korrq)xrypal{ur
lra rr.lacoBr Ka|an3a }l3roBopHacarnacHl,t.e
[.], ,tx] -; 6 na-'rarorpaMa rracrr,racnureIv, nx]

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 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 O,4 0,5cer 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5cer
<Drr.50.Corrarpanrn
r/ rrrosop 'a cl,rr'lac'a[v] I 1y:'ara \a{a.q; 6 v.)rofop rrac.r,r,racrra t ]1yu.n.^
t)tru:t
[nx]

l pa3pyuaBaHero Ha npefpajlara rra c.br{oro Mrcro ce o6pa:yaa crecHeH}re,

T H r r ] l q r r o3 a H 3 r o B o p al r a c b r . n a c H a r aI u ] , r o e r o n o p a x A a t r r y Mc r r o _ r o n r M o
BpeMeTpaelteB cpaBfieHHec eKcrrJr03n.{Ta Ha npefpaAHaTa c,r,fracHa H c no_
K p a r K o B p e M e r p a c H eB c p a B H e H H ce q ) p n K a r H Bn , u r y M H a n p e x o A H a r ac t r -
nacHa.
C r r e x r r , p l r H a c a r r a c H H T e [ q , . q x ] n o l o 6 n o H a c n e K T b p aH a c b r r a c H n r e
[ r 1 ,1 r ] c e c b c r o u o r , q B e q a c r r l : l l r r p B 3 T a *, o " r o n p " 4 " r u u r r B a c r r e K T . b pH
aa
crrraclrara [r], r nropara crteKT,LpaHa cbr;racHara Iru]. KourreHrpaq[lra
na 3ByKoBara eHeprlrr Ha ttlyMa or eKcnJrosurra u na
Qplrarr.tBHH, txyM rrpH
cbrracrJ(Te [u, gx] e c.buJara, KaKTonpll cno6oguoro o6pa:lyaane ua crr_
-nacIrHTe[r, a] u [u, x]. tr4greu3urernr,rrrMaKcHMyMHa yMa or eKcnJro3urra
e B 3oHara sa 3000 4000 xu, a Ha 4lpnKarHBHHrtxyM _ na 3000 s 6000 xu.
OcHoauara pa3jrl-rr(aMexAy cbr-nacHtrre [v, gx] H cgcraBrlq[Te ru nper_
pagHr.rH npoxoAHr.tc:r'rracHH, (aKTo Beqe ce nocoq ta crrlacuure
[q, g:],
He ce cbcToH B cner(Tpaj tllTe xapaKTepHcTHKr.r, a npe,qr{MHoBrB BpeMeTpa_
eHero Ha tfpnxarrnHax uyM, Koero npn BcnrrKrrcnyqalr trpli cr,rlacunre
[v,
,qx] e Hano,roanlra nJru eIHa rpera or BpeMerpaeHero Ha c,brJracHH.re x].
[rl,

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 B aprnryraquoHHo u attycrHrrHo orHorlleHIre KaqecrBara Ha c6r;racHnre
[v, gx] vorar aa 6rAar onpeAeneHrrno cJreaHrirnaqnn. B aprr.rKyJraqnoHHo
orHottleHue no Mtcro HayqJIeHeH[e re ca rt p e a H o H e 6 u u, a no HaqItH
Ha yq;reHeHr.re- n p e I p a a H o - n p o x o a H r,r. flo yqacrHe Ha rJracuJr-
r u r e c b r J r a c H a r a[ v ] e 6 e 3 3 B y q H a , a c r , r r a c H a r a [ a x ] - s r y u u a . B
aKycrnqlo orHolreHue rro HaquHaHa rpeKbcBaHe Ha BpeMerpaeuero Ha dpr-
xarnBnHq rxyM cbrnacHHTe [q,.qx] ca p e 3 ( H, rro KoHrleHTpaun.rr Ha 3By-
KOBaTaeHepfug K o M rI a K T H H, ano cJlyxoBo BneqarJreHr{e H u c K H.
Crr,racHnre [v,1x], rarro cr,r,racHxre Iru, x], HrMar rraJraraJrHu Kopenarrr.

Couopnu cbzrac u

$ 66. Ha:arun cbrJ'racHD[v, H]. KoHQnrypauurra Ha r;racoBr.rq KaHaJr

3a H3roBopHa crrracHuTe [v, u] ce xapaKTep[3npa,or eAHacrpaHa, c'bc
csoboAeHrrpoxo,qHa 3ByKoBlre Kone6aHl.rtB crrcreMara lra rbpJreHarar.r
HOCrraTa KyxuHan, oT llpyra, c rrT,JrHa npefpala B rrpeAHaTa qacTHaycTHaTa
ryxnrra. Ta:n oco6eHocrHape3oHaropHHTe c'[,orHoureHr.rr cr,3AaBa ycJroBlrt
3 a r r o r B a r a H a $ o p M a r r r r r uu a n r u r f o p w a r r r u( a r r r n p e : o x a n c a ,H y r r n )n o
creKTr,paHa Ha3arHr.ire c'br;racrr. AHrurpopurHrrre ce tropf,xaar or rrper-
p a . { e r r a ryac r H a K y x [ H a rx o t r o B c n y e a r x M J c r p a r r x L l HAoe i c r a n e r r oo r r r o -
I e H [ e H a o c H o B l r r i r ( a r r a nH, 3 r p a A e ror r f b p n e H a r a! r l t o c H a r ax y x t r r a . I ]
aKycTUTIHO OTTIOUIeHIIe Ha3a,tHHTC Cl,f,taCHfi CCXapaKTepH3fipaTC rCHO n3-
pa:erra Qopvanrla crpyxrypa no4o6ua Ha rJracHure, Ho c'r,c 3HaqnTe;rrro
tto-cla6 us.terr3rre.t.
Y,r,lereHuero Ha carraclrara [v], e cr,u1oro, KaKTo npn 6u,ra6na,rrrrre
r p e r p a A l l c a r i r a c r r n [ n , 6 ] . E , q u H c r n e H a r ap a 3 i r r K aM e x 1 y r q x e B f l o r o x e -
Huero Ha vexoro xe6ue, Koero [plt tr3-
r o B o p ar r a c b r r . r a c H a r[av ] e c n y c r r a r o
Ha,lojryH rrporrycKaB]3JlyrxHrrTe TpeII-
TeHr{rnpe3 nocHaTaKyx[Ha, a llplt H3-
r o B o p aH a c r , r ; r a c r r e [ n , 6 ] r o o n n p a
o $apuHrconaracrexa lt [3ArtrrHara
cTpyr lpoTnrra caMo npe3 ycTl{al'a Ky-
xti rra.
Cnexrr,prr xa cr,r;racHara[M] ce xa-
paKrep143upa c ycrofiunaa $opl'aaurua
crpyKTypa.<DopuaHrnrece nporBrBar
[o cnexrbpa f.raBHoB o6xeara or 200-
2 5 0 1 o 4 0 0 x u . B r a : t a : o H ao 6 [ x u o s e n o
O r r . 5 1 . C p a B H c H r eM e x , q y( o H o u . y p a -
uxxTe rra fnacoafir (arran 3a x3foBop rra
ce oqepraBar vernpu $opuaura c par-
TBbp^ara c]'rracHa [M] - H MeKaTa Jrr{qeH HHTeH3HTer. fllpnnrr $opwaur,
c r , u a c r r a[ v ' ] - - - ( o t T o c e c - q n B ca o c H o B H [ qT o H ,c e x a -

93
Xq
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rr x3roBoprrr cl,r-rllcrn Irr] a llyva la lrarlAl: 6 tt trolrop lril c rif/.rAclil[v'] r lyvala.u;rpra

p a K T e p x 3 n p ac r r a i i - r o , u r M aK o r n t e r r r p a u H r a 3 B y K o B a r ae H e p r f i r . 0 6 u r r r o -
r c r r o ' l o i i c c r r o r B s u ar r 3 o r r i l r a r r a 2 0 0 2 5 0 x r t . I l r o p n r r { r o p v a r r r r B r , p A e
c l a 6 r r o l r r r r c r r : u r c r c c r r o r B r a ar 3 o l a r a t a 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 x q . B r u r o u c t r y v a u
l o i r i u : o 6 r r t o H c c e r o r n r B a l o c r r c K l r , p a .T p e r u l r $ o p v a u r c e x a p a K T e p r . r -
3 u I r i lc l c 3 r r a 9 r r c . r l l enl l t r c H 3 H T c ]l t c e o g e p r i l B r 4 o 6 p e n o c r l c K T ' b p af i t a B H o
B 3orara rra 2500 xrt. 9ernl,plnar {topuarrr ce [orBrBa B 3orraraua 3000-
4000 xrt, lo KaKlo r{ r'roprlrr' {ropvarrr, ce or"rruqaBac rBl,pAe c,ra6 urrrerr-
:rurc r'. flo crrexll,pn rra c't'r",ltilcHa'I:l [w], xaxro ce Bxxl1a, ce oqepraBar MaK-
c l M y M x c p a 3 r l t r l l { a l l p o r B a r i a l t H T e H 3 H T c rT. o u a c e 4 t , r x a H a c r o x H l r r e
pc3oHrHcltu c],o' rometrrr, KOrrToce ycTaHoB.sBaTMex(Iy IIpefpaArraTa yc-
THaxyxxrra I cgobolgtr llpoxo/l rranocHara KyxuHa.
<Dopvartrtrure tlpexo]tu Ha cr'r-racIIara Iu] rirularchrrlrrTe xapaKTep[cTu-
K , KaKno H (ropvarrrrrule rpexo;'lrl na c'n,r;lacHu'le[n, 6].
V'{rerrrreiruugt l\{cxaHu3l,l\ttra c'bf-qacrrara[n] no caoure ocHoRHHxa-
pa KTepficTr.r
Kr, He ce pa3itIIqaBaoT yr{_telII,ITe-ItlI{.{
MexaH'I31,MHa c]'rjlacHaTa
[v]. B aprnry,uauxorlro orHorrreHric pa3-;rHKaraMexly .qBere Ha3aJrHhct r-
JIacHrrce cl,cron B MJ{cro:r'oHa rrpefpa.fara, Kotro 3a ctr,racrrara [lt] ce
o6pa:lyea Ha ycrHHTe, a 3a cbr-rraclrara [n] - ua a.raeo:rure. Tosa aogll go
npoMrHa s o6clra Ha ycrrara riyxfiHa, xor'iro:a cr,r;]acHara [u] e ro-uralr,r,
olKo,'rKoro 3a chf-'racHara Irr]. A-reco,lHara nperpa:1ace o6pa3yBa no ccrlt,tt
ct/.
 I

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D.-cpaEIcUxc McxjlyKolteHaypauhHTc rraajracoBu, xarr,rrr:jil ,r.J_
r o u o pr r ar . u r p l t a rcaL r n J c l i [ l ] M e K a t cab r l r a c r r a
[','l - , 6 c p a R l t c l l cl r c x ] l v n a n a r o r p : l M ] rr,rrac- n r b p / ll a
c L r n a c t r[al l ] - H v c r a r ac r , r r a c s al r r ' l _

Ilaqrr, KaKTonplr [perpalHlrTe c.],rracHrr [r,,q]. pa:,,ruxara MexI(y c.br;tac-

rara [u] I cLt-JraculrTc[r, g] ce crcror enr]rcrBeHo B rrolroxerruero Ha Me_
r o r o l l e 6 q e , T . e . B L B B K , l l o q e r l u rx H 3 x n r c q e l t r { ,H o c o B H 3 T o q r r u K} t a p e 3 o -
HaHCH,'l qeCTO't'x.
T r , i i r a r o l p e f p a l a r a r M a B T o p o c r e n e H n o3 H a q e l r c r r p u o 6 p a r y a a H e u a
f l a 3 a n H H T ceb t - J I a c H r T r ,t M o x e I r 3 a B r c r M o c r o r a p r x K y n a l l u o g g r r e o c o 6 e _
Itocrr.iIta cJre/.lxoAltarac,Lf.rlacHaj1a IIpoMeHu cBocro Mrcro, 6e: or roga
ra
n o c r p a l a c l y x o B a r a r v u g e u r u t p r x r q u r . T l x a r r a l r p u M ( , pc l r . , r a c u a r a
[n] a
AoIrxp c BeJtapHure c]'r.iracrrHBflrraflt ce oc],ruecrB.rraaKaro ae,rapHo
Iu ], 6e:
T a 3 UI t p O M t H aa a n p c l l l . t 3 B H KHat K a K B aC t U l e c T B e r r[ap o M r a R ] p x y c [ e K ] - b _
pa. flo,1o6en c cltyqarr l,tr(oraro cr,rlracHtra
It] ce yvrrerrlna BMeoro c npet._
paAa c [poxo/'l npel npoxo/'lHtl cbr_rlacr{lr,Harp. KottcKu,dottcxtt, 6pou:oe
u
I p . B c , ' r y q a r c c K a c a e3 a a p r H r y ; r a u u o H H l B a p r { a r r r n K, orro 3acr{raryqne_
rrrrelrlroro Mrcro. no He r ocHollrut H3ToqIt[K HocHara xyxrrHa. flopagt
llr'rrrcaHa crreKTpaxnHrrpotrlcHrlc"-tyrrltare,l.sr tr:o6ulo He cH AaBa cMe,fra 3a
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- 150-200 xq. 9ecrornre na qerlrprnx
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o c H o B a H H .A
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<DopvaHrHnre npexoAH Ha cr'rnacHara [H] ur'aar c6uIIlTe xapaxTeplrcrr.r-
K r . K a K T ou n p e x o j l H T eH a c ' u r , r a c x u r e [ r . a l .
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TeplrcrHKH cr,uracHuTe [v, u] nptrexarar Kar{ecrBara B o K aJr H o c r H
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B n e q a r r e n n ec r , r J r a c r r a r[av ] e u r c x a , a c , s r , r a c u a r [aH ] B l t c o K a .
$ 67. IIaLrara,rnn cbr,'racHHIv', n'].B aprrxy,raqnouHo orrrolrleHr.re
IraJraranH3artrqra Ha t{ocoB}rre c}r,qacHlr [u', H'] e no.qo6na Ha rrar'Ia.ra;Iu-
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rra rpar{Hrlara Mexly a;rBeonnTe lr c,bceArrure qacrx Ha ra.lpgoro He6qe.
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$ 68. II.ranux cbrJractlrr [p, ,r]. KoHrfurypaqurra Ha rJracoBr.rrKaHaJr3a

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r1urra ua cbrJracHaraB lyMara H or reMrraHa peqra. flpn Hrrolr n[qa npe-
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c c c J r H B ac o c H o B H H sr o H H c e n o r B q B a B 3 o H a r a H a 4 0 0 - 5 0 0 x U , B T o p r { r r -
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ce lronyqaBa qDe3
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pnr rfopvaHr cpeaHo c''c 100 200 xr1. B cr,rqoro
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102
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nepl{o,[ B 6r,nrapcKut BoKa,'III3t'Me IrMalro /IBe HocoBXI{,KoHToB Kcropu'lec-
Knt c pa3Boll ca oT[a.qHa.irHoT cl'IcreMaTa.
B 6rlrapcxur aoKaJrH3T,M "r r[cBar jlbJ'Irx tI KparKK rnacHI'I, T.e. [porl{-
BonocraBrlre no gu(lepenquarHut np 3nax ,iI,T,,'IxrlHa. B noroxa Ha peqra
BcrKa r'JIacHaMoxe aa 6'b,qeyatnxcHa, Ho c excrlpecuBHa ueJI.

105
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[urr] n
[xg], npou:;re:.nr or npacJraBrHcrure cl.reraunr *tj r.r*dj, Hanp. svet-ja,
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 CIICTEMA HA IJIACHIITE OOHEMH

EPOIT HA I!'IACHI,ITE OOHEMI4

$ 76. Crzcrellara na 6r:rrapcxnre rnacrrx ce x3rpaxAa B 3aBucr.rMocr or

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t"l, [t], Ia], [o], Iy]; rrpel rar,plu c.br,r.racH], uia, exo, b?bit, a3, o?btt,
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 AI{OEPEIIUI{AJ'IHI'I I1P[I3HAUI{ HA fJIACHI'{TE OOHEMI{

$ 77. <DorrevHaracHcreMa Ha r,[acH[Te rro.qy.qapeHr{ece H3rpaxaa B b3

o c r r o B aH a r l p o r u B o n o c r a B r H r i r r a H a r p r r r u Q e p e n q r a n H Hr r p r . r 3 H a KcaB, b p -
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Ta Ila u3IHraHe Ha e3llKa.
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n p ea rr o c r 3 a , q H o c r . T o i l c e o 6 y c n a B r o r x o p r . t 3 o H T a J r H o.r[oB u -
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rrpe,uHaratrnn B 3aaHara My r{acr. flpuruaxr npe.qHocrnp rexaBar rraclrflTe
t f o H e u u [ r . r ,e ] , a : a g n o c r r:racHlrc ['r, a, o, y]. B arycrnvHo orHo rel e
npu3llaKbr npelrrocr ce cBlp3Ba c B lt c o K a T o H a,q II o c r, a [pll3Ha-
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rraJrrrocl'- r t p c 3 Hlcxol'o r t c c r o r l o f H t q e H H e H t B T o p u f ft p o p v a t t r .
f l o l t p u : x a x a n p c , q H o c r : a g n o c r ( a x y c r . B r r c o K a - H ! { c K rao t r a , r l t o c r ) c e
I I p o r l l B o r o c r a B r r r p y n o B o c , r r e , iuHr e 4 ) o I l e M x :

[r, e] - [r, a, o, y].

Ilprveplr: Kum - Kb'rl,.ntt -,tlaK,6u,tru - 6o.txu,mllK - myK; neK - nbK,

B c t r ( I - 8 a 1 ! u ,p e d p o d , t c t ) t , t , d .

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rrocr c rrc6e \roJrrjocr. B e v o , r r r n l e r r ' r a c r r lcre x a p a K T c p r .t r 3 par c
K o H l t c t t r p l l r l H tH i t3 B y r o B a r ac l r c p r t t r n p t S , r r x t u i l t { e l r a v e e r o r [ T e H a n ' L p -
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c p a B r r [ T e r ] r o r o - B ! r c o K uq e c r o r u l l a B T o p H t r D o p M a H T .
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flpuvepu: do,v - du.v, Koc - Khc; ,1))K-,taK, Kynl - Kbnfl.

Creteura Ha u3,IufaHe Ha e3HKaB ycrnara KyxnHa, T.e. ABIIXeHI.{erolra

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108
 3arBopeHocr (recHn) r.nacHnre [b, y, H]. B axycruvrro orHorxeHrre Irph3Ha-
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npu6rnxaeane ua nr'pBrre ABa rloprlaHra Ir c r,orBerHo rrxHoro pa3Aareqa-
Rase. flpu:ttaqure KoMrlaxrHocr tr gnQy:Hocr ce oueHrBar ts paMK[Te Ha
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Hre Ha rracHara [e], r,lacuara [l] lo orHourcHue na [a] u r,racnara [y] no
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HEYTPAJIII3AIII,Iq HA I]PO1'I.IBOTOCTAB,gTIETO IIO IIPI,I3HAKA

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$ 78. B rreygaperro ro-rroxeHlre cncr]uara Ha rr'racHrrreQoHevn ce xa,

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109
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: 1 1 6 u a r H o c r H e : r a 6 n a , r H o c rr,r i i r a r o f l o r r p H 3 r r a Koar B o p c H o c r 3 a r B o p e -
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IIo npr:uaxa peAHoct - 3alHocr cc rrportrBorrocraBrr neylapcrrufe
r-rracrru [n, e] Ha uaulure [], a, o, y]; [e - a] e()ixm - a()ixn; le - r) ..
peui - pz,ui; le - yl 1emirt - 6ymitr; lu - a) 6utint - 6utim; fe - tl
nepd - napi: [tt - tf nruKott nrrat;lw - ol n u . , t i n- n o t i : r ; f u - y ]
u,Mc ue yMetrue.
B r p y n a r a H a 3 a , q H l l T el e y . q a p e x l r r ] ' r a c l u [ p o r r B o f l o c ] . a B q H c ' r o e r t o
npx3lraKa la6ualrrocr rrc"'rabua-rr rrocr: [y - a] xy.,,td- rcuNd, [y - r,]
nvxnti -nrxnt.ir; dvri,m - drxin.

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6POR HA CT'TJIACHIITE OOHEMI.I

$ 7 9 . K o H c o r r a r r r u a r ac r { c r e v a H a K H H x o B H u r6 r , , n r a p c r ne 3 r K c e c r , c r o r ' r
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s , s ' , p , p ' , , ' r , l ' , l r , x , . r , Y , K , K ' ,r , r ' , x , x ' , i i ] .
To:r 6poii ce ycritrroBtBa caMo Ir rlo3Hullt npe.[ 3a,qHHTe r,racHtt [r,, a, o,
y l , x r , l e r o c r , r l r a c r r u r e$ o H e w r c e [ p o r [ B o r r o c r a a r r K a K T on o 3 B y . l H o c r
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K o r . r r or r i l cr ' r , r r B aI r ey r p a J r x 3 a u [ r H a e r r r l H t u n H I I a a p y r H t n p u r t t a r . 6 p o n ' t '
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lrpH3rraKaN{cxocT TBr,p;'locT\,rofaT Ia ce cperurraTcaMo TBhpJ(xc'bfJlactIn,
.ruiiro 6poii c 21. B xpar rir ayMera rlbx, Kl,ilero ce lreyrpa;n{3npar rrprr3Ha-
rlx'rc ro 3ByrrHocr 6e:r;ayvrrocr rr MeKocr rBr,pIlocr, Morar ra ce cpeu-
r r a l 1 . 1c r , r , ' r ; r c r r {ur o r r e v u : 9 u r y u o r l 6 e : : n y u H l t [ n , Q , ' r , c , q , r u , v . x , x ] u
5 c o r r o p r r uI v , r r , p , r r i r ] . 1 3n o : u l 1 r . ar r p e ! c ] r n a c H t r 6 p o r r H a l t o x c o H a r r r r r r r e
(l)orreMr'r c'bl]lo rraMa-rrrBa B p€3y-!Tar Ha Heyrpa"r]u3aUHrraHa npH3HaUr{Terro
M e K o c ' f l B ' r , p a o c r r r 3 B y r r H o c r 6 c r : a y v u o c r ( e r : x , r r o q e x u e a p e , qc o f l o p -
lrfi'r'cc'l,r'Jrircruru cr,r,'racrrule Ia. a']).
H c l c r q x u c r , r l r i r c H ud r o u c v u r v r r B p L ' q r J c ; 1 H au c r u l r r p y r r r q n o r r a , r n a
Irarolapertoc r. Il11Hfior rr{x BJI}l3ar B rro-ro,'rnM6poil r}orrewrru IpornBorloc-
' l a B t H I l t , c p c l l a T c e I l o - q e c T o , a ; l p y [ l I . H a B I e 3 _ r lIfti o - K l , c n o B c r r c T e M a T a ,
Karo N,reKrTetsenapHficl,fjracHH, ce cpeulaT rro-prAKo u rrpeAltMHoI qyxAn
A y M H .C L r , q a c H H r et f o H e v l t c r o - r o i r r M a t f y r r r q u o r r a r u a H a r o B a p e H o c rc a c -
' r a B r r ' r A p o r o H a c H c r c M a r a , a c r o - M a " ' r K ar i a r o B a p e H o c r n e p n Q e p l l r r .
B 6poa rra c bf ,rlaclrnre rlorrewu ca BK,rrroqernr.rr. Hap. norexqnalHn $o-
r r e u u I x ' ] u I s ' ] , r o u r o , ' r H n c B a r B H a , r r u q H u6r t , , r r a p c r r J r e K c r r K a J ' rM eaHr e -
p n a n , r r o c e c p e u a T x - u x M o f a T , q ac e c p e u l H a TB r r M e H au H a 3 B a H L IotT q y xA
npou3xo/'I. Bx.;rrcqgaHero riM B c[creMara ce ocHoBaBaHa Qaxra, qe uflMil
H r r K a K B r! r p e . r x uo T c T p y r ( T y p e Hx a p a ( T e p 3 a T f x H a T a [ o t B a .

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ce r{3fpax,qaB63oCHOBa HanpoTHBonOCTaBrHr.r.,ITa
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tIl.trrro 3ByilHocr 6e:snyvHocr H Mexocr, TBBDnocr.
Ha6oprr or re:n npu3Haur.r o6pazyzaQorroroiu,rHocr,q.bpxaHpreHaBcr-
Ka ctrracHa QoHeva, ycraHoBeHoqpe3 nporrlBonocraBrHero
ua @onolo_
ruqHoro cb,qbpxaHfleHa BcHqKHocraHarr doHeri,ru.
$ 81, Jlonalnx nptr3garln. IIo Mrcro nu ynn.".n". ce orpe,qeJrrrJro-
ra:ruHre1n$epeHuliarHnnpll3Hat]u,Br,3ocHoBaHa Kor.tro
ce o6paayaarrfo-
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t0] " tui Karo ycrHeHo_366HH
(la6uogeHra.nrr), r.e. or r:re,qlrrle Ha aprrKynaufrra
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6uta6uaJrHocrra H Jra_
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6ala6ta,rHre ca
flpefpanHr.r,a .naoNo.UestangHTeca [poxoAHr.t. I,I rr,i
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c nporuBonocraBtHero Ha 6y,ra6ua,rgocr ,ra6nogeHraluoc.r,
Te Mofar Aa
6rgar o6eglllreHH B e,ur.lHnoKa:rerr pea, or.qenru
ce or Apyr1,1TepeaoBe c
n p H 3 H a K at a 6 u a r H o c r .
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Ha arBeonfiTe, o6Da3y_
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Qoxoloruvecl(H Hec6rlecrBeHo rr ABere rpy_
nt-l cGrJ]acHH la 6tnar o6egnHeuu vpe: o6qn.a qrl$epenqta,ren
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[ r , r ' , . q , A ' , c , c ' , : , : ' , q , u ' , s , s , ,H , H ' ,p , p , , 1 , . n , ] .f l o _ o c o 6 e n oe d o H o r o r H . r -

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Horo cb,qbpxaHHe Ha cbrracHnre Qoueuu [p,p'], [,r,"rr'].Te ca elHonpn3Ha-
rorn - Qoneuure [p,p'] npurexaBar rrpu3HaKasN6parxocr, a Qonevure
["r,;r'] nareparnocr. 3a rrx npn:uaxtr aJrBeorHocr e Souo:rotuvecxlr He-
cbrqecrBeH (fipereBaHreH), Tr,i Karo HrMa ApyrH $ouevlr, xapaKTepr.r3trpa-
nIH Ce CT,CCbUIHTenpr.r3Haull,HO OTnr.rqaBaIqH
Ce rroMex.qy cu [o M.scToHa
yqneHeHHe,Ha KoHToerHo3HaqHoaa ce nporr.rBonocraBrr. O6parno, :a crr-
JracHrrreQoHevu [H,u'] npu3HaK6T a;rBeoJrHocre Qono,rorntecrfi cbrrlecr-
BeH, Tafr Karo qpe3 Hero npu o6q npt:Hax Ha3a;rHocrce oc[ryp{Ba rrporn-
BonocraBqHero c OoHeMure Iv,v'], xapaxrepH3xpau1I.rce c npn:nara la6u-
AJIHOCT.
B pavxrre Ha arBeorHu.spen nporr.rBorrocraBtHero Mexly ornenHl{Te
$ouevn ce ocbulecrBqBa qpe3 rtpornBonocraBsHeroHa cJre.qHHTe Mo,{aJrHH
npli3rraq : nperpalHocr, npoxoAHocr,nperpaAHonpoxoguocr(aQpnrarus-
Hocr), Ha3anHocr,BHOpaHTHocr, nareparnocr, MeKocr- TBrpAocr r.r3Byq-
Hocr- 6e:tnyvuocr.
Cr,r:racurre, quero yr{JreHHTenHo Mrcro e 3oHara Ha rsr,pgoro ue6qe,
o6pa:yrar J'roKaJreH pe.qc qr$epenqxaneH rrp[3HaKu e 6 x o c r. Tofi ce
cr,crou or $oHevnre [ru, x, v] N r,rafiga[fi]. B 6r,,rrapcxNre3nKeAr..rHcrBeHo
caf;racHnre QoHevu, npr{TexaBauxnplt3HaKaue6uocr, He Morar Aa o6pa-
3yBar Kopetaunr no Mexocr rBl,p;locr. Toaa ce otHacg xaxro:a $olevure
I u , x , . r ] ,r a x a H 3 a$ o H e v a r a [ i i ] .
(DoHeuara
[ i ] n o g o 6 H oH a $ o H e v H r e [ p , p ' , , ' r , , ' ] ' ]e e l H o n p n 3 H a K o B a
seiiHoro rlouo,rornuecxo cb,qbpxaHr.re ce x3qep[Ba c MolaJrHl.rrrrpH3HaK
rraii,qoBocr,c xoiiro rs ce nporHBonocraBrHa BcHqKK ocraHarr{$oHevu s
cHcreMara.Ero:au1o :a relu QoHevr, KaKToH 3a ApyrfiTeeAHonpll3HaKoB14
Qouevr, JroKartlzrr rrps3rraKe Qoxo,rornvecxr.{ HecbuecraeH.
B pavrlre na xe6tu.apeg pa3,!trq(erovexgy Qoxeuure ce oc.bu.lecrBrBa
B' L3 OCHOBaHa tIpOTXBOIIOCTaBUHtIgTA
Ha MOIaIHllTe I]pI,I3Har]fi npoxoaHocT,
a Q p r r a r n n H o c r x 3 B y q H o c r- 6 e : : n y v u o c r .
Cr,r:racrrure, qnero yqneHurerHo Mrcro e MeKoro ue6qe, o6pa:year lo-
K a J r e Hp e A c n l r Q e p e H q r a : r e Hn p H 3 H a KB e J r a p r r o c r . B r o 3 H p e A c e
B K . r r r o q B acrJ r e A H H Trel o n e v n : [ r , r ' , r , r ' , x , x ' ] .
B pavrure Ha BenapHHr peX nporHBonocraBrHero MexAy orAe,rulrre
So-
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crBeH, npH KoiiTo H3MexAy txyMoBHTecbrJracHHJrHrrcBaxope,rarusua gtoii_
t<arro 3Byqriocr 6e::ryvuocr 3a cbriracHara $oHeua [x].
Or npecuvaHero Ha roxa-nlrnre r..rMo,qanHHTegu$epeuquarruu npr{3Haq}t
Qonevrrara cucreMa ua 6l,rrapcxlrre c.brracHH ce rj3rpaxga or qernpr.r ro-
K a n H r tp e , q a : . n a 6 r a , r e x , a J r B e o - r r e u
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r He ce H3noJl3Ba3a QoHeMHo npoTr.IBonocTaBqHe.
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a He6rlure u BeuapHUTe- cbc cpe.qHnqecroru.
$ 82. Mo.qarlux trprr3uaq . MoAa:rsnre npr3Harlfi ca cBtp3aHr.rc Haqr.rHa
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Cnopeg Havuua Ha yqJreHeHle Ha c r,r;racHuTece orAertr cJreAHr{TeMo-
AanHu nprl3naqx: [perpa.qHocr. rrpoxo]tHocr, aQpxKarr.lBHocr, Ha3a:rHocr,
narepanHocr, Brr6paHTHocr n rraii,qosocr. flplrrHaqtre 3BytrHocr 6e:-
3ByqHOCT r.rMeKOCT TBI,pAOCT,Maxap qe He npKHaAJIeXaTKRM MOAaJHHTe
npu3Harrlr,r.{31'L,rHrBarcr,uJara $yuxuur ga or,u,e,rrr QoleM[Te B paMKr{Te
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f l p u : u a q u r e t r p e r p a . q H o c r ,n p o x o . u H o c r , a Q p l r x a r n e u o c r , 3 B y q H o c r -
6e::nyvxocr H MeKocr - TBbpAocr xapaKTeprr3r{paruyMoBr.rre c6rJ'racHr.{, a
npx3Harl[Te Ha3aJ]Hocr,rarepanHocr, nN6paHrHocr, r,raiigorocr rr MeKocr
T B b p A o c r c o H o p H n r e c ' b r r a c H u Q o n e v n . f l o u a q H HH a y q r e H e H H eA B e r e
lpyrr]r cbfJlacHH tctto ce oT,qeJItTeIHa oT Apyfa: 3a [IyMoBrTe cbrJIacHI e
xapaKTepr{arperpaAa r.rnHnpoxo!, HnH Trxuoro xolr6annpaHo leiicrnlre xa-
To eAnllerr yqneHHTeneHaxr (3a nperpallHo -npoxolHsre), a 3a coHopr.rre e
xapaKTepHaeaHoBpeMeHHarrpefpa,qaB ycTHaTa Kyxr.tHaH npoxoa B HocHaTa
xJrx ycTHaTa Kyxttlta.
Tern pat-rrulnr B HaqHHatia yqreHeHue rro3Bor'rrBarxafi-o6u1o nporltBo-
luocraBrlre Mexly txyMoBH u coHopltr c.brracHH $onelrn. flpu:uaqlrre ury-
MoBoc'r'H coropHocr o6aue ryx He ce pa3r-[ex,qar xaro gra$epeHrlr.ra:rHu, a
xaro KoHcrHTyrlrBH],l,T'bii Karo or npecuqaHero rra JIoKaJIHl.tre I-.IMoJIanHlITe
n p u 3 r i a u n/ ' l o c r a r l r t r r o r c H o c e o e e p r a B a $ o u o , r o r u v w o r o c b A r p x a H n e H a
$onewure or elHara u or Apyrara rpyla car-qacHlrQonel,ru.
$ 83. [H$epeuuvarHver rrpH3HaK rl p e r p a n H o cr e cr].bp3aHc
n'r,JrHaranperpaAa, Korro ce o6p:rrysa or aprH r(ynHpaulr4TeopraHH B orrpe-
Aenerrrro6,']acrn Ha rracoBr{t KaHan - ycrHIITe, aJIBeoJIHTen He6qero. B
aKycT qHo oTHoueH[e np[3Hax6T ce cBap3Ba c npeK6cBaHeHa 3ByqeHeTo
II C KpaTKOCTTa Ha [tyMOBaTa XapaKTepHcTr{Ka Ha c:r,fJlacHaTa.
C gu$eperrqra:rut-rr trpr{3HaKnperparHocr ce xapaxrepH3upar cJ]eAHure
$ o u e v u [: r , n ' , 6 , 6 ' ,r , r ' , n , A ' ,x , x ' ,r , r ' ] .
$ 84.[urfepeHqHaJrHlrrr npr.r3HaK np ox otrH o cr (Qpnrarunaocr)
e
cBLp3aHc'Lc crecrieHuero, xoero ce o6pa:yaa B rnacoBl-tt xaua:r vpe: lptI6-
rHXaBaHe Ha Aornara ycrHa KaM ropHHTe pe3un rrnn vpe: npn6;rnxaaaue

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B axycrnvno orHo eHlrecnel(TpaJlHara KaprllHace xapaKTepH3rrpa c Hen-
peKbcHaTocT Ha myMa c pa3nr.rqHa KoHueHTpauHr Ha 3ByKoBaTa eHepfur B
3aBvcIlMocT oT yqreHnTeJIHoTo MtcTo.
C 4nQepeuqua;rnhxrrpH3HaK npoxoAHocr ce xapaKTepr.t3r.rpar cneAHnre
$ o H e n u :[ 0 , 0 ' , s , s ' , c , c ' , 3 , 3 ' ,
u , x , x , x ' ] .
$ 85,.{uQepeuquaJrHurrrrpr{3Haxn p e r p a I H o - n p o x o A H o c r
(aQpnxaruruocr) e carp:aH c nocJrenoBare.rrHoro o6pa:yaaHeHa rrperpaAa
H rrpoxo,{Karo e,[HHeH, HeqnenrMaprn(yJraunoHeH axr. B aryctnvuo orHo-
lIJeH,'enpH3HaKbTe CB'r,p3aHC OTHOCT.ITeJIHaTa KpaTKOCTHa UryMa C rro-
.qr,rro BpeMeTpae[e oT eKcn-rro3r.rsTa Ha npefpalHHTe c6fJracHr.t,Ho c IIo-
KpaTKOBpeMeTpaeHeoT lxyMa Ha rrpoxoaHHTecr,rjracHr.r.
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lrNle QoHevx: Iu,u', s,s', v, v]
QosolorlrqHara cavocrofiHocr Ha nperpanHo-tlpoxo,qHtaTec]rJracHr.{ce
AOKa3BaOT TTpOTHBOnOCTaBTHH9Ta C nperpaAHIlTe H rrpOXOAHltTe B paMKllTe
Ha eAr.lHra c'hur JroxaJreupel: [r - u - q] mun - 1un - uun, lc - t], Kaca
- xa4a, llt, ul - xaua - rava. flperpanHo-lpoxo,qHr{Te c6ulacHr.t He Morar
Aa 6sAar pa3r-rrexAaHr.r xaro gsyQoHevun cbr{eraHr.tr[rc], [rur], rtfi xa.ro r
6rrrapcrur e3HK pa3.nrjqHeroMex,qy ABere Karerop[r{ QoHevn e rpKo K3-
pa3eHo, cpB. (,mceuKu o4etmtr. OnpocteHHrr HeKHHxoBeHu3roBop r{a cL-
eel aHxero [rx] raro [u] a c:ryvarre de4xu nv'. demcxu, ctee4rcu BM. cbnem-
i cxu, (),ro4xtt rv. rf,rorcxN n rroA. e pe3yrrar or acuMlnarHBln qeficrena r
HrMa HHUIo o6rqo c napa,qlrrMarurrHrrreorHoureHr.rrHa Qouevure.
$ 8 6 . / . ( n t fe p e u u l r a : r H u r rn p u 3 H a xH o c o B o c r ( H a : a l H o c r ) e n p u c ' t q
caMo Ha Qorelrnre Iv,na', H,H']. B aprnxylaquouno orlrouresue roii ce
cBr,p3Ba c eAHoBpeMeHHoroo6paryeaue Ha lperpala B ycrnara Kyxr,rHa].r
npoxoA B rrocnara xyxnrra. B paMKHTeHa roKanHtlr peg o6pa:ynaxara nper-
pa,[a e KoHcrnryruBeH flpn3rraKl-tHe ce H3rro,q3Ba:aQoHevHa gar[epeaqr.ra-
qul. [u$epenquaJrHHrr [pH3HaK rrpH ToBa rrpornBonocraBrHe e Hocoaocr-
Ta, Harrp. - 6qc - uac. Ooselrnre [6] n Iu] ca [perpaAHH, Ho eAHara or rrx
nplrrexaBa npr{3Har(aHocoBocr, a npH lpyrara roii,'rHncsa. flpn:roxa,rxrtre
rporrzBorrocraBtuxr o6ave, KaKToBeqe ce [ocoqn, Mtcroro Ha npefpanara
c QoHo:roruvecxH 3HarrHMo.B vtHrva,rHara pao xa.uue - /tre flporr.rBonoc-
TaRrHero Iu] - [H] e nporrlBonocraBrHe MexAy npu3Haunre la6ualsocr
a;rBeoJrHocrnpn o6q npr3HaK HocoBocr
B axycrrvno orHotrreHHetlpH3HaKr'rHocoBocr ce cBT,p3Bac Qopvanrua-
ra crpyKTypa Ha cneKTbpa, 6:rn:xa go SopvaHrHara crpyKrypa Ha r;racHHre
I-rAOnl'JIHnTenHUTe pe3OHaHCHIl qeCTOTHIIO CneKTl,pa.
Brnexgauero Ha MoAaJTHHTenpu3HarIH nareparHocr, nu6panruocr r.r
frat,[oBocr ce Hanafa ttopa,q oco6enn-ggaqug ga yqJIeHeHI{eHa cBrJracHHTe

I l6
 Korrropeanuouparrloxeurlre [.n,,r',p,p', ii]. Te:u cr,r.Lracnr,
3ByKoBe, 3aeAHo
c HocoBrrreo6pasyrar rpynara Ha coHopHTe,Ho rr,ii xaro B apruKynaqlroH-
HO-aKyCTHqHO OTHOlxeHfieHe Ca eAHHHrr,3a BCqKaOT TqX Ce BbBeXAa OTAe-
,ren ,quQepeHquaneH npH3HaK. Tosa orqe oBeqe ce HaJrara 3a Sonerralrre
[",],r'], [p,p'], Konro lMar o6nl ,'roKareHnpH3HaKH pa3nfiqnero Mex,qy r{x
MOXeAa Ce OCbUIeCTBT4 Br3 OCHOBa Ha pa3nHqHHr HaquH Ha yqreHeHue, T.e.
Ilo Mo,qajrHunpu3HaqH.
$ 87. .(nQepeuquarrvflT rrpri3HaK n a r e p a Jr H o cr (crpanxvHocr)
xapaKTepH3upa Souer'.rure [,r,r']. B aprltKynau[oHHo orsoueune rofi ce
cBlp3Ba c e,4HoBpeMeHHoroo6pa:ynaHe Ha crpaHnqeH npoxol l4 npefpaAa
B ycrHara ryxnHa. l1:guurnara crpys He pa3pyrrltaBanperpanara, o6pa:yaa-
Ha c B'bpxa Ha e3lrKa rr ropHara qacr wa lr,6ure. KaKTo e flps fiperpa.qHl.rre
cbrJracHu, a nporuya noxpafi He.r. flpn:Haxlr nareparHocr He e paBHo3Ha-
qeH Ha rlp 3HaKa npoxoAHocr. Jlarepa,rnocrra BrunoqBag ce6e cH nperpan-
Hocr H npoxo'qHocr u roBa lrMeHHoeAHHcTBoonpeAenJ{HeroBara cneqa$t-lKa.
B arycruvHo orHotrreHlte npH3Hax6T narepaJrHocr ce cB6p3Ba c rpKara
rfopMaHTHacrpyr(Typa Ha cnexlr,pa, 6,rnrxa go crreKTtpa Ha uracHrire.
$ 88. [n$epeHquaJ'rHnrrrrpH3HaK I r6 pa Hr Hocr (rpenepllreocr)
x a p a K T e p H 3 x p aQ o H e v n r e [ p , p ' ] . B H e r o B a r a a p r r { K y ; r a u n o H H ao c H o B a e
MlrfrroBeHoTo HaKr,cBaHeHa o3ByqeHaTa r.r3,qr,trrrHa cTpyr trpe3 flocjreAoBa_
Tennrl nperpaAl, oOpa:yeaun c Bbpxa Ha e3lrKa c a;rBeoJrrne.B axycruvuo
orHotueHr.ienpx3Hal(br ce cB bp3Ba c eopMaHTrrara crpyKTypa rra cneKTbpa,
6rr:ra ,4o crpyKTypara Ha r;racHHTe.
flo npnarraqnre larepanHocr n rr.r6paHruocr $oHeMr{re I,'r], tr'],
tp], tp']
ce npoT BonocTaBrT KaxTo noMex.qy cr.l B paMKr{TeHa aJ,rBeoJ.rHHr ,IoKaJre[
peIL TaKa H Ha ocraHa;rnre $oHeuu or .upyrnre .rroKalrHl.t pe\oBe..nes - pel,
Jlou - -
po,v,,tedrturc pedrruK, nocm -,+tocm, pai - dai,,ryd - 6ym, ted -
3em,poM - coM.
$ 8 9 . [ u Q e p e u q n a J r H u r rn p r . . r 3 H ar x, r a i S o B ocr xapaKrepn3npa
cauo {roueuara [i]. Heronoro B,r,BexAaHece Ha-rrara,3a .qace pa3rpaHrqar
QoHeMxre B paMKgre ua se6Huq J'IoKaneH peg. B aprurylartHoHHo oTHo[re_
H H er r p r . r 3 H a K rr,rTa i A o B o c r c e c B b p 3 B ac , q B u x e H u e r o H a e 3 H ( a o r n p e A o -
nc6Ho yv,reuenue r('bMyqJIefiHTeJIHoroMtcro Ha cJIeAXoAHal.arJracHa,pec-
nexTr.rBHooT yqreHr.rTerHoTo MrcTo Ha npe,qxoA[aTa fr.lacHa KbM npeaHo_
ne6uo yv:reuenlle. B axycrnuuo orHorxeHlle npH3HaKGTce cB,i,p3aac ttocre-
I I e H H o r o H r r r a B n o l l B r r x e H r i e H a B o K a r , r H k r eQ o p v a H r l l , r r o 3 B o J r r B a r { } . r
cJryxoBara u.qenruSHxaqnx Ha Iil].
Onpe4e-rrltero Ha $onoloruvnoro cr,lr,pxaHne Ha [fr] e cu.up:auo c u:-
BecrHr.rrpyAHocru. B ntxorovavxara x,nacn$nxaqur B e.{HHc,ryuau Soue_
uara [fi] ce onpenelr xaro cb,qbpxaua npn3HauuTe HeBoxaJrHocrH HeKoH_
COHaHTHOCT, a B ApyfH Cnyqa[ KaTo cb,qapxaua Te3r.rnpH3gaqu, rro3Bo,,rr_

ltl
Baulr BKJrroqBaHeroi n rpynara Ha coHopKTe, flpr nportrBonocraBrHe Mex-
Ay coHopHTe Ha lfi] ce npnnucBaT .qontJrHurejrHr{npr{3Harl}r,Karo KoMnaKT-
HOCT,HelrpeK:bCHaTOCT, Hep93XOCT H np,
flprz neglxoror.auqHoro npeAcrasrue ua Qouelrrre npr.r:naxrr r,raigo-
Bocr o3HaqaBa,ue [fi] e egxonpu:xaxoaa Qoneua H tre c ro3]r nMeHHo npr43-
HaK, KoiTo He ce cpeula B HHro eAHanpyra Qoneva, [fi] ce npornaonocrasa
Ha Bcr,rqKr.i
ocraHajrH tpoueux a KoHcoHaHTHaracr.rcTeMa.Kaxro seqe ce or-
6ena:a, e,4uonpll3HaKoBr{ca oule u QoHeuure [p,p'], [,r,]'], [pr4TexaBaulu
cr,orBerHo npH3HauuTe en6paurnocr x narepanHocr. Egnonpn:Haronnre
$oHeuu vorar aa ce pa3rnex.{ar xaro Qoueux, KoHTo He ca r.rHTerpupaHr,r
B cucreMara. 3a uurerpltpanu ce cMflTar re3r QoHeMl4.Kot{To npr.rrexaBar
rroBeqeor e,[ltH ,qrQepeHqna,reunpn3Hat<,HanplrMep HocoBnre c'brJracHrr,3a
KoHTo ocBeH Ha3aJrHocrragn$epenqna;reH e u JroKaJrHHrrnpll3HaK.

C:bOTHOCI4TEJIHI{ (KOPEJIATIIBHI,I) NPU3HAII[I

$ 9 0 . C ' l o r x o c u r e J r H r r r e n p H 3 H a u r {o 3 H a q a B a r H a r r l q H e , p e c [ e K T H B H o
,!xnca Ha egrx gnQepeHqnaneH npfi3HaKnpx paBHo Qouo,rorNvuo c6Aapxa-
u u e H a Q o H e v u r e o r e A H HH c a l u n o x a n e Hp e g . O o u e u n r e [ n ] , [ 6 ] u a n p n v e p
'rMar eAHHlr crrq Ha6op or guQepeuqlra:rHI.rnpH3HarIH ellHcrBeHoro pa3-
nHrrne Mex,qy Trx e HarlrqHeTo H c'boTBeTHojll{ncaTa Ha npl-r3HaKa 3ByqHoc.f
- 6e33ByqHocr.
XaparrepHa oco6esocr Ha ctorHocHTerHllTe npH3r{arln e rsxrrara npo-
flopu]roHa:rHocr aKo (boHeMlrre In], [6] ce pa3nt-rqaBar prr eAHHycnoBnfl,
a rpu.qpyrn ce HeyrpaJrr.r3Hpar, To H ocraHa;u.rre gsoirlr $ouevlr, caorHo-
-
c H M H n o n p H 3 H a K a3 B y q H o c r 6 e : : o y . r H o c r , n p x c r u l T e y c : r o B r . t ru l e c e
pa3rHqaBar r-rrll HeyrpaJIIi3Hpar. Cwlc u,rr,r ua cborHocI4TeJIHororIporHBo-
I I O C T a B ' H e I - i M e H HB O H e f O B a T an p O [ O p U H O H a n H O C T .
B 6'l,rrapcxrr e3rrK Bcr.{qr(HctfJracHr.l $ouevn c r.t3KJrrcqeHne ua [ii] ce
oprarru3npar B ABe KoperausH: no 3By{Hocr 6 e r r a y v H o c r 1 4M e K o c r -
TBI,pAOCT
$ 91. Kope.raqnq rIo 3Bvqrrocr - 6e::nyvxocr. Kopelaqnrra no 3Byq-
nocr - 6e::ayunocr B cpaBHeHHec KopeJraqfirra rro MeKocr - TBl,p.qocr e
Muofo rro-cTapa, K3xoHHarro cBor xapaKTep H rropall{ ToBa e TBr,pAo ycTa-
HoBeHaB e:nxa. Axo npll KopeJraunrra rro MeKocr, TBbpAocr ce ua6,rroga-
Bar pa3rHrrHH TeHAeHuItttHa orcna6BaHe Ha npor[BonocraBtHero I-.IJII{ Ha
HeiHara 3aMrHa, nplr Koperrarlurra no :ryvHocr - 6e::ayvHocr no.4o6no .na-
JreHr.ieHe Moxe ,qa clrlecrByBa. fipu nporNaonocraBruero [o 3Byt{Hocr,
6e:aeyunocr u:6opbr e HnH 3ByqHH.sr,u;ll 6e::ayrHlr.ar ropelar, nanp. da,u
- maM, loKaTo npt' npoTHBonocTaBrHeTono MeKocT TBIpAOCTMOXe .qa
nMa lr 3aMrHa, uanp. x.tn6, so u xte6 (ycranoatnanero Ha rKaB EJrr{eKaB

ll8
 r{3roBope npaBoroBopeHnpo6ler,a).B rogx cuucr.n Kopenaqfif,Ta
no 3Byrr-
Hocr- 6e::ryunocr uua a6co.nroteHxapaKTep.
B nporuronocraBflHerorro 3ByqHocr 6e::ayvnocr ytracrBar 28 Qoue-
Mr, rpynlrpaHHB cJre,qHHTe
l4 xope:rarxrun groixl.t:

[ n . n ' .S . S ' .r . r ' . c . c ' .u . u ' .r u .v ' . x . x ' ]

[ 6 , 6 ' ,a , r ' , A , A ' 3, , 3 ' ,s , s ' , x , v , r , r ' ]

I4snrn xopelaqnrra ca 1l QoHevr: nBere ruyMoBHcar;racHu[x], [x'] n

A e B e r r ec o H o p H lc ' l , r r a c H l [ p , p ' , : r , - [ ' ,v , v ' , n , x ' , f i ] ,
Illyvowrre car:racHlr[x,x'] n.avar 3ByqHr{cborBercrBn.{H nopanr.{ToBa
B crJrHl-t no3nrlr.tunnncBanporuBonocraBrHeno rrprr3Hara:ayvuocr _ 6e:-
3ByqHOCT.
Coxopnure c6rJracHHno cBoure aprr.rr<ynauHoHHo-axycrr,rrrHH n $ynrqr.r-
oHaJrHHXapaKTepHcTHKHCa H3B'r,HrpynaTa Ha uyMoBHTe CbrJracHHr.r He
yqacrBar B Kopenaul.rrra rro 3ByqHocr - 6e::nyvHocr. B rasx ropelarlur
yqacrBar caMo [yMoBHTe c]r;racHH. Oaxrr,r, qe coHopHHTe cr,rlracHH B
a(ycTHqHo oTHouJeHHeca 3ByqHr.r,T.e, npHTexaBaT KaqecTBoToBoKaJIHOCT,
HrMa HsKaKBo3HaqeHr.iear,r $oHo_nornveu n;ras. 3a.qa 6tAar onpeAeneHr,r
Qouoloruuecxn Karo 3ByqHH,re rpr6aa.qa HMar caorBerHr, 6e::ayvHN ro-
pelarlr. HvenHo Jtr4 ca.ra Ha raKHBa (openarn B crrrHa no3rjrIH, nocraBlt
coHopnuTe cr,r;racHlr $ouevH x:arx nporlBonocraBrHero no 3ByrrHocr
6e::ayvxocr.
A p r N x y . n a q u o n H o - a K y c r H q Ha r a o c H o B a H a n p o r n B o r r o c r a B , H e r o r r o
3ByqHocr - 6e::nyuuocr e Ha-nrqHero, pecll. nHncara Ha yqacrHero Ha rra_
cl0rr(HTeB apTxl(yJrarlHoHHHraKT H nOCjTeABaJTOTO OTTOBaB aKyCTr{qeHnJraH
eaHoBpeMeHHonopaxaaHe Ha ToH H tXyM Hng CaMo Ha lxyM [o cneKT.r,pa.
flpr n:roropa Ha 3ByqHrre carJlacHH ocHoBHHrr roHt noryqeH or geficrslr_
ero Ha fJracrrJtxHTe,ce carreraBa c uyua, o6pa:yran cneA pa3pytxaBaHero
Ha nperpanara, sJrr{c rlyMa, o6pa:ynax or Mrcroro Ha crecHeHr{ero, a rlpu
lr3roBop Ha 6e::ryvxure cbr;racHh ce nopax,qa caMo trtyM or c,r,trluTer{3_
TorIHI.ru[,KaKTo npg 6e::ryvxNre ctr;IacHlr, Ho 6es y.{acrsero Ha r:]ac}r;r-
l(I,,|TE.
,{on'l:rxure,reH aprHKynauHoHHo-aKycrHqeHnpH3Hax,xoiro ce cr.reraaa
c npr.r3HaKa3ByrrHocr - 6e::nyvnocr, e HanperHarocr - HeHanperHarocr.
IIpn n:rorop Ha 3ByqHXTecrrJIacHH aprHKynarIHoHHHcranapar e c no-Mal.r-
Ko Myc(yJrHo HarrpexeHre, orKoJtKoro npti r.r3roBopua 6e::ryvunre cttlac-
un. B 6r,.nrapcru.f,e:nx o6aqe ro3u npH3HaKe IonbnHHTeneH, KoHcrnryrr_r-
reu u ulua gn@epeHuHpauo 3HaqeHHe3a nporr.tBonocraBsHero rto 3ByqHocr
- 6e::syvnocr.

ll9
 $ 92. Iloeuqxx xa Qoueuno nporHaonocraEffse tro 3By{[ocr - 6e3-
3By.rHocr.flpornronocrarrHero no 3ByqHocr- 6e::ayuuocr B 6BnrapcKHt
E3I'K CE OCT,UICCTB'B B CJIE.{HHTE IIO3I{UHI,I:
l. flpeg rlacnu B HaqaJloro H B cpeAara Ha.qyMara: nun - 6ua, natxa -
Ma,4Ka, ntr - 6nt, fiap - eap, $at - aa,4, ce.fl - 3e.fl, ma,u - dau, mou -
ooM, mflcHo - o.flcHo, rc4p.8 - uaPn, JtctL,to- utu,,to, ucecm - utecm, Kocm
- ?ocm, KyKa - zyKa, yac - dxas, uon - dtron, onepd - o6epd, mpenn -
mpe6n, rcoca - Ko3a, HucbK - Hu3bK,cHuaaaaM - cHutcaaaJu.
2. flpe,q coHopnn car;racHu: npaeo - 6paeo, npnx - 6pne, npat - 6pa,t,
- - dptnua, cueu - tuei, pomuLt
Qpax - epaz, mpbHltus dpuuue, mpbn a
- podHa.
3. flpe,q cr,r.:racHlrre [r,s']: m6ope4 - daope4, maoi - daoeu, csuHeq -
36btte4, nacaa - na3Ba, catm - 38np.
E,quncreeHo B Te3r.rrpu no3nrpli e BB3MoxeH n3roBopl,T KaKToHa 3Byq-
H a ,T a x a u H a 6 e : : r y v u a c b r n a c H a ,T . e . n p o r n B o n o c r a e t n e r o e O o H o r o r n q -
no. Brs ac qru Apyrn no3r.rrlHr.r HacranBa Heyrparr.r3aq[r Ha npr{3uaKa rro
:ryuuocr - 6e::ByqHocr r..r
B 3aBlicnMocr or KoHKperHararro3Hur.rrce cpeula
caMo 3ByqHr.rrTr.rjrr..r caMo 6e::nyvHlrrr KopenaT.
B nporlrronocraBrHero rro 3ByqHocr 6e::ryvnocr no-oco6eso no,ro-
xeHt-reHMar 3ByqHHre KopenarH npn nperpa,qHo-npoxoAHHTe,{noirt-r Iq-s],
I u ' - s ' ] , [ . r Y ] . T r x H o r o y q a c r l r e y p a B H o B e c r B ax o p e n a q u f i T ar { n p a B n n p n 3 -
HaKa3By.rHocr - 6e::ayvnocr npo[opunoHaneH, Ho B cs loro BpeMe rrxHa-
Ta (bynl(qnoHanna HaroBaperrocr e rpaiixo orpaHHqeHa. C no-ro,rerraugr:-
MoxHocrn 3a nporr.rBorrocrasgHe e Asoiixara [v v], a crc cT scev c,'la6u
asoiixara [u s]. Ilopagx JrHrrcarbx Ha HaJrHqeH JreKc[KaJreH varepnal {oue-
Mara [s'] ce onpelenr (aro rroreHurlalreH3Byr{eHKopenar Ha Qonevara [u'].
Ocaeu rona:oyuHr..rre nperpa,qHo-npoxoAHr.r KopenarH npogB.,rBarr.{Heyc-
roiiqNsocr rlr Qouo;roruvHoro cH ctAcpxarrue, 9ecto B TexHHr r{3roBop
ce na6rroAaga orcra6saHe r.rJrnH3rrycKaHeHa rrperpaAHHJ{ eJIeMeHT,Karo no
TO3r.{HaqHH Ce CTHfa,qOH3paBHrBaHeHa nperpaAHO-npoxo,qHaTacarjracHa
c ' b c c b o r B e r H a r a 3 B y q l { an p o x o A H ac } r , r a c H a . T a r u r e H A e g q a qc e f l p o r B r B a
lrloBeqenp/ u3roBopa Ha cbriracHara Is]: dzuQm suSm, d3tuxau - sumau,
dzeucxa -- 3aucKa.
$ 93. Ilorxqxn Ha HeyrpanH3arIufl Ha rrporrrBonocraBrHero no 3Byq-
nocr - 6e::ny.rnocr. B 6r,.nrapcrHc e:l,tx cra6t,lre rro3urlt-ruHJrHno3ltqultre,
B Kolrro HacrtnBa Heyrpann3aurr Ha npu3Haxa 3ByqHocr - 6e::eyunocl, ca
CJIEAHI,ITC:
l. B rpa.aHa nyMara npeA nay3a, xtAero ce rl3roBaprcauo 6e::ayvHa
cbrrracHa: xtn6 fxt' a6l, uaulaf llua:,l:rdr:l, rcopa6[xdpan], x,ry6 fxtynl, zo-
noa [rordQ], do6ue [yd6n$1, yumua lyuri$1, 6raz [6mx], epaz fzpax),
dpaz fxpaxl, zpad frpar], mpyd lrpyrl, uoctc luoutl, xunete fxund.usl,eop-

t20
 nex frrrpl..ld,tuf, uzpas lizpacl, auatus laudtucf, mopuoz fropudcf, 6pudt<
[6prv]. (3a rpoMeHrrre Ha MexlycnoBHo paBHlru1errpu cBbp3BaHeHa nBJ]-
Ho3HarrHu lyMr.r H B paMKr.rreHa QoHerH.rHara AyMa Bx. $ 122.)
2. B no:uqlrr npeg 6e::syvna cr,rJracHa,x;Aero ce ri3roBap,{ cavo 6et-
3ByqHachrrracHa: apa6ue Irpalvd], o6t4 [orlrtr], upaerca fv.pitQxa], noxpue-
ra [norpiQxa], pozue fpilxue), S,taeue lQ xueJ, cttadxa fc nxal, pedxu
[pdrxt), cuazrca [cudcxa], crca:ra [cxicra], uoxue f:adwvef.
3. B roruqu.r npeA 3ByqHa clr;racHa, KT,Aero ce H3roBapr caMo 3ByqHa
cauracHa: ceam6a lcydg6af, atexdom IaHer.qdr], rcocum6a fxocinla], c6up-
xa [r6npra], cztcma ftrrcr'i.), czpada [:rpdga], cdr,pxau [:gipxaN,{].
IIpu neyrpa.nn:aurtra Ha nprr3HaKa:ayvuocr - 6el:ryqHocr cBr;racHara
Soueva [n] or r(opeJrarHBHara1rofixa, [Q-a] ce orAenr r.r3MexAyApyrHTe
3ByqHuKopenarn c no-oco6enoro cH rroBeAeH[e.B eAnn notnunxrr ce A.bp-
xx KaTo coHopHa cbfJracHa, a B,qpyfH rro3HrILrHKaTo 3ByqHa uyMoBa cbf_
,racua. Kaxro se.re ce or6e,rg:a, B no3rrrllr npeg $orevxre [t,s'] ono:r.rqr-
rra rro 3ByqHocr - 6e::ryvHocr ce rroAl(r,pxa, TaKa KaKToce noAlbpxa npeA
couopHnre cbrnacHH, cpB. mtope4 - dsope4 v mptnua - dptnua. B nozutlux
o6ave npeg 6e:aayvHll cbrJracHHr,rB KpaecnoB[e nogo6rto Ha Bcr4qKl.r Apyfn
3Byr{HuKoperaru ctrJracHara [s] e a c,ra6a no3r.rrJnrH npn3HaK'br 3ByqHocr
ce Heyrpan"3npa'. anulua [Qnirua], exapau f|xi,pav'l, upaexu [vpiQra],
npaa frpafl, zomoe froldgl, poo [poQ].
,l]sorxoro rroBeAeHle xa $ouevara [a] ce o6rcuraa c Qarr.a, qe Ar,Jtro
BpeMeB ncTopljrTa Ha e3HKaTr e nphHaAnexana K]'M rpyrraTa Ha coHoprrHTe
cr,rJracHu. Oonevara [t!] ce e noqBHra n 6r,,rrapcxxr c3r.IKllo-K.bcno rro.il
q y x A o B J l l r r H r l e .O Q o p v r H e r o H a K o p e r a r u B n r . t r e4 a o f i x u
tQ-s], tO'-s']
o6aqe ce '.r3Bl,pruBacnel H3naAaHero xa cna6rre epooe. Or ro3!r MoMeHT
I{ararbK ce c!3AaBar QoHeruuHn ycJroBus 3a acltMn:rarr.rBHr..t 4efrcrarlr, n pe-
3y:rrar Ha Korro cr,rracHara [a] :anovra ga ry6N colopHoro cr{ KaqecrBo B
orrpeAeneIjl!.,rro3r..rrIHH.

Ta6rrua6
Clfnxx x cta6x no3rultr Ha nporlBonocraBtxero no Ssy.rlocr - 6e]3Ey{Hocr

IIor u qr n <Douevr
SayqHt 6c l3uy'rrrn
B xpaecrocuc npeA nay3a +
B |(paccnoBrenpcA 6ei3Byglrn
B rpaecnoauenpeA 3nygtix
B KpaecioBfienpcjJrrtacrllr,coxopu I cr,r,racxurc [e,o'] +
B cpeAncnoBr.re
npct 6e33By.rrr.r
B cpeAucnoBrenpeA 3RyqHH
B cpcnuclooue npea fnacHt, coHopltri cr,r,racrjJara
[s] +
3 a 6 e r c x x a , 3 t t a ( ! T n n r o c o 3 H a q a B an o r B a , a 3 l a x l T MfiHyc, rlnca na rrpr3HaKa.

t2l
 $ 94. Kopeira{nq o MeKocr - TB'r,p,qocr. Kopelaqrrra no MeKocr -
TBr,p,{ocT,BanpeKu qe e cpaBHuTenHorro-HoBaoT KopeJ]alIHfTano 3ByqHocT
6ea:nyvuocr r.rBlnpexH qe gefisoro pa3Bnrr{e e HepaBHoMepHoB lrcroplt-
rra Ha e3HKa,B caBpeMeHHH{ 6t,rrapcxlr KoHcoHaHTr.I3r,M e rrmpoxo npeAc-
TABEHA I' CE OTHAC' NOqTI,I 3A BCUqKH C6fJIACHI'.
B roperaqnxra no Mexocr - TBr,paocryqacrBar 34 $ouevr.r,rpyn[paHr.r
B c . n e , [ H H TI 7
e x o p e , r a r x a u ua s o f i x l :

[n,6, lr, S, n, c, 3, r, A, H, p, "'r, u, s, r, r, x]

[ n ' , 6 ' , m ' , 0 ' , u ' , " ' , 3 ' , r ' , A ' , H ' , p ' , r ] ' ,q ' , s ' , r ' , r ' , x ' ]
I4:nr,Hxoperaurrra ca qeruplre cbfracHr.rrlouer'.rlr[ur, x, q, y], KoHTo
ca caMo rBrpAH n B KHuxoBHHre3lrt<HrMar MeKncl,orBercrBlrr. I,I:s'buro-
penarl.rBHororrporuBonocraBexee QoHevara [fi]. 14nerre c.rr,racHr Sone-
MH Ca npencTaBeHH qHeToapTr.t(yflarlHoHHo
oT cl,fJracHlr3Byt(oBe, MqcToe
n npe,quoHe6Hara o6:racr Ha r,lacoBrr KaHar,T,e. o6lacr, cr,nnagaua c Io-
IIIJIHI{TeJIHOTO yqneHeHHeHa MeXHTeChf .lIaCHI-t.
Aprlrry:raqnoHno-aKycrHqHara ocHoBa Ha rrporr{Bonocrat.tHero no Me-
xocr - TBl,paocT e HarHqr.rero,pecneKTuBHoJrHrrcaTarra Aon,bnHHTenHo.qBH-
xeH[e Ha cpe,qHaraqacr Ha e3HKaB nocoKa Kr,M TBap,qoro He6qe r noc.ne4-
BaJIOTOOT TOBa B aKyCTHTIeH n-ilaH nOBHtUeHI{eHa IyMOBLITe qeCTOTHHa
clrlracHtrTe x cneqnQHunllre rlafiqost npexoAH Ha aoKarHnre Qopvauru.
Cr,rracHsre QoHevn [x'], u [s'] :aevar no-oco6eno no;roxeHueB Kope-
naqnrra rro MeKocr - TBr,pAocr. B ua,rnqxu.r JteKcHKaJIeIt Marepnan Ha KIIII-
xonHn.a 6r.nrapcKn e3rK lrr.rncBar c,roto$opvll, B Korrro re3li Souevu ce
rrpornBorrocraBer rro Mexocr - TBr,pgocr. Cr,r..racHnre[x'] u Is'] ce cper,rlar
MOfaT Ia Ce CpeUIHaTB UMelta OT yyXI npO 3XOI l.t C KpaHHOOfparru-
LlJtt'L
veua llrcrpr.r6yqn.r.
Qolo,ror[qHara croiiHocr Ha MeKr.{Te cr,r,racHn [x] lr [s'] ce onpeAenr or
crpy(Typara Ha 6T lrapcxur xoHcoHaHTH3r,M. flpll oqexrara ua SoHo.nornv-
Hara crofrHocr Ha,qa,qeH3ByK He ce Lr3J'rH3a eAr.tlrcrBeHoor Harliq[ero Ha
MHHr.iMaJrHa gaofixa, xolto ga LrMaKBa3tloMoHHMeH xapaKTep, a or B!3Mox-
HOCTTaHa ABaTapa3nHqHK3ByXa,{a Ce [orBrT B e.qHar{ cbua no3r.rrlHr,Ha_
peqeHa cHJrHa,H B pe3ynTaT OT TTXHOTOnpOTr.rBOnOCTaBrHe Aa Ce nonyqr,r
pa3nuque B 3ByKoBara oOBt,rBKa Ha vopQevt lr c,roro$opvn.
B croaoQopvure xaro Xnt [X'yc], Xnu [X'yv], Xrocrr,H [X']crrul,
Xro:rgeprnu [X'drnep,rHH] cbrnacHara $oueva [x'] ce peanll3upa npe.q
3aAHHrnacHn, T.e. B Ta3li no3Hqur, npn Korro n 6l.nrapcxur e3HKce ocb-
rlecrBrBa Qouevuoro nporuBonocraBrHe no MeKocr - TBr,plocr. I,Ivesno
Bb3Moxnocrra Ha M€Kara c:brJracHaQoueua [x'] Aa ce pea;rr,r3upaB rro3r,r-
ur.rr, B Korro ce ocbuecrBrBa u rBlp,qara c'rrnacua [x], onpeAenr u HefiHara
Qonororuvna crofiHocr. 9e rosa e raxa, noKa3Bace or nporHBonocraBrHe-

122
 ro Mexly [x] u [x'] n gtoixara Xy: - Xnc lXyc - X'yc]. Or
Souo;roruvHo
rreguqe Qaxrlr, ve Qoue:iaHoronporHBonocraBrHe ce n3Br,prrrBanpu co6_
cTBeHnr.rMeHaoT qyx.q npoH3xo,q,HrMa HHKaKBO 3HaqeHHe.
Cr,aceu lpyr xapaKTep rrMa MeKara lrJrHrro-ToqHo oMeKqeHara (na,rara-
.llr:Npaua)peanr3ar\LrsHa cbrJracHara Ix] n nornqux npeA npeAHHTernacHlr
[l] l,r [e]. B ra:lr no:uqu.a tfoHelruoro nporr.tBorrocraBrHe Mex(Ay MeKr.tr{
TBbpAnc:brJIacBLe HeBb3MoxHo. rr,f raro re ce HaMfipar a orHoIrreHI.IeHa
aorlr,JrHnreJrHa 4lrcrpn6yqnr - npe,q npe,qHr.rrerJracHHe B.b3MoxHarraJrara_
Jrx3xpaHapear 3auvx Ha clrjracHara [x], no e HeBb3MoxHa rer,pgara. Tyr
clreaoBare;rHoJrr.rnctaneo6xoglluoro $onernvHo rbxgecrBo, Koero ra oct,t-
rypn nporr4BonocraBrHero rro MeKocr rBapAocr. Merara cr,uacHa [x,]
cJreAoBare:rHo e Qoueva B no3uukq npen 3aAHx rJracHHH Bap[aHT Ha rBbp-
tara QoHeva [x] n norr.rqtx npel npelHn rracHr.{.
Merara crrlacua [s'] n rHnxoaxxx 6r;rrapcru e3HK ce oflpeAer,r.,{ Karo
roreHurla;rHa Qoneva, T.e. Karo $oueva, qurro norBa ce upcAnolrara or
crpyr<rypHnre Bb3MoxHocrlt Ha cncreMara. Br,:uoxnocrra 3a ocatuecrBr-
nauena [s'] ce o6yclarx or uaJrHqHeroB KoHcoHaHTr43Ma ua uexara Qoneua
[u']. flo rartt uaquH ce ycraHoBrBa rrapaneJrlt36MB KopeJrarlnrra no MeKocr
- TBlpAocr, T.e. uloM Karo cucreMara
r o n y c x a Q o u e v a [ u ' ] , H r { M ao c r r o R a _
Hr{eAa He AorrycHe x peanu3aurrra Ha 3ByqHH, Kopenar
[s']. flopagu ra:u
M e H H on p n q r . r B a qyx/qn ayMH,cbAbpxauln cbr:tacnara
Is'], ce ar,:npteuar
r.rr3roBaprr 6e: sc.rrraxsurpyAHocrH or roBopeuxre 6t.rrapcru e3HK,
Han-
pl{Mep AyMHTe or noJrcKHrrpoH3xoA fldsn
lsndu ls'itAwl, fAs'a], a ct Ulo
TaKau ,ql.ra;reKTHulr6r,.nrapcrr uzrozop dsnnau
[s,dnav].
Ipyflara Ha npe.qxoue6xure cr,r,racHa .1], KaKToBcqe ce
[ur, xj r{, nocotlu,
e carrucTBeHaTa,npH KorTO nrrrcBa KopenaTr.rBHo npoTr.{BonocTaBrHe rro Me_
Kocr rBlpAocr. rlo-vexllsr HrH no-TB6p.qurr u3roBop He 03HaqaBaHxro
peaJrHa,llrro noreuq[aJ]Ha B,t,3Mox]rocr :a
Qoxelrua gnQepeHqxaqna, rr,fi
Karo rrHTo e,[HH qJ]eHor ra3u rpyna He cbAapxa qnQepeuqNa;rur,
[pr.t3HaK
Nrexocr.B rosn cMr..tc bJrAaJrHcrrJracHHTe Iur, x] qe ce lr3roBopflT Karo MeKH
n uyxAure gyvrz,2ffro,r, IIIn4, Aaou6epz xrrH Karo rBl,pArr )I{yt, IIIy4,
IIIotr_
6epz or $onotorHqHo rneAyl1e HrMa HrKaKBo3HaqeHne or rona (lorrev_
Ho rrporrBonocraB.sHe H.sMana ce nor,ryqH.Mexnrr x:roaop ua npegHoae6-
Hrrre c!r;racHl.t e noBerie xenaHHe ga ce npu6,rnxu r.t3foBop,r,T rra AyMHTe Ao
n p o l , 3I H o c r . . r r e n H u r eo c o 6 e H o c r u H a c r o r B e r H H , q y x n e 3 r . r K o, r K o r , r K o r o
crpyxrypHa norpe6Hocr ua 6tlrapcxul e:tr.
$ 9 5 . I l o : x q u x u a Qoner*rxo n p o r u a onocraBeH no MeKocr _ TBbp-
nocr. EguHcrneHara cltJ]Hano3suHq, B (orro ce oc6ulecrBsBa Kopenaq]rrra
rlo MeKocr rB:bp,qocr I 6r,,rrapcrur e3HX)e rro3lrunrra npe.q 3anHr{Te
rJ]ac-
a n $ o H e v H [ a , ' s , o , y ] . C a v o g r o a a n o r o x e H H e M o x e I a c e r { 3 r o B o D rK. ta K T o

123
 MeKa,TaKau TBrpAaCbfjracHa,B pe3yJrTaT HaI(oeTo.{ace IIonyqaTpa3ruqHl.r
cronoQoptran:
L flpeg r.nacHa$oHeva [a] , 6at - 6n,t l6'atl, eat - ent fs'arlf, dat -
dnt ftn'anl, car - cn,r [c'anf, uapxa - MnpKa [rrr'dpra], 4ap - 4np [4'ap],
roaa - tflaa [trr'd,saf , uemat - yemnr [ver'a,r], zpax - eplx lrpa'x], rcsa -
, t o t a l t l o t ' a l , H a . u- u n M I H ' a v ] .
2. flpeg rracxa tfoueva [r,] podtm - podnm [poX'i,r], Kynbm- Kynflm
fxjn''s'rf , cnoptm - cnopsm [cnop'r,r], ?lracbm- ztacnm fr nac'\r), 6polrm
- 6podnm [6pdg:br].
3. flpeg r.nacua$oueva [o] zorl - ?bo.tlr' olrl, nosop - no3bop[no:'dp],
nemo- Ilemto [ndr'o].
4. llpel r:racHa$oueva [y] - Kyn - Knn [r'yn], zyx - tnx lt'yx], ryd -
rnm fn'yrl.
flpornaonocratrHero rro MeKocr rBT,pAocr3a pa3r'Ir.I{Hr{Te cl,r:racHr.r
tfoucvu e rBbplle HepaBHouepno,Toaa ce o6qcxssa c Oarfla, qe caMara
KopenarlurB Hclopnrra Ha e3uKace e pa3B(BaJra rrepatnovepHo.Mexlrre
c o H o p H ]c. r r n a c H H[ p ' ] , t . n ' ] , [ u ' ] H a n p n v e pM o r a r A a c e o r K p u r r B A a r e q -
u o r o M u H a r oH a e 3 l t K aI,o K a r o M c K h r ec b r , q 3 c r mS o H e v r [ r ' ] , [ r ' ] , [ x , ] c a
c e n o t B t r J ucr p a B l r u T e r HKo r , c H o c l e a X J V B . - - B 3 a e M r [ o r r rypcKue3rlr.
H a i i - r o l a v a l r p a t H o o 6 p a : u ae r p y r r a r ao r , q y M n B
, K o q r o M e K H T ce t r -
racllu ce cpeuaT npe.qrracrrara [a]. B ra:N rpyfla ce BKJIK]{BaT MeclofiMe-
Hrlt, cl,uecraxTe:rnu, npnJrafarerHlt, frtaron{ t{ rJIafoJIHLI Sopv.u: ulttcoi
[rr'drofi], uttKo/lKo[H'axo,rr<o], mnx fr'axf, (tpttz [6p'ax], enpu [s'i,pa], e:r-
mnp fs' irt p), crne lcu' axf, dru fa' anl, .ultnxo [vn'dxo], dndo fg, itsol, dpntr
flp'auf,,ttmo [t'iro],6tt,t 16'at), c,rtn lc an),zn,tnu [ro,r,iu], 4uf4'atf,
tna l:la$1, cnttza.u fcr'd,raul, 6nza.v [6'irav], etpetx lst pa,i,xl, aopast
Ierpa'A], arpan.t fzt"pu'itlf, uzctpatut [u:sr,pa'drr], u3ttuafl [r:xur'iu],
u3mbpnrut IHclrpn' dH].
Il ro,ruqecraeHoorHourel{aevHoro6pofiHae H rpyrrara Hagyvn u tfop-
M[r, B xorro MeKnre ctr;racHu ce cpeuar nper rnacHara [r,]. 3a pa:.nura
o6aye or Mexltre crrrJtacHrlrrpe/'IrnacHara [a] re uuar crecHeHorloJre3a
oclUIeCTBtBaIle cpellaT ce caMo rrpx rjraro,rrkB ceraurHoapeue u o6pa_
3yBaH]4Te or Hero 6r,geuret 6r,geu1eB MKHaJroro lr nptr llr,reHyBaHe Ha onpe-
AeneHI.I cr,ulecrBuTerHr.r rtMeHa.Clyvanre ca creAHI{Te:
l. flprz r.laro,ru or II cnpexeHue,Konro tlMar oKoHqaHlr,-n (,.t\, -am
( ' t r ) e 1 n . e A . . r .H 3 r r . v s . q . c e r a [ r H o B p e r e : o c f l - t t o c r l m
[ndc'r _
uoc'rrl, upasn upaznm fv.pi,z't -. updz'rr), mynmn mynmtm
frytr'\
- rynr'i,r], oceo6od.q- oceo1odnm ocro6o4'.i;r], cxz,p6st_
locro6ol'i
cxtp6nm [cxrp6'i cxlp6'ir], truc/n .\,tucjtrm[virc,r'r, - uirc,r'.sr), n,ra_
mt n,tamam lr'nar''s n,rar'ir], K/reaemfl, K,leaem.flm [r,reaer'i KJre-
aer'irl, mezr,tn- mez.,tnmfrdrt'.s rdr_l'r,r], Mbwp.fl .r.tbMpnm
[vi;up'r,
124
 ui,up'rr], zopn - zopnm frop'i" rop'i,r], caemn - ceemnm fcedr'.s
cBdr'arl.
Kr,v rasn rpyna ce BKJrK)qBar tr MaJrtK6pofi r,rarolu or I cnpexeuue:
Kan.fl Kannm [rdn'r - rdn'tr], cxy6n cxy(;nm[cxj'6'r, - cr]6'rrf, cmettt
cmetnm fcrdst''s - crd,r'r,r], dpettn dpeunnl [qpdvr E2EM':tTl,rant
xannm fx|n'u xi,vsrl, cunn cunnm lcin'r - citn':trf,6r,6pn 6r6pnm
[6i6p't 6i;6p'rr].
2. flpu vnenyaaueHa c bulecrBHTerHr.r uMeHac HacraBKr..t -mell w -ap, c:-
HaqaBau1u -
nv\a: y\umen y\umennm fyvirrel'r,r], nucdme/r nucametrJtm
[rrcire,r'rr], Hocumal - ttocume)lnm[Hocirre,r'r,r], ceudeme,r ceudeme-
tnm fczuadren' rrf , p a6omodamet - pa6ontodametnm lpa6orogiren'.sr],
uzo6pemame,t - uso6pemume,tnn
[u:o6perire:r'trl, cexpemuT.t ceKpema-
pstm lcexperdp"r,rl, tr et esuu,rop )tce.te3 u\aprLm [xe,re:xnuip'rr], pu-
6ap- pu6apnm Ipn6ip'rr], 6ltocuap (tpt,crrcpnnt [6prcuAp'.lr], ?noa.tmqp
? na + am op t m I r . n a a a r a p ' r , r ] .
IIpr va,rrr 6poi (oro;ro.qecerrasa)c brlecrBxreJrHH,Kofiro rrph r{reHy-
BaHeBb3crarroBrBarcrapara cK MeKocr:dett - dert.qm[neu'i,r], :em .te-
mnm fzdr'rlr), xorr xornm lxdu'.ttf , oeut ott rr:rmfdrun':.. rl, Llup tlu-
pnm [udp'rrl, cbu .cbtnm [cr,rr'ir], rpa-r xpu,urm lrpd .t rf, taxtm ,
taKbmtm ltd,rt r':.^rl, nam ntmnm ltir',t:rl, rtor<tn - uoxamsrmfrud-
rTr'rr].
Hai-valxa e fpynara or AyMlt! B Korro HMaMexn c,r,r;racrnr [peA fJrac-
Hute [o] a [y]. Cpeqar ce flpeAHMHoB uMeHaor qyxA rrpotr.txoJJ.. Kbopul
[r'dparf], zrot lr'onl, .,tt,ocln'ocl, cto.u,zalc'dura], utoy')oop[ruo$'dp],
utr,ot fraz' dlf, uortmoop fv our' dpl, Qputuop [$pu:'dp], no::r,oplloz,, itpl,
n u r c u o pf n u x ' i l p l , r r o n I x ' y n ] , . ' r o , r rI r ' y v ] , i ) n u t e x l f y u d x l , c n . a t e m
[c'yxdr], 6tocm [6'yctl, de6nm lye6'yrl, nrope lt'pd], peznue fpet'yud),
mtomntr lr'yr'yn], rrn.r frr'yx], npnn lrp'yul.
B,4yvn or cnaB.,rHcKn npol.r3xollcaMo c,brnacHara[n] e uena upeA r.trac-
rrara [o] n [y]]. Ilpel rrracHara [y] ce cperua B KopeHHHv,op$ovn: ttn:t6oa
ln'y6d$),,r rottxult'y nxal,,ttont [,r'j,n'r],6,rrodo[6 y1'o],a upcArracHa.ra
Io] a HacrarKara -jbo Iplr crqecrB]trerHH Haprrqare tuu.. ipun-,rco
[aprinr' o], t uz,tao lnir t' ol, .vbp /1bo [vi,p,r' o], p eet ro fpduv.n' ol.
P a : l u q r r u c r , r J r a c H lc. ra M e K r r r p e , qr n a c H a r a I o ] n p t o 6 p a : y e a H eH a
r a l r b o B l r I tcl b u l e c r B r j r e r H k c o 6 c r g e r r u u v . e w a :R o i t a o I K d L r ' o ] , B a a a o
[Bdn'o), Eomn [Bdr'o], ITemto ltli'r'ol.
$ 96. flo:n{u[ Ha Heyrpa.q[fauns Ha nporH BorrocraBflfiero rro Me-
Kocr - TBT,pAocr,C;ra6Hrro3HuHH t-r"rnrro3]rrlxrr!B Ko[To Hacr],rrBaHeyr-
pan[3arrr4rHa gn$epeuquarr{ur npr{3HaK Mexocr rBl,p.qocr,ca cjreAH[Te:

125
 1. B no:uqllx npel npelHr.rre r,racuu [u, e], rugero ce H3roBaprr caMo
TBl,pAl, ctrracHu, 6aun - 6axu, 3avn 3evu, xodn - xoduul, 6ets - o6eten,
unpa - usuepeu, 6nt 6elrtt, cunz - ctte)tceH.
B ra:u nognuu.r Morar,qa ce H3toBoptr u caMo oMeKqeHr.tc'brracHl..t,Ho
B r.r3foBopaHa Jrnua c u:rouuo6r,lrapcKa AHaJTeKTHa ocHona: cezo [c'dno],
ueeo fn'i,rol, dert fl,'eu), euuo fz':ar:ol, eurcau ln'irxaw), dz,lz [g'n\,r]. Me-
Klrrr H3roBop B Te3u c,-ryqaue a,roQoHenH nopaArrroBa e rtl,tuleHor BcrKaKBa
{roHororuuHa croiiso cr.
tr4:roaopr,r caMo Ha rBbp,qn nnll caMo Ha vexn (ouer<veHn) c'lrlacul
npeA npeAHr{TerJracHr.le B c r,ulHocTe,qHaoT pa3nHKrrTeB r]po143HocHTeJrHltTe
oco6enocrr Ha 3arraAHure rr H3ToqHHTe6tlrapcrn Alta:reKTlt.V s enuaut,
rzB Apyrnr cryqafi o6a.re uo:uL(Hsra e c,ra6a:a QoHeMHonporrrBonocraBrHe
MexAy Mer(r u TBr,p.q cbfracHu.
$ 97. Or cr,rqn.naro$oHeu rrrn e n MeKHrr lt3roBop Ha crrlacxure [r, r,
x, l] s no:Nqur rpe! rlracHnre [r, e], xoiiro e o6rqo6r,,rrapcra npo[3Hocr{-
rcrHa oco6errocr : z epoi Ir' epdn], . ulv truc muKa fr' wuwdc-ruxaf , xepeau
[r'epndH], /'adre [Pdrr'e], Xc,u1c [X'evyc] , ruutt lx' nun], nyxu fv.yx' itf,
tuna fn' ntaf, tecett fl'dc'euf.
2 . B n o : u u u r n p e A c ' b r J r a c H uK, b A e r o c e r { 3 r o B a p r r c a M o r B r , p A r .cr a r n a c -
u l l . n o r l t . - n o , , t c x u ,6 a t t n 6 a t t c x u , 4 e n n , 4 e n x u , c e l n - c e d t r u , r u a p x
utalKu, (6uplt cnupKa, maoptr ntaop1u.
Merr crl:lacHu npeA cbrJracrrHce cpetl(ar caMo tso[pelenetrt.t.qnaneKTHu
K o l c o l a u r r r r i c l r c r e M l u c a u e r ' l o [ y c l x M u B K I I l t x o B H I t rr - I 3 r o B o p [: 6 o l ' r r u -
q a l , [ 6 i . r r ' x y ] ,I x d r r ' c x u ] .
3. I) xpaa Ha .qyMara, Kr,.qeroce lr3roBaprr caMo rBr,pAr.rc.t rJtacH a nhm
nz,ntnnt, iett dettnnt, du.tt itt.tt:t, ctt,t co.t'.
Meru cr,l..uacrlt B Kpar rra ryMarlr nogo6uo Ha MeKu c.bfracHfi [peII TBcp-
An Cr,fnacHlr CC CperqaT CaMOB JIlraJreKTHIt KOITCOHaHTHI
CnCreVn: [CO,r'],
[rou'], [nrr'], [:rer'] u q p .

T a 6 , r r j r r u7
C l | r E x u c n a 6 xn o 3 f i u r r H a n p o r f i B o n o c r a B q H enroo M e K o c -r T D a p l o c r

llpea:a.rlrrrr,raoruIa, r,, o, y] +
IlpcI npcjllu r',racrru
Ir.r,c]
B xpaec,'roruc
+
3a 6cn ex( a : 3 l r a x l ' r n , ' l r c c0 3 a q a B aH a r H ' t q e ,a 3 l r a x 6 TM H H y c- n t n c a H a n p r 3 H a t ( a ,

126
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$ 98. B ronconaHrnaracHcreMaHa6rlrapcrur e:ur Qonerr,rara [fi] :aeua

oco6enono:roxegue, Bcuqru cT,rJracHH $oHeulr ce opraHn3hparr.tJrlt B Ko_
peraUurra no 3ByqHocr 6e::nyvuocr, finH B KopeJraq[qrano MeKocr _
TB6p.qocr - rr3BbHBcTKaKBH KopeJrarr.lBHr{
orHorrreHH.,I ocraBacavo Qonel,aa_
ra [it]. Ilopaau roBa or rre,qltule na Qouolorurra rr He Moxe ga 6r,ge r.na-
crQr.rqupaua Hr.tror(aroMera, 3aIr1oroHrMarB,bp,q(openar, HrrroKaro 3Byq_
Ha,3auloro uava 6e::ayueH xopeJrar,
Oono.norzqHorocbAapxaHeHa [i] ce H3qepnBa c npr.r3HaKa
r,rari4otocr,
(oiTo He ce cr,atpxa B Htro erHa rpyra cbr:tacHa
$oueua.
OyuxquoHalnara crofinocr Ha [ii] no orHo[teHHeHar;racHara
[r.r]ce,qo_
Ka3Baor HaJlllqueroHa MLIHIIMaJ,IHLI geofixu or rur a ua meo _ meou, ceoi
- caou, zepoir - zepou. flporuronocraarnero
[i] - [n] e $ouoloruvecnll
3HaqlIMol He no3BoJrrBa Aa ce pa3rnexna [fi] raro Bapr{aHTHa rJraclrara
Qoxerra[u]. B norora ua pevra o6aqeB onpeleneHHno:l.rr1llu gaere $oHevr
xoper[par noMexAy cn! B pe3ynrar Ha Koero ce rroryqaBaraloQonun pea-
rll3allltlr, B3aHMHlt3aMeHHI-IpenyBaHHt. BcH.Ixo rosa IIoKa3aa.qe BlrIDeKt,t
{roHevuara caMocrorreJrHocr ua [ii] no orrrouteHne Ha rnacHara [ul rs cc
flaMlrpa IJr,B tpyttrqroHa,rrra Bpb3Ka H 3aBriclrMocr.
B norora Ha peqra rpoHernrara[fi] ce g bpxu Karo cotlopHa c,br,qacHa:Karo
BcHqxr cbrracllH u Ii] o6paryea cpur.rKnc rlracrra ,.uo
[irit-ua], nuu fiay-
nul, il,tmo [fio-ro]l Karo BllqKH corropHn c.rrrjracH[ He ce o6e::sytana
[ft]
B cr,ceAcrBo c 6e::ayvHa ctrJracrra .uuixu, c,tueeite, uuicmop.
H a p e , 4c r e 3 H K o H c o H a r r r H ux a p a Kr e p K c r H x n o 6 a q e
[i] ce pa:lavara o,r
cbrJracnlire no cBorra Aucrpu6yt\uz u cbqeraeMocr
[fi] voxe 1a ce c.rrqe_
TaBacaMo c rnacHr.t,o6paryaafirl c rrx c.bqeraHri, or gnsronr.uven rnrr, Ho
r e M o x e A a c e c B T t p x ec b c c b f r a c H a a g a o 6 p a : y n a c H e , K o t r c o H a r r r H o
c b q e r a H n e .B c [ q r o r o s a r o x a 3 B a , u e S o H e u a r a
[il] e oco6eH eug $oHer"la,
Korro ts rroroKa Ha peqra lrMa pa3HocrpaHuo rotse.qeHUe.B ro:s cvncr,,r
pa3ruqHure onpeleneuHr Ha [ii] xaro corropHa, :nyvua
QpnxartBHa c.rrrlrac-
Ha, [onyrlacHa r,rnonycr,r.]IacHa lre ca -llIitIIeHHOT OCHOBaHITfl.
$ 9 9 . B a p n a n r x x a [ i i ] . B n o r o r a H a p e q r a B 3 a B H c H M o cor . r . r i 3 r o B o p H r n
crr,rJl,or rro3uur4rra r.i y.{aperrrero QoHellara
[f] ce octuecrnrta no,q Qop_
Mala Ha pa3nuqHI B3pfiaHTfi.
flpn evoquoualuo-6yxnerr ri3roBop rxyMoBara cr,craBKa ce 3aca:rea u
Iii]
BbB Bcr.tqKu no3r.tqnKce pearH3Hpa Karo 3ByqHa
QpnxarurHa cr,r,racrra. <Dpr-
KATUBEH BAPI'AHTMOXE AA CC NOJIYqUC],UIOB HAqAJTOTO HJIHB KPA, HA AY.
Mara, axo [i] e a cr,veraHne c y,qapeHanpelxo.qHa nrrr c;re.qxolHa r;racHa:
xtuu firilttul, ri-u [iiav], nzoda fidrogal. o6uvair, noroi. Opurarnarrara cr,c-

127
TaBKaHaMaJrrBa lf,rr:/..,
H3ee3Ba, aKo rjlacHara, c Kotro ce cB6p3Ba[i], e 6e3
y,qapeHne: u.nxoi, xuxort, ctyuait, fropdau, ftoma4un.
B nosuqH.rMexry ,qBerracHn B 3aBr.rclrMocr or yaapeHlreron3rbBop'br
Ha[fi] ce:ana:na hrl e c reHAeHrrurKr,M3Haql.rrerHo orcJtabBaHe. Aro rlac-
Hara, c Korro [i] ce cnr,p:ra, e tro,{ylapeuu, [3roBop6r ua [fi] ce 3ana3Ba:
6on l6oiail, 6pon l6poir\), denme,t fae dten), zanrceau fzairdrzav'l, rcunma
fxaitlraf, paiou.
Koraro Ili] rpaHHqHc bc c.ne,qxoAHa crr,racHa,He3aBucHMo or roBa, ,[arlr
npeAxoAHarafracHa e y,qapeHa, HJrHHe, r,r3foBop'br Ha [fi] ce 3alfla3Ra:. pa3-
ce na.u,,turtcixa, ycmpoiea.ttt,neitatr, x.tefi.uo,aofiuu.
C rnrp.Eeorc-na6Hana peann3auHre [fi] c.negueyaapeHur.{yaapeHnnpea-
Hr{r,rrc.HH:n^ytun l2o17u]al..ua_mepun fvardpu"a]. Co,QunlCdbn'a!, nup
nutt lnaprw" a), nun lni"a],6un l6i''sl, enonet fer.or.dna),cuen lcvd''a].
BapuaurNre Ha [ii] ca cBbp3aHH noBe.rec n3roBopHr{Jt crlrJl t.'tB rro-MailKa
crelen c rro3r.rrlrrra.IIpn ncnuxlrc,rryuarr,rafi,4oraraxapaKTepr.rcrr{Ka e oc-
rtoBHara.Ilro :rauto r 6rrrrapcxlr.r e3lrK e rpy]IHo aa ce oraer,{T aBa rltna
o a p H a H T Hr l p r x a r n n e t rH H e c p n xq o r t l o p e H .
$ 1 0 0 ,f l o : n q u x H a y r r o r p e 6 ar r a [ i ] . @ o r r e v a r a[ i i ] c e c p e u l ac a v o x p a i i
r;racHlr,c xouro o6pa:ysa gu$roHruuHr ctr{eraHr.rr(uelrcrrHcxu gur}rou-
r u ) . I l a p n v a l c e g u r l r o r r r n v n l i ,3 a r l o r o c a c b q e r a H n eo r , q B a p a 3 H o p o a H r . r
c,reMellTil r,rlacuafl cr,rlracua - r BceKHearH or rtx :anasaa Qolevnara
cr cavocroirHocl. [oxa:are,rcrro 3a roBa e r Qaxrr,r, ve Ha vopQevnara
r p f , f fH I t rr c M o r a r , [ a c c p i ] 3 K b c B t rH , J r p .? r l ' ) 1 1 t e p o - i t , m , . r u i t- . l d - u h m ,
t t 6 u v u t i- o 6 u v a - i r m .
K a r o r p e x o g e r re r e M e r r r[ i r ] c e c p e r u aa c J I e A H I . InTeer c r v e r a u u r : [ i i e ] ,
[ i i a ] , I i l o ] , [ n y ] , [ n r ] . B r , r Q o u e r u u r a r ac r p y K r y p aH a O a n r a p c r a r aA y M ae
H e B r , 3 M o x ucoa M oc b q e r a r r u e r oI i i u ] . f l o r n u u u r e , a K o H T oc e c p e u l a rc ' r , q e -
T A H H ' T T A .C A C J I E I H T T C :
l . B uaqa;roro ua gywara: [iia] ,r,u [[av], :tcrto liracuol, np* [itirpt x];
[no] iod, i'lortxLt,iona4un; liy) ltl,, fiiyr], nuu liiywul, wax litywixl;
[ne] ietyun, itepapxutr, iepoz,rufu. Cr,qerasne [iie] r raru no3llqnr ce
cpeula B HrKo,rKollyMH oT qyxa [poH3xo.qH e c TeHAeHrIur.qa ce pa3pyun,
xaro [ii] ornaAa r.r;ruce 3aMecrBac r,qacHaralu), cpz. tlesyum ue3yum -
esyum, iepapxun uepapxun epopxun.
Ctqerauuero [iir,] n uara:roro Ha,{yMara He ce cpeua.
2. B cpegnc,ronue:Iiia] - Hacmo.saa IHacroftirav], 6onzm f6oi.z'irz'su),
porx fpoii?rx],nputmer [npufidrer]; fi.to) .uaiop, paiou,6aiotrcm; firel
doaiieu, Soiepaepr. Crueranrero Iiie] a cpeguc,roBHe, KaKTor.ra HaqaJroro
Ha AyMara, e c reHIeHuHr Aa ce onpocrH c r{3[aAaHeHa [fi] doaet, fioep-
aepK.

t28
 3. B xpaecnorue: lfial - uden fnadita), cmaa fcrd af, enonen
[enondfia],
cmamyn fniryiaa]; fits) nen [ndfirf, cmon [c.rofiil, een fadfir]; litol
Mapuio, Cmoio, Ileiio. C,lqeraxne [fie] n ra:n no3r,rul.r,He ce cpeula.
Karo clegxoner eJreMeHT[fi] ce cperua B urecr c]qeraHrl.f, B cJreAHrrre
II 03I-TU I.IH :
1. B uaqaroro Ha nyMara: lairl - aitpnu, ai.erp, ai,rtx;
[yirl _ yrtduceau,
yiidopiuuta. Tr,fi xaro B Ta3t4 o3nrJtt ce cperlar caMore3k ABecbqeraHu,
B AyMr.r,lr3KjrroquTeJrHo qyxAH rro npou3xoa,Moxe Aa ce cMeTHe,qe 3a Ha_
qaJroroHa 6:urapcxara AyMaro3rl rHn caqeraHn{ He
ca xapaKTepHu.
2. B cpegnc:rosue: fairl cafieaum,manea; luial nuiua, napmufixocm,
ucmopuilrca;feit], neixa, deiuocm; [oit) - rcpoixa,yno rca,eoieoda;
fyfif
nyfixa,pyfirto,6yuno.B razunosHrIHrrie ce cpeqa caMoct qeraHnero
[r,fi].
3. B rpaec,roouece cpeula.ruecrre c,br{eranl{,cac creIxotrHa ctcraBra
[fi]: [ail] - o6u,raii,rcpaeai, c,tyuai; lwfrl - uampui, rcatuii, 6ui; [efi] , xo_
putfei, ,recuuuei, zeozdei; lyfi) - myn, ouyi;
[t it] _ mfi.
Btn Qoueru.rHaracrpyr(Typa ua 6r,.nrapcxara.qyMaHe ce rbpn.{T
ABe
rroc;re.{oBareJrHr.t 4utfrorruunn cbqeraHHq.14:x,trcqeHne npaBrr caMo ABa
r,tarola or ] cnpexeHHer.rrexHlrre npon3Bo.qHH: etunn fatuitititt l, noeauntt,
c tuut fcu it i.i,i's),za c ua n.

yABOEHH CbrJrAcHI{

$ l0l. VgaoeuH cr,r;racHxce nonyqaBar xa vop$evHara rpaHnqa npn

cJr[BaHeHa rrpeAcraBxaH KopeHH KopeHH HacraBKa.B re:u clryqau, aKo
TexHlrrerpafiHH:nyxore cbBlalar, npn H3roBopce y.q,bnxaBar: ommezrxlt,
uaooaaoM,aoeHtru.
Br,npexn qe B orAeJrHH c:ryqax y.{t,JrxaBaHero
Ha c,brJracuarac.lryxu 3a
pa3rr.tqaBaHeHa HrKor4cloroQopvl.r, He Moxe Ia ce cMrra, ve ro e c
$ouo_
norHqHacroiHocr, r'1fi xa,Ioe Ha,ruqegry$oHeMHocar{eraHr.t€! rrJreHLMo Ha
uop$eunara rpaHr{ua:fau) - rcopoua- KopoH_tn,cmeHa, cmeH-Ha, _
fI{A)
noda - nod-dan, xadyuan - uad-dy.uau.
B aprnrylaqnoxHo orHotrreHr.ie x3roBopr,THaynBoeHHTe c.r,rJracHHe pe_
3yJ'ITaT
OT eAHHyqJleHHTeJreH aKT C yntnxeHo BpeMeTpaeHe, a He oT IBe
IIocJIeAoBaTeJHI-t apTHKynaunoHHrl .qBH'(eHHr.
B 6r-nrapcrnl e3uK Morar Aa ce ylBorBar carJracHHTe
[r,4, c, :] xaro
xpafrHn eneMeHTu Ha npe,qcraBKHreom-, sad_, nod_, nad_,6e2_, uz_,pas-,
cBfJlacHara [n] or uacraarara -e cre!.rtfla1.aHe Ha rJlacHara
[e] n n cr,acer,r
ofpaHr.rqeHxcJIyqaH c'brJlacHara [B] Karo cy$lrxc npu HrKoH rraroJrr{.
l. Cr,rnacsara [r] ce ygnolaa B cneaHnre cnyqau:

9. rFr.nE q dp.6ur..t. Oudrn

129
 a) npu cBlp3BaHeHa npe.(craBKaom- c (opeH, 3ano.{Ba[Icrc cnuracHa
lrf: omma,+t, ommu4a.M, ommou6a-M, ommyr,raa, ommpoueaM,ommpbH*a^t,
omme2rlaM,ommeHbK:
6) npu crr,p:tane Ha npeAcraBxHrezad-, nod-, xad- c xopeu, 3anoqBauI
ctc c'brJracHa [r]. B pe:y,rrar na perpecnBHaraacrlMHJraurlr rIo 3ByqHocrce
no;ryqaBac'bqeraH[ero [rr): nodmurc[ndrrlrx], nodmuuaau [norrirvear"r],
nodmosxa [ndrrdvxa], uadm elc a eau I Harrexda av], uadmuuau fuarrit-
vaul;
a) npn u.neuyeaue uMeHaor xeHcKrrpo,qu qucJrurer-
Ha cr,ruecrBr{TeJrHr.r
Hrr,3aBap[Bau1ltua frf: cmapocmma,utadocmma, npoJxemma, 6otecmma,
mpe3aocmntd,nemme,utecmme,decemme,deaicemme.
2. Cr,r:racsara [a] ce ylgossa B cne,uHr{re cJryqa[:
a) nplr crrp:nane Ha npeacraBKnresad-, nod-, xad- c ropen, 3anoqBa[l
cr,c c'brJracHara[l]: zaddyuaecxu,saddo6pydxaucxu, noddaeau ce, nod-
dupexmop,noddpt:crxa,noddtptca.u, rruddaaa.u, uaddetn, uaddyuau, uad-
iaerca;
6) npn crr,p:aane Ha xopeHHltvop$ervrnB paMKr.{re Ha cJroxHaraAyMa:
nemdueaerL IndagHdseH],nemdecemIne.qlecdr],utecmdecemIurecggecdr].
3. Cr,r.nacuara[:] ce yqsorna B crreAHr.rre cryqah:
a) npn cnrp:naue Ha rrpelcraBKr{Te 6ez-, uz-,pat- c KopeH,3auoqBau{ cl,c
cbfJracHara lzf: 6ezsarcotrue, 6essaeemeu,6etseyueu, 6eztz,6,6ezzto6ert,
us:udau, u33uvyauw,tts:o6oau, u33e aaM,u33auut,pa33er1etrcr, pa33eMt,
pd 3:tuH6uM:
6) rpn acnvn.nartnrHa crrracHara [:] or npeAcraBx[re 6es, -us-, pas-
c e y A B o e B a c b r ; r a c H a r a l c l : 1 e : c u u c t e u [ 6 e c c r i . r i c . n e H ]1, e z c n u p e r t
[ 6 e c c n i r p e H ]6, e z c n o p e r[r6 e c c n d p e u ] ,6 e s c p o v e u[ 6 e c c p d v e H ] 6
, escmpa-
r.uer [6eccrpdureuf, uzcxota Iuccrdva], u3ceroa.M[nccd.neav], u3cunaeM
[uccrinaav], pa:cad Ipdccar], pa3csupn lpacczirpxl,pazcadar [pacci,4tr],
pascen lpaccd.t),pascmpoiaan Ipaccrponav], pc scz,uafpacci'an).
4. Cr,r-nacnara[H] ce ygao.nnaB cnerHxTecnyqa[:
a) npl'lnpxJaraTeJ]Hr.i or xeHCKH!cpe,qeH poA r{ MHoxecrBeHoqr.rcro,aKo
B M6XKU pOI 3aB.bpUBaTHA - et!: cmexeH _ cmeHHo _ cmeHHa cmeHtu,
mete$oueu - metetf otttto mete()ouua , metefiowtu, MaruuHeH, Matuult-
O - MATUUHHA - I4AU|UHHU,CeH3A4UOet! _ Cetr3a4uottHu,no3uquoHe n0_
3u4uoHHo - no3u4uo a no3uquortHu, paioHetr paioutto _ paioHrr(l
paioHIru, ecetrcH- eceHHo- eceHHa- eceHHu,KopoHeH- KopoHlto , KopoHHa
- KO?OHHU.
B npnlarare:rur, npr.r KoHro fracHara [e] ue n:nana ar,e
Sopuara ua
xeHcKH r.r cpe.qeHpo4 er[HcrBeHo qucJlo, c]rnacHara [n] ue ce y,qBorBa:
KoHHuK,neceHHuK,nyHHUK,c?,ape eturuK, Cmpa uK,.
n) lpu nnxo:rxo rtarora: dpouua, zez,uua.
5. Crrlacsara [n] ce yano.nra B r-qaro:lK cr,c 3HarreHr.re
Ha vcroaHocr:
nua6aM, pe66aM, 3 eMAAA,M.

130
 CbqETAEMOCT II 3ByKOBLI IPOMEHI{

AI,ICTPI.IEYIINq I,I CbqETAEMOCT HA TJIACHIITE

$ 102, B:se Qoueruurn.r crpoex Ha 6l:rrapcxara AyMa r;racHure ce cb_

qeraBarrrpeAHMHo cbc c r,rJracHrr.
Boxa,tHxrecbtreraHr.r,
ca tro-pegrnlr Hafi-
o6qo xapaxrepx3upar qyxAa no npo[3xoA AyMa. qpe3 aKTr.rBHoro BoKaJr_
Ho-xoHcoHaHTHo cr'qeraBaHece lr:6qrsa crpynBaHeHa car;racHr.r.
B lo:uuns npeA ctrJracHaBcrKarJtacHaB yAapeHoHJrl B HcyAapeHono-
JloxeHlieMox(eAa ce crqeraBa c xorro I{.qa e cr,f,[acHa.B rrorrqrr
c,re.[
ct'rllacHa o6aqe HacranBar ofpaHfiyeHHr, Ha,!oxeHH or KopeJlar{l-rqra
no Me_
xocT - TBI,pAOCT.TB'rpgnre carllacHK ce c,bqeTaBaTC BCrKa
r.JracHa,a Me_
Kr.rrecaMo cac 3a.qHHTerlacnlr [a, r, o, y]. B 6r,rrapcxnl KHHxoBeH
e3r{K
cbqeTaHXt OT MeKn ct'rjracHH u npe.qHlrf_rlacHHca HecbBMecTllMH.
Ilo olHouteHte IIa rBr,pAHTe H MeKr{Tec,LfJIacHHce pa3ru.ratsar
cre.[Hnre
no3r.rqnrHa y,qapeHnTer.ilieynapeHxTe fnacHx.
L flo orHouteHre Ha rBaplr.rre c,r,rr,racur.i:
a) ur-lacla + rBbpAa cBrracHa (fC) a nava,roc"toaue..udeau,
uepa; edbp,
eiutt; z'zo,r,bz.4oaom; apvufl, anput; o\epK, o,upa3a; ydap, yp<tx;
6) rBlp.qa clr:racHa + r,racHa + rBLpAa c6rracHa (CfC) I
cpeguc,,roarie:
pu6u, pu6ap, aeK, ae.tuK; nbnr, nbmeKe,. aatrc, na3ap,.
mouxa, eoda; xyx,
.uyxu:
;) rrr,paa cbrJlacHa + uacHa (Cf) n xpaec,roa ve..novmu,
catcdu; rte6e,
tdpaee; tema [uerll, nupoda
[Hapo.qr]; cz,d6a,6yrcea; do6po, uz,dpo; noty,
00)tv.
2. IIo orHouresue Ha Mexr.rrcclrJracrrH:
a) uacua + MeKa carracHa (fC,n Ha qa,!ocJroBrre j l:lttuo, utrr.tzun; etur,
emnd; Acn, arlo3ut; orm, o6na,.teuue:ysnxsa
:
6) vera c'lrlacHa + rnacHa + Mexa carjracHa (C'fC,) B
cpenllcroBrre:
llnpn, U3tA.n 6AM; r1to/tt K, mpm nH ;
r) vera cruacHa + r,'racHa (C'f) n rpaec,roBue: sbpmn
[ar,pr,i;], aod:r
lsds'\1,cedn[ce dl,6aun [6iw'a); curtio.
3. flo oruonesue Ha MeKHl rBbp.qn caf-[acHH:

t3l
 a ) u e x a c a f ; r a c H a + r r a c H a + r B b p l a c r , r J I a c H a( C ' f C ) : e t p e n m
pas detnu [paagdr'av];
fnr,pr'i,r], nucamennm[nncire.l'tr]; 6n,t 16'att],
)voHmbop,Kboce,lnm fn'yr), tn6oa [l'y6dS]
6) rrr,pla cauacHa + rtacHa + MeKacr,rracua (CfC):dupn, du'vt; ned.s'
3ew.fl;Kbn.fl,mz,dnea;6aun, xutndapxa; Hocfl,Kor.ntrc;6ypn,6y'tt'ou.
Ta6nt-lIIao

A crpxbyuxc fia rracHfiTe flo orHorne{{e Hs carrac|| re

n o311r.lt{t
fnacH
rc- fc'- cfc -cf crc' cfc -c'f c'fc'
tl + +
e +
+ +

a J' + +
+ + +
't-
v +

3 a 6 e,r e x x a: Cxo6ure o3ttaqaBarl]orclrl]ua,ltlaBI'3Moxllocr 3a notBa ua lracllara B

nOCO'lCllOTO KOllCOBallTllO C'l,CeIcTao

flpe.{Hure uacHLI [Ir] [e] r xov6unarnBHlrre rl{noBe C'fC, -C'f n C'IC'

no crpyKTypHlr npItqHHIr He MofaT aa ce notBtBaT.
I.nacnara [r] He ce cpeua trpe,u MeKa c'bf.IlacHaB Haqaroro Ha AyMara
(IC') u vexly aBe MeKH cl'rracHlt (C'lC') I HarHqH[q Jle(cnxaJres Mare-
puar. Ilpeura or crpyxrypeH xapaKTep 3a rlotBa Ha rJlacHara [r'] a ra:lt
no3[unr HrMa. Cauoro ce orHact 3a r.]racHara [o] a roll6ltrarnBHllt rl.ltr
C'l-C' n 3a rracHara [y] a rov6uuarnBHHflrl.t[ -C'f.

f,tacuu I cvqemsHue c z./racvu

S f03. B 6r,,rrapcrua e3l{x cr,qeraHutra or rJIacHac rJIacHaca rB},pAe

peaxu n ce cpeuar npernMHo B qyxgll no [pou3xoA,qyMH.B 3aBucnMocr
or rro3r.ruHrra cpeaan,rn xpafi Ha,qyMara- ce na6.nrogasa
- HaqaJIo, no-va:r-
Ka nlx cpaBHnrerHorlo-ro.lrtMa Boxa.]IHa
cbqeraeMocr. Br'a $onernvutlr
crpoex Ha 6r,lrapcxara ,qyMaMoxe aa HMaclqeraHllt or,qBe r,racnn. Ct-
qeraHur or rpll rnacHH Morar.qa ce cpeulHar B ayMll olryxg npolrio4:
MAOU37>.M,
flo otuouesue Ha yaapeHlreroce cpeular rpu TI'InaBoKarHHc:bqeraHut:
l. flrpruxr ulen or cbqeraHfieroe c yaapeH[e,a sropnlr 6e: yAapenue:
dym, x,tdyu, 6yex, cmdu, zdy6u4a.

132
 2. Bropuxr.r.:renor ctqeraHrrero e c yAapeHr.re, a rr6pBr.r.,rr 6er ygapenue:
oopma,cxudp. 6aip, uayxa. 6od.
3 . I l r p e u r r H B T o p u r r q J r e Ho r c , b q e r a H r , r e r o
ca 6e: ygapenne:
ayduetulun,yeduuduue,rcouci,tyuu,cmyduo,pdduo.
Ha q a I H ara n o 3 uu nr orpaHr.IqaBa o K a r , I H acrtaq e r a e M o c r .K a r o
rrbpBuqJreHce cpeurar caMo rJracHHTe [a, o, y], ronro o6pa:ysar c.br{era_
uuna laul, [ae], [ay], [oa], [yx] H [ye].
f;racnara [a] a y.uapenoHnH B HeyAapeHonoJroxeHr,re cc cB.r,p3Ba c:bc
cneAHHTe rracHra,Ho B H3Krtorruretnoqyx,uHno npon3xo.q,qyMH:
faul: Au_
da;-lael: aepoduHsn4uka,aeponnaH; lao): aopma, iopur*;
lay): aymincun,
aydueuqun,ayna, aym. B na.nrqxN.a Jre(c[KareHMarepHaJrHa 6r,lrapcrn.r
e3r.rK Jl.trrcBarclqeraHur [aa] u [at] B HaqaJroroHa.[vMara.
f:racHara [o] n neylapeuo noJroxeHHe ce cBr,p3Ba eAnHcrBeHo c fJracHara
_-
[aJB qy)I(Anno npol.t3xoaAyMH- OA3UC - H B ,qOMaUHr.r ,{yMr.r, KoraTor{fpae
poJlrra Ha lpeQnxc oaeHtr.
flacnara [y] r ygapeuor.rHeynapeHono;roxenxe ce cal,p3Ba
, - c r;racHara
[e] n govanrnu AyMHKaro npe$nrc - yeduxeuue,yedpaea,tt,yedrtarcaneau,
ye n c r-nacHara[u] n .ryxgara no npoH3xo,qI yMa yucKu. C gpyrr.rre
rracHli rracHara [y] He ce caqeraBa.

T a 6 n Hq a g
BoKarfia c6'reraeMocr B Bsqa,!oro! cpeAara x Kpaf, t|r
lyMara

L p e A u c r o B H a r a n o 3 r . ru H r e x a f i _ 6 , r a r o n p l r r r H3aa
crqeraHurra
Ha rjracHa IL'IK)CfJIaCHa.B ra:u nosHuu-gBctxa rJIacHac h3KJIK)qeHI,Ie
Ha
fracHara [rs] r.aoxega 6r,.qexarro n6pB].r,TaKaIl BTOpH{JreH
Ha BOI(aJTHOTO
cr,qeTaHHe.
l.nacnara [n] n ygapeno u HeynapeHonoroxeHue ce cBap3Ba
crc c;rel_
Hrlre rJracHr.r:fuul: excnponpuupa*t;
[uel: npueu, 6ymouiepa, sapueme:

133
fua]: eapuaum, nuqHo,?eHuareH;luof: cxuop, 6uona, uduom; fuyf: xoucu-
truyM, ko Hc op4uy M, n4opamop uy['t.
flacnara [e] r y.uapexor{ B HeyaapeHonoJIoxeHIIece cBap3Bacr'c cJle,q-
Hr{re rracHH: len): eepeuu,eceucm,xodeux; feel'. udeeu, edpeeHe,3eeHef
fea): oxean, udea,tex,zeHearroeufl; leo): opeot, anomeo3,udeatozun; feyl:
HeyK,HeyMecmeH, HeympaneH.
Ilacsara [a] n yaapeuo H B Hey.qapeHo no;IoxeHllece cBr'p3Bac'bccrea-
rrrrre rJracHH:fau):6aup, KautuKa,a3du.uHocm;fael: saeu, zadaeue,saex-
eau laa]'. 3adHeaJtupa.t4,3aaxKaa,M,KoHmpaamaKysa,v:faol: xaotuu, sao6-
./reu,3so6uKar.a ; layl'. uayxa, zay6u4a, ea?ay3uH.
f::acsara [o] r ylapeuo H B Hey,qapeHo noiloxeHl{ece cB6p3Bacr'c cn€A-
Hrrre rJracHH:louf: 6poume,r,npousaodcmeo,daou4a; loel: deoeu, xpoatr,
eoeaoda; foal: aoa,t, KroaKo, eKcn,loama4ux;lool: edrnox, edrtoo6pasue,
3oomexHukd,foyl: x,roytt,ocmpoy.ueu.
fuacnara [y] s yaapeHoH B HeyaapeHonoJIoxeHI.Ie ce cBBp3Bacac creA-
Hrre rracrni: lyu] pyuua, esaKyupa.u,uyum: [ye): 6ye4 cyemet4 tteuu-
rtye,v;lyaf: au3yaneu,esaKya4un;lyol: aupmyotnocm.
K p a e c Jr o B H a r a n o 3 H u n r B cpaBHeHHe c6c cpe,qnclroBHara e
cpaBltlrrenHono-orpaHHrleHa 3a crr{eraHHr Ha fJracHarrnrcc fJracHa,Ho H
no-6.naronpulrHaor a6co,lrctHoro rrarrarotla AyMara. 14 e ratr no3ltqnt,
KaKTo11B ApyrHTe,rJracHara[r,] He ce cBT,p3Ba c Irn(ot Apyra rnacHa.
l',racHara[r] o ynapeHou B Hey,qapeHo noJroxeHuece cBap3Bac6c cneA-
Hr.rrer.lracHx:luul: uuu, o6a4uu, 3ttuu; lue): rcpe1ue, acmpoetrue,nLtel
ltrol'.puduo, o,tuo, cmyduo; luy] nuy-nuy.
hacnara [e] r ylapexo H B Hey,qapeHo no;roxeHre ce cBT,p3Ba ct'c c;rea-
Hhre rJracHH:lew): rrcu, ndeu, ctaceu; leel. nee, uutee; feol: Eopteo.
flacrrara [a] n yaapeHolr HeylapeHorroroxeHlrece cB6p3Bac'hc cnea-
HHTer.lracHr: laul: cmau, 6yxau; lael: ,ne, 6ae; faol: rcarcao;layl: 6ay-6ay,
/laxay.
flacHara [o] n yaapexo H B HeylapeHonolroxeHuece cB'Lp3Ba cbc cJIeA-
lrure rracHu: fouf: noxott, ycou, msou: loel: ycoe, oe, HuKoe;loal: 6yp-
moa, 6oa, at4n/toa;foyf: ftazzott.
fracsara fy] ce car,p:nacaMo c rlracHr{re[e], [a], [n]: uadye, acye,ITtt-
dya, cmpyu.
Brn $oHerrvuara crpyxrypa Ha6r,nrapcKaraAyMacr'yeraeMocrraMe)K-
Ay rJracHxe cra6o :acrr,neHa.Or npnnegeHr.rre npr{Mepr{ce BHxAa,qe Bo-
CAqeTaHI-ltB KOTTOI{ Ia e IIO3IiUH' Ce OTHaC{TB fOJItMaTa CI,ItIaCT
KaJIHITTe
Ao AyMn or qyxa HecJraBrHcKlrnpor.r3xoa.B ,qouau.rnNayMr.rcbqeraHr.rsra
ca racpAe pe,4xll, o6pa:yraHrr npe,qr.rMHo
ua uopQeuxa f paHrrqa.

134
 Ilpomena Ho z/tacnume a c64ema*ue c6c c6zrracrru

S 104. B noroKa Ha peqra rracHHTe B c,bqeraHue c pa3nnqHrre Brl,(oBe

cBfjracHI.tnpoMeHrT B e,[Ha r{t}t B apyra cTeneH apTHKynaqHOHHO_aKycTnq_
Hnre cH KaqecrBa, a orraM H cBoero 3ryqene. Crenenra
Ha npoMrHara ce
o6ycnaw or rov6anupaHoro slsreficrrlre Ha
,qBeocHoBHr.rrtpnqr-rHH:Trrna
r{a KoHcoHaHTHOTO Or(p6XeHnel,I y'qapeHocTTan HeyAapeHocrTa Ha
uracHa-
ra. flpu eluo H caluo KoHcoHaHTHoctc€acrBo rJracex.br
Ha HeyAapeHHTe
rJracHHce npoMeHr noBer{eor rracexa Ha y,qapeHHTe
rnacHn. Tosa ce o6sc_
n.rra c Qaxra, qe 3a [3roBopa Ha HeylapeHrrre r:lacHtl
aprr,rKyJrarl[oHHl.rre
opraHfi ca no-oTnycHaTl,I n B cBOeTO,qBH)(eHI4e He aocT[raT OnTHMaJ]HaTa
xouQurypaqaa Ha f,racoBHr KaHaJI,XapaKTep'a 3a
rr3roBopa Ha fJracH,lTe
IIoA yAapeHxe.
B :astacurrocr or apruKynau[oHHHr rtan Ha KoHcolaHTHoro
oKplxeHne
rlracex:r,T Ha r;IacHnre ce npoMeH, no cneAHH, Ha,{nH.
B cbce.qcrBo c rBsD-
.qr4clfracHu c H3KnrcqeHlreHa clfracHxTe
[ur, x, v, gx] r.lacurte no"r, n"
npoMeHrT ocHoBHHr CH rnacex Bnr.ino_ToqHo npoMeHr{Te
ca oT TaK,r,BXa-
paKTep,qe B cJIyxoBo orHotrlegl,teocrasar uesa6e,,I{3aHr.r
or cJIy[tarenq. To_
Ba ce oTHacr KaKTo3a fJIacHHTeB HaqajroToHA
AyMaTa npeA'rB.bpAacbfnac_
ra, rov6lrHauneu rxn f C-, Taxa H 3a rlracHfiTe MexAy
ABe rBtpAH c,brr,Iac-
uu, rov6nuatnres rrn -fCf-, r.t B Kpar Ha lyMara cJre.qrg.bpAa
c6uracHa,
xou6uuarnaeu rnn -Cf, nanp. uda, numa, aa,tu,
ex, deto, ne6e, t et,t, ntm,
uema lter\1, ad, eac, ceza, oztn, 6op, dupeo, yeod,
6ype, ma6y.
143Mexly rBr,pAKTe c r,rJracHHrro s.r,:aeiicrsHe uupiy
ruy""n"ro Ha rJrac-
HHTece orAeJrrr txyuxaBHTe cr,rracHH x, v, gx].
Iru, Te:n carJracHr.r[o
Mrcro Ha yqneHeHr.ieca nperHoge6sx 'r B caqeraHne
c fracHfi qpe3 Koaprr-
Kylraut4aran3nbpnBar Hanpe! B ycTHaTa KyxHHa yqJreHr.rreJrHo.ro
l.tMMrcTo.
LTENCHI{TC HA B!3AC'CTBHE CA B 3ABHCIjMOCT OT
YqJ]CHI{TEJIHI,TE MECTA HA
rtacHt,rTe. flo-cla6o e sr,:leficrsllero Bapxy rrpeaHflre r.nacxn
cpaBH'treJrHorro-cuJrHo_ Bt pxy 3aAHr{rernacHl [r.r, e], a
[r, a, o, y]. flpe,qnrre.na"-
Hr.rce yvreHrBar s 6rtsocr 'qo aprrixynauuoHHoro
Mrcro Ha rry[KaBnre
cbrracHu B npelHara qacr Ha rjracoBu, r{aHaJI,
a rJracHHTe[r, a, u, y] n
3aAHaraMy qacr. Ecrecrteno e B TaKIB c,ryvafi nopagu
no-KparKrl, fi ctor-
BeTHOnO-,qaJrfHrn!T Ha apTHKyIaU14oHHO CB6p3BaHeHa c,brJracHac fJracHa
u crenegTa Ha Bb3nelcrBue Aa 6r,.qepasrrrqHa.
B:lageficrruero Ha ltryruKaBHTeauarua"n Br,pxy
npe.qxoAHara ylapeHa Lr
HeynapeHa rJIacHa e M'HfiMaJrHOr.roco6euu
[poMeHH B HeiHH' rracex He
ce Ha6rlo.uaBar: nutua, Ku\a, uutca, 6eute, 6exoe,
ntutxa.u, Mbvu, Kou,tct.
KAtCe, A.4O9A,KOU|,KOhCA,mOyKA, CyWa, cy\a,
aul4 OAKA,C6etcer, Mauta.
3AUIU', noula, cnyua me./I.

135
 B noauqur cJreAlxylxKaBI-tc6fJracHI.rnpoMtHara B rJlacexa Ha rJIacHure
e cpaBHHTerHoIro-cHrrHoH3pa3eHa.B pe:y,rrar ua naJrarajrHoToyqneHeHI.{e
HA TE3U CI|JIACHITBCIITIXH
TJI CHI-TB E.qHAHNH B APYTACTENEHNP'.qO6HBAT
IIo-npeaHo yqJreHeYHe.
f;racnsre [n] n [e] no.q y.qapeHueB raKaBa no3liqnt ce lr3roBaptr cpaB-
Hr.lre;rHono-3aTBopeHo, orKoJrKoro cnea ,qpyfHTe rrrpAx crr.nacuu. To:u
eQexr e no-cn:uo u3pa3eH npn H3roBopa Ha rllacHara [e] x cpaaurrenno
no-cna6o - npfi u3roBopa Ha rracHara lul:. uunxa, yutu, Jtcu6, vufim, we-
nom, Luuu)e,zuute, JKe?a,qbJtce, qecm, Kpaqe, dtcetae.
B Hey,uapeHano3uuHr cjreA uyrxKaBH cr,rJracHfl rJlacexbr Ha rnacHara
[n] ue ce orruqaBa caulecrBeHo or rracexa ft nog ygapeuue. lnacnara [e]
06a9e rapnu 3Haqr,rreJrHH npoMeHH.HefiHurr r:racex e cpaBHLrreJIHo rlo-3ar-
BopeH, orKo;rKoro B yAapeua no3lrllnt, Karo no ro3n HaqLIHce ao6- nxasa,
a B rxr.rpoKaTaH3foBopHa npaKTHKaH qecTo ce u3paBHcBac rJlacexa Ha fie-
yaapeHara rnacHa Iu]. 3a no-:arsopeHnq rr'Iacex Ha rJIacHara [e] gonpHHacs
o c B e H B J r r . r r H u e T oH a y t x K a B a T a c b r J I a c H a I . r p e a y K I I H t T a : u e c m u 4 a
[urrrecrirqa], uenmn ln enr'\1, xexa lx eui,l, xetat lx eni,tl, uepeuta
Iv epdurrra],uemupudecem [v erirpngecer]. (3areopeuuar r,racex Ha rracHara
rpaQr.ruecrlrce or6ersgra c to.rKa B ropHara ntBa crpaua ua 6yxsara - [ e].)
[e]
3aasure rnacHu [a, r] c.neg uryuxarx cr,rJracnn nonyqaBar lr3Ter;reHo
HanpeA yqjreHeHHe H B cpaBHeHHec rrpeAHuTerJIacHHce noMaBaT Ha no-
cHJTHO n3pa3eHaapTr{Kynau}roHHo-axycTr{qHa rrpoMtHa, flpexogr'r oT npeA-
HO K],M 3aAHOyqneHeHr.ree .qocrarbqHo ,qlnlf , 3a Aa ce nonyqar AorranHr,-
TeJIHllOTTeHITUI{ B 3ByqeHeTOHa 3a,qHHTe |JIaCHI-|.
fracsnre [a] u [r] nonyqaBar orrenrK, 6:rn:r,r,qo rJracHara [e], xoiro
e no-cHJrHo H3pa3eH B Hey,qapeHo rroJroxeHrre: uanxa fu inxaf, uampa
[uArpa], utan ltt::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::r
anl, uax lnax), xa6a lx it6al, ueap lxapf , uarau
[u drav], uac fu ac), dteanau [v dnau], uanxap ltlr anxitpl, uapau [ur pdu],
ucdpasa [x apina], uadtp fu agrf, \aKartffi [v axd,ru'a]; utnom lut t norl,
xtmea lx rrsal, xu,tt d fx rnln).
flacnure [o] ll [y] cJrea uyrxKaBx cr,uracH]r cr.rqo ce xapaKTepH3upar c
tro-npe,qHoyq:reHeHhe!no, o6u1o B3ero, npoMeHr.rreB TexHHq rr'Iacex ca tro-
MaJl(H B cpaBHeHrrec npoMeHr,rreHa rracHlTe [a] n [r] B carrlara no3ur{ur.
,{onr,lurre-nuurr a-nplr3ByK JrrlncBaKaKTonpu r{3roBop Ha y.qapeHr.r, TaKa rt
npH r.r3foBop Ha Hey.qapeHr.rrnacHr.r [o] tt [y] woK lw oxl, won [w on], uty6a
[urrr]6a1,uyua fi::ywal, uon,tn fu dnn"sl, vyr [vyx], dtco6 fv onl; uoce
ltn ocdf, utonap [u: onip], vydar [v ygix], uyeat fu yzittrl.
B no:uug.g Mexry nBe uyurKaBl.rc:lr:IacHlr,KaKToH Mex,{y rxyul(aBa H
MeKacbfjracHa, BcrrqKr.r fJracHHoe xapaKTepI{3HpaT c rro-cr{JrHo
[3pa3eHo

136
 npeAHoyqneHeHHe, npu KoeTonpeAHHTe rJracHHce npoH3HacrTorrleno_3aT_
BopeHo,a rracnr{Te [a] u [r] cbc 3acHJreH e-[prl3ByK,6e: o6avega ce crnra
go glr$rourougnocr. f:racnlre [o] s [y] cbnlo ca r{3rerJreHrr Hanpea,Ho He
B Ta(aBa creneH, t{e Aa 6bAar onpeaereHr{ Karo npe,4Hr.rna6uanuu..utuut
ln uusl, vuuo lu irtol, ueua fu duaf , uawa lu dnaf , tywxa ltjwrcaf , vynn
[u ]n'rl, xy,ra lx jt''sl.
$ 105. flpouruara B rracex.a Ha rracHHTeB 3aBHcHMocr or rro3r.tutrrra
e
cpaBHr,ITeJIHo Hafr-curHor,r3pa3eHa I cr,ceAcrBoc Mel<r.tccfJIacHH.BB3Aefic-
TBHeroHa MeKarac6rJracHaBapxy npeAxolHara rJIacHa(r ta:u noluqnx ce
cpe[lar BcuqKnr:racnu) e rar,pge c,ra6os aorrb;rHr{TeJreH npwrayx a rpai-
nara $a:a B 3ByqeHeroHa rJracHaraHe ce Ha6,rroaas a: eudn fang'il, auua
lyut"al, 6etn [6dl"r], ced,r lcen'i"'l, 6aun [6dn'af, canaop [can'dp], aadr
lzin'rl, onn lin'a),6ydn [6j'a't]. IIpN cB6p3BaHe o6aqesa MeKacbrrracHa
cr,cclrenxoAHar:racHa(r ra3x no3r.lutrce cperqar caMo:agnn r,racHn)tr,:-
,qeIcrBHeroHa rranaranHoroyqreHeH{ee rBbpAect-tJIHo n a uava.nuara$a:a
Han3foBopaHa fJracHaTa ce fioryqaBa,qon,r,nHr{Ten€H rrpr.r3ByK c aKycTfiqHr.t
xapaKTepr.rcrl.rru Ha rJracHara[e] r.r,rlrHa [fi]. Hai-culHa e npoMrnara B r:ra-
cexa Ha rJracHaraB no3lrqtlr MexAy ABeMeKtrcbrJracHn.flalara.nnoro yv_
JreHeHue Ha Mexl,lTecbf-rracHH cl,Kpa]lla8aapTnKynautloHH14r n],T Ha rJracHa_
Ta!B pe3ynrar Ha Koero or 3a.qHa rl npngo6naaxapaKTepr.rcrr.lxH Ha npeAHa
rracHa.
fracHara [a] c:reg vera c r,r;racHanoryqaBa B Haqa;rHaraQara ua :syve-
Herocr e- nprl3Byx,roiro o6a'reHe ca3,qaBa cnyxoBo rnevaueuue :a 4lrQ_
roHror..rgHocr:6n,t f6 at),,uncmo [v dcro], cnnxa fc i.nxa), xu,rnda lxun daaf,
notnua fno:l dna], ced"e[ceg d]. Hava,ruNlr npulBy( Moxe Aa 6rae w c fi-or-
pacra. Tofi ce flonyqaBaxafi-rere, Kofaro Lr3roBopt r Ha urrara AyMae rlo-
xa6lerHar, Ta no ro3r.rHaqHHce noAqepraBatr-e;reMeHTrrB 3ByqerreroHa
r;racHara[a]. I4veuuo B Te3Hcnyqax ce cr3laBa cnyxoBo Bneqar;reHue3a
gxQrouroulaocr, T.e. He 3a cBr,p3BaHe Ha MeKac.brJracHa c r,racHa[a], a :a
cBlp3BalreHarBap.qacr,uracHac [fi] r r,racHa[a):6'ia,t, d"at, c"anxa,,/am-
A, CH AZ.
B HeygapeHonoloxeHHe IItJroro 3ByqeHeHar:racHaraIa] c,re.quexa c,rr-
JIacHae rlo-3arBopeHoB no-cx;rHacreIIeHe npn6:rnxeuo KtM 3ayqeHeroHa
r:racHaraIe], orxo.nroro B y'{apeHonorloxeHr.re. fIo-:araopeHo, 3auloro r.r3-
nrrra eQexra Ha pe.qyKur.rrra, H no-npu6,rxxeHoxr,u [e], 3aurorona;raran-
HOTO yqneHeHHeHa carlacHaTa [3,q6pnBaHanpenH yqreH€HaeToHa fJrac_
Hara. seuepu [aevdp a], eotn [a6:t a), 6aun l6iw a], cttyzuun fctrryrire al, 6a-
u n 1 6 d l l a l , c m p e l t n n 4[ c r p d a v ] , o 6 u x a t n u I o 6 n x i . n a v ] , p a s d e t n u
[pa:gdr av], xutadapxa IxN;ragdpxa].

137
 f,racnara [r] c.negvexa c:,rrrac*anogo6xo Ha rJracnara[a] crulo noly-
qaBaB HaqarHaracu qa3a,Ha 3ByqeHeroe- vnv fi-fipv3lyx: dexi
[geni _
aeuo'sl,cz,un [cu i - cr,nnd], ,tenn fnen'\ :renoi;], eop,.r1rop,i; --ropii;],
cedn [cenL - ce4ti].
B neygapenono.noxeHHe e-e-rreMeHT!Tce 3acHJIBa r.{rov6raunpauc e$er-
ra, Ha pe4yKrJr4sra (pa:ruuprraue B nocora xrv [a]), npHAaBaHa rJracHara
[r,] no-orropen rnacex, or(oJrKoro B ynapeno noJroxeHHe:_rod.l[xd,q.6],
uuc,tn fllicn'sf , aod"r [rdar], uotn fv.itt rl, rcann[rint], ror.r
[rdnr],
potn lpdn 'sl, oeuun [drun.sl, ntmn fn\r r), zemn lzdr r), 4apn
Urirpr], nu-
cametn fnucdretl.sl, yuume,zaIyuirre,r l], dapume,tn llapuret:sl, cexpema_
pr [cerperd r], oeuapn lo$uitp.rf .
flacnure [o] s [y] B ylapeno x B HeyAapenonoJroxeHuecJre.qMeKacbr_
nacHac,I>uloce xapaxTepH3l.lpaT c r3TefJregoHanpel yrueHeHHe,HO3a pa3_
Jrr{Kaor rJtacrrlrre[a] l-r[t] He nonyqaBarB Haqa;IHaracu
Sa:a e-orpacxa:
canuop fcan' dpf, nortmaop [uoHr'dp], tfputtop [Spur'dp], tnm jp),
ln,
6ncm [6' ycrl, ,tro6oeln' y6i:'Sl, 6npo t6' ypd]
$ 106. B rro;roxeHrreMexAy.qBeMe(r.lc r,rJlacHltfJlacex,LTHa yAapeHr{Te
r.roco6eHoHa Hey,qapeH[Te rJracHHce noA.qaBa rra cpaBH[TenHoHai-cr4nHa
npoMrrra,npx Ko.sro3a1HlrrertacHll B e,qHaHtH Apyra creneHnpn,qo6rlBar
aprnKynauHoHHo-aKycrHrrHH xapaxrepxcrr.rKH Hanpe.qHH. Tosa ce o6scHlna
c Br,3letcrBHero Ha yqneHHTenHoro Mrcro KaKToHa npeAxoAHara,TaKaH
Ha cJreaxo.qHaTa MeKacbfJtacHa,Kor.rTo H3Tefr.{Tr{ 3aAr,p)KaT apT14KynarIHr_
Ta }ra Te3HTJIaCHH B npelHaTaqacT Ha ycTHaTa(yxuHa.
f.nacxar.a[a] uexay ,qBeMeKr.lct r.lracHrce yqJIeHrBanpr,tBxcoKor.rr43_
TerJreHoHanpe,qno;roxeHr{eHa e3HXa,B pe3yJ,rTaT
Il Ha KoeTorlacexr,r ir e
rarp.Eenpll6.nnxeHAo r.nacexaHa r.nacHara[e]. Ta:u npn6ltxeuocr e orqe
no-cnJrHox3pa3eHa,xoraro [a] e 6e3 yp.apeHne: o6nsa o6noaeau fo6'iisa
o6' ar' aavf , ustea u3raflau# [r.r:,da'a- n:,iia'iaarr.r],rcnpn ip, t
[x, l.
I LracHara [y] vexay.qBe MeKHcarjracHl or 3anHace npeBpbulaB rrpegHa
ra6narua: notnx fn'yr,'ax), dntn fy,! al,,rn6n [n'!6,tf, tnmn
ft,,]r'\f,
rrcrrcu [r' j;r'yH], tuounp [x'yv']pl, xnmnx
fx';jr' jx).
I fracnsre [o] r [r] Mex,qy.qBeMeKHc6rr,racHr.r He ce cperuar B Ha;ruqHlrs
,rreKcr4(aJreH Marepuan Ha 6urapcrue KHXxoBeHegtx. Karo noreHur{arHl
peanrl.:at1l4u o6aqes ragr no3lrqllr re ca HanLJrHo B,r,3MoxHr.r. Ero:au1o npu
T',xHa'fanoqBaMexny MeKHcrrJIacHHTe lUerrMaTc,buloTonpe.qHoyr{JeHe_
Hrre,KaKToH ocTaHaJrI.rTe 3aaHr.tfJIacH[.

: 138
I
 Ta6nfiua l0
IIpoMexx Ha rJlacHrre B clqerarrxe cr,c cr'rnacfirl OolreMr|

flacnr
,1 e a o v
flo:uurr
B Ha.raro'roHa,qyMaranpeA TBapIH cr,rracHr.l e
tl a o v
B rpar ra qyuara cre! TBbpAr crrnacrrfi t1 o
a v
Mextry ABe rBGpJl{ c}rnacH,l u c a o v
C,reg ruyrtlraou cbrracrtr.r, H u e a o v
Clc[ vexl ct rlacll a o v
Mcxly Me(!i cbfJIacltl.t ( i;) ( it)
a v
3 a 6 e r e x r a: Cxo6ma o:Haqasancnelufiarua a!3Morarocr 3a norBi! fla rIacl|fiTe
[r] H [o].

Apo,uenu Ha zrucHume a c;uema ue c atac u

Bnrrxnaxe lra [fi] (iioraqHfl)

$ 107. ioraqnrra e Soxeruvno rBrreHue,npn Koero c.br{eraur.{rra

or aBe
rracr{u Haii-qecro c orAaJreqeHK aprr.r(yjrauHoHHrr
MecTace pa3Aensrqpe3
BM'bKBalre Ha [fi]. Crrlacuara ffi] I cnelxorHara r,racHao6pa:yaar gn{-
TOH|OHAHO Cl,qeTaHl,e,KOeTOB 3aBr.tcHMOCT OT MTCTOTO My B AyMaTa _ cpe_
,r:lucnoBHe KpaecnoBtre,- oT rro3lrt{firTa My cnprMo yAapeHr..reTo,
HJrr,r a crlllo
'faKa l.I oT TI-inaHa fJlacHaTar
BKJIIOqeHa B HefOBI_ItCGCTaB,e c lro_cltJlHauJIII
c lo-cla6a rpoqBa Ha fi.orayuz.
flpn c'lveranllr or npeArra cr'c 3aAHa r,tacHa creneHTa Ha ioraqulra e
lraii-crlno t-t3pa3eHa.Tosa ce o6scxssa cbc cpaBHHTeJrHo A,r,rtrr.t,nt,r, Koll_
TO apT[r(ynHpaur.rTe opfaHH r{3MtrHaBaTOT fipeArro KrM 3aAHo yqjleHeH]re.
flpn ro:u rrMeHHonpexo.q ce ca3AaBar ycJroBlt,3a Bb3HHKBaHe rra [fi], aa qa
ce nonr:rHu, r. lrap. ,,3e8". flo crulnre npnvrnu fioraqne voxe Aa ce noJryqt{
u npH cBr,p3BaHeHa 3a,qHr.t rJracHHc npegxu, rr,fi (aro aprHKynaunorrHHsr
rrbr e c'br.l1r.rrr,Ho r o6parna nocora.
flpauororopHara HopMa Ha KHHxoBHl.tr6r,:rrapcrn e:lr rre npHeMa BMbt<_
BaHero Ha [fi] a ro:lr run ctqeraHur 14HeroBurr H3roBop c€ oqeH.,rBaKaro
.quaneKTHoorKJIouenwe, nanp, ta''", *on"r, zuo'1ett,6o'eu,6yi,eu, o6y,,euteu.
rae, maen, zuoett, 6oeu, 6yen, o6yeu.
B xHlrxorHHs r.r:roaop fioraqnxra ce Aonyct<acaMo npn crveraHurra
Ina]
u [ea] r xpaecloBrre Ha 3aerx qyxAlt AyMrr: napmun, zanepun, opmonedun,
Mamepun, MaJlapus, upouu.a, xap.l,toHut, nomapun, 6amepun, /lblu-q, atel,
enonen, nuapen, mpaHuteg. Tpr6ra o6a.re ga ce or6e,rext, \e a pa3roBop_

139
Hara peq [ft] n cruerauuero [fia] c,re.quracHara [r] e c vuoro c;ra6apea:rn-
3ar\trll rrltrr urnaga. CrueraHl{ero e rro-cxopo lual uny [ll"a], orxo;rroro
fuita)'. napm"a rr i napmua, ,,tutuua , vn tutua, upoxu"a unv upoHua u p1p.
fh,lHara pea:rn:aqr4rHa lfi] B ToBac6qeraHHee B'b3MoxHa rrpueMoq[oHaJr-
no-6yrren u3foBop Ha \srara ayMa, T.e. Koraro BceKr.r 3ByKoBcerMeHTce
r,r3foBap.E rcHo H oTqeTIHBo.
B cpelucronne fioraqus npu crr{eraHnrra [na] x [ea] He ce.qonycKaor
npaBoroBopHarauopva. B uupoKara r.r3roBopHa npaKTuxao6aqece Ha6:rro-
.qaBa BM'bKBaHe ua [fi] c pa:rlr-rHacreneH Ha nporBa Haft-eeqenptr c.bqera-
-
uuero [na], Hanp.nuaHo nu"axo, nuaqa sapuaHm aapu"aum,
.nu"a4a,
aauamop - aau amop, nponemapuam-npotlemapuam.
IZoraqurra npu c'bqeraHfiero[uo] cr,rro He ce Ao[ycKa or HopMHreHa
KHr,rxoBHHr e3rrx- B r(paecroBue:cmyduo,paduo, adateuo, uunpecapuo; R
cpeAHcJIoBHe: KOHCnUny4UO ett, CKUOp, IUOHKA, AUOIA, UlaUnUOtt, UdUOm.
B p a a r o r o p H a r ap e v o 6 a v e c b q e r a H n e r o[ u ] v e c r o . c ep a 3 a e r r o r [ i i ] o c o -
6euo n cpe,quc:rosve.udu"om, nu"otrca,cx"op, mpu"ott.
i o r a q n l r a x a r o $ o x e r u u u o r t s J r e H r ree o l p a H n q e H ao r u o p Q e u H a r a
crpyrcypa lra Ayl'aara.Bvr,xsaHeHa [i] e neat:uoxHo na voprfevuara rpa-
HHuaBbnpeKr.f eAHaKBocrraxa QoHerNv-HHre ycnoBr{n,wanp.npuo6t4aeau
ne: [npu''o6rqdnav.f , npuoxxau He: Inpn"dxrav].

lI:naAau e Ha rJracHu (e,rx:nn)

$ 108. H:nagaHero Ha rrracHr4or orrpenereHH BoKaJTHK c6qeraHwx ce ua6-

rrcAaBa Hafr-Be.IeB pa3foBopHara pev. flplvllxlrre ca or pa3JrriqenxapaK-
Tep: qyxAu H Henpncl,uln ua 6r,:rrapcxara gyMa BoKaJTHHc'r,qeraHr.tr,Heno3-
Har $oHeruvex crpoex Ha qyxlara nyMa K crpeMex KaM orrpocrrBaHe Ha
TpyAHonpon3HocHMr.r crqeraHKr. B ro:n cvucr,l He rpq6sa.{a ce cMrra, qe
r.r3nanaHeroHa HrKoH 38yr(oBece lrjtxu caMo ua ne6pexHocr Ha u3roBopa.
To:u ereveur c'bulecrByBa, Ho He e eIHHcrBeH.
Or cr,qeraHnero Ixa] n cpegucnoalte ].r3na.qa
rracHara Ir.r],rato npeAXoA-
Hara c'hrJracHace nanaranr.r3xpa: uma.ruaHe1 , uman'aHe4, oQu4uatett
o$u4'o,teu, sanepuaH aa,,lep'aH,,uu,tuapd - uut'apd, amepueneH -.\la-
-
mep'AneH, ?U.MtlA3UAJxeH?Ul4ln3'a'xeH, npI 4UnUAneH- npLH4un'AneH.
o6aqe He e cHcreMHo. B no-xparrn lyMLr - nudHo, nua4a.
Tosa .ss,'reHr.te
uracHara [n] ce :ana:na u narararv3at\vtra Ha npeAxoAHara c r,rJracHacJte-
AoBareJIHo:rlrncsa. Ho lr,I(Mo B Te3H cnyqa[ fioraqu.flra e Hafi-cu.[Ha. Tosa
noKa3Ba,qe c'bqeraHr.reroIua], xoero e HecsofictseHo :a 6r,lrapcxara gyua,
ce pa3pyuaBa HrH qpe3 r.r3nalaHeaa lw), unu vpe: ovr,xnaue na [fi].
Crqerasuero [no] r cpe,uuc:roBHeno npaBr.rnoce 3ana3Ba. H npll uero
o6aqe ce na6rrc.qara r{3rraAaHeua [n] N rraJraranu3npaueHa npeAxolHara

140
 ctrracHa, saii-qecro [st): uutruou - fvrn'du], naauJ,tuoH- [narul,dn],6a-
matuox f6arat' ituf.
I4:lagaHe Ha rJracHace Ha6.rrogaeat-l npn crqeraHnfl or.qBe eAHa(BH
rracHr.rB qyx(nr tro npo 3xoA lyMA: Aeepun - Sepun, fiepu6oom -
eepu-
6om, aaxylu saKyM, Koonepa1un - Konepaqu.s,Kbonoory Kbono./ry.
I,I3na,qaHeHa r;racHaor BoKaJrHo ctqeraHrre He Moxe Aa ce oc,brrlecrBg
HavopSevnara rparu\a rarro a 6r,rrapcKl.r,TaKat-tB {yxAK rro nporr3xoA
Inyuvu'.udeert,nee, JruaeeM,npuucKav, npuutcdau, nooz,tetrdau, noocee-
tra, doouucmn B pauxlrre Ha cJroxHara,qyMa BoKa;rHoroctqeraHue or nBe
e,qHaKBH Ha eAHaTaoT -fsxl-atr
fracHr.t cl,uo He ce onpocTrBa qpe3 H3na.qaHe
muudeeu,zptuoomeod, npomuaoompoa d, tqeuoo6patyeaue,uoaoo6pasyeau.
I,IgnaAaseHa rJracHHB Heygapenarro3rrrllrrce xa6lrogasa r,rB r.t3Br,HBo-
KaJrHrf c'bqeraHlrg,EstuzusraB Te3HcJryqauHe ce o6yclaar or $oneruvul.r
rrpnqr{}rn,a no-cKopo oT H3roBopHlrrcTKr, B noe3r{rTaor pnrunvHu cr,o6_
paxeHlrt u Ap. I,l3naAarracHara [y] or cyQnxca-(cme)yea-a rlaro,run
$op-
MV',d eiicmay6aM>deiic meau, uecmsysaM>\ecmsaM,qyacmsysa.M>tty6c m-
8AM, 3AUL4Cm6yAAM>3AUMCmnAi4, HAXAnCmSy6dM>HAXA/ICm6AM, nOI3y_
aau>noJnaau, rcouaudyaau>xotlertdeau. I43rtara HeyaapeHa r.nacHa
[e] a
MecroHMeHHr.t$opll ..n uexe>uett, me6elme6, r:racna Ia] - atuama>tulw_
mq> Haul m o> a utm e, s au,lamu> s alum o> s ou m e.

Hecpnvrornoplrlt rJracHx (xo n co n aurur aq n n)

$ 1 0 9 . f r a c H u r e [ n ] n [ y ] o r c t q e r a H r . r r r a[ u a ] , [ n o ] , [ e u ] , [ a y ] M o r a r r a
u:rybar roxaluoro cH KaqecrBo H rro ro3H HaqHHAa ce flpeB.bpHar B Hec_
pHrrKorBopHr..t, T.e. Aa ce KoHcoHaHTH3 r.{par.Crenegra na (oHcoHaHTlt3HpaHe
Ha rracHara Ir] e pa:lxvxa. B e,quuclyvan KoHcoHaHTr{3arlrxrae no_cla6a,
a B.qpyru lo-crnHa u or HecpurrKorBopHar;:acHara [u] ce npeapr,rqa e c,r,r_
,racHa [fi].
HecpuvxoraopeH H3roBop Ha r;racHara [r] ce Ha6nrogasa tsopelucJroBr{e
H x p a e c n o B H e n p e . q H M H o B p a 3 r o B o p H l . r r c : r u n : 6 a c e u r t , 6 a c e ,u, , c m a u _
me>cmu me. c epoume, z epri' me. xpaut4arrpa" tqa.
flrlHara KoHcoHaHTu3arlurHa rnacHara Ilr] I c,rnpeuennnr 6urapcru
e3HKcr,3AaBa,qy6.nerun Qopvn c (3roBop Ha [u] u
[fi]: aouu u aoiu, eounc_
meo u goiltcm6o, mouHcmaeH u maiucmeeu. TeHgeHqlrara e K.bM3aMecrBa-
He Ha rracHara [u] a .re:n cnyqan cbc cr,r,racuara
[fi].
KoHcoHauru:aqlrq Ha rracHara [y] ce Ha6:rrogaaaB u3foBopa Ha HqKoH
MexAyMeru.s or rr{rra Ha 6ay > 6ai, uny > uni, ay > ai u B ayMr.r or qyx,q
[por.r3xoA: ,Qaxay > fiaxai, ayta > aita, aymoncun > almoncun u s1p.

141
 AI{CTPITEYIII{' II CbIIETAEMOCT HA CbUIACHI.ITE OOHEMII

Ctz.cacau a cbqema ue c zracHu

$ 110. Cruacrtre B crqeranne c rJracHHTe ce pa3leJrrr Ha ABerpynx _

TB\pwl E naexu.3a rorpgure cbrJracHnHrMa orpaHrqeHx.n- Te Morar aa ce
cbqeTaBaTc BctKa rJracHaB KaKBaTO H Aa e rIO3I{rIU.q B AyMaTa_ B HaqaJIOTO
npe4 rracra B cpeAara Mexny ABerracHrl. MeK[Te cttrracHlr no3r,rquoHHo
ca orpaHnqeHr,r - Morar.{a ce ctrreraBar caMo ct,c aagnure rlacnu
[r,, a, o,
y] ll nopagu Heyrpann3arlnrHa npr{3HaraMeKocr- TBrpAocr, He Morar
Aa
ce ctrleraBar c npeAHlrreuacuu [n, e].
C uacnara [a] ce cr,ueraear 36 rrr,p.un H MeKr{carJracHu: _ 6'_ n
[6
n'-g- s'-0-0'-v -v'-n-A'-r r ' - g - : ' - c - c ' _ U_ u ' _ H _
H' - p - p' - I - .l' - [r - x - q - Ax - fi - x - r' _ r - r' - x): 6a.t _ 6n,r,
napa nncbK, aa3a, etmbp, tfap - xaene, MapKa - n4npKa,dat _ dnt, mau
mtnt, saaod - sanaM, calr - cn,,t,qap - 4tp, Hai.l - H.EM, padocm _ pndxo,
i lraMno - )lnmo, uanKa, cap, yatua, duca3, n6utxa, xapa _ xnp, zapu_ eryp,
xann. B Hanr'l r:'z.,s Jrer(cHKaJreHMarepnan Ha KHHxoBHr,t, 6t.nrapcru e:nr
Jrr.rncBar caMo ctqeraHlrt Ha cafJracHrrre[x', s, s'] c rJlacHara[a]. Orctcr-
Buero Hare3t.lcr.ietaHr.tqo6aqeue ce o6yc,ranror:a6pana:a cr,veraeMocr!
a rrKMo or lrHncaHa JreKc[xaJIeH Marepr{aJr. Axo QoHeuara [x'] nanpnuep
I
ce cBbp3Bac rJracHr{re$oHevn [o] u fyl z Xtotdep,tuu u Xncewt, ntua
I npeqKlirq,qa ce cBbpxe ti c uracHara [a], sa ga o6pa:yea c.rveraune
I [x'a].
flo cr,ulna HaqrrH,aKo $oneuara [s] ce car,p:ra c rJracHara s dszuxau,
I H.sManperrKaAa ce cBlpxe H c rracHara [a]. Ero rarqo cr,.rerannrra
[sa], varap t,tAa He ca npeacraBeHr,r B HarlrqHuqreKcHKaJreH
lrf
[x'a],
MareDllaJl.c6-
utecrByBarKaro Bb3MoxHHc,t,treraHHr a 6r,lrapcxrl.l e:ur.
C r,racsara Io] ce ctueraaar 33 rarplu r.{MeKr.r carJracHa:[6 _ n _ n, _
B - B ' - 0 - $ ' - v A - A '- r - r ' - 3 - : ' - c c ' - r I - H - H ' - p - p ' -
Jr-Jr' rr-x q-gx-fi-x-x' r - r ' - x ] : 6 o p ,s a n o p_ c a n a o pz, a e o d
- Kosbop, - uope, podoee - wedaoetp, rr4omop_ MoHmbop,ze-
$ort Qtou,
3oae- ea3bor,t, coM- cbouea,qonadM,mpoHose_ mpexoop,pod _ pboHmzeH,
t Jlocm- J,tboc,wor<otad,teoKeit, \o6eK, drco6, IVouxo,kopa6 _ Kbopaa,zon
?bo!'t, xor,t.

Bcuvru rarpgn c brJracHLtc l.r3xJrK)qeHHeHa c,brJracnara[s] ce ctveranar

c r.lracHara [o]. I,I:vexgy MeKlire crrlracHtl JrrrncBar ctteraHurra
[6,o],
[u'o], [u'o], [s'o], [x'o]. I4 ryr, xaxronpn rnacHara[a], nrrvracrpyrrypHr{
npeqKr Aa He ce notBtT Te3I{ C1'qeTaHllt,
C r l a c H a r a[ y ] c e c r , . r e r a a 3a 5r c r u a c n u : t 6 - 6 ' _ n _ n ' _ B _ r ' _ r [
- Q ' - v - v ' , q -A ' r - r ' - : - : ' - c - c ' - r I- H - H ' _ p - p ' _ : r _ l '
-utrr-x-q-Ix-fi x-r' r-r, x ] : 6 y p e- 6 n p o , n y p a_ n n p e ,p a u d e e y
t42
 - pean *
$yxau - finSnrca,u, nycrcyt - nrrocK)rtwaHuH,
dywa _ dnwex, myp_
Ba.tt- mnp.L4o,zy6pn _ snu6n4 cyuunHn _ croxem,
4yn", ,y*do _ urix,
6pytta- 6pnuem, tyd -,rnm, uy,14,Jtcynen,tyx,
dxyueta, n()rca, xyn _ xnn,
z!^4a - znu, xy6ocm.
rlnncsar crqeranr'.ara[x'y],
[q'y], Isy], Is'y], ra vu.rro norBa HrMarrDeq_
xx or crpyKTypeHxapaKTep.
,{oralarelcrro 3a roBa ca HMeHarao,,y*o
npox3xoA, B KoHToce cperlar:
Qnpux, Xnceuu, Xn,+t.
Merure csuracru npeA rnacHara
[y] nogo6Ho Ha MeK]rrecbrJracHr{npe,q
rJlacHara[o] ce cperqar npeAHMHo B.qyM[ or qyxn 11po113xoA. Lllurcqeste
npaBxctqeraHnero [l'y], (oero ce cpeula B
noMarxHxAyMH.
C rlacnara [r] ce cr.reraaar 34 rrrpau n *"*"
"r.ou"o": [6 _ 6,_ n _
n' * e - B' - O - O' - M - v' - I -
A ' - r - r , - 3 _ g , - c _ c , _ r t* u , _ . q 3
-H- H'-p -p,-, _ l ' _ r u _ _ x . _q _ i l _
x _ r _ x ] : d p o 6 t ( m_) d p o 6 n
[spo6'i(r)], xynr(m) - xynnm poet(n) I pI""^ [pdn,r(r)],
zpdStm - pazepaQam [pazrpag'i1r11, .[1in,r(r)),
diutlml _ au.o^ [.ruu,i(r)], po_
dt(m) -podam [poa'i(r)], nocmb(m)_ nocmrm
[ndcr,t(r).1, 3bpHo-zpo3n
[rpo:'i,] - cbH - eocn [rac,i;] _ 6operlt(n) _ oiyqo
lo*ru, "(r)1, dnxxau
[sr,xrav],rcz,tt(m)- satun J:"rn;i,1r;j,6.pr1ii _ i"pr)
,rt(m) - xotnm [6opr,(r)],ro-
[rd-rr'l(r)], ulbma^,t,)rcbmaa, Konavl.,m,
nun
zbcm, xbJ,hlr.
fnitit.tl, xtm,
JlHncsar cbqeraHlt,x[x'r,, r'r, x't, y,r,
s,r,], :a xonro, KaKTor{ B npe_
At-rurHrrre
cnyqa].r,H.{Ma:a6pana or crpyroypeH xapaKrep.
C rlacHnre [u] u [e] ce ctqeraBar caMo rBapau
c.rrJracHfi.B ra3tano3r.r_
LIH,qMeKr,tc,l,rJ'racHu
ca He'[onycrHMr.Ilpeg rlacxara
[n] ce cpeqar acnv_
rure 2l rrlpan carJracHr,,a npeA r,racHara -
[e] 20. rlxncsa c,bqerauuero
Ise] r nanuunua6.,JrrapcKr., ,eKcr.t*areHMarepHaJr. 3a Herogaranossa o6aqe
HrMa npeqK, OT CTpyrrypeH xaparcep u
Moxe.qa ce cpeqHe B HMeHaor
qyxA npo[3xo.qHanpHMep
xuraficxu.
Pasnpegeleur.reroHa carJracHt,tTe npeA rJIacHHTe noKa3BaroJrrMara aK-
TI,IBHOCT HA KOHCOHAHTHO-BOI
6:r.rrapcrara
rreKc'Ka,Ha
"il;il:ff"?#ilffi :JlL;:::iT:l:T#
ro6pofinu KoHcoHaHTHHcr,qeraHur, TaKa
H crpynaaHe Ha car.JracHaB paM-
KI-tTeHa caMoTo cEqeTaHl-le.
lI:lrexgy rrrpgure crrJracHr.rc safi_cna6a
cr,qeraeMocr e <poaevara
a r.r3MexAy MeKr{TecbrJracHu Is],
Qonevlrre [x,] I [s,], onpeAeJteHr.rKaro Br,3-
MoxHr.rB 6r,:rrapcxttx KoHcoHaHTr{3!M,
Bporr
ra cl,qeralvflTa B Hrr3xoAru pea e cneaH1.rrr:
c r1racHara ta] _ 36,
c rJracHara [V] - 35, c rracHara
[r] - 3 3, c r,iracHara fu) - Zl, c rrracHara
lel - 22 (sx. ra6r. 1l).

t43
 Ta6nHqa ll

Clqera||xr or cl'rjracBr c r,'tgclttl

fnacHI,
C!rnacHH
tl e a tl
6 + + + +
n + + i + +
B + + +
o + + + +
+
+
M + + + i

A + + + +
T + + + + +
3 + + + + +
c + + t +
q + + +
s (ae) + (-) (- (- ) (-)
|l + + + +
p + + + + +
,r + + +
lll + + + + + +
x + + t
+ + +
(rx; + + +
X + + + +
f + + + + +
x + + +
n + + +
6' + + +
n' + + + +
n' + + +
r)' + + +
M' + +
A' + +
T' + + +
3' + + +
+ +
q' ( (-,
s (-) (- ) ( (-)
H' + +
p' + +
lI' + +
K, (-) + +
f' (-) + + +

3 a 6 e r e x x a: Cr,c cxo6nre ce o3HariaBar

B!3MoxHI{TeclqeraHltt,

t44
 Ilpoueau no caeracvume s cb.temavue c zltoc*u. Axouooauun

$ 111. Axovogaqnrra e apruKynarrHoHHo

npficnoco6xsaHeHa crrnacHr,t
[oA BJTUTHI.IeHa CtCeIHlt TJIaCHH rrtfi Ha rJIacHI{ non BJI!'HI,Ie Ha C],Ce]IHIi
cbfJlacHr,r, ltpx (oero ocHoBHHTe KaqecrBa Ha 3ByKoBere ce 3ana3Bar. flo
TaR,l'BHaqrrH Te noJryqaBaT AonttHHTeJIHa OKpaCKa KbM OCHOBHOTOyqJIeHe_
nlre.Ktv axovonaqfioHHI{Te
npoMeHuce ornacrr Jla6ualusaqn.nra,
nalara_
JIU3ArJyrflTa U Benap 3a\'jflTa.
|. Jla6uanusagutra Ha cbrJracHnre e pe3ynrar or Bpb3Karac6c 3aAHr.rre
r:racux [a] u [y]. Tt e no-c:ra6anpx cbqeraHuec rJracHara n no-cr.rnua
[o]
npr c'btreraHrrec rnacHara [y]. Ilpnvuxa sa ta6uannsagunra e axTr.rqfinaq[_
rra Ha apruxyJrupaqure opraHl. Tr,i xaro 3a H3roBopua uacur.ne
[o] r.r[y]
e ueo6xogr,tlroyqacrlrero Ha ycrHHTe,no 3aKour.rre Ha aKoMollauurrara3n
apTLIXyIar.lHoHHa xapaKTepIlcTHKa ce npexBbpnrn npfi y.{J]eHeHl,reTo Hacrr_
JracHara. IIo rarla HarInHHapeAc ocHoBHoroyqneHeHneHa crrJracHarace
nojryqaBaH AonbtHr.rTetHoqpe3 H3TefJItHeu 3aKparJltHeHa ycTHHTeHan_
pes: 6op 16"opl, mox [toox), me [foQ), poa
[p. og], eopd fr"oprl, 6ymau
[6'yrav], myrc fr"yrcl, KynysaM [r"yn.yrav], cyxap [c.yxapl.
B axycruvHo orHolreHfie ra6ran sa\tqra ce orpa3rBa no cneKTcpac
rroHr.rxeHre Ha qecroruTe Ha uyMa. Tp.r6ra o6ave,qace or6eaexu, ve la-
6uamtzagutraHa cbrJracH[TeHe e or raKtB xapaKaep,qe Aa [poMeHu rrx_
uoro $ouernuto (aqecrBo. flopagx rota cnyulareJrrr He orAeJn na6uanu_
3rpaHrrr or ueta6uatuzupauur BapHaHT,cpR.mav v, myK, ca coM.
2. lla:raralxraqnrra Ha ctrJIacHHTee pe3ynrar or Bnr{rHfieroHa npeA-
H[re rracHr.r[u] n [e], Kor.rroB eAHauJruB Apyra creneH npoMeHrr yqneHr4-
TerHr.rreMecra Ha npegxoaHurecrrtacHu B nocoKartu rnrp.qoro ne6qe.
B axycrnteu n;raHToBao3HaqaBa noBlluaBaHeHa uryMoBl{Teqecrorr.r,
llastaratusa4ntra Ha crrJracHnTe e pa3tl-tqHano cre[eH _ nai-c.na6a e
npu ycrHeHr.rre(-na6na.nnure) c6fJlacHrr,no-ct,ltHae npn alteo.nunte u uafi_
cnnHae nplr BerapHHTecbrJIacHH.EQexrtr or naJIaraJI[3arI[tra e uafi_cu_
JreHIIpH BenapHxTecbrJracHr.l, 3auloToyqteHHTenHOTO MSCTO e CHIHOnpo_
MeHeHo or 3aaHoBeJrapHo B nperHo nanaraJrHo.O6qo o6aqe nararar -
3arlntra Ha cbfJracHl.rre B KHHxoBHIiT 6atrapcKu e3HKHe e curHo lr3pa3eHa.
Or scfiqxu ctrJracHncaMo ct rJracHHTe [r, r, x, ,r] npovexrr qyBcrBnrerHo
QoHeruvHoro cu KaqecrBo r.rce oqeHqBarKaro rroJIyMeKH, T.e. Karo pa3rxq_
Hrl or ct orBerHrrre rM TBT,pAr.t BapxaHTLt,cpB, kaHa u xuuo, faua u luua,
xatea u xut.ada, ltaaa u rlemeH,nocm A ,rucm. (3a aprnrylaqloHHo_aryc_
TrqHaraxapaKTeprrcrltKa Ha nararaJII.t3HpaHIrre c6rnacHr.tsx. $ 47.

l0.ItN.lh n. or, 6vr a, .Dordrm

145
 Ctztacnu 6 cb4emawue c6c c6zracqu

$ lf2. IIpu onpeaenrHe 3aKoHoMepHocrLtreHa KoHcoHaHTHaracrqerae-

Mocr rpr6Ba Aa ce uMa nper BLI.q,qe eAHLIor rtx ce o6ycnaBtr or crpyK-
TypHrrre oTHoueHHr na rponeunre, apyru or no3llq}lflTa Ha cbrJracHure B
AyMaTa I{ Tperr.r or B r,3MoxHocTnTe 3a csqeraHlre Ha c'LfJracHrrre B 3aBllcr-
MOCTOT pa3Jrr,rqHUTeapTliKynaquoHHI.r f pynn.
Crr;racuure Qoneun, cB6p3aHn c KopeJrarr,rBHltre orHoureHl,tt no 3Byq-
nocr - 6e::nyunocr H MeKocr rBtpAocr, flptt KoHToB onpeAeJIeHHno3l{quu
HacrbrrBa HeyTpann3atlut xa guQepexqnarHtlt nplr3Har, ce no.Eql.IH{BaT Ha
cTporr.r 3aKoHH3a cbqeTaeMocT. Te ca aa:rugxn KaKTo 3a HaqaJroro, TaKa u
3a cpeAaTa s Kpat Ha ayMaTa.
Ctqerauurra or cbrtacHn ca orpaHuqeHn H or rlo3ul(Iltra B ayMara -
TOBa,KOeTO He e nO3BOJTeHO 3a HaqanOTO,MOXe Aa 6tge nO:nOlenO ra rpar
rrJrucpeaara Ha AyMara. Hanpur'rep csqeraHHr or coHopHuTe [p] u [.n] xaro
n'bpBr.rqneH H uyMoBH cBfJracHHKaTo BTopH qJreHca He.qonycTr.lMuB Haqa-
roro Ha AyMara. Crulurr 'tnn ctqeraHue o6aqe B Kpat Ha nyMara e HanrJIHo
B'b3MoxeH: 6otm, cntpm,
Pazluqugra no Mrcro r{ HaqHH Ha yqJIeHeHHecaulo HaJrarar orpaHHqeHH.f,
npt.r cr,qeraHr,rrra or carJracHu. Hanpruep cbrtacHlr, KoLITonMar eAHo ]l
cruo aprrrxynaurroHHo Mtcro t,tce yqreHtBar no eAHHI,Ical! Haqun [nn, 66,
cc, rr] u ap., He Morar Aa ce c?'qeraBar noMexAy cH B Haqalloro Ir B Kpas
Ha,qyMara, T.e. B Te3n rro3HuuHHe Moxe aa HMa y.qBoeHucbfracHl,L TaK[aa
caqeraHn.q n 6r,.nrapcxnr e3HKMoxe.qa nMa caMo B cpeAncJroBr{e.
CrrracHltre, cBT,p3aHLc xopeJrarr.rBHHTe orHolreHHr no snyvnocr - 6e:-
-
3ByqHOCTU MeKOCT TBbpAOCT,Ce rrOAqHHrBaTHa CJIeAHI{Te npaBfina npr4
o6pa:ynane Ha cbrreraHr.rr:
1. flo aryuuocr - 6e::ayvHocr:
a) 3nyvna cr,rJracHaHe Moxe aa ce c'bqeraBa c6c cJlerxo.qHa6e::nyuna
CTTJIACHA.
6) Eer:ayvua cluracHa He Moxe.qa ce caqeraBac6c cJreAXoAHa 3ByqHa
ctrJracHac r.r3KJrroqeHr{e
Ha crr.nacnnre [r, a'].
r) 3nyvna crr.lracHaHe Moxe aa ce cbqeraBac rray3a,T.e. 3ByqHacrr-
JracHaHe Moxe aa rrMaB Kpa.sHa ayMaTanpe.qnay3a.
O6ulu.sr 3aKoHe: ABecar;racHrl,pa3rur{Hr.r no 3ByqHocr- 6e::ry,trocr
He Morar Aa ce cbrreraBarnoMexay cx. B pe:y.nrar Ha perpecr{BHaraacu-
MIIlrat\Ut 3ByKOBOTOr{3paBHrBaHe Ce OnpeAeJrr OT CJTeAXOAHaTa
CbrJraCHa.
2. flo vexocr - rBr,pAocr.
a) Mera clrJracHa He Moxe Aa ce c'bqeraBa cr,c cneaxo,qHarBbpAa cbr-
JracHa- Tt Moxe Ia 6rge cavo BToprrqneH Ha cbqeraHuero.
6) Mexa cr'rJracHa He Moxe,qa ce cbi{eraBa c nay3a, T.e. Aa 6bAe B Kpa{
Ha IyMaTa,

146
 Corremaaua om dae meopdu c6z,/racnu a Ha4aJromo Ha dyJararrro

S 113. B HaqaJrHa no3rrrln,npen rnacua ca 3acBuAereJrcraanr.r

95 pea-nuo
cbrrlecrByBarrllrcbqeraHur or,qBe rB,r,pAncarracHn. B ra:u no:uqr,rrne
ca
,qonycTnMr.rcne,4HrrTeTHnoBecbqeTaHn, oT c6rJIaCHI{:
l. flrasHlrre carJracHu[p, :r] ne Morar Aa 6rgar nr,pan qJreH
Ha KoHco_
HAHTHOTO C'LqETAHr'E.
2. Ha"raruo roHcoHaHTHo caqeraHneHe Mo)Kega 6.rge o6paoynanoor
yaBoeHr,rcl,rJracHrd,T.e. oT cl,fJlacHlt, KOfiTOrrMaTeAHO
H Cbulo apTrKyna_
rlr.roHHoMrcro ce yrrrerriBar no enr{Hr{ carq HaqHH:
[nn, 66, vJ, rr, aa,
ccl r.rgp.
3. Hocosfire crrJracHlr[v, n] He Morar aa 6rgar a 6r,rrapcKr.r
AyMu nbp-
Bl trJreHHacbqeTasue,qlrfiro BTopHrjreH e [ryMona ctrJracna:
[r'16,vn, vfo,
MT,Mn, MK,n6, nn, nt, nr, ux, ux] u gp.
Hocosrre cbrJracHr.r Morar aa 6l.qar nr,psHqJreH,aKo B.r.oprrrrqJreHHa
cbqeraHliero e coHopHacbrracHa:
lv.pl _ upaz, ntpaK,*tpecra, Mpt ceH:
funf - utad, MneKap,MnbK,n,tux; |v.u]: *rur, ,roro, )vHeHue:
fupl': xpie.
4. He ce cbqeraBar nperpa4Hr., ct rracHl{ c,bccJIeAxoAH}t lpoxoAurr cbf-
JracHror eArrHr.tcl,ul JroKalreu peg: [nQ,6t, rc, rx].
5. He ce cr,qerasar nperpaAHo-npoxoAHr{ cBrJracHHc6c clreAxoAHH nper_
pagua: [qn, rlr, uK, qn,.rr] }l gp. He ce cr,qerasar
n c npoxoAHr.t c,r,rJracHr.t
or c'bultr JroKareHpeA: [uc, rru, s3, y3l.
flperpagHo-npoxo,qHuTe clrracHu ce crqeraaar caMo c.bc ctrJracHara
_-
lsl: 4aercto, \seme, \abpKaw, lsop, o3aucKa,dlcaakaM.
6. He ce ct rieraBar nperpanHo_npoxoAHr.t c flperpaAHo-npoxognlr:[qv,
qq, sq, Y3].
B uaqa.roro Ha AyMara crqeraHurra or
aBe cbrJracH' ce ,3BaprrrBarrro
cjre4HfiTe npaBHna:
l.IIIyvoBa carJracHa B c,rqeraHHe
c.bc coHoD-
H a c b r Jl a c H a. To:n run cr,qeranuee nafi-npogy*rnu"n
, ,u "aao n"ru
orpaHuqeHrrr:[6p] - 6pam, 6pada, 6pon, 6ptcna,
6puzada; 16116tamo,
6'ttcaa.u, 6,tust r<, 6tox, 6,tysa;
[np] a npou), ,pu"r), ,pou, npeceH, npe_
$uxc; lnnl - nroaav, nraq, n,lod, ,r"ri, ,ru.*o, ntyeau;1nul _ nHeaMo_
nufl, n eanrdmuqeu; fsla) 6tecmo, aMerla, aMbKHa;
fnuf _ euacnu, euurc_
eau, euoc; [vp] - spa3y*n, eparcda, "pono, ap"do*;
[uni _ unuuo*, uroro,
BneueHue;[w) - dnec, dueeuux-; - dptnrcau, dpe6oiun, dpyuc6a, dpa_
[l_p)
ua; [nn) - dtemo, dttzuecm;
ftu] - nia; [rp) _ mpaeu, mparcaw, mpu,
mponom, mpyn; fr:ll - m,ttKa, mrbcm, mreeHe,mracaa,u;
lzwl _ tueii, zuun;
fsu] - suax,,suaue, 3Hoxap, zuoi; [cu] _ cn4et, cwec, cuasxi, cuym; ycn1_
crnza, cua6ds, cHeMa, cHutca; _ cpau, cpe6po, cpuaa,
- c'ta6, cLrqetHutt, cJ.toao; -[cp] cpt6eai; linl
-
fx:vl cr,vtuuuvxa; [xp] : npe6e4, xpeiuii-,
t47
Jtcpeq, bKnl - )rcne6, te nna, )K'xb4i lutMf uMafi3ep, utMeKep,uMyeaMl
- upanxet, utpuQm; ltnttf - ut'taeep, urneM, wnocepi
fittuf - ruuota; fwpf
lrw) - z,uypxau; fruf zHe6eH,?He3do, zuu,l, zxoi; lrpl - zpad, zpa6a,
epaduua, epbd, zpax; lrn) ztad, eno6a, enb\Ka, enynaE; fKMf - kJ emr lKHl
- KHuea; lrpf - xpaaa, Kpai; fKnl - K,'tdc,Kremsa, k,xul6a ; fxl/f - xue4
-
fxp) - xpacm, xpywsa, xpoHuKa; fxn] xnad, xJranaK,xre6ap, xnonKd.
2. C's\eraHus or lxyMoBH cbrJIacHI.{:
a) fI p e r p a a H a + n p e r p a A H a. Clqetasnxra or aB€ nperpaAlrl'l c
pa3JrHqHIt yqJreHIjTeJIHU MeCTaCaKpafiHO orpaHHqeHH B HaqanoToHa.qyMara
r{ MoraT ,4ace npneMar Karo IIeT}InHqHI{ B 6'bnrapcKHte3ltl(.OcBeHToBaB
JreKcHKaJrHO OTHO[eHHe re ce cpeqar B eAHHHqHll cnyqaH:[6A] 6deue,6du'
menHocmi lnrl - nmu4a; lrx) - mxaa; lxrl - xmumop. Klu ro:n tun ce
BKrX)qBaH eIHHCTBeHOTO CbqeTaHLIe OTIlperpaaHaIi npefpaAHo-IIpoxo.qHa
cbrJracHalnu) - nueta.
6 ) f I p e r p a A H a + n p o x o A H a . H a q a r H H T ceb q e r a H f i to r n p e r p a A H a
n npoxolHa cbfJIacHa ca cpaBHHTeJIHOnO-lxUpOKO 3aCT1,neHI.IOT CAqeraHI.l-
rra c ,qBe[perpaAHII cr,rlacuu: [nc] nce, ncyaaM, ncuxo'rozutu ln::lf -
nuteHuqoifl.s] - deoeH,daop, deuzame4lrzl - meoi, mqope4,metpd; lrvl
- zaosdefi; fxs) - reac.3a rogt rnn crqeraHnt HsMaorpaHnqeHntLl Karo
noreHuuarHaB1'3MoxHocT Morar ,qace IIotBtBar B ayMHoT rlyxA npoI.{3xoA.
Crqeranuero Inx] Hanpuvep JII{ncBaB 6r,.nrapcruxJIeKcHKaJIeH Marepnan,
HO rrorBaTaMy e HanbrHo Ba3MoxHa, cpP.,ITxeunu. Tosa ce orHacs H :a
-
apyrr{TenrrncBaIH cl,qeTaHHt [6x] n ayMaTaor rlonc(n npotl3xo.q6J4e-
JtcuttcKu,[nO] a gyr.raraor HeMcKI.r npou3xo.qn$euuue,lxcl s xcutoSott u
ap. OqeBr.raHo, uloM xaro ltMa caqeraHHe[nru], xr,ruloHe rlpeqn Aa ['IMaI'l
c L q e r a H H e[ 6 x ] .
r) I[ p o x o,[ H a + n p e I p a r H a. 3arogurln cr'qeraHue noqrll HtMa
orpaH[qeHHsr,re tlrnpoKo3acrbneH a 6t,rrapcxur JIeKc[KaJleH Marepl,Ian:
- e6ecn, e6un; - lyp,)- edoee4,sduwa^t, edueau, edtxeau; [ar] - aza-
[u6f
aau, azopua; lSrtr) [rbnnfit], enun, l$r,etar ndP'ref sne4am,'IeHue;lqTl'
- [Qxdpav] sKapaM,[$rircna]
fgrj'pHa] BmypHa,[$rr,rn'i;] sm6,'Inni[Sr]
ercucnu,fQxalzeu'\f ercaueun; [:6] - [:6op] c6op, fz6ipxal c1uprca,
[s6irear.a] c1ueau,lz6nnx\) c6tuxa;[zt]- sdauue;lsrl - ltrpiqal cepada,
- -
fzranl czan, [:r-nyn'i'] cznynnl fcn) cnadau, cna3aal'r, cnacenue; fcr)
cmaH,cmofureH, cmap, cmeneH;lcxl - cxtn, ct(oqa, cKopo, cmaK; lln l -
runa?a, uinarma, unex; lwrl luranl r4a6, [urrae'r,] ulaea, ll:l:.riwsef
ulacmue; lnrl - uxaf, urceu6e, uxota.
K:lu ro:u rr{n ctqeraHnt ce B(r}oqBar H c.rqeraHl{tra or npoxoaHa I.i
nperpaAHo-npoxo,qHa ctrracHa: [$v] f$udpal auepa; lctf - ctumau; lzvl
- [::gxaQxav] cdscaerau.

148
 r) II p o x o AH a + rr p o x oA H a. To3H Tltn ctr{eraHne e Ba3MoxeH rrpu
ycnoBte, qe cbrracHnre rrMar pa3JIuqHHyqJreHIrreJrHHuecra: [n:] - a:e-
aM, asupa.M ce; lvx'J - axue.nlant ce; [Qc] - [Qcdfir] acex, f$cetd,naf ece-
rcxa, [Sced6wmJ eceo6t4, [Qu] [Qurnfit] euun,lgxoyf exod; lszl - seyrc,
36bHeq',lcBf - ceada, c6upn, cretci lc$l - cSepa; lcxf - cxann, cxe.ua,
cxotcda,u; lxtf - xeaxau; fusn] - IIIee1un, Illeei4apux; lxz] - xaoiixa,
xaana, xabpJlflM.
CaqeraHrrt or rrpoxo,[Hx npeguone6nn H npoxoAHn aJrBeonHH,a cr,rr1o
TaxaH cbqeraHHt or npoxoAHl,npeguoxe6xnn npoxoAHuBeJrapnnca He.qo-
lrycruMrrn 6r,rrapcrur e:ux: [utc, x3, clrr, 3x, urx, xur].

Ctqemanua om meLpdu u ,ueKu c\zJtacqu a Haqhtomo na dynama

S f 14. B ra3r.rno3urlltr ca 3acBnAerercrnasu34 crqeras[r or rBbp.qau

MeKacbrJracHa.To:u 6poi e 6:u:o rpu nbrn no-MaJrcKor 6por na cruera-
HHrraor aBerBap,qt c brnacHI,t, Clornouennero noKa3Ba crecHeHaracSepa
xa ynorpe6a Ha MeKLtrecarJracHltB HaqatHano3quut.
Vcrauogenure npaBlrna3a cr,qeraBaHeHa rB r,p,qHTe carJracHI.I
B 3aBtrct-r-
MOCTOT TTXHOTOMTCTOH HaqUH Ha yqneHeHlre ca HaIIaJIHoBaTLlIHI_iI{ 3a
c'btteTaBnsTa oT TBl,paa H MeKa ctfJracHa.
Or ra6r. l3 vorar,qa ce HanpaBtr cneAHnre H3Bo1H3a cbqeraeMocrra
Ha TBbpAH C MeKri CbfJtacHr.t:
l. Tntpgure nperpaAHu cbrJracHlt He ce cbqeraBar c MeKH rrpoxo,[Hl tr
tlperpaAHo-npoxoAHlt cbrJlacHr.r.
2. Kpafino orpaHHqeHu ca B!3MoxHocrr.rre 3a cbqeraBaHe Ha nperpa,qHr.{-
Te c6fJIacHr,r.Eluucrteuoto sacBu.qereJrcrBaHocrqeraHHe e [6g'] a gyMara
6dn.
3. flperpagnnre H npoxoaHure crrJracHu ca 6e: orpaur.rveHuqa crqera-
Hvara c c MeKHTecBrracHr.t [p', l']: [6-rr'] - 6,tnu, 6,rnctrc, 6tndo, 6noc_
mumen; l6p'I - 6pne, 6pncm, 6pntemxa; fnn') - ntnoa, turna&IHuK, ntt)c_
rca,n;[np] - npnrcop,nptrtr; fap'l dpnn, dpnuru; frp'l - mpnceau, mpn6ea;
fxn'l - x,,tnxau, mnu; frcp'l - xp.ncbK,KpAKa.+tl[rp'l - epnx; fst'l - etnsa,
ettro6eu;[$n'] Q,taouza;[yp'l , epnea,BpAKar4; [sp'] - spm; lcpl - cpnda,
cpesaaM; fcl'f - ctnn, c,ltoHKailwnl - uttnnau, rutflxma: lxn'l - xan6;
[xp')
xpnH, xpnc.
4, Ct qerauugta or nperpaAHlt H npoxoaHr.rc Merrl HocoBr,rctr:racHu ca
TBGpAeolpaHr.rqeuu. 14:vexgy nperpaAHr.rre cafJracHHcavo nelapunre Ir]
u [r] ce crverarar c MeKaracbrrracHa[n]: [xn'] - xxna; fru'l - znna. fIo-
pa:xoo6parun ca c6.reraHr.t.rra or npoxoAHar{ nocoBa crr.racta; [au'] -
sMflmav; fcu'f - canna, c .nmau; lcn') - unz; fxu'l - tcun.

t49
 + + + + + + + + +

: + + + + + + + + +

F
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

x +

B + +

+ + +

€. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + +

+ +
Q

F + + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + +

- x

\ o t r < F ! - v l o € o . 3 X x i 7 a 7 r > a q > E

150
 5. Clqetaxusra or HocoBt.t u nperpaaHo-fipoxoAHI{ ctrnacHx c MeKr,I
c6r-
JracHnca rpafiuo orpanr-rvenu.I{:uexgy HocoBl,rrecar,.roctrnacxara [v] ce
crrreraBa c nJranHrre [p'] u [:r']: lup') - npsxa, fv^tr'l - utnxo, a u3MexAy
rpefpaAHo-npoxoaHl{recaMo [q] ce crverasa c [t'l - 4enm.
6. Cr,qerann.araor nperpaAHHu MeKnnpoxoaHHcrrlaurn crqo ca rpafi-
HoorpaHr.rqeHn. Tosu run e npencraBeHcaMoor ABecbqeraHun:fcn'l - cnn,
cntaxa; [cr'f - cmflzau.
7. Kpafixo orpaHuqeHlrca u cbqeraHrrrra or IBe npoxoAHx ctfnacHu:
ltv') - zaap; lca'l - cenm; [dc'] - [rfc'axaxf ecnxax.
T a6n r u a 13
Cr,qerarlt or rD]pAx ll MeKr ctrJtsctrtrE raqaJroroxr AyMara
------
II Mextt
n' E T r' B' 0' c' 3' Jt'
I rr"nnr\--.
6 + + +
n t +
A +
T +
f + +
X + +
B + +
,1, + +
c + + + + +
+
UI +
x +
x + +
q
s (a3)
r.t

(ax)
p
JI

M +
tl

Ctvemauua om dse cuzrac+u s t<paa Ha ly- ama

S f 15. B HaJrn'rrnsJrexcu(aneHMarepuan Ha KHr.txoBHr.tr 6t.nrapcxu e:ur

ca 3acBxAereJrcrsaHu 46 crqeraHnt or rBe ctulacHr.rs rDaecrosne. Togu
l/r
6pofi npegcranlrBa rroqrlr or o6ulxs 6pofi xa crve.raufirra or aBe clr-
nacHl a Haqaroro Ha.qyMara.H tosa e o6rcuuvo, Karo ce HManpeA BHg

t5l
tre B Kpar Ha AyMara npe,u [ay3a He Moxe Aa HMa H|tro sByqHH cbrracHH,
I1IITO MEKI,T ObTJIACHN.
Ocnen orpaxu.reHlttra, HaJIoxeHLI or HeyrpaJll{3al{Htra Ha npx3lraqnTe
no MeKocT - TBbp.qocr Il 3ByqHocr - 6errayvuoct, Morar aa ce nocoqar n
creAHure otpaHIlqeHI.tt:
1. Kaxro B HaqaJloro, TaKa u B Kpat Ha,llyMara npeA nay3a He Moxe.qa
r{Ma y,{BoeHI,l clulacHH.
2. B xpan Ha nyMara o6parHo Ha crqeraeMocrra B HaqanHano3llqlrt He
MOXe.qa HMa cbqeTaHl.It c Il6pBI,IqneH uyMoBa clfJlacHa I{ BTopH '{JIeHco-
HopHa ctrnacHa. Tora npaan.no e 6eg ngxlroqenne, Hanp. [rp], [u], [cl],
pumM, caemn,
[cp], [rv], [tn] n np. B 6r,rrapcrur e3HKlt3roBopbr meamp,
kocM A I p. e HeaonycTlrM.
Crqerannqra or,qBe carnacHt cJlea rJIacHaB Kpa{ Ha AyMara ce o6pa3y-
BaT no cneaHuTe npaBHJIa:
l.CrqeraH:,lfl MexAy coHopHH I'I uryMoBH c'I'r-
Jr a c H r-r.Hegonycruunre HaqaJIHlrclqeraHllt or coHopHa H lrryMoBa cbr-
racHa B Kpar Ha.qyMaTa ca HanuIHo Bl,3MoxHIl H Ca 6e3 OrpaHl'Iqeunr: [pn]
- [urrpn] qbp6,li::l:"pnl yqbp6; lp{l - [nep$] Heps, wap6, mopf; lp'tl -
cmandapm,Mapm, decepm,c bpm; lpc) - kypc, 6apc, [6tpc] 6tpr; [pq]
Ksap\, wnep4; fpu) - uapw, 6opw, xpexeuput; [pt] - xapu, 6opu, cut'pu;
ipx] napK, ovepK, [rtardpx] sb3mope,[ir:aepr] uteepe; lpxl - Motnpx,
ercapx, fnnf - [crr,:rn] cmbt6, sa.rn, ny'4n; Utql - 2on6; lnrl - lcbnm, Kytm,
anm, 6azatm; lrcf - eatc, ny'tc; Uul - Sary, Qu'r4; lnwl - Qatu; lttxl -
ab,,tr,no./tK,mam; llln) - lpownl pou6, lfiaun] - nu6; lv.$) - mpuyuS; llacl
- peMC, 3e^4c;[Hr] - [$oxr] Soxd, zuzaum, cmarrcaHm,eapuaum; lucl
aeaxc, 6atanc, f6poac) 6poxs, laencl 4euz; fu\l * erauq, maH4, npu 4;
- -
[nw) - 6paxw, peoaHu, xauut; luu) xleHu, nupuHq; fHK) maux, deux,
qultK.
2.C't" eraHxt M e x A y c o H o p H H c a r J I a c H ! t . T o 3 t T{ I r n
csqeraHnt e 6e3 ofpaHnqeHHt, Ho e 3acBLIAeTeJICTBaH npe,qI,IMHO B AyMIr,
qyxAu no npouaxo.q: [rv] ncatu, SuLtu, xtLtu; fpv.l - t4yp*t, xaxdapu,
n,xa4dapvilnu) - xutn; fwu) - xuuu; lpul - xox4epn; lptl - etpt, Kapt;
lrp) - ncaHp:lnll) - couu.
3. C t q e r aHv g M e x,u y rx y M o B I,I c b r JI a c H I{, C'bqeraHlr-
tra or ABe luyMoBr.rcbrJracH[ 3a pa3nHKa oT c'bqeTaHHtra Mexay coHopHu
H IIyMOBu Ca rpafixo ofpaHHqeHr. B narHqnHq JIeKcHKaneHMaTepHaJICa
3ACBI,IAETENCTBAHITCJIEAHIiTETUNOBECbqETAHN'B 3AB}ICHMOCT OT M'CTOTO
n HaqrjHaHa yqJIeHeHHe Ha cbrJIacHHTe:
a)npe rp aAH a*np e r p a A H a : l n r l - a d e n m ,e e x a t u n m ;f x r ) -
akm, naKm, nyHKm, defeKm, afekm;

t52
 + + +

F. + +

+ +

F + + +

+
x

+ + -r- -t +

+ + + + + +
F
+ + + +

F
u
I +

F + + + + + + + + +

+ + +

l o t r r { F L e o + r : o 3 X

t) t
 6) n p e r p a A H a * n p o x o A H a: [nc] - zunc; lxcf - KodeKc,6oKc,
K)KC, peQteKcl,
n) n p o x oI H a+ n p e r p aA H a-To3rirHncrqeraHHee cpaBHHTeJrHo
Haft-lIJHpoKo 3acrbneH u3Mex,qy cbqeraHrrra MexAy rxyMoBH cbrracHr:
[$rl - xefn; lcr] - eecm, o6,iacm, Mnadocm, 3bpHecm, ^4ocm; lxrf -
fiparm, eexm; [ur] - [xour] uot4, fzeunl oeq, ltrnnysarurl etauyear4;
fcx] - o6ucx, ducx, xamucx,pucx;
r) n p o x o.q H a + n p o x oA H a: [c0] - [rpe:Q] mpa6; l6rnf - [6uau]
6ueut,fneueni$rtf netetuaw, [norrpnd$ur] nombpneaw;lcuf - eucu,
HUCW.

Ctrremanua om mpu cazrtacvu a Hsqaltomo u KpaB Ha dynama

$ I16. Tosr rnn cbtreraHrece cpeqa cpaBnnreJrHo no-prAKo B 6bnrap-

cKara reKcHKaJrHaeAfiHlrua,Tora ce o6scutsa c QaK.ra,qe B 3ByKoBIrt
crpoex Ha clqeraHl,reroyqacrBar onpeAeneHr.t carflacHHc Qr rcnpano u.rc-
ro. Couopnu'recbrJIacHHnarrpuMepca eAHHor eJIeMeHTrlre Ha rplrKonco-
lraHTHoroctqeraHne, go c onpeAeJreHo Mtcro - Te Morar 4a 6r,gar cavo
TpeTHs'trrreH B cbqeTaHHeTo.
L B naqarua no3ltrlnr cr,qeraHueroor rpn ctrnacHu ce Lr3rpaxAano
cne.rlHIiTe Mo.[err:
a) n p o x o A H a + n p e r p a A H a + c o H o p u a. To:u cr,qeTarejreH
rrn e Hai-unpoKo 3acrbneH:lnr t) - oe,tedau;lsnnf, adn6uamuHal [Rrp]
- ezpadt; ftrp') - eeuesdn; [rf n:r] - [Qn.rriraMf snnuma.u;
[<frn] - [$mrbva]
- 6K,tnuai [Qnp] - [<[npi;cxav,]enptcxau;
[gnp'] [$np'drar.a]lnptrzaM;
IQxp] [ Q x p A r q e ] s K p a m 4 e it $ r p l - [ Q r p i c s a r . a ]e m p t c e a u ; l z r n l -
Iaur:.rrdsa] -
cete0a; ltrao6'\) czto6a; lztpl sdpaee; lzrpl - [zrpdna] cepada;
[a6p] [o6pivruav.f - c6ptuxeau; [3np] - zdpaae; ftnp) - fzapyxLf cdpy-
-
xa', [x4p) - xdpeto; [cxnf cK]uova, cxtonn; fcntl - cn/taq fctpl -
cnpuHm; lcnp') - cnpnzau; lcrpl - cmpax; lcxpl - cxpoueu; fll:npl - unpu4;
[urp] - [urpAraM] t4paKau, [urpirxa] uqpuxa.Krw ro3n rr{n ce orHacrr H
cGqeranlrtra, .{fifrTorper[ ereMeHr e npoxo,qHaracr,rJracHa[u]: [cxa] -
cKaeptul.
6 ) l l p o x o A H a + n p o x o A H a + c o H o p H a .T o 3 n r H r r c l , q e r a H H e
e cpaBHItreJIHo no-cna6o3acrbneH:lszpl espue;[Qc,r] - [rfclj,uraM] sc,ty-
utan; ffcll) - [<[cr,r]xoavl scllyKroM; [gcp] - [Scper] ecped; lcspl - capa-
ra; [cxr] - cx,nynt; [cxpl - cxpycxa,u; [xspf - xeptxeau.
B) n p o x o,4 H a + n p o x o.q H a + nx p e r p a A H a. 3actr.rgerelcreano
e caMo eAHoctqeraHue: [Qcr] - [$cri;n'r) - ecmtna.
r) II p o x o A H a + n p o x o A H a + n p o x o A H a. Cpeqa ce ctrrlo caMo
eAHocbqeraHr.re:lcxaf - cxeaua.
154
 g)fIp
o x o , q H a + H o c o B a + n i r a I H a . 3 a c B n l e ' r e n c r B a H oe c b r q o
caMo eAHo caqeraHre: lcupf - cupam, curbp3Ha, cr4pbt4tt.
2. Csqelarusra or rpu carJracHn B xpa.,rHa,qyMara ca rpafiuo orpaHuqe-
HI.rr{ 3ByKoBrrrr nM MoAeJr e pa3nlrqeH or MoAeJIa B HaqatHa no:nqrar: [uxr]
nyuxm;fnrcl - cfuuxc; lxcr) mexcm;fmlr) - lonwrl o64.

Coqemaaug om c6zracvu a cpeducnosue

(u n m epooxatu a u Bu tlut)

$ 117.Cpe.qrrc.lloBHara
no3r'rqur
MexAyABecrraacsne nafi-6nafonpH.{T-
Ha 3a cbqeraBaHe Ha cbtJracHure. Tora, xoeto e He,qonycrltMo or 3aKoHr.ITe
3a cbqeraeMocr B Haqa.rrorou B Kpag Ha AyMara, TyK e ,qonycruMo. flo-ro-
JreMrrreBr3MoxHocrr, 3a caqeraHue no3BottBar xarro no-pa:woo6pa:ur
3ByKOBUMOAen,TaKa H nO-rOJrrMaAsnXHHa Ha CaMOTOCbqeTaHHe.
B cpegucroane ce cpeular cr,qeraHr.rr or ABe Ao qernpu cttnacHH, Ho
TtxHoro MopQoJIorHqHo none Ha pea.lr 3aqn.f,e pa3ttlqHo: AByqneHHHTec,l,-
geraHrr Morar cBo6oAHo Aa ce ocbulecrB{Bar B paMKHTe na uop$err,rara
rlnu Ha MopQeMrara rpaHnrraj TprrqneHHnre - npeAxMuo na vopSevnara
rpaHHr{a, a qernpnqreHHure - caMo xa uopQevxara rpaHl{qa B AoMarrrHrl
AYMH.
3a crqerasrgra or ABe carracHu He c6rqecrByBar HHKaKBLtotpaHHqeHr,rq.
AKo B Haqanoro Ha AyMara e HeBr3MoxHo cbqeraHfie, qHiiTo ntpBII qre8 e
c6rilacHara Ip] uru Ir], a cpeAHcroBrree Han6JrHoBa3MoxHo: ,4dpKa, Kbp6u,
dtlttcuua, Kb,,t6o,nanKa. Br,lvoxult ca H caqeraHnt or HocoBa t-t [JyMoBa
ctfjracHa, rolrTo B HarraJrHano3Hrllrr cl,tqo ca HeaonycTrrMH: zpb.uaaM,
n,Ianlm.E,mbHKa, aHKema, c eHuecm.
Hegonycrnvure crqeraHr{r or trryMoBa n coHopHa B Kpar Ha AyMara B
cpeAlicnoBxe MexAy ,qBerlacHu cto6oAso ce peantr3npar:.meampu, c6em-
,'IU. KOCMU.

Or 4pyra crpaHa, yaBoeHr.rrect'r:tacHrl, KoHTo He ce cpeqar HHTo B Ha-

qaJroTo,Hr,rToB Kpat Ha,qyMaTa, B cpe,{ncnoBHeca AonycTHMtl, HO np]t yc-
JroBr{e,qe cBbp3BaHero ce r{3BaprrrraHa uopQeuHara rpaHr{rla. B 6r.nrapcxu
.qyMr,(ygBoeHH ctrlracHu B paMKxre Ha vopQevara He caqecrByBar.
Vgroenra cluacHu, Ka(To Beqe ce [ocoq]t, ce nollyqaBar npu cJIl,rBaHeHa
[peAcraBKa H KopeH u HacraBxa H xopeH,,lltro rpafinu u HaqaJrHH3ByKoBe
cbBnaAar rro Mrcro u Har{uHHa yqJreHeHne:om-meztn - ommeeln, 6ezsey-
ueu - 6essayteu, padocm-ma - padocmma, cmeH-Ha - cmeHHa.
Vgroeunre clrJracHn, nonyqeHs or cJruBaHeroHa Kopeu H HacraBKa, He
ce cB6p3Bar c rpera cbtnacHa. fIpN c:ruaaue o6aqe Ha npelcraBKa u KopeH
no npaBIriloTo 3a u3fpax,qaHe Ha TpuqteHHH crqeTaHI'r e BB3MoxHo cBAp3-

155
BaHeTO C TpeTa CTrnaCHa, aKO Tr e COHOpHar{Jrfi CGrJIaCHa IBJ'. be3CMUCte ,
[6eccvirc:reu], 6escpoven[6eccpdven],u33abHHd.
Crqerauurra or rpn ctrracHr.r B cpeAncnoBr.rece o6pa3yBar npeArrMHo
ra lroptfeunara rpaHrrqa.B xopenHuuop{eun re ce cpeqar no-prlKo: ,Jc-
Kpa, cecmpa,Hndpa, Jrepmla. 3ryxottrr MoAenHarpnqJrenHoroc6qera-
nue e noAo6enHa MoAena,cpeulaHB Haqatoro r{ B Kpar Ha AyMara.
Hai-qecro cpeqaH MoAen e cr,qeraHneroor npoxoAHa+ nperpa.qHa+
coHopHa,nonytr€Hor cBbp3BaHero Ha npe.EcraBXHTe 6ez-, ets-, u3- , pa3- c
HaqaJrHHTe,qByqlreHHr.r crqeraHIr Ha xopeHHaravoptfer"ra, calt,pxaIr1l,t
lperpaAHa u coHopHactrracHa: [s6p] - 6ea-6peaceu- 6ess6pelceu; fzrpl
- 6es-zpaxuueu- feszpauuuen; fcnn] - 6esn,tauoo-
[6e:nlAnoa]; [:rn]
arc-eted - etsz,ted; us-ered - use,ted;fzru] - pa3-zrrcst - pa3eHesn.
Or cerpaoanero Ha npeacraBKltreHad-, om-, nod-, nped- r.rAp. no.q.c
H a q a J r H ao B y q J r e H H cot q e r a H H e H a K o p e H H a r av o p Q e r u ac e n o r y q a B a r
crpyKrypn or nperpaAHa+ nperpa.qHa+ coHopHa:lrnpl - uad-npeaapn
[narnpendp'r,]; lrnnf - uad-ntyeau luarnnysanr]; [.qrr] - om-ztedau
[o.qrrdlav]; ltpr| - nod-zpen; [rnp] - nped-npuen4a Inpernpndua].
Or c.nugaHeroHa xpaiHnre nByqneHHH cr,qeraHHrua xopenxara vop$e-
Ma c HacTaBKHTe -AAM, -KA, -.4UA, -HA, - UK, -CKU Ce nOnyVaBaT CbrIeTaHI,lf
or rpu c brnacHa c no-paruoo6pa:Ha crpyxrypa, orroJtKoro npn cB6p3BaHe
Ha npe,[craBrx c xopeH. fh,par v,rex Ha cbqeraHnero Moxe Aa 6rge coHop-
Ha, npoxoAHa ri nperpaAHa cbfJracHa, BTopH qjreH - nperpa.qHa,npoxoaHa r.t
nperpanHo-npoxoaHa H TpeTHqreH - coHopHa,nperpaAHa, npoxoAHa n
nperpaAHo-npoxogHa: [p3B] - nodetpteau; fcxz) - odpacxeaJv; fxKBf -
u3oxKaaM; lcrxl - uucmxa; fnznl - curznue; lcral - eecmua, eecmnux; lrcx]
- tfnomcrcu u ap.
Ctqerasusra or qerHpn cbr;racHn ce cpe[rar cpaBHHTeJrHo no-ptgKo B
3ByKoBlrr crpoex Ha 6r,lrapcxata JIeKcHKaJrHaeAHHHqa.O6paryrar ce or
crrBaHero Ha rpafiuure c6fJracHH Ha npeAcraBKHc HaqaJIHorpHqreHHo c6-
qeraHue Ha KopeHHara vop$eva lrrH or cJ'IHBaHerona xpaftnnre ct,r:lacHu
Ha Mop(beMara HrH ocHoBara c HaqarHHre aByqneHHH(rpuvleHnn) crvera-
HH-'I HA HACTABXATA.

Ol c.[;rHsaHero Ha HacraBxara6es-, us-, xad-, o6-, om-, nod-, pa3- c Ha-

rranHoToTpHqneHHo KoHcoHaHTHO C6qeTaHIte HaKOpeAUara rvropQeMa ce no-
r y q a B a r c ; r e , q H u r e r t r r r o B e q e r r r p H q J r e H H Hc ' h q e r a H H r : I c c x p ] -
[ 6 e c c r p j ' n y n e H ] 6 e s c x p y n y t e x ,[ 6 e c c r p d u , r e H ]6 e s c m p a u t e n ;I c x e p ] -
Iucxrpixaar,,r]u3xspbKaant;[rcrp] - [xarcrpdfixa] uadcmpoixa, omcmpa-
ru.a,[norcrpirnau] nodcmpueeau; lncrp] - [onpcrpi,roau] o6cmpeteau;
[ctutp] - [pacurpdxav] pa3utpaKa .
Or crlrsanero ua xpainure nByqneHH HJrr.r rprl{JreHHr.t KoHcoHaHTHH c.b-
qeraHur Ha KopeHHaraMopQeMa(ocaosara) c HacraBK[Te-cKu, -cmao ce

156
rroJlyqaBarcJle,qHlrrerunoBe qernpxqJreHHn cbqeraHrrx: [nrcr] - apecma -
mcKu, zuzaHmcKu, dupuzeumcrcu; lnrcxl - xytmcxu; Incrn] - [pdncrro) po6-
cmeo; lucrsf - eedoucmeo; [pcr;] - qapcmsoi f$crz) - zpaficmao; [rcra]
- demcmeo u gp.
9erlrpu.rrenxu KoHcoHaHTHH c'bqeraHHt ce cpeuar rBrpAe qecro B AyMr,r
or qyxA rrpon3xo!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:
deMoHcmpa4uf, mpdHcntaHma4uf, uHcmpyK4un, uHc-
mpyrreHm, KoHcmpyK4ufr H np. TexHHrr MoAer He e pa3nrqeH or MoAera
rrpu cBr,p3BaHeHa npe,qcraBKr.ic KopeHHaMopQ€Ma npff AyMnre or 6.r.nrap-
cKH npoH3xoA.
Cucev pegxn ca cBqeraHlrtra or ner cbrJracHHB cpe,qllcJroBIiero,noJty-
rreHHoT c:bulr.rrMoAen npu cBr,p3BaHeHa KopeH c HacTaBKa,Hallp, cmydeu-
mcmao.

flpo,veuu Ha cuzJracHume I c6qemaa+ue c6c cuzracHu

$ 118. flponaeuxre ca rJraBHo,qBarnna: x o u 6 x H a r o p H r.r,xonro ca

pe3yrTaT oT HafJracaTaHa apTHKyJrr.rpaul[{Te
opfaHr.{3a H3roBop Ha caceAHtl
c'br;racHu 3ByxoBe, H rr o 3 H rl r.ro H H r,r,xoxTo ca obyc.noneuu or rro3r.lrlH-
,tra Ha cbrJlacHara B paMKr.rreHa AyMara. Kr,lr xou6tuaropHnTe npoMeHH
c n a g a ry n o l o 6 r B a H e r o ( a c N v t . n a q u r r ra. )p
r a3 no,qo6t Ba-
H e r o (AncxMHnaq rra) Ha cbrjracHHTe, a KbM no3l.IrlHoHHxres o6,.racrra
Ha KoHcoHaHTH3Ma - o6e33By,{aaaHeroHa 3ByqHKTectrJracHx B Kpar Ha ny-
MaTa H 3naAaHeTOHa AaAeHaC,I'fJIaCHa OT fpyna C],rJracH[ B Ta3h rro3HrlHr.
Acuvnlat.ltguute H ancr.rMHrarHBHure npouecl gefrcrear ct,uo 3a onpoc-
TrBaHe HJrr.r
ycnoxHrBaHe Ha rpynH oT cbfjracHu.
Vnoao6gsaHero H J r Ha c l n M r l J r a q l r q r a e r a ( o B aQ o u e r r v u o
rBJreHHe,npu KoeTo aBa cT,ceAHrr3ByKa B pe3ynTaT Ha aHTHTIH[arIHrTaHa
apTHKynnpa[IHTe opfaHr.i ce H3paBHrBaTno H3roBop r-t3q.f,Jro HJrHqacT[r{Ho,
r(aro eAr.rHrrrror rtx (Hafr-.{ecro npegxognH.rr) flplreMa KaqecrBara Ha,qpy-
rrar (Haii-uecro ua clegxoluur).
B :asHcr.rvocr or rocoKara Ha ar,sgeiicrnte yno4o6.asanero 6nna gaa au-
Aa: l) p e r p e c t-l B H o, r(oraro rrpeAxo,qHurr 3ByK ce npoMeH{ rroA Bb3-
AefrcrBr.leroHa cJre,qxoAHur,u 2) l p o r p e c H B H o, Koraro creAxoAnr,rqr
3ByK npoMeHr KaqecrBara cr.i noA Bjrr.rrHueHa flpe,qxoAHr.tr.B 6tlrapcrnr
e3r,rKrxrrpoKo e 3acll,rreH nrpBr.trr rrn yno.qo6.raaue,Hanpr{Mep H3paBH.f,Ba-
Hero rro 3ByqHocr Ha clrreraHr.rero [16] n x:roaopa na ayuara caam6a
[cndn6a] urra Ha 6es:ayvnocr Ha cbqeraHxero [:r] s H3foBopa Ha nyMara
npuKa3Ka Inpiracra]. flporpecurHoro ynogo6.rnane e xpafixo orpaHrrqeHo
t-rno cBor xapaKTep e qacrHqHo. Cpeua ce B or,qeflHr.rcny{ar.r B pa3roBop-
HaTa peq lIIpx c]qeTaHH.8 npeaHMHo Ha cbcTaBKH lr,Ju,tutyrJ[KaBu cbrJlacHr.r
crc creAxoAHa clrJracHa ful - ceumtx [cQirrlr], ceeuq fn{.eryl, urea1a

157
[lrQd6a]. flpolrruara na cLrJIacHaraIn] n cr,r:racnaItf] e uo-cropo uacrnv-
Ha, oTKOJTKOTO nlJIHa, Ta npB yno.qo6tBaHeToce nonyqaEa3ByK,cpeaeH
Mexay [B] r [O].
Yno,uo6ssaHerona cbr:racHureMoxe Aa ce norytlu KaKToor AeicrBHero
npn Koero HacranBaH3paBHqBaHe
Ha fJlacn;rKr.rre, no 3ByqHocr- 6e:reyv-
HOCT, Ta(a H OT apTHKynatIHoHHOTO II3paBHtBaHe nO MTCTO H HaqI{H Ha yq-
JICHEHUE.
- 6e:roy.rnocr. Pa:rnqr.rero no
$ 119. Vnoao6ffBaHe [o 38yq[ocr
3ByqHocr 6e::nyvuocr B 66nrapcKH.f,e3I.IK,KaKToBeqe ce nocot{u, e OoHe-
Marl,tqHo. Toea o:ravata, qe ABe rxyMoBH cbfitacHlt, pa3n[qaBatln ce no
3ByrrHocr - 6e::ryunocr, He Morar aa ce rbpntr eAHa.qoApyra. Bt:voxnu
ca aBa cryqaq: ynogo6rraHe no 3ByqHocr, npH Koero rJlac[JIKItre 3anoqBar
Aa rpenrrr npegBap[renHo, B pe3yJrrar Ha Koero lrpe.qxoAHara6e::ayvua
clrJracHa ce o3ByqaBa B cbqeTaHHe cbc cJreAxo,[HaTa 3ByqHa cbfracHa, H
ylo,qo6rrane no 6eessyvuocr, npH Koero f;racr.rJrKHTe
rrpecraBar.ua rperrrsr
u npeaxo.qHara 3ByqHacr'r;racHa ce o6e33BytlaBaB ctqeraHt{e c6c cJle,qxo.q-
Hara 6e33ByqHa cbfracHa.
Vnoao6rsaHero Ha carJracrrHTeno :ryvHocr - 6e33Byt{Hocrce n3BBptttBa
KaKTOB paMKHTe Ha AyMaTa, Ta(a fi npH MeX,qyCnOBHOTO CB'bp3BaHeB rO-
BOpHHS n O T O K .
B p a v x n r e H a , { y M a r a , K r A e r o 3 B y K o B o r oc r l e n r e H H ee H a f - c H n H o ,y n o -
ao6rBaHero ro 3ByrrHocr - 6el:ryvuocr e MaKcHMaJIHo lt3pa3eHolr ro.ne6a-
Htrr He ce xa6rroaarar, T.e. 3ByqHa cbrllacHa npeg 6e::ayvna ce H3foBapq
r,r3urlroKaro 6e:rryuxa, xarro r 6e::ayvHa cbrJracHa npea 3ByqHa ce r{3ro-
Bapr rr3urno Karo 3ByqHa: arrcxdom [anerldr], om6un fon6iirrf, cepada
[:rprina], czomet fzrdrs'r), usnun Iucnifit], nodnuc lndrtucf, uadnuc
[ndnuc], epadcxu [rpircrn], epz'srcafspicxal, apa1ue fspantdf, pozue
[pdrve].
flpel coHopulrre cr,rracHH r rrpeA cbrJracHlrre [a], Ia'] 6es:ayvHlrre crr-
JracH[ r{e ce o3ByqaBar. IIoA ana,rexruo BJTHTHHe o6ave c'lrracuara [r] or
rrpeAcraBKara om- Moxe HenpaBunHo,qace o3Byqr,r:omtten lorytdirt f , om-
taeau fop,:ldral'z .'l,onpetrca [o,qpdxa], ompdc a [ogpdcHa], om uHazuM
[o4vnHinau], om bcmJr [ogvrcr"b], om acnu foy,udctlll, omuoeo
[onndno], omauHmaov fogniHrnav], omanaa [oge'daav].
Ilpe,qcrasrara a- npe,qcoHopHr.rc6rJracHHHa MopQevnara rpannqa cr,u1o
HenpaBrnHo ce o6e::nyvara: eten l$ ftit's), etusau lSnitsav,f, epetrca
[$pdxa], a,vaxaa [r]uixHal, aaoc IQnoc], luyuasau [Qnyuiaav].
$ 120. Mex4ycronno yno4o6nnane. B noroxa Ha peqra nyMr{Te ca
cB'bp3arruHerrocpeAcrBeHoerHa cneA apyra, 6rarogapenlre na xoero ce o6-
pa3yBa HenpeK'r,crrarocrra Ha roBopHara replrra. flopaln roaa rpaitulrre r.r

158
 HaqaJrHI{Te cBrllacHIt Ha ABecaceaHr.rAyMHT'LprIf,TCATqLITe acrrMliraquoHHIl
rrpoMeHr.t, ra(To cl,ceAHl,lTeCtfnacHu B paMKHTeHa .qyMaTa.
flpn vexnycnorHoro cBr,p3BaHe o6aqecteneHTaNaacHMunarlHrrae pa3_
JrnqHa rr e B 3aBncrrMocror roBa, Aarlt HaqarH[Teu xpafinure cr,rJracHu
ce cpeular Ilplr nBe nbJIHo3HaqHn nyMv, nnv B paMKHTena QoxetuvHara
.qyMa.
l flpra goe nr,itHo3HaqHH .{yMn (aKueHTHo cavocrorre.nulr) crerreHTaHa
o3ByqaBaHero HaKpafrHaractrJIacHaHanpelXoAHaraAyMarroAanxrHr{eHa
HaqaJrHaTa 38yqHacrrJracHaHa cJrenxoAHaTa AyMae B 3aBncr,rMocT oT H3rO_
Boprr4gcrtllt. flpu no-6aren H3roBop,npu xofiro ce ct3AaBaa.b3MoxHocr
3a
pa3AeJrrHe HaAyMr{Tec xparKunay:n, ynogo6xrauero rIo 3ByqHocre rBr'pre
cta6o utu He ce ocbr{ecrBrrsa:epad fa1poeo
[rpar fd6pono], dt,,t6oxeuu_
rrnr [grn6dr :ivnnr], eucox dou [alcdx ndv], c,radix xueom
lcli,at x
xutinf, uemeu dox.oad lterErss aor.ndr], arraKbm3awuHa :aviua].
Inndxr,r
IIpt no-6r,psn:rorop o6ave,npr xofiro ue rtln"*u"" nuya" *")r(Ay
AyMHTe,
ynogo6nuauero e nr,rrHo:zpad fa6poeo
[rpdg fipoao], dur\ox suurturc
[.uur6dr :irvnrrf, eucox dou [nncdr gdv], c,tadtx crueom [c,rirr xrlrdr],
uemeu dox,tad Iverdx gor.ndr], araKbm3aMuHa
Iuirr,g :ar,,rirna]
Ynogo6xnauero no 6e::nyvxocr 3a pa3JrHKa or yno4o6raaHerono 3Byq_
rrocr He3aBxcHMo or lt3roBopHl.lrcrr;r e rrbnHo:xy6aa xpai
[xj,6a$ rpan],
epad Tz,prrcao[rpdr Ti,pHoao], 6taz xapaxmep xapdxrep].
[6,rir
flprl vexgyc:ronHoro cBt p3BaHe,TaKaKaKTor.{B paMKHTeHa
nyMara,
ylono6lraxero no 3ByrlHocTJrHncBa npu cpeua Ha xpafiHn6e::ryvau cr,r_
JracHr{ Ha npelxo.qnaraAyMa c HaqarH[ coHopHuHJlt crr;IacH[Te
[a, a,] Ha
cne.[xoAHaraAyMa:6ozam toe, dut6ox poa, tdpae uocm
[stpio N{ocr],aa_
coKHaaec,epad Bapua [rpdr Bdpxa], dtcrd ea,ru
[q.i,ur aanir].
flpeA,qyva, 3anoyBaurac rJracHa,xpaiHara cbrJracHaHa fiperxorHara
.qyMace H3roBap.a 6e::ryuuo: zpad Oxpud [rpir Oxpxr], saaod oepouert
[rardr orpdveu] , ntad o$u4ep [vndr otfNqip].
2. B pavrure Ha Qorteruvxara ,{yMa,T.e. nprr cB6p3BaHe Ha eAHarlr,Jt_
Ho3HaqHa AyMa c KJrHTr.t(r4, Mexly xor.troe HeB,r,3MoxHo (HeecrecraeHoe)
,qace nocraBtr nay:n, ylogo6raaHero no 3ByrrHocr_ 6e::ayvaocr uexgy
cbulacHHTee B cbuaTa cTerreH,KaKTO rr B paMKITeHa caMaTa.qyMa:
a ) y n o A o 6 r B a r { en o 3 B y r { H o c ro: m e p a d a
_. Iog rpaqir], om 6ypama foa
6j,paral, ctc sdpaee [cr: g,qpise],c dpyzapn .qpy.ap'"1.
ts
6) ynogo6.anateno 6e::nyvxocr: xad notemo
- [nar no:rdro], nod nz,mn
[nor ni;r',r], nped xu4ama [nper xLrrlrrara],sad xirama [:ar xolira].
flpu cperqaHa crrracHlt c eAHon cbrrlo Mrcro H HaqHHHa y{JreHeHr.re
ce
nonyqaBaTyABoeH cr,fJ'racHu, Taxa KaKTO r.rB paMKr.{Te Ha,qyMaTaHa Mop-
QevHara rpaHnqa: nem duu lnel anir], uad me6e [nar rd6e], npe3 3uwama
[npe::irr.aara].

r59
 flpu Qonernvuara IyMa npeAno3nre,3aBr,prrBarqu Ha3ByqHara6es:nyv-
Ha clbfjracHanpea ayMa, KotTo 3anoqBac rnacHa,coHopHacrrJracHar{ c],f-
JracHa[B], ce n3roBaprr no cJreAHurHaqHH:
l. flpeg.ro:nre, 3aB'bplrlBalqu Ha 6e33ByrrHa ctrracHa - om, c (cbc) 3a-
na3Bar Lt3roBopaHa 6e33ByqHaractrtacHa: om dpr4unma,om e3epomo,c
o?tH, c asmopumem,om MeHe,om Heeo,om Puu, om nemuulemo,c )uacno,
c Haz/tocm,c padocm, c,tacxa
3nyvur.r*ru3roBop Ha c:brJracHa'ra [r] or npeg.noraom npn nocoqeHr{Te
Qoueruvuu ycJroBr.rr e AHaJTeKTeH: ap&utmd [og iprr,rnrra],om pa6oma
om
[og pd6ora], om Hulama loa Hirgara],om ,'tp6oa [ol ,r'y6dt[], om Mflcmo
[og ^a'dcro].
2. flpegro:nre, 3aBbprrrBaullr Ha 3ByqHac'LrJracHa - cted, uad, nped, uz,
6ez u ap,,3arra3Barr.r3roBopa Ha 3ByqHaracarnacHa:cted o6ed, xad o6,ta-
4ume, nped ozrun, cted pa6oma, rnd uopemo, nped uac, us pouaua,6ea
,trc6oa.B re3r{ cnyqan o6a'{e Kone6aHurraca Aocra vecru u rpafiHara crr-
JracHaHanpeAto3rrrece o6e338ytrasa: cred o6ed Icner d6eg], rrado6tatlume
[nar d6.naqlrre], uad uopemo [Har vopdro], nped xac [nper ndc] u gp. Ove-
Br.rAHO TyK fifpae por9 aHaJlorHrTaK HeyTpaJrHoTo noBe.qeH[eHa fjracH[Te
H COHOpHr.rTe C' r,rJraCHH npl-laCXMHrar.lHOHHHTe npOqeC]r.
3. IlpeAnorbr a, sba lpel\ rracHr,rH coHopul.tctr:racHn B paMKr{TeHa
{orrernuuara ,4yMace H3roBapr6e:reyuno - Q, at$: e ozun f$ drrHl], a
Artztua lS Aurrlrr], a oKomo [$ ordro], s pa^tomo [$ pdvoro], s Mopemo
[ $ v d p e r o ] , e r y d o c m m a [ O r y , q o c r r d ] , a , t a f o p a m o p u n m a[ $ r a 6 o p a -
rdpnrra].
IIpeg.qyMa, 3anoqBautacr,c cr,r;racHa[a] n,rn [S], Hacr.bnBay.qBorBaHe
Ha c'r,r;racHaraor npeAJrora:aba a.tdKa,aba 6uHomo,ez,eSa6puxama [w$
Qi6przrara], eoa Qtomoma [nr,Q Q:ldrara].
$ l2l, Vnolo6qBarre no Mffcro H& aprtrKynaqrrflTa. To:ll rng yno4o-
6rlase ce H3Br,ptlrBa npn cbqeraHfieHa npoxo.qur,rre arBeoJrHl.r crrlacnu [c,
:] c ue6uure c'brJracHr.r [n, x, v]. B pe:yrrar or anTnrlt.rnaqurra Ha aprnKy-
rupaullire opraHHyr{reHr.trerHoroMrcro 3a r{3roBopua ctr.nacnure [c,:]
ce npeMecrBaor aJrBeoJIHTe a npegnoue6Harao6,'lacr x 11oraK6B HatIIrH
H a c r t n B aa p r n ( y n a q s o H H oH 3 p a B H r B a H
uexgy [c,3] H [rx, x, v]. Vnogo-
6.snaHeroce lt3B:bpuBaKaxro B paMKHTe Ha AyMarana vropQevuararpauu-
ua, TaKaH npu Mex.qycnoBHorocB6p3BaHe. Tpx6sa o6a.rega ce or6e,rexn,
ve ynogobroauero no Mrcro Ha aprH(ynaulr{ e cBtp3aHo c r{3roBopHfit
crur. flplr no-6aseu n:rorop (rrpxecrBeH, ntJren crul), npn rofiro scex
3ByKce aprl.rKynpa rplrxnuBo, no,qo6xoynogo6rsane ne ce na6,rrcgaaa.
O6parno - nplr pa3roBopHr.ir crl.rr HacrbnBanl.nuo ynogo6xraHe,a npn no-
He6pexeu rr3toBop l-rH3naAaHe Ha cr,cKaBHTe c'r,rJracHu.
160
 a) Vnogo6aaane na vop$evxara rpaHurla: fctstl - uswun [r.rcurirfir,_
nnuirfir], 6ezuy.ueu [6ecnr]ven - 6euturj,r"ren]; fcuj , caynn
[urv]n,r,l,
u3qucmn[ncvficr'r - lluvircr'r], 6esuycmeex[6ecvj,rcrrex - 6eaurvj,a_
crsea],pasuucm.l [pacvricr'r - panvicr'r], racve [xi,urve];
fzx) * 6es-
leusueu f6exxitsxeu), pasxarcaa fpaxxdnzau), uztcueneau fux-
xnr'ira:u].
6) Vnogo6.raaHe npr Qouernvxara gy|.ra: [cur] - c untnKu
[ru urirnru],
npez llloei4apua [npec lllrefiqipxfia - npeur Itrrefiqipxfia];
fcuf _ c uecm
[ru .recr]; [zx] - 6es xe/tavue [6ex xen]rnue], u3 x,euaoma[r.rx xr.radra]
flpn ynoao6araHe Ha npoxoaHxTe clrJracHr.tB cr rHocr ce floJryqaBar
y,qr:rxeHnctrJracHn [lr, x], rouro npr ue6pexen [3roBop ce ctKparrlaBar
s o6firHoseHarracHa.
n) Vnogo6rranero Ha npeAnoHe6Hnrectrracun noA slgaeftcrsue Ha
cJreAxoIHHTeaJIBeOJrHl.I CrrJracHH,T.e. IIpOMtHa Ha apTHKyJIaqHOHHOTO MrC_
ro or npe4noxe6Ho B arBeorHo, e cpaBnurenHo p.f,Axo,BJreHrleH xapaKTe-
pr.r:npaxe6pexu[r pa3roBopeH crtrn.. ltbx4u
l;rr,nrqi - rscq f, aaxew ce
-
f,rixec ce], dptctc ce [lpru ce Apic ce].
$ 122. Pasnogo6rrane (gncrvuaqnr). 3a pa3nlrKa or ynogo6rnanero
pa:nogo6raauero e Qoneruvno sR'.eHHe,npr.rKoero or.qBa c.bce.qHH
3ByKa,
eIHaKBHHJrH6lusxn a apruxyJrauHoHHoorHolxeHHe, eAuHHrr or rrx _ npeA-
xo.qHHrT- npoMeHr cBoI.ITeapTuKyJraunoHHo-aKycTlrqHKarrecTBa,3a
JIa Ce
oT[eJrn oT creAxoaHn.s 3ByK.
Pa:no4o6.enauero e xpafiHo orpaHXqeHo n HenocJreAoBareJIHo rBJIeHr.re,
Tr'fr l<aro n egxN cloao$opMIt onpeAeneHHKoHcoHaHTHtlcaqeranH, ce pa3_
nogo6asar, a r 4pyiu ne. B 6r.nrapcxr.rt e3HXToBa,BreHI{e ce cpeula B
nr{-
a;IeKTrire r{ He ce aonycKa B KHHxoBHHqH3roBop. e Hanpr.rMep
[narerrxo
palno,qo6.aeauero Ha cbqeraHrero
[xr] a,qyvara doxmop, npr{ Koero car-
racnara [x] ce rpoMeHr t fxf - doxmop - doxmop, x-rru rra
[$] _ doemop,
cpB.crbruonoKmu- xoxmu - uoemu.
flono6eH xapaKTeplrua n pa:no4o6xBaHeroHacbqeraHHeronpoxoAHal,r
trperpaAHo-. npoxorHa cr,uracHaor npeguoHe6Hxrper [ruq], lrptrKoero c],r_
,racuara [ur] ce 3aMecrBaor ctrracHa or npyr Jro(aJreHpeg _ fx]: xotcxe
- -
[uduve], Hox4e,Koutve xoxye. Ot cctr1xl THrrca u pasnogo6raaun.ma
Ha cBr{eraH}rrra[Hr], [v6]: nlrnHKa- n.rpuKa, 6o,tt6apdupoarca_ 6on6ap_
dupoexa.14npu gnere c:ltreraHHrpa3nolo6xranero e Ilo_MflcroHa yqneHe_
Hr{e,Karo HocoBocrra ce 3ana3Ba.pa:nono6xrane HMa H B crqeraHnero
[ua], npu Koero c]rJracHara [v] ce 3aMecrBaor car;racHara[n], r.e. npt
3ana3eHa HocoBocT- ocHoBHaapTHKynaqltoHHo_aKycTI.tqHa xapaKTepHcTr,rKa
r{ HaABerec'r,rracuu- pa:nogo6xBaHeroe no yqJreHHTeJrHoMrcro: cenme*r_
apu - cenmeHepu,oKmo.rnapu oxmoHspu.
ll. rt .rm rr Ep, tM. e. .loffin
16t
 Pa:nono6nane rrMa c6 to H B cJryqar{Texopudop - xo,tudop, fpuzop -
ftueop, peeo,taep - nesopaep. To:u aug Ar{cr,rMr.rJrar1u{ ce Haplrqa A r.rc -
T a H H a (or pa3crorHHe) 3a pa3nur(a or Ar{cr.rMnrar.(HflTa B flpenHrflHure
cny{au, HapeqeHal( o H T a K T H a (IIpr{crceAcrBo).
$ 123. ll:ra4ax€ sa cbrntcf,f, (enutna). HgnaAauevnr4elrv3ufr. Ha crr-
JlacHllre [r, a] ce Ha6:rro.qaBaB onpeAeJreH THn KoHcoHaHTHn cb.r.eralar4fl
Ll B
onpe.qeneHu no3HuulrB paMKHTeHa JIyMara.Tosa qsneHr.re xapa(Tepx3xpa
pa3roBopHarapeq. Cr,rracHrrre [r, g] urnagar npH creAHr{TeycnoBfir:
1. B cpegncrorue npr.rrprrKoHcoHaHTHI cbqeraHnr, aKo ca cpeAnrqHr.r
ereMeHTr.r H ca npe,quecrBaHuor npoxoAHr.t [c], [nr] nru nJraBHrr ctrracHri
[p], [n]. ApruryJraqroHHr.rrr rr{n Ha rperur eJreMeHT or ctqerasuero e 6e:
oco6eHo3HaqeHrre:
fcrnf: eecmuux [odcrnnr], cbaecmHo[ciaecrno], padocmuo fpdnocuo),
necmHuK[necnirx], u3aecmHo cm [r.r:ndcnocr],xocmxa fri:cuaf , KpbcmHuK
Irpi,cuur].
fcrr\f: xprcmqu [xpi;cux], yepseHoKpbcm4u [vepsenorpi;cquf,,rtcm4u
lar,cqil.
lcrx): npaeucmrcaInpaeircra], eotei6 otuc mxa fzoneir6otrircxaf, fi awuc-
mrcu fQauicxnl, mettefioxucmrz [releQon crcu), aeanmnpucmxa
Iaeanr' ypircra], .^4 amepu anucmKa Ivarepna,ricra].
f c r n ) : u q a c m t t u aI r q a c r i s ] , 3 a a u c m r u a [ : a a r . r c . n i r a ] ,n a K o c m n u a
Inaxocrin], pad o c mtue lpaaocnial.
lcrrf: padocmma [patocri], utadocmma Ivnagocri], aecmma lsecri),
r o aKoc mma [:ronxocri].
fcru): xpz,cmue[xpi,cve], xpacmue [xpdcve], npbcm\e [npicve].
f c r v l : c e u e f i c m a oI c e v d f i n o ] , J r u m e / t c m l o I x i r r e . n c r o ] , o x o . r c m l o
Ioxdncro], 4apcmso luipczol, ytume,tcmeo fyuinetcsol.
fcr.*al:utecmuecnex IurecvdcreHl, n,tacmuac oe Inndcvacoa].
fzaul: seesdua[sod:ua], 6esdua [6|zua], 1esatsuesduo [6e:nr:vdtuo].
[npi:nnx] (or cr6. npa:4sxxrs).
fxaul: rndexduo [HagdxHo], uyrcno for ayxga].
fnru]: uot4ta [vdnna], no ot4Ha[ndvouna].
fissrr)'. oeoutxa [or oroulra], xuruxa for Hnultaf, npouKa [or npoula-
nav].
ltl $rl: Qe,tdfie6er [0enrQd6en - SerQd6er].
fnanl: $etdutep [Qd.nnuep Qd-ruep].
lprq): cry4e lor cbpgqe crprqe].
Hlnagaueto Ha cr,rJracHr{Te [r], [l] e B pa3;rlrqHacrerreHB 3aBrrcl.rMocr
oT apTHKyJrarIuoHHoTo MscTo Ha rrpe,qxoAHaTa lt ct€.qxoAHaTa c6rJ]acHa,a
ctrqo raKa H or r{3roBopHr.rlcrn.l. flpu crpynBaHeHa rpr.l c r,r;racHuc eIHo
r.rc'bnlo yqJreHeHo Mrcro, KaKBr.rroca HanpnMepcbqeraHrr.rrra [cru], [crq],
t62
 [cu], [crr], [:aH], [pgq] r.r3roBoptrce 3arpyAHqBa. 3a ga ce o6:rervar ap_
TltKyJraUuoHHrre AB[xeHLrr,nperpaAara3a r3roBop Ha cruacnnre [r, g]
oTnaaar.r3urJroLrnuMaKcrrMa.rrHo pelyuHpaHa c€ cJrr{Bac apTI,rKyJIaqloHHoTO
aBrrxeHrre3a rr3roBopHa cne,qxo,qHara cbrJlacHa,oco6eno Koraro e nper_
pagna cbrnacHa.flo-rpyqno rr3na.Ear rrperpaAHnTe cbrJracur.r[r, g], arl ca
cJreABaHl-ror npoxolHa cbrJracHaB ct{eraHtrrra
[cre], [nr$], [nrnr]. I,I:ro_
Bop't.r centeficso sw. certeiicmao, Setee6et av.
$engQe6er e xapaKTepeH
noBeqe3a ue6pexnnx H3roBop.
B Hgrou clonorfopr.anH3naAaneroHa cbrJracunTe g] e npuero
[r, e run_
xoBHara HopMaHa r,r3foBop n nrcMeHose ce ot6eltgga: pacaa (ot pacrua),
nycua (or nycrua), uyxua (or nyxgxa), npa3HuK(or npasgnnr),
HyrrctruK
(or nyxgnux), cap4e (or c.splqe), uuwxa (or HHrqKa- Hr.uxrra
), npowxa (o.r
lnpotrlKa- npourxa), nteutxa (or fineulKa - nJrerrrrxa), oaowxa (or
ororura
osourrra) H rrpon3BoAHrrre or rrx.
I,Ilnaganero Ha cbrJracHara[r] r no-xe6pexeHtr3roBopce ua6.nrogaaa
lr
B ctqeranr{r or qerupn r.rJrn roBeqe cbrJracHlt:6pamcmeof6pircsol, podc_
zao [pdrcno], 6etyucmeo [6e:j'vcro], azeHmcmeo
Iarducao], cmydeimcm-
aa Icrygducao].
Vznycxa ce cbrlracHara[c] or Hacrarrar a _cKunpv o6paryeane
ua npu-
JlararerHl-r,qr4tro ocHoBa3aBLpuBaHa cbcKaBa,IrryIrJKaBa n crr.racna [r]:
6ypzac-crcu- 6ypzacxu, pyc-cKu, - pycKu, ndpu)tccKu_ napu:r{:Ku,
nepHuut-
cKu nepttuutku, pa3noJtc_cKu pa3ro)teKu, 6yxypet4_cxu_ 6yxyperyrcu.
2. Cr'rracuure [r,.q] [:nagar B KpaecJroBHe or AByKoHcoHaHTHu cbqera_
nn.a,vniiro nbpBr eneMeHre cbrJracHara n-rra
[c] [ur]: utadocm [Nr:rigoc],
padocm [pAaocf, c,ta6ocm
Icnd6oc], mypucm lrypircf, yumueocm
[yvriraoc], ,vocm [uoc], uecm fuecf, tcuJ,tecm[x*:rlc], oO,racm
[d6rac],
.rucm fnucl, dntcd [a.su:],eoxd
feon), rc4 [nou],6tiet4 [6\aeu], ntoul
lnnoul. 6t ec mnr4 [6,recr'iu].
He u:naga carJracHara[r], axo npegxogHaractrJracHa
e npoxoAHaoT
ta6uall:us u .t BerapHvr pe.q,cpB. xe$m, Epexm (Sopuure
ue$. Epex ca
HeBb3MoxHua 6:rlrapcrlx KHr,rxoBeH u:ronoo).
I4:nagaHero Ha c bfJracHure [r, g] I xpaec,roa[e e xapaKT.cpHo
3a pa3ro_
BopHaTapev. 3aglpxauero [n]r n3na,qaHeroHa re3r,r
c6rJracHr{ce o6yc,rau
B ror.sMa crerreH or eperleHrnocrra Ha
lyMara _ nptl no_qecra ynorpe6a
Ha AyMaTa c.r,rlacHaTa u3rana, a npn [o-prAKa ce 3a.qbpxa.
I 1 2 4 . B r r r r s a H e H a r J r a c n r ru c r r r a c E s { e n e n r e r a j . E n e u r e : a r a
e Qo-
HerlrqHo .sBreHLie,nporl.rBonoroxHo Ha e.rre3Hrra.Mexgy
:ayronere Ha on-
pe,qeneHTnrr ct qeraHue ce BMbKBaHoB 3ByK, npanefirn
tro 1tl3r.rHaquH ct -
qeraHuero rro-recHo npor.t3HocuMo.
flo.sgara Ha HoBr.ir:ryx ce o6yclarl or
3al(oHIrTeHa 38yKOBaTaCbqeTaeMocT,

163
 B 6r.nrapcrna e3HKcbqeraHne or uIyMoBa H coHopHa cbrracHa B Kpa.sHa
,4yMaTae HeAonycTuMo, Harrp.KocM, rvucn, meamp. ctueraxuero ce pa:ge-
Jrr, Karo ce BMaKBarracHara [r] HrH [e]. Tona QoneruqHo tBreHlre e MHofo
cTapo I,I e cBrp3aHo c npoMeHnTe, KoHTo ca HacTaHarn B cTpyKTypaTa Ha
6rrrapcxara cprrqKa u AyMa cnea r3na,qaHero Ha cna6l{Te epoBe. B crapo-
6rnrapcrx.a e3r{K e HMaJro3aKoH 3a crpoexa Ha cplrqKara - Tt e Morna Aa
6rAe cavo orBopeHa, T.e. aa 3aBlprrlBa Ha uacHa: A0-8p'h, Bt-rp'b, pe-
KA'h. CneA u3naAaHero Ha KpaecnoBHHTeepoBe ca ce noJryqIrJII{caqeraHlrrt
or trryMoBa I-l coHopHa cx,rrracHa [6p], [rp], [cl{] x gp., Kol.lro ca Heaonyc-
TIMH or 3aKoHHTe3a 3ByKoBara c'LqeraeMocr r 6lnrapcxul e3rt( u nopa,qn
ToBa ce pa3,4eJrrr,Karo ce BMTKBarjracHara [r,] nnn [e]: do6tp, enmtp; pe-
KbJ'trt rp. T'bft raro BMbKHarure rJIacnH HtMar erHMoJIor[qHa o6ycnore-
Hocr, Te He ca nocrorHHlr npu npoMtHa ua tfopvara. T.e. Koraro c'l,qera-
Huero or rxyMoBa H coHopHa He e B KpaecnoBl{e,a MexAy gae r.tacun (Nx-
rgpBoxanHa no:uqur) Te H3naAar. IIo raxrs HaqfiH ,qHecce o$opMt peAy-
BpHero rrracHa [r] u [e] c Hyna - [r - 0], [e - Ol: do6tp - do6pu, uucz"r
n4uc.ru, KocbM - Koc^4u, necelt - necHu, ocb'l.l ocn4u.
3arour,r 3a 3a6paHa Ha ctqeraHue or rxyMoBa B KpaecnoBl,reH coHopHa
e 6e3 r.{3Knro.{eHlle. ToBa Hafi-Ao6pe Jr[qH rrpu ayMn or ttyxn upollrxog: Qp.
th66tre (rearp) - meombp, ministre (vnxr,rcrp) Muttucmbp, r6alisme (pea-
,rn::r.r) - pearu3bu,socialisme (coqua,rr:u) co4ualu3blr, magn6tisme
(MarHerrr3Mr - MazHemu3bM H Ap.
CrqeraHne or ulyMoBa H coHopHa cr.rJracHac'btqo ce pa3.{ent rIpe3 BM6K-
BaHe Ha fJracHara [1.], aKo e nocreaBaHo or crrracHara [q]: or cyr[urcca -
-ue: nem o - nembHqe, nuc,t4o- nucbv4e, ,uacno - ^lacb,lqe; pe6po-pe6bp-
- 6edryqe, cme6to - cme6ur4e, a,'raKHo- 6!tdKbH4e, 6pawuo -
4e, 6edpo
6pauttu4e. Krv cr,ulua run cna.qar r.{catreraHnrra or coHopHa l-t uyMoBa
rr;rK)c c'r,rracHara lt\] - uepeo - \epbs4e, a c'bIqo raKa ll ctqeraH[ero or
coHopHa H rxyMoBa nJrx)c crrjracHa [r] uroc cr,fracHa fu] - 'utpmee4, -
Mbpmba4u,
Kpaecloonu cbqeraHr.rr or aBe coHopHn cr,rJracHllca.qonycruMl.r B 6bJI-
rapcrnr e3rrK- xaHp, xuux, Kapt, xb./ttr- w nopaAn ToBa He ce pa3Aentr
qpe3 BMl,(BaHe lta rJlacHrr.
Bunrsauero Ha c'brJracHure [T, A] Mexny coHopHa H IxyMoBa car;racHa
ce Ha6rrc.qasa B,ErranerTnre H ce orleHrBa Karo rpy6o orKnoHeHue or npa-
BoroBopHara HopMa: cmpau, sdpn,t, 6z'pdso, oxdsu.

t64
 CPTIqKA

APTI{KYJIAIINOHHO.AKYCTI{IIHII XAPAKTEPRCTI,IKI{
HA CPI{qKATA

$ 125. Cpuurara e nafi-ua:rrara npo 3HocHTenHa eAHHt{rIa,

T.e. Tr e MH-
HliMaJIeH orpf,3bKor roBopHaraBepHra,KoiTo B aprt{KynaqHoHHo orHorxe-
RI{eno-HararbK He Moxe,qa ce,qenn. I.Irroeoptr Ha cpr{qKaraclB[a.qa c
r.r3foBopaHa oTAeneH3ByKcaMo KoraToTo3H3ByKe rJIacHa,a npH cbrnac-
HHTerr3roBop'l,T ce cbnbrcrBa BIrHafnc r;racHa- 3aeAHoc (orlTo o6pa3yBa
apTr.rKyJraqrroHHo-aKycTHqHo e,4ItHcTBo.
B 6urapcrur e3HK3aAbJIxHTeJIHa cbcraaKaHacplrqKarae rJracxara,Ko-
rro cac cBotra MaKcrrManHa 3ByrrHocro6pa:yoa Br,pxaHnt{nAporo Hacpuq-
xata.3atosa r.r6po.r'rua cpHqKHTe e BI,IHaTHpaBeHHa 6pol na rlacHure a
nylaara: eo-da, npu-nat-xa, po-du-Ha, cae-mo-y-ce-t4d-He. B urrou 6r,rrap-
cKuAHaneKTn, raro 6orenrpalcKug,TereBeHcKur, vorar ga o6pa:y-
cpt{vI<H
Bar H coHopHr.rrecbrracHH [p] x [.n]: epttea fzptza), eptx fzpxf, cursa
Ic4:al, aazr Is4x]
Cpn'rxara 3a pa3nnKaor vop$elrara Hee HocHTenHa onpeAeJreHo cMrlc-
noBo r{nurpaMarnqHo3HaqeHHe. B noroxa ua pevra rr ce orAeJIrBb3ocHoBa
Ha aprrrKyJrarluoHHo-aKycrr.rrlnn noKa3areJ,Irr. a uopQevara Bb3 ocHoBaHa
JIuHrBr,rcruqHn nor(a3are;rH-MopQer,,rara e eAt-rHHrla
Ha e3rKa,a cpHqKaraHa
peqTa.
Crulecraytar pa3nrrqHu reopHH3a o6paryaaneron AeneHueroHacpurrKH
- eKcnnparopHa,aKycruqHa,
Qouo,rornvual-rgp. ErcnuparopHara reopnt
o6rcHrBa o6pa3yBaHeroHacpuqKarac MycKynHoroHarrpexeHtre, nplr Koero
r.r3AnrrrHararoBopHa crpyr He nport-ti{a nJraBHo,a Ha rJracr,qn, flpu rcexu
Ir3Au[eH TnacbKc opeA Ta3HTeopHt ce obpa3yBaI{ cprrqKa,a B MoMeHTa
Hanai-cra6olo roBopHor.I3Ar.rrxBaHe ce tl3Br,prxBacpu'rxo4enenrlero.Aryc-
T qHara reopuc rnn reoprrrra 3a 3ByrrHocrrapa3rnexla o6pa:yranero ua
cpnqKaraKaro cbqeraHlreHa 3By(oBec noBeqeH c no-MaJIKo :oy.ruocr. 3a-
TOBaX CpHqKaTa CnopeaTa3HTeopHr ce onp€aenr KaToMaKcr{MyM3Byq_
HOCT,OCbrqeCTBeHa npeArrMHo oT fnacHr.rr3Byr, ofpaHr.rqeHa oT ABaMlrHrr-
MyMa 3ByqHocr.fpannqure Ha cpuqKHTeca raM, KaA€To3ByqHocrrae Mrr-
HnMaJrHa. Ooso.nonlquarareopst or cBor crpaHace crpeMn Aa o6ccHr.{ o6-
165
pa3yBaHero Ha cpHqKara Br,3 ocHoBa Ha 3ByKoBaTaKoM6rrHaTopHKa. Heaoc-
Tarrrlrrre Ha oraeJIHI.rTeTeopIrH B IHeITJHo BpeMe ce npeoAoJrrBar, KaTo ce
TBpCHKOMTTJTeKCHO perXeHHeHa npO6neMa 3a CplrqKaTa.
BrnperN qe reopurra Ha orHocl.ITerHara, Bb3xoatlrlara 3ayqHocr uMa
cBou HeAocrarbrlrr rJraBHoB onpeaettHe Ha cpItqKoBItTerpaHnun, Tfl Moxe
,4anocJryxn Karo ocHoBa 3a o6rcHeHhe Ha cTpoexa Ha 6SnrapcKaTa cpnq(a.
Cpannnremrara 3ByqHocr Ha oraetnure rnnoBe 3ByKoBe Moxe Hafi-o6qo
Aa ce npeacTaBn no cJle,qHl-ttHaqnH: rJracHHTenpHTexaBaT MaKcIrMaJIHa
3ByrtHocr, cneA Trx ce noapexaaT coHopHtiTec'brllacHIl, a c Hafi-ManKa3Byq-
Hocr ce orJruqaBaT rrryMoBnTe carnacHH, I,I:pa:exa B uxOpoBH cnMBoJrH,
3ByqHOCTMOXe Aa Ce npeACTaBHTaKa: IIJyMOBHCr,rraCHn C l,
Blr,3XO,qtUlaTa
coHopHH cr,rJracHu c 2 t r nacsvt c 3. Egnocpuvurre AyMrr uanp. 6op, xparc,
6pam, cntaa r1e uMar cJre.{HHrorMrorn:npau ur$poa rng: I 32, \23l, l23l ,
I 1231. B 6rrrapcrur e3HKH3rpax,qaHeroHa cpnrrKara Bb3 ocHoBa Ha rrpHH-
q[na 3a Ba3xoMuara 3ByqHocr e 6e] l,3K,uoqeRl.te,.qoKaToB pycKH e3r,rKca
crpykrypn, Harrp.Mznb -2123, ucmumt -2ll3l.
863MoxHr.fH ApyrH cpuqKoBr.r

CTPYKTYPA HA BbJITAPCI(ATA CPI{qKA

$ l26.3agrlxlrrerHa clcraBxa B crpyKTyparaHa cpxqKara B 6anrapc-

Ktate3IrKe fJlacHara.B :anxclrvocr or roBa, AaJIHfllacHara cava o6paayna
cpHqKaHnr,re B cbqeTaHrjecrc cbfJracHH,ce pa3nHqaBaT qeTliptt
cneAHIrTe
crpyKrypu:
l . C p H v r a ,o 6 p a 3 y B a Hoar r r a c H a : o - x o ,y - 6 u - e ,o - n u - e .
2. Cpuuxa, o6pa:yraHa or cbr;racHa+ rracHa: da, He 3a, ua-ca, 6a-6a,
oa-oe. cu-,10.au-Ka.
3. Cprvxa, o6pa:ynaHaor rracHa + c6r,'racra'.a3, ad, ex, ox, om, y-6u-e4.
4. Cplrvra, o6pa:ysaxa or rJIacHac oxpt'xeHuega c'brnacHu:myK,maM,
6op, dou, dpyu, cmpax, nyuxm.
9eurpnre ocHoBHr.r crpyr<rypfiHa cpr4qKaraB caripareu Br.IAMorar Aa ce
rrpeAcraBrrrro cneAHHrnaultr: l, Cf, IC, CfC.
C p u v r a , x o r r o 3 a B l p u B a H ar J r a c H ac,e H a p u q a or B o p e H a , a H a c b r -
JracHa 3arBopeHa.Cpnvxa, xorro 3anoqBac rJracHa,ce Hapu{a o r K p r{ -
T a, a Korro 3aBt,prllBaHa cr,rJracHa-3 a x p nr a. B 6rlrapcKul e3r.tK or-
BopeHHTe cptrtrKHce cpeqar no-qecro or 3arBopeHHTe. B crapo6t:rrapcrux
e3rrK,uoH3naAaHeroHa epoBereB cna6a no3tlqnqscnvrn cpnvru ca 6r.tlu
orBopeHrr.B crnpeueunoro cacrorHHe Ha e3HKao6a.le ce cperuar KaKTo
oTBOpeHr{, TaKarr 3aTBopeHH cpl.tqxH.
Cnopeg 6por H Mrcroro Hacr,rJIacHHTe cnprMo r:racHarace pa3nuqaBar
cneAHlrrenoATrrnoBe Ha cpuqxoBaTacTpyKTypa:
166
 l. Cpraurara,o6pa3yBaHa or clrjracHa + rrac:fia(orBopeHacpuxxa, CI),
uMaTpr{ noATlrna:
a) c e.qHacatJracHa,run Cf: da-ea, Ha_?o_mo_eo, nu_tae;
6) c gae crrlacuu, run CCf: 6pa-dea,mpe-ao-za,6ttu_xuu;
r) c rpn crrnacus, run CCCI: cmp.s_xa,cn,ta-au,dpy-xe_cmeo.
C narpynaarero Ha cLrJracIiHnpeA rracHara Bs3MoxHocTr.rre3a cplIq(o_
o6paeyeaueHaMarrBar. Tperuar noATr{nHa orBopeHaracp[rrKa ce
cpeu1a
cpaBHrretHo no-pqlKo, B rprxouconanrHoro cbqeraHr{eHa cpHqKara
3a-
.qbnxureJrHoyrlacrBa coHopHacrrjracHa r{JrltcauacHa
[r], a ocrananure
cblllacHlt ca uyMoBr,t, eAHaoT XOLTTO e npoxoaHa no HaqnHHa yqJIeHeHIle,
2. Cpu,rrara, o6pa3yBaHa or rnacHa+ crrlacHa (sarropeua cpnvxa,mn l-C),
lrMacneaHHTeTpU noATUna:
a) c egna c,brJracHa,run lC: ad, a3, ap, ex, ap_Ma-zaH:
6) c gne cr,r.nacnu,rxn fCC: uck, aKm, 3,ta-mo_ycmi
B) c rpr.f cluacHu, rxn f CCC: o6t4
fonwrl.
flogrnnonere Ha 3arBopeHaracpHqKaca cpaBHrlreJrHo Hafr-cra6o3aclb-
neuu a 6r:rrapcrlrr eanr. Cpu'rroBure crpy(rypu (6) u (a) ca KpaftHo
orpa_
Hr,qgHH B eaHocp'qH' ,qyMrr,a B MHOfOCpxrrHH KoHcoHaHTHr.rflT CbcTaBce
pa3naaa,(aTo e,rIHaTa cbfjracHace npriTer,,r,oT npeaxo,qHaTa cpHtrKa,
a Apy-
raTa- oT cJleAxo.qHaTa: ucx _ uc_ka_He.
3. Cprurara, o6pa:yrana or r;racHac oxpbxeHle HactrJracHn,
ce or;lr-
qasac no-6orar n pa:noo6pa:eHcrpoex,
Tr HMacne.qHnTe rro.qrnnoBe:
a) c gne cbrracHH, rlrn CIC: myK, mat, dou, 6op_6a,za_aod,
6or-xa,
po-deu;
6) c nne Havaluu crbrJracHH! run CC|C: cmo,t, 6pne, o_6tax, o-6paz;
n) c rpu xavalnu cbrJracHn,run CCC|C: cmpoz, cmaot, cupad;
r) c gee c,regxogHr.r
clrJlacHu, rnn CICC: 6ueta,6uxm, ducx,uocm, de-
Sexm, xo-dexc:
A) c rpr-rcneAxoAHtrcbrracHH, rI,In C|CCC: nyHkm,meKcm:
e) c ABeHaqanHnn IBe creAxoAHHcr,r.lacnx,run C CICC:
ncantt, mpesa,
6o-dpocm;
x) c aBe HaqaJrHllr.trpr-tcJreAxoaHn carJracHn,rnn CC|CCC: c$unxc.
flo4rtnorere Ha cpurr(ara, o6pa:ysaxa or uracHac oKpax(eHxe
Ha crr-
nacHrr,MaxapH qecro cpeulaHu,ca HepaBHoMepHo npeAcraBeHr.r
ora Sone-
Tr.rqxr.rrcrpoex ua 6urapcxara AyMa. flo_qecro ce cpeuar crpyrTypu
c
no-Ma]lKoctrJtacHr{oKoJrornacHaTaI{ 3Haqr.rTenHo rro-peAKHca cTpyKTyprr_
Te c noBeqecbr;IacHlt.B 6rnrapcrara cpuqKace npe,qnoqxTa
HarpynBaHe
Ha carracHlr npeA rJlacHara,orKolrKoTocJre,{Her. I,I r goara cnyval
o6ave
flpeae.n:bT Ha KoHCOHaHTHOTO HaTpynBaHe e oT TpHC,brJracHH.

167
 trPOMEHI{ B 3BYKOBII' CbCTAB IIA CPIIqKATA

$ 127. Cprvxara e ocHoBHaaKqeHTHo-HHToHar{xoHHa r pr{TMHqHae,qr.rHr,r-

rla Ha peqTa. B neftnure paMKHce ocrulecTBrBa y,qapeHr{eTo H cprlqKlrTece
IeJrrT Ha y,qapeHra ri HeyAapeHH;qpe3 npoMeHure B sHTeH3r{TeTa, qecToTaTa
Ha ocHoBHHrroH n BpeMerpaeHeroHa rJracHaraB cpurrKarace o6pa3yBar
uHToHarlr{oHHrrre KoHTyp}rHa r.r3peqeHflero;HaI-cerHe qpe3 peAyBaHeroHa
yAapeHIIIr HeyaapeHHcpHrrKHce H3rpax.qau pHTbMbTHa peqTa.
B gagucnvocr or Mrcroro Ha HeyAapeHara cpltqKacnprMo y.Eapenero
ce n3B'r,prIBaT cneqHHTenpoMeHt{B 3ByxoaHrr.rctctae:
1. Peayrqur. Illnporure rnacHHIa, o, e] B HeyAapeHo noroxeHne npoMe-
nxr $oneruunoro cH KaqecrBo,raro ce npn6rxxaBar B H3foBopaclr KrM
crorBerHu recHx rJracHlr[r, y, n]. Creneura Ha npoMrHarae ronKoBano-
fonrMa, KoJlKoToHeyaapeHaTacpHqKae no-,qajreqoT yAapeHaTa,a c]'ulo
TaKaB 3aBHCLMOCT OTTOBa,AaJrr.r
CprrqKaTae B npe.qy.qapeHa uJIr{B cneAy-
AapeHano3nrlur (rx. Pelyxqxx, $ 23).
2. Pegyrane ,r-e (npouexruro r). B onpe.qeneHu cnyqan npoMeHr.rre B
3ByKOBU' CtCTaBHa Cp .rxaTa,rrO-TOqHO 3aMrHaTaHa eAHarJIaCHa C Apyfa,
ce Abrxar uMeHnona 6e:ygapeuocrra, T.e. Ha npeMecrBaHero Ha yAapeHn-
ero B6pxy cteAxoAHacpxqxa, Hanp. u,tAxo - u,cercdp,eimtp - oempoei,
rrce,'ti3o- xerczd (sx. $ 170).
flpoveuu B 3ByKoBuqc'LcraBHa cpHqKHHacrbnBar u B 3aBncltMocror
3ByKOEHr C],CTaB Ha CneIXOAHr.r CpUrrxIr:
a) xoraro cneAxo,qHara cpHqKacrArpxa npeAHarnacHa npr-rnpaB}rJrara
3a npoMeHJrr.rBo .s: 6n,t - 6etu, enpa - eepex (lx. $ l'15);
6) roraro naK npH npaBrrnara3a npoMeHJrrBo , cneAxoAHaracpuqra c!-
Abpxa MeKaI{Jll, uyrxKaBa cbr;racHa: 6nn - 6en.fl,zpnx - zpeuKa, npnk -
n p e u x a( z x . $ 1 75 ) .
3. PasvecrsaHeH onpocrrBaHeHa KoHcoHaHTHIrt ctcraB Ha cptqKara ce
ua6rrogara B HrKou c;ryqan npx noABuxHo[r] o ctce4crao c nJraBHn car-
racux [p, n]: sp?,x- 66p-xo-6e,zpbK- zbp-qu,Kpb6- Kbp-su.B gpyru clyvan
ce Hr6qrsa crpynBaHeroHa crrJracHHcreA rJracHa,raro crveranr.rrra [rp],
[u] ce :avecraar c [pr,], [lr,], r.e. npe.qnoqurace c'rpynBaHeHa crrJracHrl
npel'[fnacHa: ?bpHe- ?pbH-qap,?bJlma - ettm-ua, ctp6uu cpt6-cxu.

TPAHIIIIN HA CPIIIIKATA (CPIIqKOAEJIEHI,IE)

$ 128. Onpege.nxxeroxa 6por HacpnqKr{reB eIHa AyMaHenpeAcraB.[sBa

HHKaKBa rpylHocr, Tbf xaro rofi e paaeu ua 6por Ha rJracnrrre.Tpy,uuocrra
e cBbp3aHanpe,{HBcuqKoc ycTaHoBrBaHe Ha fpaHHIIHTe Ha cpl{qKHTe BATpe
B AyMara. B ennn c:ryvax re ca rcHH H 3ByKoBIrtrcacraB Ha cp[qKara ce
i68
 oflpeAenr6e:norpe'ruo, a B Apyru cnyqar' HacrbnBat xole6anr'g qacr
r or
3ByKoBr.rr c,LcraB ce lJpn6azt ry r(aM eaHara, Ty KtM npyrara cpr.rvxa,
Oc_
noBHaTanpr{qHHa3a TpyAHOCTTa Ha cpfiqKoaereHneToce ctcToH B TOBa,qe
qJreHeHHeTO Ha AyMaTaHa cpuqKliHe e cBtp3aHoctc cMr{cJIoBoTo n rpaMa_
rnyHoro 3HaqeHHe Ha,qyMara,KaKToe npu vJreHenreroua r,ropSett'r.Mexgy
cplrqKara u r"roptpevara HrMa HHKaKAO .IIHHTBUCTHIIHOCrOTBercrBHe.rlre-
HeHrero Ha nBere eauHtlru ce noaqHHqBaHa pa3JrlrqHH nptlHqnrrlr. 3atoga r
AyMaraHanp.podumetu ce vaexn xa vopSewtre pod-u-met_u, a HacDHqKn
po-Ou-me-nu-
.{erennero xa cpuvrr r 6urapcrol.r e3HKce noAqrlHrBaHac;rcaHlrrenpaBl,r.]ra:
l. Equa crr.nacnaMexAy ABernacHr{trptl BcrqKr{cJryqarr
o6pa:yea cpnv_
Ka cbc cJre,qxo,lHara rJIacHa:ua_ca, da_de,nu_ca,pa-6o_ma,xo_pa_6u,6o_
po-ee, flpu rozn MoaeJIHa cputlxara,rofiro e ytnsepcajreH
3a BcnqKue3lrufi.
HectlrlecrByBar HHKaKBU ro.ne6asuq3a Mrcroro Ha cpHqKoBararpaHt-tua.
2. Coaopxara cr,r;racHa[fi] npeg cbrJracnactqo rrpu BcrqK&
cJryqance
npnTertr or npeAxoAHararJracna,3arBaprirH no rogs
Haql,tHcpr{r{(ara:
^.tdi-Ka,mafi-Ho, 6oi-xo, eoi-ua. CpuuxosararpaHuqa
e 6es urrlroqeune
cnea [fi].
B nxrepaora:rna no:uqur [ii] ce npurer,u or cjregxo4Hara
rlttcHa..a_ne_ua,
?e-po-ibm, nu- ax. Cpuuxosara rpaHxqa BTe3 cnyqat e
snHarn npeg [fi].
3. cpr.ruxoaararpaHurrapa3.qenryaBoeHr{Te crr,racHH,Karo .JIHaracbr-
nacHace npHTertr oT npe.qxoaHaTa rnacHa,a apyfaTa oT cJreaxo,[HaTa fJlac-
Ha.u3-cy-ua, pa3-3e-ne-He-e,6es_cu-teu,cmpaH-Ho,./tyH_Ha,
npo_rxem_ma,
pa-docm-ma. flpu no-ne6pexeHH3roBopB pa3roBopHr.t,
crHn .Hacr6nBaon-
pocTrBaHeHa yaBoeHr{Te c6rJIacHtl,H3rOBOpeHI,t KaToeaHacbfnacHa!KOrTO
rro npaBItJroce npHTefJrt oT cneaxoaHaTafJIacHa.
4. B rpyna cbrJIacHr.t MexAy ABerJracHlt,B rrxftToc.rctas napBara car-
,acHa e coHopHa,a ocTaHaJrlTe uyMoBr.t,coHopHaTa ce npl-lTern,IoT npeA-
xo.qHaracpnuxa: 6tp-so, atl-Ka, mbH_ks,6ou_6a,
no*or-"_"o, koH-cKu,
dsop-cku.
5. flpu gre cunacHr.r,or (oxro nbpBara e IIyMOBa,
a BTOpaTacoHopHa,
rxyM-oBaTa H COHOpHaTa ce rrpHTefJrrToT cne,(xoAHara I nacHa..cmb-KrQ.
zpe-ono, Kpe-crlo, rab_dpe4.
6. [re couopnn crrtacHH ce pa3Aerrr or cpx.rKoBara
fpalut\a: abn-Ha,
6ot-uu-4a, duu-ua, suu-xa, enp-Ha,nap_Ha,
7. Crqetannxra cmp, ldp, cK,l, cma, wx, xd, cx, cm
o6ux^oseno He ce
pa3Aertr or cplqKoBaratpaHHIla,Karo
uenutr (oHcoHaHTeH sbcraB ce rrDn-
Tefrr or cneAxolHara rracra: o-cmpu_xa, no_sdpa_aa,
nu-cx,tue, 6pam_
cm6o,pa-3no-xxu, zpad-cxu,
fpaxr.rqaraHa cprrtrKHTe npH clqeraHu, or aBeHJrlinoBeqeuryMoBHcbr_
racHH e B noBerreTocjlyqal.rHercHau necra6u.rna:KA-3eAjt
(u xaz_ea,vt\.
t69
ete-drca(u z,ned-Ka),c6a-m6a (u caam-6a).I4:o6ulo cprqKoaeneHrrero
npH
rpyna csrJracHHMexAy aBefJracHHe noBeqeHJrHno-ManKoHecHfypHo,aopH
It B ClyqauTe,B KOHTO CpUqKOBaTa
rpaHHrlae IO-'CHOOnpe.qeteHa.
8. flpeqcranxr,rrer,rHacraBKHTe
He 3ana3Barcrorra uoQpo.noruqnaca-
Mocro.f,TeJrHocr,aKo cre,qBarlaracprrqKa3anoqBac rJracHa:6e-gu-ue-ueu
(6ez-uueuett), u-so-pa (us-opa)

170
 yAAPEHT{E

CI,TIIHOCT HA YAAPEHIIETO

$ 129. no.q yAapeHne ce pa:6rpa no_oco6euoro orAe;rrHe

c OoHerH.rHH
cpeAcrBa Ha e.qHacpHqKa B
IyMaTa. orge.r.rnero Ha yAapeHara cpHyKa
rr3roBop ce l3BtptrrBa c rroMolqra npx
Ha pa3nr{rrHl{TeQonern"nu cbcraBKr,r
yAapeHltero - aprlKynauHoHHo HanpexeHHe, Ha
n"t"nrnt"t, Bucoqr.rHaH a6Jr_
xrrHa rrpr rr3roBopa Ha y4apelara raaclra.
Bt:npxeMaHero Ha eAHa cpfl{Ka
I(aro y.qapeHa(arqenryaana) B paMKr.rre
nu ,no.o"pr""ura Ayva ce ocHo_
BaBaHat-Hanpe.q Ha cpaBHeHHeTo,xoero
ce npaBr.rc HeyAapeHure cp[rlKr4 I
cbrqaTa.qyMa. Karo
Qoneruvno ,BJreHlleo6a*e y.qape"fi"ro He ce ocL3HaBa
caMo orHocrireJrHo - Karo pe3ynrar
or cpaBHeHneHa :nyxoaNre oco6enocra
Ha y.qapeHaraH HeyaapeHara cpnrra.
To uva x a6conmeH xaparTep _ yaa-
peHara cpl-tqKace xaparc,tepu3Hpa
c no-oco6eHt rev6ponn caofic.raa,
Jrt|rrcBaTB HeyAapeHIlTe. rouro

Ycroan.s 3a KoHTpacr H cpaBHeH e

Mex.qy yAapeHHr.rHeyAapeHr.r cpfiqKn
ce cb3AaBar B cBrbp3aHapev. B noroxa
Ha perrra ygup"nn"ro oct LqecrBrBa
aKUeHTHO-pHTMIrqHaTa opraHH3arll-l.,I
Ha 3ByKOBeTeI rlrjtocTHH apTHKy,laqr_
oHHHH cJtyxoBx eAunnul. Cr,
y.qaperraraBaKueHrHara"r,::l:,,-,;1';ffi
fi :l1Hff ::ffi iltJil:
MeHur.toco6eHocrr npaBrr yAapeHr.rero
ereMelrr H xapaxrepr.rcruraHa rl.f,_
JlaTa AyMa.
Ter..r6poeure
oco6euocrlrr
narr 6r,:r KH.;"';"';T"'#;;# t#:: 13ilffi:1 x""1fi::
rapcrune3'4
qeHTyBaHr,r
KaKTonpx r.r3onxpaH rr3roBop_ z,rac,moi, dpy), , ruxa
qarjre, Koraro Hapel c H B cny_
rrx B cB6p3aHapeq HrMa naygup"nu
,ry dp)z z,tdc. "p"**o Tdrt
B egHocpuvnara lywa epad r;racHara
[a] ce u:roaapr rara, KaKTor.rB
ABycrpHqHaTa zpddcxu. Koraro o6a.renr,a
peHfiero He naAa B,r,pxyrJracHara Qopvlre zpadim, zpadoei,yga-
[a], rx ry6u qacr or cBor.rrereM6poB'
raqecTBaH B CpaBHeHIie c yAapeHaTa rjracHace B'I'3npI-leMa
Kal.OHey,qapeHa.
VAapenuero He Moxe Aa ce H3oJrHpa
or 3ByKoBereB peqeBaraBepara r.i
.qace Bb3npoH3Beae caMocrorrenHo,KaKToroBa a ""r"&no
Te 3ByKOBH npH nnHenHn_
CerMeHTr.r,
cneaBarlr eaHHCnenApyr. To ce go6aen
Karo Harc-
t71
Tpor.rKaHaa 3ByKoBr{.f,
c6cTaBHa ayMaTa,HacJrafBa ce HaAonpeAeneHanoc-
JreAoBare.lrHocror Qoneuu 3aroBace onpe.qe;rq Karo HaAcerMeHrno(cy-
nepcerueurxo) QoHerr.r,{Ho cpeAcrBonp}r qJreHeHr{ero Ha peqra.
Y4apenuero opraHn3ripa3ByKoBr.rr ctcraB HaAyMarar{ r xapaKTepH3rrpa
3ae,EHo c ornenHnTeQoHevu, Bnr{3arr(n B HefHIlt crcraa. 9pe: yAapeHuero
AyMaTa ce u,HB\l'lBAlyan3spa KaTo caMocTo{TeJrHa cMHcJIoBa eAr4Ht.IrIa
B
peura. To H3rpaxnaueixara QouernqHaqtnocr r.loflpeAert HaqHHa3a npo-
rr3Ho[nreHneroi, \ymara udfircaHanpt{MepMoxe Aa ce npon3Hecea 6.tlrap-
cKHr e3HKcaMo c yAapeHr.re Ha ntpBara cpnvxa. flpon:HeceHac y,qapeHxe
Ha BTopaTacpr-IqKa [uaftxd], - Tr rrpecTaBa,{a6tAe gna.reuaeArHHrIaB
e3I{Ka.
Ynapennero 3acrra BcHqK[3ByKoBXcbcraBKuB ctcraBa Ha cpllqKara-
KaKTorJracHHTe, raxa u :ao6nxaltrrlHTerH cr'fracHlr. Ho rril raro npH rnac-
HHTeHafi-rpKoce nporarra e$eKlr,r HayAapeHocrl-rHey.qapeHocr, o6nrHo-
Ber{oce roBoprr 3a yAapeHr.r (axqeHrysanfi)H HeyAapegr.r (HearqeHrysaHn)
IIACHH.

3a6enexl(a-yAape[rero,xapaKTcpHo3aorlenHaraAyMa,r.tJtHcro6HoroyAape{Hc!
Tpr6Balta ce pa3rparruraaaor tfparoeoro ( lpe{excxoro) ynapenle (ox. $ 210). Oparonoro
yAapellre o6n(HoBeHonaAa rra cpBq{a, s6pxy Korro [aAa ri cJroBHoroylaperrae. B rooa
or oue ne re ca rtcHo cBtplaHB noMcxAy ct. EllHospcMcHHo c roBa ce pa3ruriaBaf no
oyx(uua, no c]'craBXurc,xosro rH r.t3apaxAar,u no 3aKoHoMepHocrlreB ynorpe6ara HM.
Opa3oBoro yAapeHuccc t3rpaxAa or MerIoAItqfitcrcraB(!t fl l{3Mete'lIr Bbn BucoLttflara
I|a roHa. To cc nolqu taa HaccMaHTuKo-cutrraxruvrrl tlaxropq - o.rnent IloAqepTaBacaMo
orlenHu AyMx, BaxlH 3a cMt,tcarala x3peqeHlteroLtlt3Ka3Baucro, 3a pa3tIr,tKa
or ctoBtroro
yAaperrrerlparoooro e B TrcBa 3aBucHMocror rpaMarrqHara c1-pyxtypaHa {3pe,{eHuerora
or crArpxaruero u r-{errHTeHa fi3(a3BaHero.B o rlenH{ cny,lan r}paroooro y4apeIl ue 3aBncrl
u oT MtcToTo Ita ayMaTaB {3peqeHlleTo,oT cTh.,IttcTt{r{oTo qrlelleHtek puTMLtqll|rcTpoex
|la u3(a3BaHeTo.

Ha 6rrrapcxn.r e:Hr e csoficrseHo c H Jro ao (gunavnvno) cnoBHoy,qa-

peHlre,Koero Moxe aa croH Ha (or ra e cpnqKaB ryMara. 3aroaa ygapenn-
ero a 6r,.nrapcrure3HKceonpeAensoule r{ Karo c g o 6 o g n o (paruouec-
rHo) yAapeHne.
Eurapcrurr e3HKce orHacr n KrM e3I,ruHTe c uop$o.norNvecKH cBbp3a-
Ho yAapeHne,T'r,t Karo M{croro (noruqurra) My B AyMaTace onpelerr B
ro;rrMa creneH or HefrHr.rr rpaMarr.rqeH
u clotoo6pa:yaare,reH vropQeuen
cr,crao.Moptf o.norfiqHarao6yclolenocr xa 6t,rrapcxoro yAapeHr.rece npo-
rBrBa oule fi B ToBa,treTo ocTaBaB noBeqeTocJryqaHHenoaBr.rxHo npl,lcJIo_
BOH3MCHEHMETO.
flo cura r 6t:rrapcrua e3uKce pa3nr{qaBaraBe creneHr{Ha yAapeHr.re -
rJlaBHor.iBTopocreneHHo r,r;tr.l (nx $ 150).
Aorrr,JrHr.rre;tuo
flo ornouenne Ha y.qapeHueroB cBbp3aHapeq AyMnre ce A€nrr Ha nBe
fpynn - IyMx, Kor.rTo HMaTcaoe caMocTorTejrHo y,qapeHHe,
u.qyMr,t,Kor.tTo
HrMar caMocrorrenHoyAapeHHe eHKJIr{THKH H npoKJrHTr.rKH
(rx. { 147).
172
 OOHETITTIHAXAPAKTEPI.ICTIIKA HA BI,JITAPCKOTO YAAPEHI,IE

$ 130, On:uvecrr.rre cacraBrli na 6r,lrapcxoro cnoBHoyAapeHr{e,cre-

IIeHTaHa r.qxHaranporBa u e:auuo,qeficreneBce oule He ca
AocrarbqHo
nbJrnoI.r3rcHeHHe.VcraHoeeHo e, xafi_o6qo, ve 6tnrapcroro y,qapeH[e
NPOMEH' KAKTO KOJIHqECTBEHI'TE, TAKA I{ KAqCCTBEHHTE
XAPAI(TEPI,CTI4KH HA
rracHfire. Kr,v roruqecrseHHTe xapaKTeprrcrn** aa oanu"",
npoMerrr.{TeB
lHTen3r{TeTa,qecToTaTa n BpeMeTpaeHeToHa ocHoBHrrcToH,
a K],M (arrecT_
BeHure- rev6poaure [poMeHr.t. Hscle4aannlra noKa3Bar, qe
ocBeH BHco_
qfiHara,BpeMerpaeHero H rel,16r,prr,
xorrro Morar B3al.rMHo,qa ce KoMneH-
clIpar r.,Aa,qeficTBar o6yc,roeeno, c Hafi_ro,t.rvo 3HaqeHr.re
3a B.b3rlprreMaHe
Ha 6l:rrapcroro yaapeHr{e ca npoMeHnre B HHTeH3[Tera
Ha y.qapeHr.rreH
Hey.qapeHHTe InacHr.r.
Erlrapcxoro yAapeHre cneAoBarenHo e npHero
,qace onpege,ra uafi_uan_
peAI.Irtpe.qnBcnqKo Karo rr.lHavnvHo (cu:roro) yqapexne,
]auloro t{HTeH3rr-
Terbr e ocHoBHrlrr $axrop, rofiro gonpnHac, 3a Br3rrpt,teMaHero
vy. Han_
pexeHHeToHa roBopHnTe opfaHH oT cBO' CTpaHanoBHlxaBa
oTqeTJrrIBocTTa
I KaqecrBoro Ha u3roBaprHa.s lnyx, B no-rollua qacr or cny{afiTe nHTeH_
3rTeT'r,THJrt.{cHIaTa Ha H3rOBOpaHa y.qapeHaTafnacHa e
ABA r..rnoBeqe nrTr.r
rro-roJrrMaor HHTeH3ltrera Ha rJracHHTeB HeyAapeHara
cpnvra. Tona cr,or-
HolreHne e oco6eHo nora3are,rrHo npx !yMH, s quiro
crcraa r.rMae.qHaKBr.t
rJracHH,Karo 6dsa, anapdm, ndeod, zomde, cieep,
demi, cydtcjtx, iet,t,
MUpUC.
Po:rqra sa npoMeHr..rreB HHTeH3r.rrera Ha yaapeHHTeH Hey.qapeHlrrer:rac_
HIr BbnpeKH roea, o6uo B3eTo, rcHo c'I'orHollreHr.te
ue rpr6sa 4a ce a6co_
nroTH3upau,qa ce nplreMa, qe BaB BCHqKI'CJryqaHnoBlrureHhxT
r,rHTeH3HTeT
e nocTaTbqeHAa OTAeJrrlx pa3rpaH qn ynapeHHTeOT
HeyAap€HHTeCpurtI(H.
BT sMoxHo e e$errrr 3a yAapeHa cpnrr(a
ra ce r1onyqfi11rrpe3 y,qarxa3aHe
Ha BpeMerpaeHero HnH qpe3 Me,,Io,qHqHr.r cpe.qcrBat 6e: ga e Hanr{ue flo_ro_
raMa cwJra B npou3HoueHlero. croxro e H cl,orHottleHuero ocBeH TOBa
MexAy eAHaAyMa, Koero ca3AaBaB'b3MoxHocr Hey.qapeHara
rJ,racHaB H.sKor.r
cJtyqauna 6b,qe rr3roBopeHa c ro-ro-rrrM rrHTeH3r..rrer.
f.nacHaTa [a] nanplr_
Mep npn paBHr'rycJroBlrr e BuHafH cpaBHrrrenHono-cr-r;rHa
or r.nacnara [lr],
3aroBa r;racHara [a] naoxe na ce [3roBopr.l H H3B6HylapeHueTo
c no-roJrrM
r{HreH3urer or rracHara
[r.r] no4 ygapexre. IllNpoxtare yAapeHn r.nacnn [e,
a, o] ce xaparrepr3upar c rro_cnreH H3roBop or ctorBerHure
uM y;tapeltu
TecH rJracHlt [ra, r, y]. C:regorarelHo 3a B,L3rrpHeMaHe
Ha yAapeHxero B
taxrn c-nyvai He Moxe Aa ce pa3trnra caMo Ha HHTeH3r{Tera,
aHHa.qpyf[Te
A B E C b l o N : b T C T B A U I I IY ! ' A P E H A T A f J I A C H A C 6 C T A B ( H _ B I . I C O q I , I H A T A
!I BPEMETDAC-
HETO.

t73
 AauHHTe OT eKCnept{MeHTatHHTe rroKa3BaT,tre gHTerr3r.rTe-
t,l3CJre,qBaHr.rr
rrr na 6urapcxuTe rJracHr e npoMeHnr{BaBeJrutrfiga,(orro Bapupa KaKTo
B 3aBIICHMOCT OT TITIIaHa OTAeJIHaTa rJIaCHa,TaKa H B 3aBUCI.iMOCT OT no3rr-
qrllra Ha rJracHara B nyMara. Elxa x cr,rqa rJracHa, He3aBricl{Moor roBa,
nanu e no.4 yAapeHHeHJrI.{ He, npoMeHr B 3Haqr,rTejrHa cTeneH I{HTeH3nTeTHa-
Ta cu xapaKTepr{cTuKaB 3aB[cI{MocT oT no3HqHrTa - B HaqaJIHano3llqrrt T9
e c no-cnJreHI-lHTeH3nrer.a B xpafiHa - crc 3HaqHTenHono-cla6 agteulu'rer.
Or cMecsaHero Ha re3r.rxapaKTepHn nporBu Ha HHTeH3HTerace nopaxAa r.r
T. Hap. ,,napaaoKc Ha y.qapeHrrero" - Hey,qaperrararnacHa,qa ce n3roBap.fic
no-cliteH HHTeH3r,rreror rJracHara noA y.qapeHHe.TaKnBa c;ryvan ce na6lrc-
,qaBar Hafr-qecro nplr AyMH, s qufiro c'r,cras Bn[3ar pa3lruqHr.rrracH[.
flpovanara B rrHTeH3HTeranpx I,r3roBaprHeroHa rJracHLITexMa orHocI.{-
TeJreH,a He a6co:rroreH xapaxrep. B noseqero cJryqar{y,qapeHl,{Te rJracHll B
6r,.nrapcxna e3nK! He3aBncHMoor roBa, AanH ce HaM[par B KoHTpacr c eA-
HaKBttl-tJILtpa3IHqHH IIO yqneHeHHefllacHI-IB AyMaTa, Ce OTJIfiqaBaT C IIO-CII-
JreHHHTeH3I,iTeT OT fJraCH[Te B SeyAapeHHTeCpI-{qKI4.
$ 131. flpoveur.rre B rrecrorara Ha ocHoBHr{rroH, TaKa KaKTor.tr.{HTeH3H-
TerHr{Te rrpoMeH}r,ca npH3HaKHa yAapeHHTer.{HeyAapeHHTeuacnra s 6rr-
rapcKHr e3rrx. EKcnepuMeHTarHure ,qaHHr.r 3a qecrorHr.rre xapa(Tepr,tcrr.rKu
ua 6r,rrapcxure rJracHlrnoKa3Bar, qe B HeyAapeHono;roxeHr{e rJracu[Te ce
xapaKTepH3llpaT cbc 3HaqHTeJrHo no-HHcKa qecToTa Ha ocHoBHHr TOH, OT-
KoJrr(oro B y,qapeHono;roxerrue. V npw rtx o6aqe crenenra Ha npoMrHara,
KaKTOnpu nHTeH3HTeTa, e B 3aBHCHMOCT OT rro3HrlHtTaHa fjracHaTa B AyMa-
ra. Koraro yAapeHara rJracHae B HaqarHa no3nrlr{r, qecrorHara pa3nuKa B
cpaBHerrHec HeylapeHara rJracHae safi-rolgva oxo.no 40%o.Crorsoue-
rrr{eToce HaMaJrrBaHarro.rroBHHa oxono 20%o, KoraTo yaapeHaTa rJracHa
ce HaMnpa r rpafrxa rro3nusr. Te3t noralarelu ca BarHAHl.r,Koraro.qyMr.rre
ce H3roBaprr oraenHo n H3o.tlxpaHoB cr,craBa Ha yrB r,p.qr{TenHo cro6qeune
c'bc cnaAaula MeJroAXKa.B noroxa Ha peqra, Kb,qero Me:ronlrqntrrr r(oHTyp
HenperbcHaro ce npoMeHr, cr,orHoureHuqra Mofar .qa 6r,,qar no-paoluuur
- B1,3MOXHO e HeyAapeHHTefJracHli nplt noBlrlreHa Meiloal{Ka B Kpat Ha Ay-
Mara .[a r.rMarQaKTr.rqecKH rro-BHcoKr.tqecrorHrr xapaKTepr.tcrr.tKr.{
or yaape-
IJUTC f JIACHI-I.
Ha qecrorH[Te rrpoMeH]r3a Bb3npr{eMaHeHa
flplr oqeHra Ha 3HaqeHr..rero
yAapeHHero rpr68a Aa ce xMa npeA Br.rArr npncau11nrea6colrornn qecrorH14
xapaKTepxcrrlKu Ha orle-rrHr{Terlacnu. flo eKcnepaMeHTaneHHaqnH e ycra-
HoBeHo,qe cnopeA roBHrr-laBaHe Ha qecrorara Ha ocHoenux roH 6r,lrapcxure
fracHr.l B yAapeHo noroxeHue ce nonpexAar rro cneAHnfl navur: [a, o, e, r,,
r, vl.
flpu pasHu ycroBrrr rlacHa Ia] e c saii-Hlrcra qecrora, a rlacna [y] c
riaii-BucoKa. flopa,qu pa3nn..rHaracreneH Ha peAyKur{r Ha rJracHr,rreB HeyAa-

t74
peHorronoxeHneHrKaKBacTpora 3aI(oHoMepHocT B peaa Ha noBr,ruraBaulnTe
ce qecrorr.re rpyAHo Aa ce ycraHoBri.Bcuqro rosa noKa3Baornocr.rreJrHara
croiHocr Ha qecrorHara xapaxrepHcrnxaxaro rrpl3HaKHa yAapeHr.rero B
6r,.nrapcrure:ux.
$ 132. [pyr naxen QoternveH npH3HaK Ha6t:rrapcxoro yAap€HHe e Bpe_
MeTpaeHeTonJrHKEaHTr{TeTt T _ yAapeHHTerJracHHce II3rOBap.f,T c JreKo
yAbnxaBaHeHa yrrneHeHlteTo, a HeyAapeHHTe fJlacHr.r
B cpaBHeHr{ec yl.ape-
Hr{Te,pearx3npaHuB enHau cbr{a no3uqur, ca no-Kparru cpegHoc 35%.
Ta:n ygl:rxeuocr B 3ByqeHeroHa y,qapeHnrernacHHcrrprMo HeyaapeHnre
oKa3BaBrr,rrHrre H Bbpxy qrnaTa cp qKa,(orTo no BpeMeTpaene crasa Hafi_
nbnrara B AyMara. flo-npo4r,lxlrreneH H3roBoplrMar I.tcr,fJracHr,tre,
c Ko_
r{To3arroqBayaapeHaracplqKa cnprMo ct,rnacHr.tr€a ueygapenara.Hapeg
c rosa o6aqe reMnoparHr.rrenporrrBotrocraBtHHrMexAy y.qapeHnreH Hey_
AapeHIlTe fJIacHI-t,TaKa KaKTO H ItHTeH3llTeTHnTe H qecToTHHTe OTHOCI_rTeJIHtt
xapa(Teplrcrnr(H, ca role6.nunu u BapxarltBHr-r.B rpax ua 6r,:rrapcrara gy_
Ma, T.e. B a6contotno KpaecJroBl.re,
ce Ha6,,rroAaBarcnyqa[, rrpu Kor.rroBpe_
MeTpaeHeToHa HeyaapeHHTerjracHu cT,Brra.qa qnH Ha.qBnuaBaBpeMeTpae_
Hero Ha npeaxoAHHTey.qapeHxrracHlr. KsaHrtrrerrr B TaKr.{Ba cJIyqaHMoxe
Aa 6r,Ae pe3ynraT KaKTo or HH,qr.rBHAyaJreH Har{HHHa H3foBop, TaKa r or
3aKoHoMepHocrl, HaroxeHH or pHTMHT{Ho_HHToHaqHoHHr.rre oco6eHoc'ru na
Qpa3ara.
Trii raro Al;txuHara ue e SoxolortreH flpfi3Hax Ha 6t,rrapcxnre rlac_
HH, a CaMOOTHOCTTTeIHa TrXHa XapaKTepHcTr.rKa, Bb3MOXHOe noa y.qapeHr.r-
eTo n H3B!H yAapeHHeToAa Ce X3fOBapcT KaKTOAAr'Ir[, Ta(a 14KpaT(H rro
BpeMeTpaeHefJracH14.
$ 133. B creKTpaJIHoorHolreHrre HeyaapeHnTerracHu ce orJ.Ir{qaBaror
ygapeHr{Ter c KaqecrBeHn (rev6posn) npoMeHr.rna
Qopvanruara crpyKTy-
pa r{ c HaMaJreHr{HTeH3urerHa eopvaxrutre qecroru, flpovlnara ara
$op-
MaHTHara crpyKTypa Bo.qs,qo npoMrHa r.rB r(aqecrBoro ga uacnNte. flol
yaaperrHe fjracHuTe ce H3roBaprT oTqeTjlr.tBo,a Lr3BlH yAapeHr.teTo_
c npo-
MrHa B rJracexa. B xHtlxogHtll H:ronop o6ave to:n npoqec He 3acrra Bcr4rrlru
rJracHu B e.uHaKBacrerrerr. Taxa Hanpnvep nptl rnacHr.rre
[e] a [n] <fopuaH_
THara crpyKTypa ce 3ana3Bal.rBr,npeKr.r roaa cnyruarer{T 6e:norpeuHo or_
6ell:na pa:luvrlrra MexAy rrx B y,qapeHaH HeyAapeHa[o3ur][r. flpa
lpy-
rlrTe rJracHlt [a, t, o, y] pa3rrrrrlrra ca no-T.f,cHoAoJtoBHMHtr o.bu1ecrBeHr,r,
KaTOHeyAapeHnTefracHH uMaT HercHa apTw,Kynar\vs, H ce no.qJraraTHa Ko-
JrrlqecrBeHau KaqecrBeHapenyKrllr (nx. $ 23_27).
B HesHa.iurerna creneu 6r,,trapcxoro yIapeHHe npHTe)KaBaH KarrecrBoro
My3rrKaJrHocT, y,qapeHaTafJracHa B cpaBHeHI{eC HeyaapeHaTaMOXe
Aa Ce
rrpor43Hecetr c MaJ]Kono-BHcoK roH, Tr,ii Karo Br.{coqr{HaraKaro aKycrl,rrrHo

175
KaqecrBo He e QoHonor qeH npn3HaK na btlrapcxNre ftacHn, Tt stMa ro-
t{Mo 3HaqeHHe3a xapaKTepHcrHKaHa yAapeHueTo.
I,Inteu:ure'ttt, uecrorara H BpeMerpaeHero Ha fJIacHure ca rBr,pAe IIpo-
MeHJTHBIT BeJrr{qnHltB roBopHlrc noro(. TexHHTe npoMeHH ce o6ycjlaBxr oT
pa3jrrrqHHycJroBHt: Mtcro Ha rJlacHara cnptMo yAapeHl{eTo, Bu,4Ha cptq-
rara (orropena, sarropena) I(oHcoHaHTHo06KptxeHrle, TeMn Ha roBopeHe,
rrHToHarrHrIi Ap. Ero 3aulo 3a Bb3npueMaHe Ha yAapeHl{ero Qn:nvecrnre
c6craBKu AefrcrBar B enHH cnyqan xoMnJIeKcHo,a B.qpyfH - rlooTAeJIHo,T.e.
BcrKa or rrx Moxe aa c'b3AaaeBneqarJleHue3a yAapeHocr. O6ulure u noc-
TOrHrrHCl,OTHOrrreHI,.S MeXAy yAapeHHTeIr Hey.qapeHurefnacHl| Bce naK no-
Ka3Bar, qe c6cpeaoToqaBaHero Ha eHepfHtra e MHoro no-cl.IJlltonpH [3fo-
BaprHe Ha yaapeHaTa cpHr{I(a,oTKonKoTonpH HeyaapeHaTa:

6e 3a no BOI cc Bep
'7
14nreH3urer l0 7 l8 aeun6eru
qecrora l'l I 137 t12 144 t9l 146 xepqoBe
BpcMerpaeHc 0,20 0,r0 0,t8 0 ,r 0 0 , 1 4 0,08 ccKyxan

Tri raro peulaBaulr.r3a rrepuenrlutra Ha 6r,Jlrapcro'ro cnoBHo yAapeHl{e

ca cHJrara Ha npor.r3HoueHuero H cbcpeaoroqaBaHero Ha eHeprHtra B'I'pxy
y.qapeHaracpuqKa B cpaBHeHI.Ie c HeyaapeHara, To ce onpeAeJrt or tfoueruv-
lto rneAr.rulexaro c H J r H o
r I e H Tp arw3Lr paqo, . q n H a M t ' lq H o
yAapeHrie. Hapeg cr,c cI.tJIaraKaro ocHoBa 3a pa3n03HaBaHeHa 6.rtfapcKoro
yAapeHHeCLIlecTBeHa pont HMa It npOMtHaTa B KaqeCTBOTO Ha rJlacexa Ha
yAapeHr.rTeH HeyAapeHHTerracHI-l KaTo pe3ynTaT oT HanpexeHHeTo IIpn ap-
TrrxyJraqHrra uv. 3arosa ocBeH Karo AHHaMI{qHobbnfapcKoro yAapeHne
MOXeAaCe Onpe,qejrH orle H (aro K aq e c r B e Ho.

OYHKIII.TU HA YAAPEHI,IETO

$ 134. Y.4apeuuero e eAHHor ocHoBHnre ntnurxr $owernqHu lpn3Halrx

Ha caMocTorTeJrHaTaayMa. B pevra ec.exantrHo3HarIHa ayMa ce B'b3rlp14eMa
ce pa3rro3HaBaHe caMo no csor Qoxeuen cbcraB, Ho !t no xapaKTepHoro
H ycraHoBeHo 3a Hec y,qapeHue.YgapeHxero opraHu3Hpa B eAI,IHHall.snocr
iByKoBr4r cl,craB Ha ayMara H ar,n QonerNveH n.flaHs o6oco6rsa B cBt'p3a-
Hara peq Karo oraeJrHa caMocTotTejrHa aKqeHTHar{ 3ByKoBaeafiHI,Iua.
Brsr\4oxHocrra 6tlrapcxoro y.qapeHr.re
Aa naaa Ha Kogro I.t.{a e cpuqKa
B AyMaTa Ce H3nOJr3BaB e3l.tKa3a pa3rpaHHqaBaHeHa eAHaKBHnO 3ByKOB
c bcraB AyMu r,rJrurpauaru.lrx QopvH. Pa:ruqfis,ra s 3HaqeHHtHa 1yMu Karo

176
 napa - napd, ciduu4a ceduit4a, rcdteu _ xa,riu, )pedeu _ ypeddu, o6i.uai
o6uudfi,ce cB6p38artr c pa3Jrr{qHoro M.,rcroHaylapeHrreroB oMorpaetrre.
Ta:u {rynrqn.nHaynapeHneroB 6r,.nrapcrnxe:ur "" onp"g"rr"
*uro c M Lt c _
Jro p a 3 Jr H rr r.tr e -nn a (uln cevaurxvua) _ croBopa3r qfire:rHa
uQop_
uoo6paayrarqa.
Cvnc;ropa:llrvtre.nnara Qytrrqnl ua 6r,,rrapcxoroy.qape Hr.rece oc.r,ulec_
TBrBarJlaBHO B Crre, HHTe Cryqaw:
l. Koraro ,4aeorAenHr.r ,qyMr.rc e,qHaKBB 3ByKoBcacraB ce pa3rpaHHqaBar
noMexAy cH caMo no pa3JruqHoroMrcro Ha yAapeHr{ero:
sdeem _ saedm,
zpdfia - epafid, rcdna- xo,tii, ndtuqa _ notirqa, mpicxa _
mpecxa,rd.tert,
rcatin, qituua 4etuud u r.s. IIo vqcro nu yqup"nr"ro ce pa3ruqaBar H
npoH3BonHl.r AyMll, o6pa:yaaun oT e,qHar{ c.t,ulanpoH3BexAarqa
'ro cor,t uqa , co,ruuqa, ocHoBa,Ka_
cdduu4a , ceduiqa, mpduqa _ mpo
4a.
B egnn c,ryuaupa3nr.rqrrerHara
{yHrqnr "i ygup"n""ro ce 3arra3Ba B.bB
BcrqKrre rpaMar,qHr.rtf opuu xa Eyuata..eitua, oi,tuama_
at td, ettuit,
ai'trtamu, autuitme. B gpyr, cnyqa[, (orro n otlrapcrxr
e3r,rK ca no-MHo-
ro6pofiHu, yAapeHHeropa3rpaH qaBa caMo orneJrHn
eAHaKBH rro 3ByKoB
crpoex rpaMaru.nlr Qopvn (ovo$opvn) Ha,qBepa3rlr{Hl.r
Eyuu: ocit (or
ocd) - dcu , (or oc), dnepu (or cr,rqecranrel uoro dnepa) -
onepir(noserg_
TeJrHo HaKJroHeHHe or onepd).Hafi_qecrlrca cnyqanTe,Koraro" ,ur""rro",
or Mqcroro Ha yAapeHHeroce IuOepeHUHpaT ocHoBHaSopr,.rana c.brllecr_
B[TeJ]Hon rpauarlruaa QopMaHaIpyro c6rllecrBr.rreJrHo
r.tJIH
rrptrJlararejlHo
uue. uopdea - ndpaea (or udpae), nxd _ ixa (or
nrc),aedpo _ a?dpo (or
aidtp)' xdpa .xopri(vHoxecrneHo quc,ro ,a xopo),
mixxuxa - mexuitxa
(.rreHyBaHa Qopua Hamexnix), e?,,lvi_ ei,rye (cpigeH pog or et,tuu),nemd
nemu (wlcnrTerHo peAHo:a xeHcxt poq).
MHoro6pofiHr ca H cJryqat-rTe. *oruro ygupan"aro pa3rpaHHt{aBa rpaMa-
rlrunu Qopvr Ha cbuecrB''TeJ]HLHMeHaor e.qHaKBI{
,'O 3ByKoBc6craB r,]a_
rornn Qopvrz:nutd. - ni,ta (npnvacrue,xeHcl<HpoA _ orcosi
or nu)), orcdeu
(roBerurenHo uaxnonewue)6it,to_ 6u,td(npavacrne),
dyui Oiruta(l nurte
ceratuHospeue), cmeuit _ cmixa (l ,rnqe cerautno
BpeMe),tceHa _ tcere
(l rlrue ceramrro speue), npaeutd npdearu
lnprnucrre,.^"ncKr.r poA or
npagun) v Ap.
2. Ilo vscroro Ha yAapeHueroMorar
!a ce pa3rpaHnqart-lABe3ByKoBo
eAHaKBH rpaMarr..rvHu eopvu Ha e,qHar c,l,rlaAyMa:xpdxa (6poirua $opwa)
- KpaKalMHoxecrreuo vucro),
ridd (ceraruHonper,ae) _.ede (r,,rlrna-rro cntp_
meHo BpeMe)veze (ceraurHorpeue) udme (uuruanocntpueuo apeve),
ry)t?L(cera rHo epeve) - xyni )nozeturenHo uar,rouenre), nrr,
B p e M e ,M H H a n oc r t p r u e a o a p e v e ) u o c i t ( n o z e n u r e r H o 1"".u_ro
HaKnoHeHne),
' u p i su e m e ( c e r a u r n o r p e v e ) - u p z , s t t i m e( n o r e r u r e r u o
HaKJrOHeHHe.),
?oaopu(ceramBospeve) - zoeopit (noae,rlre;rxo sax,roneuue).

12,ft.rrrb m Grp, 6s_ a, @oi.rna

177
 PasJruqnrra r l,Igcroro Ha y.qapeHuero BbB Bcl'II{KI'ITe3u cJryqau crloMarar
Aa ce ocbnrecrBtr IIo-tcHo rpaMaruqHrtTe nporl'IBonocraBtHHt Mexgy Qop-
MItTe 3a CerauIHOBpeMe, MI'HaJIOCBLpUJeHO BpeMe l,I nOBeJIItTeIHoIIaKIo-
HEHI.IE.
3. Cavo s or1erHl cltyqav pa3ttlrlv'flTa B Mtcroro Ha y.EapeHl'Iero Morar
aa cnyxaT l| Karo AonaJIHIITeJIHOCpeACTBO3a CTI.!JII.ICTfiqeCKa ,D,n(bepeHIlUa-
rIHt npu H3roBopa Ha eAHa x c't'ula ayMa, 6e: o6aqe,qa ce npoMeHt peqHn-
KoBoro nnu rpaMarHqHoro it 3HaqeHve: doKndd - ddxtad, npdQun- npoQin,
- npedcma-
manaHmris - matdumtua, nepudd - nepilod, npedcmdoumet
a me,'r,pz,rcon c pt'xdnuc u gp. (rx $ 156)
flo-oco6es cryuafi n u3rtoJI3BaHe Ha pa3flHqHaraQyHI(ul.{sHa y,qapeHI.Iero
I{Ma B Cryqalrre, xofaTo nbJIHo3HarIHa AyMa ce oTJIHqaBac HannqHe Ha yAa-
peH[e or c.nyxeoxa gyva, Hea(ueHTyBaHaB cBap3aHapeq, Ho e,qHaKBa c Het
no 3By(oB crcraR" nod (crqectenre.nuo lfsxrN pog) n od (npeglor); cpa.
dioeex ndd - nod dtpedmo.

M'CTO HA YAAPEHI{ETO B AYMATA

or Mtcroro HaynapeHaracp[qxa B.llyMarayAape-

$ 135. B 3aBucr.rMocr
HXeTOe CBO6O,ILHO H nOABII)XHC.
V.qapeHlrero r 6r'rrapcxur e3I{I(e c s o 6 oAH o I.lJIIip a 3 H o M e c r -
H o. To He e 3aKpeneHo(ycraHonexo) no3HIII.IoHHo3a onpeAelleHa cpfiqxa B
AyMara, KaKToB HqKoHapyrr4 e3HIIIr.B qeulKnt e3HKHanpxMep [a.qa BllHarll
Ha nbpBaTa cpliqxa, B rroJIcKI.IHa npearlocleAHaTa, BbB QpeHcKHHa nocJIeA-
Hara. B eAHr,rayMr.ry,qapeHlrero l6r,lrapcxNa e:nK Moxe.qa na.EaHa napBara
cprrqKa, B ,qpyru Ha BTopara, Ha rperara rt r.s.. udca, ndpmun, qacdeHux,
uexarrusd4un, no,vazd,r, 6puzadipu. B or,qe,'IualBycrpltqHu AyMH Harlpu-
Mep yAapeHlrero Moxe Aa rlaAa KaKToBbpxy HaqanHara,TaKa ll Btpxy Kpafr-
Hara cpfiqxa: xdmea, pi6a, z)ua cmpaud, creti, no'ri. B rplrcpnvulr lr
MHorocplrqHlr ayMH a(qeHTHHTe rlnoBe nr'a $ouerlrvulr.r crpoex Ha 6'lJlrap-
cKara AyMa Morar Aa 6r'Aar orqe no-pa3Hoo6pa3Hl.{:eidouocm, n,rcma'lxa,
epaduudp, noKasdHue,6,ticxauuqa, yuueepcumdm, deuoxpd4un u r.n.
Cro6ognoro y,4apeHueB 6anrapcKl{t e3IrKMoxe.{a 6b.qerI o .q B Ir x H o
H H e rr o A B n x H o. Koraro yaapeunero ce Mecrn Br'pxy Apyra MopOeMa
rrpn cnoBor.r3MeHeHteroI.tJII.tnpu c,roaoo6pary BaHero. T. e. Koraro B cpoaHlt
AyMn H B fpaMaTuqHH Qopvn Ha eaHa,qyMa npeMI,IHaBaor eaHa cpuq(a Ha
-
Apyra, cBo6oAHoro yaapesne e nonBI.IxHo: epad epadim, zpadoei, ut ttc
- ut uci, cecmpd - cicmptt, uemd vimox, uic,tn uuc,ri, sudue -'
3HaMerrd,cmddo - cmadd, 4eime - 4eemA, eicet eece'tix, uo'ud -
uouincrcu, 6i,!aa 6*adp, 6puzdda 6pueadip,cmpddau cmpaddrc4,
txtnn - .tnnitun, cuu cuueed, )ua - yui'tut4e, 6nt - 6eti,to, uoc uttc,td

178
 lr np. Koraro yAapenlrero3arra3Ba HenpoM€HeHo Mrcroro cu B.qyMatanpn o6-
pa3yBaHeor Her Ha rpaMarr{vul,lrfopuu u HoBrl[por,t3BoAHu
nyMu, To e HenoA-
zuxtto: 6pam - 6pdn, 6pdmxo, 6pdmtm, 6pdmcxu, 6pdmoe; uapdd _ uapddu,
uapddtm, uapdde, uapdden,uapdduocmeu,uapddxuqu,uapdduuuecxuu
ap.
B cr,npeuexnur 6t:rrapcxn e3rrxHe cbn{ecrBysar o H e r r{ q H r{ npa_
$
B[Jra,KoHToAa onpelenrr Mrcroro Ha yAapeHueroB.EyMara.Bc.sra
vHo_
rocpxqHaayMa u Qopva ce xapaxrepH3npac HcropfiqecKH yoraHoBeHoyaa_
penrreHa orrpeAeJreHa cpn,rra. Vcaor;aHero Ha,qyMara Karo JreKcr{KaJrHa
envHur\ao3HayaBarr ,qace n3roBopr.r H Bb3npr{eMe c xaparrepnoro ir y.{a_
peHHe.
.{oro-nroro vrrctoro HaynapeHHeroBaBBcrKaorAeJIHa .qyMaI.rJrHTr.rnoBe
AyMr.r H rpaMar vnu $opvx e crporo onpeAeJreHo t-rHH.qHB[Ayalruo, 6r,.nrap-
cr(oToyaapeHr.re Moxe aa ce onpeAelr.tn KaToJre K c tr K a Jr [13 r.rpaH o,
rrfi xaro [poMrHara B Mrcroro Ha yAapeHr{eroe cBcp3aHac npoM{Ha
B
3HaqeH[eroHa AyMara rrnr c HapyrxaBanena HefiHra.fi o6ulonpner ssyroa
o6rux (ax. g I 29).
M.Rcroro Ha yAapeHHeroB caBpeMeHH[.,{ 6r,lrapcxu e3rrKcaMo B orrDe_
reJreHhcny'9ar4e pe3ynrar or Aeictryaa,rn,te n npacraBrHcKH'I erI{r(cJroxHr..r
arrreHTHr.r 3aKoHoMepHocrr,r. C pa:rox Hae3HKacrapHTea(qcHTHHrrpaBHJra,
xolro ca 6!t:ru g:aeucnvocr or KBaHT[TerHI_ire H HHToHaII]toHHHTe xapaK-
TepHcTr4Ku Ha fJracHnreB cbcTaBaHaAyMaTa,3HaqHTeJ,rHo ca ce olpocTrrrtr
tt yulrrpuqnpa-nn. ,{nec v.rcroro Ha y,qapeHneTo B lyMara Mox(e.qace ollpe-
AeJII.i, aKo ce uMa npenBr.lA vopSevu'Irr crpoex Ha.qyMara!r u*,lanrnuru
xapaKTepr.lcrljxa ua vopQeulrre, r. e.cnoco6HocrralrMAa npr.rBnr{q ar :artina
He rrplrBnr{qar(u36rrBar) yAapeHnero.B rosa orHoueHlle
s 6r,,rrapcrna
esux ce ua6rro4aBarcne,{Hrlreo6qu :axouovepHocrn.
Hafi-,recroHocHTe-
nH Ha ynapeHxeroca KopeHoBrirevop$er.,rr.r u c.noroo6pa:ynare:rHure Hac_
raaxu. B MarKo Ha 6pofi c,ryvau l. caMo B onpe,qeJreH c.noaoo6palyaare.nen
THII CblllecTBr.tTejrHr.r oT M,hxKr poA y,qapeHr.reTo rraAaHa [peAcTaBKaTa:
is6op, idxod, ndted, np noc. CpanHNrelxo fio_rolrqM
6pofi ca u cJryqar.rre,
Koraro yAapeHuerona.qaHa oKoHqagHero:zopd, uz,td,
uecd, sfii, do6pd,
,texd, ndi, uemi u rlp.
Mscroro Ha yAapeHrreroce perynlrpa B HrKoHcnyqafi t-r
oT ceMaHTHqHl,
npHqI.rHI.l. Te ce npoxnaaar no-rcHo rrpHonpeleJtrHe MrcToTo Ha y.qapeHr.reTo
B crroxHr.t,qyMr.rc paBHonpaBHu B cMHcJtoBo orHolleHne vacru (nx. 5' tSO.y,"
a6pealrarypn(rx. $ 153),npt npoH3BonHH nyM', o6pa:yaaxa c rpeAcraBK',
xouro nuar co6crBeHo3HaqeHrre, xato nod_,npe-, npa_,ab3-,a cbrr{or{ BbB
$opvlrre:a cparHHTerHaH npeBb3xoAHa creneH,o6pa:yaannc va crvr\r4no_
n uan- @x. g 152).
M.scroro Ha yAapeHueroB 3aerure,{yvn o6truoaeno, Ho
He Br.rHarr{ce
3arla3Ba raKoBa,KaKBoroe B e3uKa,or xofiro ce 3aeManvMal.a.

t79
 B:auuoaefi crnuero MexAy HacJreneHHTe aKueHTHr,rcxeMr,rlr ycraHoBeH14-
Te rro-HoBlt aKueHTH[ Tr.rnoBe,B KoHTo M.scToToHa y.qapeHHeToB AyMaTa ce
onpeAeJrrroT ceMaHTrrqHo-MopoonornqHn Qaxropn, c'b3.qaBaB cbBpeMeH-
ulrr 6rlrapcru e3HK roJrrMoro rro3uqHoHHopa3Hoo6pa3ue g o6racrra Ha
yaapeHI-1eTo.

NOtrBI,I)KHO YtrAPEHI,IE TIPU OOPMOOEPA3YBAHETO

B pe:y:rrar na ycraHoBeHarro rpaAurlnr rroABHxHocrHay,qapeHr{ero npn

Sopvoo6pa:ynanero r 6l,rrapcxHr e3KXca ot!opMeHr.r r,tycraHoBeHt-rcneA-
HHTeaKUeHTHO e,[HOTr.InH]r
rpynH OTAyMXI{nn a K Il e H T H I,r napaAHfMrr.

Ctt4ecmoumelHu uneHa

$ 136. C noABxxHoyAapeH[eB orrpeAe:reHnTe rfopvN r.rn'lr $opvnre:a

MHoxecrBeHouucno: 6pne - 6peeim, 6peeoai; urtrc - utttcim, utstcd;, ,tt,,t
,tt qim, ,Io'ri; xpax xpaxim, tcpaxi.
yAapeHr.re
Taxanaaxuenrsa napa,qurMac no.qBr{xHo s .uenyeaHara$op-
Ma 3a eAI-lHcrBeHoqHcJIoH nts Qopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo qHcJ'IoI,IMar caMo
cJreAHr.rreeAHocpuqriH cr,uJecrBKTeJrHHr{MeHa or Mr,xKH poA: 6ptt, 6ttc,
6eK, spam, spa\, erac, ?pad1, ?pad:, zpz,6, zpnx, zz,z, dap, durd,:ostp,
K,4ACt,K,|AC2,ned, teC,,'tbz, lieY,,MpA3, OC,nlAm, nIAq, n,tem, nlOi, npax,
ped, cenm, cutt, cunx, cH.fl?,cpa.M, cmux, cmpax, cmyd, yu,4np, uuc, \uu,
), dett, st'6, KpaK, ltbtt, )vt lt.
Pa:HosHAHocr Ha ro3r{ axueHTeH Tun e axrleHTHara napaAr{rMa Ha ABe
e.qHocpHqHHc bulecTBxTeJrHHHMeHa c rroaBr.rxHoyaapeHr.re86pxy II r,pBaTa
cplqxa or oKoHqaHHero3a MHoxecrBeHo ynctto -dee: do't - dotim, do,tiee,
poz * pozim (Hape,qc pdzrm), pozdee (wapep,c pdzoee).
H.gxo.nxocl,uecrBHTe-rrHHuvena nvar gy6lerHn Qopl,rt - c noABr-rxHor.l
rrenoABllxHo yAapeHHe:
l. Cavo sr,s Sopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo '<ucno'.dou douim, dduoee u
do.tload, dyx dyxi,m, dyxoee u dyxoei, xyu xyuim, rc)uoee u ryuoei, tex
' .tcxi, ,tixoee u tercoei, cpau rfa.uim, cpauoee u cpauoei, spyy -
cmuxint, cmixoee u cmuxoei, qutt uutti, yituoae w quuoed, tt'6 - st'6iim,
si6u u tr,6i.
2. B vreHyraHara Qopva 3a enuHcrBeHo qricJro H B'r,BQopvara aa vuo-
xecrBelo unc;to:. dpo6 dpd6tm u opo6im, dpd6oee v dpo6d6e, eK drctm
u ercim, ixoee u ercoei.
Taxana arqenrua napaAHrMa HMa x eAHo cruecrBnrelrHo or xeHcKr.rpoA:
epod zpodmd, zapdit. Cr,urecranre,'rHo"rocseul nva gy6,rerHo yAapeHne B
M H o x e c r B e H o t u c l o . c e e L 4 m a .u o c e i t 4 u u c a e q i .

180
 $ 137.. C noguxHo yAapeHr.re
caMoB qreHyBaHara$oplra:a egnucraeno
r{ cjro.
l. Enuocplzuuu cr,ulecrBrrenHn HMeHaor MsxKx poA:
dn6, di6oee -
dt6im, tta, tiaoee - ttaim, eutx, ei,t|u _ az,ttrcim.
TaxaaaarqenrHa napaAHrManMar o[le crelHr.rre
eAHocpIaqHH cbrqecr-
Blrre;rHu. rrMeHaor MI,)KKH po1: sKlc, zpz,u,den, duu, dyx, dt 6, dttz,e,
sayrc,sud, Kpr,z,KlM, J,tuK,Jtba,r,tbr,,tu?, :ut x, pee, p2,6, dnt,
cr,t))x,cmun, ct d, cz,u,
muri, muM, mun, mop, mpyd, uee, wyv, s?,nK,
r\bM Ta3fi fpyna ce orHacrr r'rerHocpltr{Hnrec'ulecrBr.rreJTHl.r
r.rMeHa c
rroABr4r{Ho yaapeHrieB onpeAeJreHara
Qopva, rorro Hrvar Sopulr :a vxo_
x e c r B e H o, t u c n o . 6
. unt _ 6umim,6nm _
6ezim, ztad _ ztadim, zuem
euemim, zuae euesim, dux - doxim, slz,u_ set
uim, 3oa 3oa?,m,kn(tc-
rceacim,,toa - toeim, ued - uedim, uup .+tupim,
xtad _ xtadim.
EggocpnuHnreclu]ecrBlrre;rHr,tHMeHaor qyx,q
npou3xoa HMat HerroA-
- nipatn, uipeu, nuxm _
::TlY":l_::f ^ :-rrepa ndrcmum, ndxmoee,peiic
lteucbm, peucose, mqtlK _ mdtuctm, mduttoee, _
XU.MtI Xurutbm, xi),utU.
{,tue etdzt m, Q,rtdzoae,
H:K,rro'{eHlie npaBx caMo ct ur€crBnTe,raor
o HMecmu/r, Koero I,IMano.4-
BMxHo yrapeHtle B qneHyBarara _
Qopva cmu,tim.
LneaHuTe cblllecTBHTeIHt
vn nT'pxy
sop *oo.uu
"",;l;Y;XTffHTffi
Jl:t-lilT:#l:XlX"J#:
Hor{rzcro:6ux-- 6ixtm, 6urcim,.6yn 6)xtm,6yiim,
zpt,x__zipxt,m,ztptxi,m,
3eo- 3eq7,m,zeaim, x,rn,!, x,tiou?,m,rc.rn,i,ni,
xprre: rcpizr,m,xpz,zim,n x
, r t , t < i m .n u p n i p z , m , n u p i m . , , , . r ' ^ i r u , i r , ,
. - - ! i : u . munhm, m u M b m ,m u n
nunbn, 4auK tlairtm, ryeuxim,uyx _ u)xtm, uyrcim.
2. Ilpor:rrogHrzH Henpon3BorrrH cr,ulecrBr1re;rHr.r "*enu u.. xeHcKr{poA!
K o t { T o3 a B r , p u B a rH a c , b r J r a c Hpae: u , p i u u _
p e u m i , c m i n e t t , c m \ n e r t t t_
cmenermtd,6lt,tecm,6dtecmu 6o,tecmmr).
tl. t: a noourrxHoyAapeHr.re cavo arn $opvnre 3aMHoxecrBeHoqlc:ro.
..^^l
r o3rzT}iII nOIBHXHOyAapeHneB pa3jrr{qHa
cTeneHe xapaKTepeH 3a c.bri(ec-
TBtre,llHHTe OTM1'XKltIl cpeaeHpo! fi caMo u organnu
"rry"ur{ 3a c,br{ecr_
BLITeJIH|-I
I{MeHa oT xeHcKH po,il.
flo4rrxHocrra nu ylup"nr"ro rrn rlopvrre 3a MHoxecl.BeHo qflclro
ocr,LrJecTB.SBa ce
B ABe pa3HoBr.rAHOCTlt.
Peqecnnuo npeMecrBaHe Ha y,qapeHr.{ero
or po.qoBoro oKoHqaHneB enr.rH-
srBeHo qncro Bbpxy Bt rpeuua cp r{Ka
Ha ocHoBara tln $oplrara :a vno-
xecrBeHo qucro HMar caMo ,qBe clqecrB(TeJ,rHl.r
uueuai ct oun cz,diu,
eocnox:a zocndx:u.
Ctrqecraurerrture or x(eHc
"'. " ",:1:i" ",:yr
:: :.1: o 6r
.qye rH
L O"o" ;l :;,1
; T t?;i ; G::::; ;
3Muttl.

l8l
 Bropurr tun no,qBnxHo y,4apeH e c npeMecrBaHe Ha yaapeHltero or Br,r-
perxHa cpuqI(a Ha AyMara 81'pxy oKoHqaHHero3a MHoxecrBeHo qr'Icro e no-
pa3npocTpaHeHon npo,[yKTLTBHO. c raxaga aKIIeHTHanapa,4urMaca cJIeaIrIr-
TE CbIUCCTBI-ITEJIHN HMEHA:
l. Egnocpuvur cr'qecrBHTeJIHttI.IMeHac yAapeHI'IeHa oKoHqaHlrero-oBe.
AKUeHTHaTanapaAHrMa Ha cbuecrBnreJlHhre HMeHae or ,uBarl{na:
eol, eottm eotoee
daop, dadpz'm - dsoPose
.uocm - udcmtm uocmoee

Taxoea y,EapeuueltMar c6IqecrBllreJIHHre son, 2po6, deop, dot - do'tdae

u do,t 4a, Kout, Mocm, Holt, non,
C gaorxo y,qapexHeB MEoxecrBeHo qucno - Ha KopeHan Ha oKoHqaHI'Iero
CA CJIE,IIHHTE CGUICCTBHTE'HN :

zporu zpdutoee, zporudee cuox - c,+tdrcoee,

cuoxdee
r)tro6 - dxd6oee. dxo6dae -
cmot cmdroae, cmotoee
Ko,,t xdroee, xordee mon - mdnoae,mondae
cxom - cximoae, cxomoee

6) C yaapenueHaxpafiHaracp qKaor oKoH'{alue'ro -ole ll -eae.Taxasa

aKqeHTHa napaAnrMalrMar caMo ,qBecauecrBHT€JIHH ItMeHa:6oz, 6dztm -
6 o e o a i ,6 o i , 6 d i t m - 6 o e a i .
-
,[norro yaapeuneB MHoxecrBeHoqucJlo HaKopeHatl Ha KpatHacpxqKa
oT oKoHqaHHeTo - AonycKaT cbulecTBlITenHK:
cJIeAHl,ITe
eux - eixoae,euxooe
6pbx sipxo6e, sbpxosA
2. Mal'rr 6poii cr'ulecrnnrerHu [MeHa or M't,xKHpoA c yAapeHneHa
o x o r r r r a H f i e r3oa M H o x c cr B c H ow l cn o - i , - i t , - d :

6ac 6aci xunt - xxttti

xpeq - xpe4i xou - xoxi
,1b4 .ttb\u Kpa.l Kpane
pa6 pa6 4ap - 4apA
tucm - tucmd (noxpairticmoee, nicmu)
po? - po?A (noxpaitpdzoee u Poedee)
Cr,ulecranre:runre HMeHa,rouro o6pasyrar Qopr"ru3a MHoxecrBeHo
qucj]o c oKoHqaHVe-ut4e,3aIIa3BarHerIoaBIrxHo
yAapeHlreroBapxy KopeHa:
Kpaii xpduula, ctu ci'uut4a,nz'm- ntmut4d.

182
 Lbu{ecrB[Tenuure zto,t, dot,
nnem EonycKarABorr(o yAapexne,
obpa:yrar Qopull :a rvrHo Kotaro
zt o utX ttuw. - u', ",;: :)3"::;" :",i -
Ka u'4a: za6'tut4a -
1 !, 16
J. LbI,qECTBI'TE'HI'
:-:T;:B
C HCI uacuu [e' r] noA yAapeHlreB
cHL cpuqKrr: 6odil,t - 6odttl, ::Tl-"" cydl'IK-
"pi: : "p;;. ; ; ; ; _ ; ;;' ;:',::#:,_;::: xozi,, - xo2,,i, o" a, _'ozni,
rro.4BrrxHoyaapeHuearr
{.r,
qecrBHrerrHrre eimtp, $opuure 3a MHOXeCTBeHO qlcno rMar H Cb_
detu u ao,ytix " ,"ror;;;;;;;o"ro"rnu
ocHoJara:aempoed,oeuadee, rrracrra B
uou4i.
Mecr.er ygapenuero ru
Qopvxre 3a MHoxecrBeqo qrl
qaHr{ero-a r cbrrr"""u"r"n"rnru'.,n.,-";;;:,:;:"j-::}ru yr{crlo Bbpxy or(oH-
penue6opd4 - 6oprti,, auooel,'"'^l?pa3yBaHx c6c cy$urcc -e4 ll -4: no.qysa-
- 6'r4i";;' eexi4 - aex4it' 'toei4 - 'roe4i'
,;;;;;'-":;:o;7,;.'""onu' 6odq
t lo.qBI-I)t(Ho
yaapeHHeHMar I(aKToc?,urecrBIlTeJ]HfiTe
na [e] r cy$urca - e4,.raKai c Hel]ocrorHHarj]ac_
crtlecrBrreJrH Te, " *onro
c,reAuryMoBa coHopuacbrracHa an""nur" ce 3ana3Ba
Hnu nar ce peAy"" "
irf,

:;::;!,-' ":::::
:;:;xi,';::::.':::"^:i,
:.1 utope4 - utdpeqi u utdtp4i
Vva.nurelnlre caulecrB
HMeHa'o6pa3yBaH\ c HacraR.a -eq,
'il,:il:ffi
[Mar y.qapeHte" tno*""tur""JlHl{

;,H:;ff :ilffi"-.;:ilil::
f n:*;*#_;;ffi
4. !re r.,rlr
or ocpu rrHri c5rrle
nt"t*' I(oHroo6pa3yBar
MHoxecrBeHoqr"no " o*on"u3111".' -a: Ho ep' xdaeptm - sopvl aa
zocnoditnz,m- ;;;;r;; no'+tepd,ziciodnu,
( H3naAaHe
;;;-""r*ne Ha cy+H.c 'uH npe| oKo'qa'r,rero
ra ^{HoxecrseHoqHcro).
5. Ct4ecrrnren :aoro dido
L npoH3BoqHoro npddndo c flpeMecrBa'e
yAapeHr.rero Bapxy oKoHqaHHe Ha
ux.clulecrBu:rer""pl.,"r,u;:;:dT:";;:u'"3";"qHcJ'oBo6pa3yBaHnreor
tr. Ul(ono 50 cr,Uecrsure,Tr
Ir.lor cpe,qeH poA C eAHOCpfirtHa
.qoBooKoHqaHlre -o s _e; ocHoBau po_

ddno, di,tomo - de,td,detdma

cnoao,c,loaomo_ cttood,c,toeama
no3e,nogemo_ ,lozi, ,tosima

6ipdo, zip,ro,
udcno, uitmo,
cdado, cumo,

183
c,tddxo, ctdeo, cd,to, cmddo, cyxuo, c,riqe, mito, )mpo, uddo, wi,to, imo,
uedme.
I,Igr:rroqeglre npaBqr HrKorKo 3aeru cr, recrBr{TerHu r.rMeHac yAapeHxe
Ha KopeHan c KpaeH 3aBl,prrrex-o: cxdp4o - cxdp1a, mduno - miuna, mpio
- mpia (Hapeq c mpud - mpud).
Crnlecrgfirerunre tco u nieo lnv'ar BapHaHTr.rc xpafiuo yAapeHrre B
MHoxecrBeHo 'iLlcro -,tdca u tacd, nisa w nued. Cl,t4ecrsurer+o'to ,ti,to
'ny:uxa.neu
uncrpyvenr' uva xpaiHo yaapeHre rr,a Sopvara 3a MHoxec-
TBeHo qlrcro -,letA, Ho B c'r,craBa ga c;roxHara EyMa suonoH\ero I.IMaHe-
l.fxHo yAapeHhe euo,lo rt,!i,'ra n euo,to t t,1i. t u.
no,u.B
7. fler cburecrst-rTeJrHH r.rMeHaor cpeaeH poa c aBycpHqHaHenpor.r3BoAHa
ocHoBa r{ c yaapeHr.reHa B'r,TperxHacpsqKa HMaT rroaBr,rxHoyaapeHr.reB6pxy
oKoHqaHHero 3a MHoxecrBelro qHc;ro -d: dsepo - esepii, tcetiso tx:etesd,
rotiuto - rotetd, urrdizo - uuduzd, nuduo - nuaud.
C r u l e c r s n r e r H o r o p e u t i m o , q o n y c K a A B o q K oy A a p e H H eB M H o x e c r B e H o
uuct:lo peutima u peutemd.
8. Cr,qecrrnrelntlTe lrMeHa or cpe.[eH poA, (or.tro o6pa3yBar Mrroxecr-
Beno quc;ro c -etla u -eca: 6piue - 6peueud (lo u 6piuema), opiue -
apeueud, zHa.Me srrauerra, iue-utertd, ntiue-nteueud, pauo puuern,
ciue ceuetrd, cmpiue cmpe.veru); ue6i rte6ecd, mito - me'tect), 'tiio
- qy)eca.
9. flponrnogrru ctluecrBrrrerHr HMeHaor cpe.qeHpog, o6pa:ynaurz c uac-
'taBKA-ato, -Ltr,ro,
-ulo'. uzpdto - uzpatd, o1teedto - o6tezati, oetedifuo -
oztedu,td, noMuzu,qo nouazara, 'lecaro yecdta u4undto - ugunata,
6eci,to 6ecu,td, 6et to 6erutd eeu\it,1o e e r t , t u , , t d ,u a c m i t o
,vucntu,rd; eupiao oapuad zopieo - topued zpad eo zpaduoii neuiuso
neYuqa v Ap.
Cr,uara trapaAHrMaHMar r{ 3aerr{ cr,u]ecrBrrrerHr.rHMeHa,Karo Katrditrto
' r<rtrhu,ti, 6.vttt)ro 6yrrtaru.
H e r r o g a n x H o y , q a p e H u en r , n t f o p v l r r e 3 a M H o x e c r B e H o q r l c ; r o r { M a r
,'t u t)i't rt. xz,p.uirt tt, o ?| ti,1! r, O?t riAO, mon t it'r,t.
Isolro ygapeHue AorrycKar c,r]e,q]rnrec bruecrBlrTeJrHr.r uv,eua'.(tymiito
(tymd,ta u 6ymatd, eentpi,rt., aemp ta w eemputd, eurcd,tLt-.euxi,ru u
curca,tu,teni,'to - ienira w tenultd, uaxdto - uaxdta u uaxata, uu.uemdto
-- uauemdta n truuematd.
C no.qnuxHo yAapeHue B MHoxecrBeHo rrlrcJroe t-rnpor.r3BoAHorocr, Iec-
TBTTeTHO 4ApCmeO UApCmaa.
10. Yva:rnre:rsn cbulecrBuTe-lrHlrc HacraBKa-4e B MHoxecrBeHo quc:ro,
Ile3aBr..rcr{Mo
oT ToBa, c KaK:bBTHn y,uapeHHece xapaKTepu3HpanpoIt3Bexna-

t84
 u{araocHoBa:,rdc,ro,*tacut4i - uact,t4d,uo u di,uo,ditqe - dz,u4d,isep4e
- esep4a,xetisqe xetes4d, e u4e (u euu4i) - euu4d, spin4e spz,u4d.
S 139. C noABr.txHoyIrapeHHeBbB 3Bare:rHureQopr,ar.Arqenrnara na_
pa,4HfMaHa cbulecTBHTeJIHHTe IrMeHa, KOI_ITO
I{MaT TaKOBarIOABIiXHOy.qa-
peH[e, e or e,[r.tHTxn - ylapeHlrero or oKoHqaHr{eronln or rpailtara cp}.rqKa
Ha ocHoBara ce npeMecrBa c eAHa cpuqKa HanpeA. Taxasa aKrIeHTHarrapa_
!UfMa VMaT:
lI Hxro:rxo c burecrBllreJlHIt HMeHaor MT,xtKHpo1 c HenocrorHHa KpauHa
cytfnxcHa rJracHa Il ABe c6r{ec..Brre.lHH c poaoBo oKoHqaHHe-o ll -o nott
y A a p e Hn e :

ope,r , optrr,o uza - azo

nemit - nimtao ctdni - cz,ditio
omi4 dnrre

2. IIpolreogHr.r lt Henpog3Bo,ilHuABycpHqHfiHMeHaor xeHcror poA c ylla_

peHHe Br,pxy poAoBoro oKoHqa r.re_u Il _t:

.rcctti, .rcctt - .n itttt

topa, tr tpi t ip]
cu)6i. cz,d6i - ci,d6o

C no,4anxno y.qapeHueB 3BareJrHHTe{opvu ca s eor)d - eodo, 6pesd

6piso, z,raed utieo, dyad - djnuo,.tto,+td ui"ue, oa4t) _ itatlrt, cecntpa _
cicmpo, crruxi - cttdxo, ceutui csitrtuo, etp6d - ai,p6o, cmpurru cmpirto.
Mecrnr ygapeHlero or oKoH!.raHHero Bapxy ocHoBara u npoH3Bo.qHrcr,_
tlecrBr.{TeJI}tz llveHa, o6pa:yaaH}t c HacraBKara -utra: t)oLtutti _ doit tto,
6ndrtutti 6z,r)rtiuto,ntauurtci - ntatiuo, paanwti - paouitto.
llo4rrxrro yAapeHrre uuar w dz,4ep:'t iirtge, ceo6odi - cao6itdo,
?0cnoJKA tocndx:o.

flputazametnu ufieHa

$ 140. flprllararenrrrre uMeHa r.rMarHeno.qBHXHoyAaper[e fipu cJroBo_

lr3MerreHnero:,rrl ad ,utadu.qm, u,td.da,,tt;tddo,utddu, detoci de,toainm,
deroei, dero6i, detoai; dceueu - iceuuu:rnt, iceuua, iceuuo, icetttu
u np.
I,I:x:rro.ren e [paBlt caMo np[JrararenHoro cort, Koero fiMa rroAB[xHo
yllapenlre or KopeHoBara cpur{Kaxr'M ottoHqaHltero B orIpe;1e,reuara
Sopva
3a eIuIicTBeHo qHcno B Mbx(Kr.tpo! I{ BT,B
Qopvnre 3a xeHcKrr, cpeleH poll
Il MloxecrBeHo 'rficno: cuuiltm, ca.,ic),ca.+td.ce,uu.

185
 Mecrrr yaapenueroKrM oKoHqaHIrero crpyxrypuu npr.rvxuu(pe-
nopa,ql-r
nyaane) [r]-[o]) npr.ro6pa:ynaue Ha rpaMarnqHHrecn Qoplrn L creAHnre
npunaraTenHH:
do6i'p - do6pirxm, do6pd, do6pd, do6pi
3bn - g,|itgm, 3./la, 3Jto, 3./Iu

Vuc,aumeluu u.uena

$ 141, flo.qruxlrocr HayAapeHr{eronpx qxcJruTernureHMeHace Ha6n}o-

.qaBaB creaHlrTecnyqaH:
1n B na4exsure tpopvr lr arr Qopruxre 3a xeHcKHpoA, cpeAeHpoA I{
MHoxecrBeHo qficto Ha qHc,'rHTeirHoro edtlH:

ediu, ediuunm - edud, edud, edxit

eduoed,eduou)

2. flpn urexyaaHe Ha qHcJrHTeJrHHTe

or rrernpn Harope yAapeHneroce
npeMecTBa Bapxy qneHHaraMopoeMa - me:

nem nemmi ddcem- decemmi

raecm uecmmi deauddecem- dsa adecemmi
cideu - cedeumi nemuddecem- nemuadecemmd
oceu - oceumi cml cmomi
cdeem deeemmi uimupucmomux - uemupucmomuttmi

3. Br,n Qopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHoqnc;ro Haxutida: xitndu, xitndume.

Mecmouneuun

$ 142. flogrxxHo yrapeHue r{Mar noKa3areJrHn, Brnpoc}rrerHr.rrr orHo-

cuTeJrHr.r
MecTotMeHHtB cte,qHXTe cnyqaH:
l. Br,a Qopvlr 3a xeHcKlrpoa, cpeAeHpo.qH MHoxecrBeHoqucJro:

mdt - moad roil - roi, xod, roir

dun - oudn, oHo6A,oHifl qfifi - qHi, ,{fid,qnit
drtsu - ottdsu; ort)i, oudzu xdimo - xoAmo,xoimo, xoimo
xaxia xarced.xaxed, rcaxei

186
 2. Bra <fopr,ar 3a BHHureJreH u AarelreH naAex r.r3a Mlxrlr fi cpe.qeH
pon
B enl.tHcTBeHOqr.rcJro:

mds moedea,mozdsu,mouyea
itun - onozdaa,ouozd, ouou)ea
xoii - xoed, xon).t
xdfimo - xozdmo, xon)mo

f tazo.,tu

$ 143, B o6lacrra Ha rraro:rHoro cnpexeHuenoABHXHoyAapeHHet,tMa

B CJreAHnTe CnyqaH:
l. 868 OopMlr 3a MlrHaJrocB'LpueHoBpeMeHa HrKolt rJrafoJrnot I lr II
crrpexeHrre.
a) Vgapetuero or oKoHqaHllero ar,o Qopvara :a Lrxue eAuncrgesoqnc_
ro cerarrrHoBpeMece npeMecrBaBrpxy KopeHoBaracpfi{Ka ar,o rfopunre
3a MITHaJIOCB6p[teHO BDeMe:

uemdp uimox vdmoxue ntemd - ntimox ntdmox,ue

yime udmoxme ntime ntimoxme
udme 'timoxa nn)me ntdmoxa

I aKaBaaKUeHTHa napaAnrManMar oxoJro20 ocHosrrr{uaro,ta or I oa:_

peg na I cnpexeur{e,KoHToo6pa:yrar
Qopvu ra Mr{HaJrocB.bpue*o up"""
sa -ox: 6odt) (ua6odd), atexd (doetexd, saetercd),doaedd,douecd, xpadd,
x,tadd, uemd, o1,tercd,nacd, nexd (onexd, npunexd) n,remd, npedr), noeedd,
percd(ompexd, o6pend),cexd, ct6,texd, uemd, mpecd.
6) y.qapeHlreroor BarpetrrHacpHqKaHa ocHoBaraB ceratrrHoBpeMece
npeMecTBa Brpxy oKoHqaHrreTo -flx, _ox,_a.r B MHHaJIO
CBt,ptlteHo
npeve. c
raKoBayAapeHrreca caMo r;rafoJl.rreaidn, ddfida. udza:

eidn - eudi, eudA, eudAxue

ddida - doiiddx, doidi. doiddxue
Ji,ldza- MoJKax, .uolrcd, uotcaxue
I naronsr 6ida yrMa,qBorKoyAapeHHe B MHHa;rocBbpruenoapeue: 6udd-r,
6udd n 6iidox, 6irde.
haro.nure sarda, omuda 3ana3BarHenpoMeHeHo ygapeHHeroB MHHaJro
cBtputtrenozpeue: zdiidox, sdfide, sdidoxue,. omidox, omide, om dox,ue.

187
 2. B nosernreruo Ha(roHeHr.reHa rJraroJr[Teor I u II cnpexeHr.re
c yAa-
peHueHaBT,TpeuHa cprrqKaB ocHoBHaraQoplra:a Lraqe e.qaHcrseHo .r[c,'ro
cefalxHo BpeMe:

a3eMa a3e u, a3e,Meme caupfl caupu, caupeme

ttdct toci, uocime cmaHa cm4Hu,cmalrcme

3. flotanNuo yAapeHueuvar u $opuure 3a xeHcKr.rpoA, cpeAeHpoA r

MHoxecrBer{oq}tcJroHa MuHa-rroro
nptaqacrreor rJ]aro;racz,u: 6ut ,6u,ti,
6u,td, 6u,ti.
3abenexKa'CnojlRlixuoylapeu e y c n o B HM
o o f a r , l ac c p a l r l e x A a c M I r r r a J t n r c
npnqacrru c nMbxlaru rracrx noA yrapcxuc [t] I [e], xouTo ce peAyBarc A lr,u dropvurc
3a xcrrcKr,rpoA, cpcjle| poJJh MlroxecTRer{o qfic,Io:
iouri,t. dorui t - dotrt'ri. dow.lit. dout.ti
o tntttLti,r, o n uuti,t o n uw.t ti, o n uu-,ro, o nruu,r i
u r.t,:i,r- .ttot,ri. troz ad. toetit

$ 1 4 4 . f l a r o , r u r e J K o u r o H M a ry A a p e H x e H aK o p e H a e o c n o a u a r ac n r l o p -
M a !M O f a TA a 3 a n a 3 r TM r c T o T oH ay . q a p e H K e T Hon r {a a r o [ p e M e c T r TH a K p a t
B b p x y o c H o B H a r ra, q a c H a e r , a{ r o p v u r e 3 a M t r l a , r oc B t p r x c H oB p e M e :

KAU( A KA:tUX U KA3dX nituu .- nitcax u nucix

xdd:t'xiduxuroditx ztidau ,:,tidax u eteddx

Tarosa {rarylrarrlBHo npeMecrBaHe Ha y,Eapeutrero o6uxHoteuo ce go-

n y U I l J ac a M o n p u A B y c p H r { H u f l T p H c p r . r q H r .r{r a r o J r r . { : p a 3 ? n e c d u M
1tus,:,titrcdax n puzuexdar, no npedceddmerc msynall - npedceddmet-
Cnln)6uX, K0.tt)tttt tul)d1,1 Kt).tu u'tillLIX.
l-,narolure or cBt prtlleHlrq, o6pa:yraur or HecB,rrpueHr{ c [pe4craBKrr,
3arra3BaT yAapeHHeTo Bbpxy KopeHa He.qo[ycKaTnpeMecTBaHe lla yaape_
H u e r o B r , p x y x p a i i u a c p u v x a B M r { H a J r coB r , p u r e H os p e u e : p a t r ) x r t
puzxtisar, utxt))x usxddtrx,noztidau nozlidux, tuniun , rnnitcax.
ttutz,tida.u ousztiiox.

IIoABUxtHO ytrApEHrIE [plt C,!OBOOEPA3yBAHETO

$ 145. flognr.rxHocrraHa ylaperrxero n 6t;rrapcrtr e3HKe no-qecro rB-

neHlrenpu c-rroaoo6pa:ysauero.Mrcroro Ha y,uapeHr.rero Ha rrpor.r3BonHure
AyMrr,o6pa3yBaHrr c HacraBKujce onpeAenrcrrpJ{Mo yAapeHr.rero
rra trpor.r3-
BeXAaqaTa fH OCIIOBa U 3aBHCIl ,qO fOJ'ItMa CTeIIeH OT aKIIeHTHaTa XApaKTe-

188
 pucrurb na c:roroo6pa:yBare;rHara HacraBKa. B:agIacfir,.{ocr or roBa Hac-
TaBKr.rreB 6r,lrapcxua e3rrKMorar,Ea ce o6eAuHsr rJraBHoB TpH rpynu:
I. Clonoo6pa:oaareJrHrr HacraBKH,xo ro npr.rBnl-rqaryAapeHrrero BBpxy
ce6e cu B npon3BoAHara AyMa He3aBucHMoor Mtcroro Ha yAapeHrrero rl
r.r3xo.qHaTa ocHoBa.
a) flplr o6parynaHe Ha npoH3BoaHr.tc.bulecrBlrrerHn r.rMeHaraKnea Hac-
TABKI' CA:
a) :a cr,qecrnnreJrHlrr.rMeHa or MrxKH por: -ax ll-nx eecetix, co,tmix,
do6pirc; -anll-nx - aeruxd.x,zpyfuiu; -apll-xp - 6wdp, epamdp, dryedp,
cmpyedp, teip; -tu ll-n'r - aodd,t, 6poiu; -etc - etpeittc, eatin, 6odittc;
-yn uedyrt, nucx)u; -ynnx - xa6)xax, upaeynax;
crqe cra,nreJrHr.tfMeHa or xeHcKr,r poE: -asu4a - xpdcaeu4a,
6) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::a
(tpaddau4a; -a,run ll-utna - sauuudnn, rctndtun, cywirttn, tnnitun; -aua
- s u ( t p a e d t r ud, e 6 e t d u a ; - a u x a u z p d t x a , w u a d u x a ; - u H n l l - K u n n -
6oziun, po6itusr,pycxirrn; -um6a - ce m6a, xeu m6a, xoc m6a; -ua -
zatucust, pacunit, nopasin, -yza , tact)za, yctyza, sadp)za; -y,rKd -
rrdy,t xa. auc)tx u. dpaux.iLtxu. -ypxa rcz,ulyp r<,t, xo c meuj.,p r a : -yua
rumpjtuta, de6et)rua; -n - truei rcu\i tr gp.
s):a c:lulecraure;IHr..t rMeHa or cpe,qeHpo1.. -anut4e cKpuaor,tlturc,
nucAnuqe; -ato dpt rrxd,ro,xtend,to, ozteddto,. -auue ll-exue - yxay)uua,
nucattue, audittue; -uJruule- ctdi,'tuu1e,yui,tut4e, euecmitut4e; -utto
t a n t o , 6 e , t i , t o , x e t p , t i t , t o ; - o a u u l c z u u d a u t 4 e ,t e t d a u u , l e ; - a n u u t e _
uumdlut4e, cxpuedtut4e n ap.
K'llr ra:r fpyrra Morar Aa ce rrp]iq]lc:rrr tl HacraBK[Te,KoHTonpeAr.r3_
Bl.rKBaT npoMeHr.i B no3HUr..rrTa Ha yAapeHxeTo oT KopeHaHa flpotr3BexAa-
ulaTa ocHoBaBr,pxy poaoBoTooKoHqaHr.te B npo[3BoAHHTe OCHOBT,T Ha C6_
llecTBtITeJIH[HMenaoT xeHcKHI-tcpeleg poA: _ea_a_ cuueaa,,vpauecd;
-t-a ll*t-o nit,ttt nutd, eix - eumti; -m-o niutu - nucud; -oe-a - 6fllt
- 6etoei, tipert - uepuoad; -om-a 6ideu 6eduomi,
do6i,p - do6pomti.
r) IIpr o6pa:ynarre Ha npoH3BoAHr.t npllnararenHV c HacraBKu.. -an, _
e t p 6 u m , z z , 6 d m ,x o c u d m ; - e 6 e n e p a x : d i 6 e r t , c , t y n c i 6 e t r ; _ e r u s ,
aupmetia, zopdetie; -eceu Dupeiceu, c,tociceu; -ue - 6t 6pita, tnm o;
- u c m 6 t a m i t c m , z o p c m ; - u m c t p d m , 6 e t e n i m ; - o 6 e n _ e a e H-
l
( t y u m d c e u ,e e x d a e u ,c e e m i t e e u d , yutiaeu; -ox - eucdx, uupitx: _,ram
'tb6qim, no.tt)autt,!om-xe
xecmenie, lttt.ie u lp.
a) flpu o6pa:ynaHeHa qnc:rrlrer'rHu r.rMeHa -unall-muna - mDemi a.
oc,uitn, cmomit!o: -uJva uemupi.ua,nemi.ua. -uuua teduiua, dBaMio;
-uqa - mpoit4a, deoi1a; edutit4u; -oitxs - deoixa, mp\ircu: _opxa
uentedpxa,utecmipxa; -rrp"nl1-op"u r!emaope4,utecmopeuu ap.

189
 e; llpr o6pa:yaaHeHa npolr3Bo:tHlt rJlaroJll.t c HacraBKH: -opn-6tp6opn,,
utpatdpn: -omn - dpacxdmn, mpondma: -acam ll -ncam ll -ecan ll -ucan ll
-oc(un - 6etdcau, 6apdcaM, cttt x,ldcau, 6padAcau, xopeuicau u s1p.
Vgapenuero e noaBHXHoI.rnpu o6pa:ynane I{a HecBtplreHI.IrJlaroJrlror
cBr,pueun c HacraBrhre -asa-rr ll-ssa- - uu)ta, xayuaeau, npeuz'tua -
npeMbnqdaa , uztrcuedn usteueAea.u,noyua noyudeau, omxtotti -
omxtou.Aeau, npuuydn - npuHyJtcddla'u v tnp.
2. C.noroo6pa:oBarerHI.t HacraBKLl, Kor.ITo npHBJII{qar yAapeHHeroB.r,pxy
n p e , q c y ruf r c x a r a c p q K a . T a x H g a H a c r a s K Vc a . - . r e 4 - cmpadaM -
cmpddatet6 norcdtca noxasdte4; - -me't jtua yuimet, edd.s- eodime"t,
-
ttdcn- rrcc met; -a paseati pa36dnd,pd3zllaci - pazzadca; -aa - nimrp
- -
- nz,cmiea,cedxrp - caexi'eu; -txa - cdn - ceitrca, mieta me.,'IiKa; -ue
- doaept)- doeipue, ctetac.i ce - cntdcue u gp.
3. Croroo6parorarerrJu HacraBxr.r, xor{ToHe npoMeHtr Mscroro Ha yaa-
peHueroB nporl3Bo,qHnre AyMtt.-eL - dpina - dpinet, 4opx u|i'xet, xi'pnst
xipne,t, -ep. rcou - xdwep, zu6 - ti6ep: -da - npae - npdeda, xpue -
rcp aiu; -ocmll-ecm 6,tae 6'tdzocm,utad -u,'tadocm, ceetrc- coitcecm;
-uluHo 6iteapurt - 6 zapuquua,zpnyna cp)noeuluua; -nqell-en4e -
ciue - ci-uert4e,sndue - zrduex4e w np.
Hapeg c re:n rcuu cnyqaHcl,r{ecrnyrar n 6r,rrapcKt-rre3r.lK r.l[o-cJroxHr.r
KUEHTHH OTHOIIIEHH' ME)(AY TIPOH3BEXAAIllA I{ NPOH3BOAHA OCHOBA, B KOTITO
aKueHTHyre oruoueHuq rre ca raxa yHNQnuupauu t-rotrpocreHr.r,Eaua va,rxa
lracr IIpoAy(TrrB]rHHacraBKHHe onpe,qejrrr e,[Ho3]IaqHoMgcToTo Ha yaape-
Hlrero B npon3BoAHara ocHoBa. ,[aorxo ygapeHNeAonycKar HanpfiMep ]rac-
T a B K uK a ' r o :- c T B o 6 o x e c T Bd , u o . u u o t r e c n t a o , - u r o - r o p i r o , t o u e m u a i t ;
-atqe ndcuqe, no uzpiuqe; -ue 1pamte, no etacvi; -6a 6op6i, uo
dpj,x6a; -e4 - napmie4, ao uz'dp?t1 u gp.
M.flcroro Ha yaapeHHero B npor.r3BoaHlrrecburecrBr.{TeJrHr.i r,rveua, o6pa-
3yBaHHC e.qlrar.{cl,ua HacTaBKa,KotTo He onpen€Jrse.qHo3HaqHo arueHTHt{Te
uM orlrorrreHur, Moxe aa 6tge voruanpaHo B onpe.qeJreHH cryqa or crpyK-
TypHure oco6enocrlr Ha r.r3xoAHaraocHoBa, T.e. Aanr{ Tr e KoHcoHaHTHa,
BOKarHa,eAHOCpHqHa HrH MHOfOCpUqHa; OT XapaKTepaHa npOH3BexnaUlaTa
ocHoBa, T.e. IaJrH Tq e HMeHHaHrr.rfJrafoJrHa;oT HeiiHI{r clonoo6parysare-
J ' r e rc r p o e x . T . e . o r H a l l v q H e r o s u e i i x x g c l c r a n H a c . n o r o o 6 p a l ye a r e r r r
vopQevlr c pa3rlrqHa cnoco6Hocr,qa npllBJrHqarr.rru u:6rraar ygapennero.
Llanp.: io6ip - do6p tux (c pegyraHe trl - tOl n ocHoaara), Ho Mu!'r -
.ui,tu'1bx: udsetr - uasuuud, no 6op - 6dpuua, xyn -xynuiua; neei4 nee -
4u, todettix - toder 4a, uo ttolt - troteu4a ; uublcecmeo, uo uttotutrcmeo :
6pdmue (6pam, 6pdmz'm, uo ztacti(ztac, etacim).
$ 146. Cryvaure, Koraro ynapeHr.ieroce Mecrlr Blpxy npeAcraBr(ara rrpH
cronoo6pa:ynanero, B KHHxoBHHx6r,,rrapcxlr e3r.rl< ca orpaHr.r.{eHHrJraBHo

190
 nplr oe3cyeHKcHr,rrecrtuecrBl{TeJIHHIlMeHaor M,r,xKHpoA:
eisz,lac, db6ua,
taen, xddnuc, nddtez, dmrue, ndxpue n np. flpevrecraanero
Ha yAapeHraero
Bbpxy flpeAcraBxara,rorro no Haqaro B KHl.rxo8H'r,
6rnrapcru e3r{KHe e
HocHTelIHa yaapeHl'Iero'ce l{3nor3BaB Te3HcJryqa}I
Karo crloMarareJlHo
c:roroo6pa:ynarenHocpe,qcrBonpn o6paryraue Ha
6e:cy{ur<cuure cbrr(ec_
rBlrreJrHuulaena: ua6itpau _ ud6op. HauixeaM _
HdMeK,)atiaau - sdtue,
z,tac - npdenac, npbztac, cunx _ npicuex, sayx _
bmseyrc.
Tbii Karo npeQnrcuure c6rrlecrBHTenHn hMeHaor MbxKx po.qca rB,r,ple
pa:noo6pa:Hl rro cBot npou3xo,q(crapI.rI. HoBI.t,
AoMalrrHlr r.t3aerHor pycr(H
e3r.rK, Ar.ranerTHh u xuuxoaut), aKrIeHTHrreorHorrreHn,npn Trx
He BHHarrl
c a o x o H q a r e r H oy c r a H o B e HIHr c H u . C p e . d d e o d ,
s o z a e d i ,) e o d , i s e o d , u o
omedd,nd6od, npiaod, no pasedd. He:asxcrvo
or ssxon roreoaH', Mrc_
Toro Ha ynapeHr.teroupn npeSnxcHHTectuIecrBHTeJrHI.t
HMeHaor MbxKtr
poA MoXe,qa6r,ge votnupaHo B:bBBceKHKoHKpeTeH
cryqaH, raTo ce xMa
tlpeA BHAxapaKTep:brHa xopeHoBaranrop$eva.
flpeQuxcHure cbulecrBr_
TeJlHr4 nMeHaHanprrMep,o6pa:yrauN or r;raro;IHaocHoaa
Hoc_,tiMar yna_
peHr{eHa npeAcraBKara:dduoc, isuoc, udnoc,
ttdduoc (noxpafi nor)riitc),
npetnc, npittoc. cr,uecrsnrerHHTe, o6pa:ynaHfi
or KopeH60i, uNlar ygi-
peHneBuHarlrBrpxy KopeHa:sa6di, om6di,
no6dn, npu66n, pas6ii. C.r_
rIecrBr.rre:.trHHTe r{veHa,o6pa:ynanuc xopeu6op, rrur o6uue
yaupeHl,re t<aK-
ro Ha npeAcraBrara,TaKaH Ha KopeHa:is6op,
ud6op, npi1op, uo no<)6itp,
pus6dit,ct6ip.
flpr orgelHn clluecrBnrelHu HMeHaB KHHxoBHr.r,
H3roBopce AorrycKar
r 4y6'rerHntfopvr no orHorueHHe HayaapeHr.l ero..dbcmt n - docmin, 3unac
sandc, ndeei - naaii, 66cez _ o6ciz, ipdaor)_
npeedd,npeao: _ npeedt,
npieem - npuedm,pr)spua- paspiu n gp. borro*no"t"u
"uL""ru"TeJrH,,re
IrMeHa Ia ce [3foBap_qT c.qBo,
rB'rer HHH3a cMr.r : uff; :;' i -i:;:::; "_":tr;
crroBa^,f""0:ilo"".XX;
(qyr6oneH), 3Asem zaeim (zaeex\alue). ;
L yAapeHr.re Ha npeAcraBKarace H3roBaprru HrKoHHapeq[,
B 6bnrapc-
ddpedu,rtiieraea,ur)ptxu, dmp*), npu3opu
::l_::l:::l:-ddnam_u,
u3neKa oKpait us'tixa, uiieceu noxpait ourew
uaicen, ,idzo*ou u ttanoKdtt,
Hanponemu uanpd,rem,cpiduot4 u cpedudw.
llpu rreolpe4ernreJrHr{Te, orpr,_lurannrraa o6o6ulnre,run.r.eMecror.rMe_
nana B npeArocraBerrrrrec:roroo6pa:oaar
ll1" ff1p""""to erlu qacrrulu
Hn- llHe-, Hu-. act_ llace_:ttixoi, uixozo, uiyui, ui)rcoii,
u xaxz,e,acixoi,
acircozo, ecixu, aciarte.

l9l
 AYMI{ EE3YAAPEHI{E

Axuenmna dvna

$ 147. Bcuvrlr AyMH, Koraro ce H3roBaprr caMocrofiTenHo n H3oJIHpaHo

eaHa or,[pyra, HMar y,qapeH[e. E,rlHocprvrure,qyMu. npou3HeceHn oraer-
Ho, c'hlrlo ce H3roBaprr cr,c curara Ha yrapeHa cpu'txa. dou, crnaolt, c tt?,
ct u, do, npu, 6ez, uy, zo. B cBT,p3aHapeu o6ave xrxon c.nyxe6un gyvu
(eguocpnuuu npeano3n, cr,Io3u, .racrllun), xparru r[opvlr ua JII.IqHI.I Ir npn-
TexaTetHn MecTor{MeHnr H,{p. He ce n3foBaptT ct'c cBoe oTIeJIHo y,uape-
Hne. flpn [pou3HoneHue re u:ry6nar yaapeHuero ctt n ce cJIr{Bar c npe!,-
xoalrara nJlr. cJreAxo.qlraraayMa B e,qHaaKr.leHTHa urlocr. Hanpnrraep r cr-
qeraHnrra ua eeuima, 6es zpixu, rrud pexdma npeAno3[Te ua, 6es, uar)
HrMar cBoe yaapeHne npea .qyMt,tre,Kolrro Hoctr y.qapenr,re. B c r,qeraHI4flTa
sixu.u zo, o,rime J y MecrouMeH(rra ?o n My, t<ol.rro crotr crea AyMH c
yAapeHne, ca aKueHTHo3aBHcIlMHor rtx.
[yrrarzre 6er y,qapeHr.]enpr.r H3roBop B rroroKa Ha peqra ce cB'bp3Bar c
,qyMr.r,ttolrro r.rMarcBoe yaapeHHe, r{ 3ae.qHoc rrx o6paryrar eaHa a t< Ir e H -
- r H a r r v 1 ( r o H e r r . r H a , q y M a . A x r t e H r u a r a, q y u ar 6 r r r a p c x n r e : u r v o -
xe aa BKJrlorlBas ce6e cr'r aBe HJrlrnoBeqe caMocrorrelrHr{ rpaSnvecxn r
peqHrKoBn yyrv'u'.ubxe 6u, cpdu ue e, cmyddrto Lqe e, L4e to etiueut,ru,
da zo useixa,u,tr. Hai-qecro B aKueHTHarautnocr e.qHaor nyMnre e rlbn-
lro3HaqHa(aarocevaurnvHa) lr lroxe ra ce onpeAenu Karo caMocrorreJrHa
cMr-rcJroBa eArlHnua (cpau, uoxe, cmydeuo), a apyrnTe xaro da, 6u, 'tu zo,
t4e ca ctyxe6nu ryuLr wrfi rpaMarurrH[ rlopvrl, xolrro He ce ynorpe6rnar
caMocTorTeJrHou 3aroBa He MoraT Aa HMaT B cB6p3aHa peq cBoe oTAeJrHo
yAapeHxe.
9acrure Ha axueHTnara ,uyMa He Morar,qa ce orAeJltr noMexAy cH c
BT,TpeuH,rnay:u. IIay:ure pa3K'bcBarr rrapyuaaar HeiiHoro eAr{HcrBo,pr.{T-
M L r q H o c r r ar r a r o B o p u o r o c r o 6 u i e H H e H f l p e q a r r a n p a a x J r H o r oM y B 6 3 r I p H -
evaHe. Koraro B rroroKa Ha peqra ce aKqeHTyBarAyMlrre,Kotrro lttMar cBoe
yaapeHHe, ce HapyuraBaHopManHHrT r.recTecTBeHrr3roBop Ha croBoc'bqeTa-
H u a r a u Q p a : u r e . C p r . r r a n p . : t 4 i z i e u d u w t i a l . l l .u q ez o e d u r u t u .
l]yvrre 6e: ygapeHue (n,ru x"rrrrxrre) B 3aBlrcrlMocr or rro;roxenuero
CX CNP'MO AKIIEHTYBAHATA ,qYMACE]IEJI'T HA E H K J] H T H K II HJII{IIA E II -
K r h T l, q H u .4y M u, KoraTo ce ri3foBaprT 3aeAHoc rrpeAxoaHaTaayMa,
lr npoKJrrrTHXH r 4 J n tl r p o K , r r H T H q H r r , qy M i r , K o f a T oc e r . r 3 f o -
BapsT 3ae,qHoc bc cjrellBaulaTa,qyMa.
Egua vacr or,[yMure 6e: yaapeure ce ynorpe6aear [ocrorHHo Karo
rrpoxJlllTnKx- Ha[puMep cb]o3ri, npelJro3H, a lpyfH KaTo qacTu\HTe ne, Jxu
nocrosHHo Karo eHX.IIHTHKII. B xHltxogrtrlq 6r,-nrapcxr e3lrK r,t3per{eHlieroHe

t92
 Moxe na 3aroqHe c eHKJTltrrKa,rr,fi xaro rt 3aABJIXHTeJTHo ce cB6p3Ba c
rrpeAxoAHara y.qapeHa,EyMa.CrulecrBytar a 6r,lrapcru, e3rK u,qyvu 6e:
yAapeHxe c no-cao6ogua ynorpe6a, T. Hap. rroABllxHr.reHKJrhrr.rKH _ npu on-
peAeneHr.tycJroBr4s. Te MofaT IIa Ce H3fOBapfT KaKToc npeaxoAHaTa, TaKa r.r
c:bc creABarUaTa rt-r IyMa: uyea.u eo - do6pi zo u)aau, uic.,ru.,t cz,u uudzo
cbu Micnun, Uedue 6e - 6e I'Iedue.
3a orle,r.{Hero Ha eaHa aKueHTHalyMa or r.pyra t4 3a aKrreHTHoronpu_
cbeAr.rHrBaHeHa HeyIapeHHTe,qyM BaxHo 3HaqeHr{eHMaT ycTaHOBeHHTe B
e3r4KacM[cJ]oBH, fpaMaTHqHH H CJTOBOpeAHH OTHOTTTeHH'
MeXAy .qyM]iTe.
Kparxlrre Jrl.rrrHH Mecror{MeHHs Ha[pHMep B rrpt-rrraronHa ynorpe6a ca go_
|'brueHtr', l.r 3aToBa aKUeHTHO Ce CBr,p3BaTCbc cKa3yeMoToB r.r3peqeHHeTo:
pa3KA3ax uy eciur<o; ntoi ,+typaxd.sa eci,lxo; audix zo,.drtdc zo audix.
Korato Ir:nr,,tHsrar clyx6a Ha onpeleJreHHr Karo rrpl{TexareJrHr..r Mecro_
TMEIIH', TE CC CBAP3BAT KIIEHT]]OBI{HA|H C TIPEAUECTBAUIATA TH TYMA:
Knuzume y ca tn,vacama; yeatrcdea,u dpyedpume cu; noe xa ud,rrcut u,,,t
citt. 9acrugara 4e vopQo,rornvecrn ce cBrp3Ba c rJrarora n o6pa:yna :a_
e,qlo c rero Qopvx:a 6r,gerqe BpeMe..ule temd r4e xdxa.Ilpocrnre egnoc_
pxqHli npeAno3u B clqeralme c HMeHara o6pa:yaar c rrx Btanarrl e,[Ha ar(-
u e H T H a , [ y M a :d o u i u e , z a x t 6 , t t a n i m n ,
l{yvrre, KoHTo HqMar cBoe yAapeHr.reB roroKa Ha peqra, He sunar[ o6a_
ue I 6r,,rrapcrnl e3I-rKcrorr B HenocpeAcrBeHa6nt:ocr !o Ayrrlrr€, c Korlro
cMr.rcrroBoce cBbr'p3Bar:B c),to ce xictru npufipam xemadpu. Cmpd nu ce
Katitrtu eie uad 6pecd ycu.nomitu (ll. ft. C,raaeiixoa) (vv.. Cmpdiura
Katiua ce aie...), Taxnsa orKJroHeHr.trca Haii-qecrx B noe3r{rra t,t pa3ro-
BopHara peq, Kl,Aero no-cao6ogHoro npficbe.qt-rHrBaHe Ha HeyAapeHHTeAy_
Mlr Karo eHr(JrHTl.rt<H r.i npoKn ruKrl HMa Apyrx npHqr.rlt.r:Omxpdi dorcpdi,
dontd)mo mu oxd eidu, ce ,tntinm :,tdmuu uiau (E,ruH fle.lr_tn).Cudryu u,tt
ce uudzo pddeax (zu. Cudt4u uu6zo u,tt te pddeax). Ha L[eau *ty 6Axa ce
saey6u,tu napime (zu. Ha l4edu uy ce 6ixa saz)6u,tu napime). E tu
Bb3uo)lcHo eciutn ntoed (sv.. Bt s.+tdxto,ru e ec urcomoad). Ceed eiae utu
ce pidxo ciuqa.ue sa mix, u,ru ez,o6u1iuece cit4aue (H. Xairroal.

Enxtumuxu e 6o,tzapcxun eeux

E 148. EHxnlnur re ce r.r3roBaprrc npeAxoAHaraAyMa, Korro r{Maca_

MocrorreJrrroyAapeHne:cni ,'ry ce, it.uau tu epiue, mdi e cnyx met. B
KHI.IXOBHllt6r,,rrapcru e3H( H3peqeHlleToHe Moe Aa 3anotiHe c eHKJII.tTnKa.
EHx.rutlllxlr s 6.l,rrapcxlll e3r.rKca cnenHr{TenyMr.r:
l. Kparrure naAexHx tlopvlr na JrlqHllre MecrouMeHr.rq:Me, me zo, fl,
Mu, mu, My, i, t{u au, Lv ?u, ce, cu. ydxam.ve, mipclm ue, eixua zo, ddaam

ll, rp.$,rh e o,p.6!u..r_ Ood.r r\-J

193
uy, yaaxdeam eu, n tua mu, zoeopi ttu, o6 ,rau n, xdsaxa uu, 6poi zu,
it.
u e ce, .uic,tn cu, ovdxeam tru, cz,d6u1aea.u
Kparxure rraaexHr.r $opr'ru na rnr{HHTe MecroHMeHtlt ca nogauxun (He-
rrocrorHHH)eHKnuruxu.Te Morar,aace cBapxar H clc cJIe.qBauIara
rl't'JIHo3-
HaqHa,qyMa qe
npn ycnoBue, ce HaMHparcJreAApyra 6e:ygapeHaAyMa(eH-
ujru rpoKJrHTHKa)
KJrHTr,rKa cne,{!yMa, Koqro uMa cBoeyAapeHl{e:
r.r,'rH
eudir zo - r4e zo aitdn: itcrc(ruda zo aidn, eudpa zo eudix
rtiua zo - uizo zo xi.ua, aive zo uiua
cz,o6u1iri auipa i cto64ir
no.vit,,tu t u t4e CU no.Uilt.1fl
(,l,tr'' ( ( aci ce c.u?

3ir6onexxa: K p a r x a r ar a r c n f i a4 r o p M a 3 a x c r r c ( pr o i l , c e n h u c c l , c 3 r t a ( J c
yllapclftllc,MaKap9c c 6caylapefia,3a ]'lacc o ljlHr{ilta01 c'bloia {; (t'o6quxa i, dado-tait ia

2. Kparrrre rlopvn ua IIpHTeXaTeJIIIHTC MeCTOIMeHH': MU, mU, M)), i,

rru 6u, uM, clr. KparxureI r p H T e x a T e " J r H xM e c T o M e l r I ' r f i M a T trocTorrrrriI
yrrorpc6a IraenK-rrrruKx:

dpixumc u,n Suuqu .tttt pt xdnta mu

,tdttmuntuit seuitntu t ttt ttot1umu att
dc4dmu u-tt utdnrcunu .tt.\' c r)p.vtdp:t t:tt

I Ipr urrlepcn.r u pa3Kr,carrcnoBopel ["uaBrro8 r]oer]rr{rrarapeq e B r,3MOx-

r r a H r r p o r l r u r r { r r H ay r r o r p e 6 a H a K p a r K H T cn p f i T e x a r e n H r { M c c r o n M e n f i q :
) l a r r i t t r u r r t i i i i a n n y t u x a n r c ( X p . I i o r e a ) ; r s t e . v i c u x t r i t , ' u m es r t . o t e u i t
r t t i t t u n e t u u t t u x t t i t , , u n t ec t t o l i . t t t t . T a x a r a y n o r p e 6 a e B b 3 M o x r a c a M o
cjrcll /.lyMa, KorTo uMa yjlapeHHe.
3. (>opvnrc rra crroMaf a'r'errKr r-trafoJr.6,r, H r4( r] cerarurro rpeve: xr)r)u"r
t:uu,,t1ittt tu, s e cme .u;tddtt, attdi t4e.
Oopvure rra croMarareirrr r'rr fJ'lafoJIcb,tr B cefallHo BpeMe ca ro,qBtIxHtI
e r r K J r u r u K t iK . a r o e r r x . ; r r r r x u r e c e y n o r p e 6 r r a r r r pr ' rc B b p 3 B a H ec J I r t q H U
MecrouMcHHt H B cJIoxHH f;lafollrur $opwr: ri:r cz,.ttxitdut mdu; 6itt ct.t
tq,virrq.r; mii e io6ip: pu6imu.ru tu do(tp). Karo trpornnrurlr ce u3roBa-
psr cJreAApyra aKrleuryBarra,qyMa rr,'ruc"rre.a [porJrurrlKa'. rru 6puztidamu cu
pa6dmutu do6pi; euipa ca rodulu rn x rto; t4e cme doeitrttr.
(topvure Ha crloMaf are-'IHHtr,rllafoJIa6-11 B MnHaro BpeMc ltMar cr]o.j yAa-
pcHnc: ri.r 5ir, mi 6iue, trire 6.ix.ue s r.ru.
4 . 9 a c l r u s K a r o . 1 e , , t t ! -, t r u , 5 e , d e , n , t e p , ( t p e . c n i t u t , t t t , , t r i t , t t r u r t u , m i t
t t u e ; a i e t u n i n t a m e : n t i t , r u c t t; 5 d v o , te , S a q o l l e u r t e ; z o p o t e , z o p t ' t e . ri r t , t , '

194
end 6e; t 6e ne; 6d6o ua; Ildmpe 6e; rcatc de; rtiua da ddiide n; miii zep;
I4edrte6pd, xax uy de.
flprl :aculeua (nonropeHa)HarrarHaynorpe6a qacrnrtr.rre6e, de u 6pe
roryqaBar y,qapeHue:6e Aeate, Ho 6i Aeaue 6i; di 6dfi dd; 6pi da uy ce
ue eidu 6pi; 6i naxuu ce 6i.
Kparrure Sopvu ua ruqHr{TeMecrouMeHHru Qopvnre Ha crroMarareJr-
Hrrr rraroJr cbu crel orpHuarenHaqacrHua//c, ynorpe6eHaHerrocpencrBe-
Ho npel T.sx!noryrraBar y,qapeHHe: ue cd usuiuaai; ne ui udrcai; rrc .iu
pazpeuix; ue ciu eo eudi,t; ue i npoui,r xnieama; ue cd. npicrtu; ue zd
notrtieuu: rrc ri eto6pLttiurti.
Koraro npu no-oco6eHc:roBope,{xparxnTe eHKJI.{THKH He crorr Herroc-
pe,qcTBeHo npeA oTpnqaTenHaTa qacTr.rua,Te He nonyqaBaTylapeuue: fle
nodditeui ce rta .vitc,tuu zpirtnu, miimrco(Ennw [Iem,ii).

Ilpox,tumuxu o 66,rzapcKun e3uK

$ 1 4 9 . f l p o r n u r r x u r e c e r 3 r o B a p . r r( c a r p : a a r a x q e u r u o )c y A a p e H r . { e r o
rra cJteABauIaTa fu IIe[ocpeAoTBeHocaMocTotTenHa.qyMa:4e lema, trud
teujtmu, noi ctiurcu,y doui. llpox:twrltKrre Morar .qacroqr B Haqajrorona
u3pcqclttrero,B Haqaroro Ha caMocrorrejlllo r3xa3BaHen Aa 6.tlar orae,re_
rrrI c e]IKJr14 t'xKrr u trpoKjtr.lTHXH o,I ylapeHIiTC ,qyMfl, c KolrTo aKueHTrroca
cRlp3arfx; uno ny npedtilcunt u1c npuite; du tre ciu c \itt; ul., .ur)
pal rcuttu aciuro,
llpox.lru'rurun 6r,rrapcxr.a e:ux ca:
l. lilrrocpnv rrr.rreu HrKoK IBycpx.rrtl-.tn rpxcpr{qrrH lpeAJ,ro3H.fIpe,1,ro-
3HTc uMill nocrotllra c,ryx6a rra rpoK.iIHTtrKltt{ B noroKa Ha peqra ce cu,bp-
3 B a TC r , CC 1 , t r l e O T B U Tl tCx J, IM e c T o H M e l r r t x H M c l r r l r c , t o t o c r , v e l a r r n _ nr:p d r
tru (mdi; ,tattntu:lu se'tett'tix: ttud 6atxptitittume nol:'t.
a) e,{rrocpurrH}clpe;ln03H: 6as, ata, acpei, do, ta tud, ut, xptti, xz,.u,rt,t,
rrui, om, no, nod, nped, npe3, nlu, cz,c, c.ted, cpei, y,,tpet - 6eL :xe.,titrue,
ota lluprru, acpai ceritnto, do.,,titrc, tu aic, sad xi,L4umu, ut cmputtjmu,
xpui tuo<:)nn, rw 4irtmtpu, rn ritto, rrud se,virmu, on yuir,rut4e, no nimtt,
nod ue6imo, npe) rott)ma, npes npitnttt, ttpu ntitx, cbc ciLtu, cited ui,:o,
cped xdptma, ,- ntir, tpe t ntlSe;
6) lrycprvun ltpeAno3K: aapxy, utnod, xuttto, tex:dy, omrctu, noOup,
norcpctt1,trocpei, npomus, t:noped, cnpn,vo, cpeuly atpxy nixpueu, u::nod
seuimu, rcomo nti6e,.rtexdy ripunu, ornxt.u ciaep, nodup idLn4ume, norc-
puti xiulumu, nocped,t.into, nponuc nti1e, cnope),viue, cnpnuo nirx, cpe-
tqy npom trurca;

195
 B) Tplicpu.rHn npeA-qo3u:zapadtt, us.uetttdy, orcoto, nouetrcdy, nopadu
zapadu mir, usuetcdy yuertitqume, oxo,to eitc, nouettcdy udc, nopudu
saxtcttiuue.
C ren,[enurl aa rlonyqar cBoe y1apeHIIe It ra ce or,(eiltr aKIIeHTHonpll
n3roBop ca Hafr-qecTo npeano3IITe-npoKJII.ITI.IKI.Inpomua, cnpflMo, oKorto,
nocped: npomue uddnma npomia ttditnra, cnpt.uo me6e - cnpiuo mi6e,
-
oxo,to udcuma - dxo.to ttdcama, nocped 'timo nocpid timo.
flpe,qlo:rrre Morar Aa HMar caMocrotre.rrHo y.(apeHlre B cneA[nre cny-
rtAV:

a) Koraro Bapxy r.sx ra,la norHqecKoro ylapeHHe - Hat-qecro rlprl [po-

TIIBOTIOCTaBtHe Ha 3HaqeHHrTaHM, 3a Aa Ce OAr{epTaeCMt,lC]nATHa AyMaTa,
rrpeA Korro ce HaMrpar: nitd::e.uitma, a rte nid teu)ma; ue cmoi e petrima,
u xpdi pcrcdmu; sitd rrdc, a tte npid uac.
6) Koraro uMar caMocrotre-'IHa ynorpe6a: npedi u c'tid npatrturcu, xi'i
e tii u rcdi npomia: cic u 6is napi aci edrit: eio u ircoiLocepudumu;
us,tuctirrutma ce npdean om-di.
Ilpeglo:rre sbpxy, cper4y, tn^4e)rdy, nouettdy B caqeraHl.tt c KparKH
Aare;rHH Qopvu na JrrrqHHTe MecroHMerIrq ctuo [ony!.IaBar yrapeHrre: ar'p-
xy rric 'erpx) uu, cpc4y mitx - cpeqi,uu, usueacdy rtitc - usuettcdy rtu,
no,uetrcdy adc nouexdy ou.
flpu cavocroxrenlta ynorpe6a npeaJro3nre ez'px)t,usuexd) rutueucdjt,
I f(uli. nlotnil fiMar ylapeHhe Bbpxy xpliHara cpHqKa.
flpeg.rro:ure sbnpeKu, auecmo, uzattL tnxpati, rrucped, ocoeu, omau),
Ontttocttoo , m m a m l K t sC B l p 3 a H ap e q c e K 3 r O B a p t TC a CC B O ey A a p e H l 4 e' I a X -
uerrrHo ca He3aBI-.IcHMn or,qyMara, npe,qKogro ctor'r'. einpexu x:e,qA uemo,
ouicmo mi6e, usaiu rctaciputtemo, traxpdi ceemd, uacpDd dedpa, octsirt
r n i 6 e , o m e i d x o p u s d u n t a , o m u i c u o n p ed t o t c d t u e o m o , o m c d u p e r c d m a ,
ommdmz,rczpduu4uma.
B KtrllxorHhg 6r,.:rrapcrlr e3uK r{e e B}3MoxHo B paMK[Te Ha eaHa aKrleH-
'rHa,[yMa, o6pa3yBaHa or npeanor lr cr,urecrBnreJ]Ho IIMe, yAapeHl.reroAa
ce [pexa'bpn], B]pxy npoKJrrlrHxara. C"'ryvau xaro dit-teuu, ud-zauau, npt\-
zopu, npi-cap4e, om-ptxu n Ap. ca KpaiiHo orpaHfi.leHr r [peAcraBr.sBar
c'r,.ieraHtreor npe,qnor u ra,qexHa Qopua na c'bulecrBureilHo uve. Telu cr-
qeraHlq o6pa3yBar e,qHacMHcJIoBallsJrocr, nutrrar ce cn.trno(npu3opu, Ha?-
taea, ompz'xtt) u ce yrrorpe6rnar KaTo Hapeqnq.
2. Ilpocrn ll Hr(olr c;roxHr.rc1,[o3u,Karo a, ara, a a, auu, da, u, u/tu, tto,
na, nbK, ma, 4e; 3d oa, u oa, Kumo 4e, Komo \e ,1u, Ho u, ma oa, re oa -
ctiu4e u uopi; nd npu,tripue, a 6op6a; icxau, aua ue udza; ez,pai, xo
no.t'tucLtirdo6pd; ceo6odd u,ru c,+tipm; axo icrcaut; mpi6ea la mpizua;
6i;psuit, za daycniur; e,td, te da cu nonpurcd3la.ue; Kamo ue ue doujx; xamo
ue nu He icxa; eupeit, no u cnipa; nuui, ma da uemiu u np

196
 H-sKou cibotHocHTeJIHItc.blo3lt, Ka.lo o,a, Hu-Hu, Humo_uumo, xe.u xeM,
Lt/Ilr uru, dalu-uLtu, nty-my, 6ulo-6tllo 3a :a3pa.x1ale, Iloc.lteAoBarerHo or-
puuaHHe, B3aI.IMHO It3KItOqBaHeU CBbp38aHeHa c6oTHOCr.ITeJIHLt nOHrTl,I.'{ lt
IetcrBur, roryqaBar yAapesue.. d santd.se, d ce sacuie;, 6utd it. 6utd mir;
zoaoplt u,ti rte rcazacttitritttlo,. m.i,ttite, my cie,.ti,u ce cnie, xdu n,tr)ue; ui
air;, rtit tu:icm u np.
AKrtel|t'lto Hc3aB[clrMo B cBT,p3aHapeq c ylapeHre lra [.r,pBr.r,eIHocpH-
qeH Hjtrl MHofocp[qeH KoMnoHeHTca cJIoxHHTe
cl,lolu cixo u du,6is da,
cred Kamo, ocairt du, npedi da, ainpexu, ve, ocaitt,re, samoad ue, cituo ue.
mii ve, maxd te, ,vaxl)p ue, cixaut ue, uoxdp du, uarcdp u da.
Cr,c csoe caMocrorrclrno yrapeHxe BIB aclqKr anyni, "u Mecror.rMenrl-
rra-cbro3n rr r{apeq rra-ctlolu rcoi, xaxeo, xtde, xoza, xo,trco; sauto, xoii_
n t o , K u K b 6 m o ,v u i n t o , x t d e m o , K o z a m o , 3 a u l o m o A ; ; p .
3. Orpullare,ruara .racrurla //e. yacrruara ra 6r,gelte Bpene t4e r.tqacru_
uara dn 3a r3pa3 lra xe-rlaHfie, vo-r6a a 3arroBeq: ue icxu.u, ue,ytocu, trc
(Met, ulc ,temd, u1e pa6intu.n, io iiide
)mpe, da trcueie ceo6oicima, r)u
6ide uip n np.
O r p u t l a r e , r t t a r a q a c r r u a / / e e c l o - o c o 6 e u o n o B e l e l r H cn o o r H o u e H f i e
Ha
yAapeHtrcro. Koraro qacrruara //c e npea cKa3yeMoro, qpc3 Koero
ce orprr_
ua rlllolo cr,o6ulcntre, Tr He nonyqaBa y.qapenHe:dit<,t) tte aq,rit tto
u rrii,4a
rrc ,,pia: rtc ircttuttrdu diiida; xa.:usirrn nt tte i omadpert. Aro o6ave
o.rpu_
uafrxcTo e 9acTrqHo, T.e. c qacTxl{aTa c ce v3pa3flRacaMo oTp[IlaTeJ]HO
o ' l l l o u l e l l t l c K I M ( ) 3 H a . r a B a r r o TI too r I ' T r r e ,T t I ' l M aC a M O C T O T T e I Hy O
AapeHue:
r r i u : i n t z ' p ,u 6 i p : t ; t r i s r t d c n l u n t , L t . v i - y ( c u ( u n c t 4 t t m u n o u i , : r r a n , . t t i
pudot:nt, u 6i.;txu tt.ttnputrutir; ni at, a eitc, tti acixu:,tai ttoct),
tti muxi.
tiacrrllar.a //( noJryqaBayxaperruc
r.tKoraro ce HaMr.rparpc! [peAnor Hr,rx
upe/'l ,r(pyfa qac'r'u{a: tta 6et trc6r'ta, ri no te,vima, ti xani
eic, ti 6a, ri
le, rti 6pt'.
KparrfiTe $opvll rra -tr.{Hure Mecro(Meufir, tfopvnre Ha
crroMararclr-
IIlt f'ttafoJl c.b,,tt B cefanrro BpeMe H qacrltuara:a 6r,gcu1e BpcMe qe, ynor_
pe6ettr c,re;1o t'pt,tuarel]rril.racruua /re, nonyqaaar yAapeHlre
u o6parynar c
rreq caMocroqre.rcll aKueHTelruerrrbp B u3Ka3BaHero: ue
ui ,tdxafi, tte cit
.MarthKucyt, rre u1i not),tutu nuc.tti, ue c,i c.ttiti, ue cc)ciprtu
u3aooume, tre
cu t{vnlsari, ue uqt udta du ddda u np.
Karo.rrpor,rrrruxu ce ynorpe6lBar H qacrkrlnTe a6e, 6e,
_ <)e,6pe; tr4cd.tre
5a.,rto 6i l4odrrc, xaaci.tt1,6e, uo di Ka)lcu.u\i r)e; etr) 6e, rro
6i itra 6e; a6e
udxui ye, u(;i sauld ne xt)t<:eut.
IIpn yrlaolaale 3a r.r3pa3sBaHe ta no-cllnHa excrrpecHBHocrqacrnur,rre d(,
u 6pe.n aatatua npoxJ'rHTrrrrHa ynorpe6a no_uyvasar ylapcHIIe: di motize de,
6pi da.uy te tree du 6pe.

197
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puqHrl uJrHMHorocpstlHl, nMar cBoe yAapeHI.Ie:ifi eo I4e t; ttuud uqeddide;
ua,t uqe zo udrcaue; udxa noaic.,tu: dand ycniew: uizap ue zuaew.
floryvasar croe yaapeHne H qacrrluHTe no- u uaft-, c ronro ce o6pa:ryrar
crerreHl 3a cpaBHerrxe,H qacruunTe -zode u edu- 3a o6pa3yBaHeHa Heotrpe-
AcJrrrreJrHnMecror{MeHr.rror BbnpocrrrerHn (rx. Q 152).

AYMI{ C ABE YAAPEHU.tr

Epofr u zpada4un Ha ydapewunma e dynama

$ 150. ts aKueHrHo orHo[reH e .qyMfire B 6r,rrapcxra e3IjK ce oQopMrr

c e r H O y A a p e r h e . B H s x o n c r y v a u o 6 a u e B o n p e a e n e H no c , r o s o o 6 p a : V e a -
TenrIfi TIjIIOBCAyMI,IHapeA C OCHOBHOTO yAaperrhe Ce [OtBrBa rrplr U3fOBOp
KaKTorro-cra6o Aolrr,JrrrHTe-rrHo yllapeHlle, TaKa H aBe yaapeHr.r,r,r.r3paBrreHH
llo ctlra Ha peanr3auur.
Koraro Asere yAapcr{Hr, c KoHTo ce H3roBapr ryMara, He ca eAHaKBo
noaqepralrx, eJIHoro ce oIIpellerr H ce orleHrBa or cjryuaren,{ Karo B T o -
pocTeIIeIIHo x J ] t -Ar o n a n H r - t T e J I t l o c n p t M o o c H o B H o T oJ l l t
r , r a B r fo r o y j l a p e l f H e . T l x a l : r r t p r u e p B . [ y M H T e , i , t n o m o r c r i x o c . x f i r r e -
$ip,'wu, c|pseput)updmet eu rraBHoro ylapeHne rraAa Bhpxy aropara cbc-
TaBXa HA CJTOXaTa AyMa, KaTO IIape,qC HefO B n6pBaTA qaCT Ce llOtBrrBa
rro-cra6o tro cu'l]a BTopocrerreHHoyaapeHrre. C'r,[tecrByBar n 6r,rrapcxnr
e3r.rKKaKTO pOCTx, Ta(a n C,'rO'(Hu,qyvX, KO|TO Ce r,r3rOBaprTr.rC ABe e,U,-
r a K B l . r r o c n a y a a p e H H . s :r ) o d c e n t z o d i t u t e t , n , t d r r n p o z p d u u , x i ' t t m p u -
umdxu, iiqertmpatusd4ust, npidoip, xortqipm-.ttiucmop v np. B raKuea
cjryqaH,lIyMHTe ce onpelleJls'r KaTo JIyMH c aBe yIIapeHHr.
Cavo r pegru cnytrau nplr n3rolop ]ra cnoxnn AyMrr, c]craBerrr{ or rpu
ocrroBHH,u Ha a6penrarypx ca Bb3MoxHu rpr.r tz rIoBeqeyAaperrt-rrc pa3rHq-
fra rpaAarllfs - rlraBHr,rH BTopocrenerrnu. ottittuuonepneudurcytipet4 mdn-
,rttitexmpo4etrmpd.,ta, (tdmot1 urozpdQun, iirtmu)tmpaeuotemoeu,
wi'rm' tnt i tttuJirwetr, 6)u i6i rxa, .wini au titrttt.
I'lartr.ruero eA]roBpeMerrrrorra rJraBHo]r BTopocre[eHHo yAapeH[e B Ay-
M a r a H e H a p y u a s a H e i i x o r o 3 B y K o B or c M H c J r o B o e , q u H c r B oO . c H o B H oB ; 1 y -
Mara cu ocraBa uraBHoro y,qapeHr.re. xoero ocxryprBa $oneruvuara qt,rocr
H 3aBr,p[reHocr Ha.]reKcrKaJ'rHara e.quHHr.la. 9pe: gont,rnnreJrHoro y.qaperrt,re
B npeAenuTe Ha cjroxHaTa,qyMa ce cr3,qaBacaMo fpaAaq[t Ha y.qapeHt{rTa
AOnbnHnTenHoToyAapeHne ce IIpoTKBoIIocTaBtHa rJIaBHoTo,3a Ia ce c b3-
Aaae u3BecTHaBbTpeuHa 3ByKoBa,pHTMuqHa r cMHcJroBapa3qreHeHocT B
c,l1HHHaraQouernrua qrJrocr Ha ,uyMara.

198
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ge pasHoo6pa:nn. flpu ycrauoaroaHe Ha
aKrleHTHaraHM xapaKTepncrtrKacr.t
B3ar.rMo.qefrcrBar
pa3r,rHqHKu trecro n6TH npoTHBopeqr.rBr.t
no cBo, xapaKTeD
npfiqriHn nHHrBucrHqHH u eKcrpa;rl.tHfBrrctuqHu. Tosa ,urpyg""uu
yaau_
HOB'BAHETO HA TOIIHI-I NPABI,NA H HOPMI.I NPH H3f OBOPA
HA ,ION5J]HI-ITEJIHOTO
y.{apeHrre H c.r,3AaBaycloBrs 3a Bapr{aHTeHH3roBop
r{ xo:re6aHns.
Hairfi.iueto ytr4 ];]tr cara Ha .qonar,rHHTe,rHoyAapeHr{e
B cnoxHara ,qyMa
ce onpeAenr npegn BcuqKo or orHolreHHero vexAy
o6uloro n tracrHoro,
T.E. OT CMI4CJIOBOTO OTHOIIEHUE MEXAY CNOXHATA AYMA KATOII,JIO II HCIIOC-
pencTBeHoo6pa:ynarqure r ct,cTaBKH.B cvnc.floso
or"o-anr",q"""" "u"",
Ha cJroxHaTa ,{yMa MoraT aa 6r,gar paaHonpaBHr.r t{ HepaBHonpaBHHrroMex-
Iy cr. Ko:rxoro noBeqe cMHcr,roBaracavocrofiHocr Ha qacrhre
Ha cJloxlrara
AyMa e l]o-c]tIHo x3pa3eHa,ToJIKOBanO-roJIrMa e BeporTHoc.l.Ta
aa ce IIorBH
.qonl;rHr.rrerHo yAapeHue r o6pargo _ axo Bp.r,3xaraMex.qy r.rx
e flo_cr.r:rHa
u npeoonalaBa Hosoro o6o6lueHo 3HaqeHr{e,ornulu
n"o-6^uar.rMocrra or
IonbrHureJrHo yAapenlie: 6paxoct uemduue, cuuedr<, wo xon4ipm_ut)ic_
m o p , r <u r f i - c t a d x d p rr u t 1 a .
Toaa o6ulo rroroxeHle nplr orpopvrHe Ha aKueHTHH,
Tr{rr Ha nyMr4Te c
ABe ylapenHr B MHO|O CnyqaH e oTrrocrrTejrHo,3a[toTo orIeHKaTa
3a cMr{c-
JroB[Te orHolue]rvr B cJroxHara ayMa Moxe,[a
66.qe lrH.qnBu,qyanHa n pa3_
jrzqHa. 3arosa u r3roBoprr na
cnoxrrH AyMlr npr{ enHaKBHc[HTaKTrrrrHkyc-
Jro! r y eAlrH nriUa e c IBe yAapeHHr, a y.qpyrn
c eywo: di,peocrta6iiaarre
- dz,poocrrc(tdieaue, ti,trcecoudime,t
tr,x:ecaudimetr, ujtttr)onoxttr\ttrtux _-
,tytr d on o x,t d t t t tttx,
Tr, ii raro croxHara AyMa e .rparrceopMarllt, Ira ofipeAeneH
THn c;roBocr,_
qeraHut, ct_tHTaKTgqlltTeorHoueHu,
MexAy c.bcraBKr_tre i o6yclaslr e no_
ronrMa creneH Ko,[uqecrBoro u rpa.qaqfirra ]ra yAapeH[rra
B AyMara. I e3u
orHoureHrrt ca B 3aBxcHMocr ol.Bp.b3KaraMex,qy
'qyMr.rTe B cnoBoc],ileraHrr_
ero, rIpeAx qa ce rpatcQopvfipa B cr,toxHa
AyMa. CpB. Ha[rp.: cnem,ltaKoco
> c6emnoKoc, docmaetca u 3tptto >
z6puodocmderca, uttdyrmpttanett tt at_
pa pe rt > ut tdycmpuit no - azp dpen, c e.1cKo c m0n
aHcma o > c e),tcKocmonatrc Ku.
r\ofaro Bpr'3*ara Mexly qacr'Te B cnoxHara
AyMa e c.bq!{Hr-rrerHa.cM(c-
JIoBara IrM caMocrotrerlocr e trai_cu,trto lpa3eHa u 3aroBa no nDHHItHrr
^!
B c t x a o T T t x 3 a n a 3 B ac B o e T o v r T a n e H u ch - n)L^^ -^:,
rrpo*titutttett,, o*1,,*o-,po)7')rr',i f iJl ; J-i:rn;: : :::' ; rT: { :
ceozpti()ucu. ;i'
llpz c,roxun AyMH c [olqxHHTeJrHa Bpr,3*a cMr.rcJroBara
caMocrorren-
Hocr Ha qacrlire B eAHa IlrH,qpyra creneH ce ry6u.
Ero raqo B peaJrH3ar]]r_
tra Ha BToporo AorrbnHHTeJrHo ynapeHle re He ca eAHHHr,t. flpra yc,rorne, ve
tIIIIcBa c be,qHHrlre,ruavopQeva, To3H Tr{n cJroxHrr
AyMr.rtrolry{aBar ynape_
trve: 3a,uecnHuK-dupixmop, uduatuux_uqd6, rcaud
dam cmydertm. Koraro

199
 aBeTe qacTIt B IIO,UqIjHHTeIHO OTHOlxeHlIeCa CBbp3aH[ C.bCC6eAr{HI.ITeJIHa
fnacHa, cjroxHtrTe .qyMr.tB aKueHTHooTHollleHlleHe ca eanHHtr rojrrMa qacT
o'f Trx He ce r.r3roBaprTc AorIbJrHfiTeJrHo yaapeH[e, B lpyftr HeroBaTaynoT-
pe6a e rore6:ruea, r.e. QaxylraruBHa, a B cpaBHurenHo va,r.lr 6poi ro ce
noqBrBa, Ho ct,c cpaBHuTelno no-c,ra6a crerreH Ha peaJl[3aqr{r. flpn ua,ru-
qr{e Ha ,qBeyAapeH[r o6uxHoseHo r-;raBHoroe Br,pxy He3aBucuMaraqacr, a
AOII 1,JtHHT e JIHOTO Br, p Xy II OA q HHe HaTa rl.qU 3a BI-{CHM aTa UaC-r.. n o.xca7 r
z a c i m e t , , t i t c e a p t y , r ,it u m , e o do , te u i u u e , u i c o x o n 6 u rt d m , c Lmp e u tt t u -
napmieu, c,tddxositdett, nimenoxazdmet, uico4eumpdta, uitodex,ru-
uitqun, rnm)p/tu,tocdrf , 6o,rttoz.,teddq,audousyerGue.
IIo,4vnHnreluure cnltraxrrrqH14orHottre[Iht Mexgy c.bcraBKxr.c c b3AaBar
rro-MarKo ycnoBHr 3a rlorBa H 3a;{}pxaHe Ha aorr.b-rrrrnTeJrHoTo y,qapeHr.rcB
cnoxHHTe,uyM11.
CpanHnrelHo no-cnrypHll IIpeAnocraBKr.r3a rloflBara rra ao r.rrJlrrr,rreJl IIo
y;I,apeHHeuvar oco6esocrrrc s vopQo,rorur{Hur crpoex Ha cnoxHr.lre Ay-
v n . C r o N u l r r c , q y M x , o 6 p a 3 y B a H H5 e s c h e r [ H r r e r ' r H a r j r a c H a M e x A y c . b c . r a -
IJt[(]l re ru qacTH, tro npHItuHn rrMaT jlBc y,qapeHr{t, a cac cbelll[t{TeJIHa
vop$eva Morar Jla lro,rryrrarfinrt,qa He no;]yqar rrpn lt3roBop,qge ylapeuxt:
rt e u i r, t - rt e i p i t , c i t r t - s e . t i r t , x a r t d u i a n - c m y d i t t n , rcou4ipm Ai( mop,
puotto1idpctt, teucdi.tue, pu6omo cnoc i6 e n, ceacrocntondttcr<tt.
J l u r r c a r a r r a c r , e A f i H t { T e n r r vao p { t e v a o c I r y p r B a r r o - r o J r r M a a B T o r r o M -
I|ocl'Ha clcTaBIIHTc rjacTH,a ItaJIIq[eTo Ha c bc,]lntI r,rTeJl Ha fjlaclra no-cuJt_
ril sMr.rcroBaH fpaMarHqecxa He;lc_rl14Mocr u e/lltHcrBo MexAy rtx. B arruett-
T l l o o T I I o I l e I u e T o B a ( ) 3 H r q a B aI l o - f o J I t M a B b 3 M o x H o c T3 a p e a n l { 3 a q u t H a
Irlere yAaperrur. I Ipr ualHvre Ha cr,c1ulrHTeJ'rua rlracua rrarlpHMepcJroxH]t-
'l'c ltpHlafaTcJrrrx c nbpBa qacT rrHc,-IHTe_[rro xMe ce I3foaapflT c eArro yaa_
p e t u e . r u e c m < t i ? b , r e t ! ,s n o p o N l i c e r t , e ) t o c m d e u , H o c m 6 n p o 4 i u n u s ,
ut mupuc ntp urt ert, d cet odir ruert.
lla,rrnquero x rrnrrcara ria ]1Bey,qapcnxr ttpll c;roxrrure AyMn ca B 3aBfi-
crrMocr n oT xapaKTepa Ha BTopara qacT Ha c..rroxHaTa !yMa. AKo BTopaTa
c ' L c T a B X ae c b K p a T e H ao c l l o B a , l o n . r r J H H T c n H oy l a p e H ' l e H e c e f i o t r ] t B a :
dnyzittic, )ttulonlrc, cdttopix, nonto,ttip, uepttosiu,6tpsoxpiut, ceemtoit<,
i e 6 e r o t i t d o . 3 a a x q e r r r H a r a x a p a K T e p [ c r ] r K aH a c J r o x H a r a A y M a 3 H a q e H U e
uMa 'l xapaKTeprr ua ttopara H vacr lanx Tq ce cpeul] KaTo oT/.Ic.IHa
c a M o c r o r r c r r r a A y M a u " q l tc c r e H . { e H u l l . s , qcae [ p e B b p H e n c y d ) n x c .C , r o N H n
; l y M x c B T o p ac r , c r o l l x d : - l r a u , - r p a Q x n , - r p a Q , - , r o r n n , - J f o r , - T e K a , - T B o -
p c u , - , r r o 6 u n , - Q u n a r l n n , - B e A , - B e J c K r r , - B H A e H ,- 8 6 A , - B r , a e [ , - r r o c e u .
-TBopcH n gp. o6unuoneHo rre no,rtyrraBar;lon b,'rHllTe;rlo yAapeH[e B.bpxy
n'bpBala ':.acr'.ar4ettmotou.c, udeo.tiz, ernu.uo;tdz,de.uozpti()un, zeozpirf,
c m e r r o z p a ( ) , ( ) u , r n o m i n a , x u u e . v a m oz p d r ! u n , e m n o z p d f i u n , m o n t o S u -
rci4un, cpaudoudttux, ncuxo.tdeun, uysuxoeid, teumoeideL 6uc oc,xdrteH,

200
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tr4:rosoprr Ha ro3t4 Tr,tr cnoxHlt AyMt c IBe y,{apeHnq cb3JtaBaB e,q[HHoro
cMtrcJIoBou $onerlrvno qtJIo HeHyxHo aKqeHTHooraeJIrHe H [oIrIepraBaHe.
,
/lon brTHrTenHOyAapeHrje c pa3"rlHqHa cTerreHHa rrporBa Moxe na ce ocb_
uecrrJu B cnoxHH llyMu u B ryvu c [pe,qcraBKx n no ev$arlrveH nbr, T.e.
I(OfaTOI'OBopel]JLtflT LlCKa,qarroAqepTaeIIJ,]HAa OT,qeJIIt r.r3rotsOpHO CMr.rcr,IO_
B o r o c t A ' b p x a H I z eH a c b o r B e r H a r a c b c r a B ( a H a
n y M a r a : H t n , t( t n t e) r c t ) _
cnoci6etr, rti6,ruzonpu,riueu, uduopdteu, noayea6puxtim, cpiduitttqerr u
np.
B rax[ga cnysau - npu evSa:ur - ron],lrHgTe,rrHoroyAapeH[e Moxe
ra ce
npeBlpHe B |JIaBIJOU Aa H3nBr'rHrBapo-rrrTa a Jrorl{r{ec(o, a fj]aaHoTo _
B
Aorrb;rll.rreJlHo:mpieoduute n u ntpuzodituteu mpitzoduueu, mprteod ruert,
abdoycmoiuie sit)ovcnoti,1ia, co6cmeeuopi,lto cd6cmeeuoDLutut. oLt_
cixo,:oeopintet - auc itxozoeoptim et, xoua mpapeao,lro4uo j -
tt p rci,ttmnrt_
l L ' t t)t. Ik ) 4 u tr u r tl , .
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rMat.
o'f'rlcrJrr.tBo co6crgeno 3HaqeHr.tc:t).uopdteu, di 4e rtmpatutdtqttn, npir)o(tip,
cr e0o <:oo6o tx,dir t c xu.
I) pery:rrar Ha Jrornqecxo aKUeHTyBarre rrpoMeHrr aKIleHTHr.lrectr xapaK_
Tepr.tcTHKfiLt cjroxIItr rlpH,!afaTenHl{c 'Iloll.L.fIHlrTcJ,IIIO yAapeHrle, cnell Ka1,o
c e c l e f l e H y B a r : 6 u c i r x o n o c m d e et t - n d - e u c ox o n o c n d a e t t , t n i - c u t : t )
Kt)nt)(:-
m u oetL c ut it x oxd \e atn aeu -- ni- attc oxo xd,rccm g et t.
flcp.alro lpuqnHa 3a rroqBa rra !on.r,JHrre,rrno y.qapeHxee tr.q,b;rxhua1.r
r a l y M a r a . l l a i i - o 6 l t o M o x e A a c e n p l t e M e B T o B ao r f l o u e H u e , q e
KoJtKo,ro
eaHa cnoxHa,IlyMa e no-ll6J'Ifa, B?'3MOXHOCTTa 3a noqaaTa HlI llorrl,JltluTejletl
a K q e r r r r r a p a c r r a u o 6 p a r a o - n p r e . q H o c p H q H uH
a B y c p l t r r r n c . r , c r i r B K rr.rra
CJlOXllxJIyMUBepO9'l'lt OCTrll 3a lrotBa Ha IOII] J]rruTenHO y.qapeHI_Ie e nO-MaJt_
xa: nopcrtt<,t t)cetr, nqtao,vdicxu uo ntpao6intuxt6tuitueu.
V c r r s i t t t e r o u , rI o t c , r a 6n i rHCTOHa AOnhnHr{TenHoro yjlapeHHe
Ce O6yc_
naBr l' oT pa3cTorHUeTOMeXAy yllaperrIITecpuqKu B,[BeTeocHoBrr
B c.bcTaBa
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n u n a t u t n t ) q e c x u , . : o y x o . : d n u c , t 8 yx o s u n u c a d m o , t" , 1 , x u , t n t i . , r a
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Korilro ro
e t H c t r o c p e l ; 1 c r B e H a6 , ' r r s o c r x o r , r a B H o r o : e m o p o r d u e c m a e H ,
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rteKo_
ttpaseu, Ho )leKounttemu\ecxu, rto,tlitcntpor: > notyitcmpoe,
IIuxj,,tdett >
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AKycru.{Hara 3aB[cHMocr Mex,qy y,qapeHHTeI't Hey.qapeHure
cparrKr,rB
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ce6c cu ue-

201
yAapeHn cpnuxn. Er,rrapcKoro yAapeHr{eMoxe Aa rpylupa oxo.no ce6e cu
He noBetie or 4-5 npe,EyAapeHHcpnq(H: ctoeoo6pasyedmeteu, 1tazopas-
nototrciuue.I4:ronoprr Ha Hey,qapeHr.rrecprlqKu e roJrKoBa no-cla6, rol-
Koro ca no-orAareqeHlr or yAapeHara cpuvxa. B qerBaprara npeAyAapeHa
cprjqKa Beqe ce rorBrBa TeHneHrl[r 3a prrTMHqecKopaBHoBecfie,(oeTo ce
ocl,ulecTBrBa c nosBaTa Ha aonibr'rHHTer'IHo
y,qapeHr,re.
forrvoro pa3crorHHe Mexly yAapeHr.rrecpuqKlr qecro BoIx Ao no-cull-
rra cTerreHHa pean 3alt!19Ha ,{on bJrHr.rTeJrHoTo yaapeHr4eI-lao n3paBHflBaHe-
To My c rJraBHoro'.eddottenpotturcdeuocm, doptcaeuououonot uc mi,tecKu,
pa rt rt ocpe du oecx iac rt. i'tm ov t t o e spo ni iL Ku.
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n3BecT[a 3aBHCI-|MOCT n C nprlHanleXHOCTTaKM K6M CneIIHaJT3TIpAHATA VnU
o6rqoHapogHara JrexcuKaH c qecrorara Ha rrxHara yuorpe6a. C,'roxHr.rcr-
rrlecrRureJrHtlr'rIpHrarare,qrru, KoHToce yno'rpe6aaar xaro repvuHll, o6ux-
u o B e H o r r o J r y q a B a r , q B e y a a p e H r . t r : x , t b p o e o d o p r ' t d ,x i t d p o m e p d n u n ,
^[
duuttoxucetutti, ndpat uuzoitcmuxa, apmipuocxtepdsa. ost ce o6{cHrBa
c (larra, 9€ c'rrcraBxuTe HM B ceMaHTHrIltoorlto eH[e rla3tr B no-roJrtrMa
c T c n e | | c B o t T a c a M o c T o r T e J I H o c TB p a M K I { T e H a C J I O ) ( H O T O UrrIO:
cpidttou:tudmcrcu, uo cpeirtoruxdtcxu, eitiuo6an)Hco6, Ho coionpoaitd,
s | )t)rtc Ki, K, rt rt r)o t t t u 6,)d t t. a qt1)1'1 4 11,1111.
C'rpevexrr npu x3roBop Ha eIHa HoBa u leo6lrqaifla cJroxHa AyMa, KnH-
xoBHa JrKTepMr..rHojlof rqria no cBor xapaKTep, e aKueHTHoTr,qa ce pa3q-
resn. Koraro rr rrpeMHHeK6M no-rutrpoKoynorpe6l-rvara ,rercura u ctfepa-
ra ra ynorpe6a r.rce pa:lrnpn, pe aJ'rr.r3arlurra Ha 1lotr'r,JrHHTeJrHoro n ygape-
rrfle craBa Qary,rrarunHo: aprucmpamiz, tto apxuenicxon. Ko;le6aslrtra
Iraii-.Iecro BoAtr.qo H3naAarieHa ,qo[],JrHr.rre;rnoroy.qapeHne.Taxc rranplr-
Mep AyMaTa sucoKo..oaopumel B H3foBopa fla eaHr.{JrHqae c,qBe yl(apeHr]q
cttcitttozoeopimc.4, a B H3roBopa Ha.qpyrx c elrro - attcoxozoaopintet.
Cr,uoro xore(raulre a ynorpe6ara rra Aorrr,JrHr{TeJrHoro yAapeHrrero nr,nHO-
To My [n3rte3Ba]te ce Ha6:rroAasar nplt c'LcraBKara,aamo- 'csoir' B AyMn Karo
ucmo6uozpirfut, aamozpi$, u aemonopmpim. Brrrc{eHa B rro-peAKh rro
yrrorpe6a uJrH B rro-HoBr.rno o6prryaaue cnoxHr.t .qyMx aBTo- nonyqala /'lo-
rT'l,JlHrzreJrHo yAapeH[e: aantoce.uatm yert, uamozd,t, demoMi)arca, demu-
cmriu4utt, demo6dsa.
Qaxropure, KoHTo Bnurrr 3a rrorBara Ha AonaJrHKTerHoyAapeHre B,qy-
Mara, ca rtcHo cB:bp3aHHI-IB MHoro c,ry'{aH,!.efrcrBar raro a:auvuo o6yc-
IOBEHU,

202
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mitmet, stcipmeonpuuocinte,t,aTauamoxetpz)u, canotimouocdq, udprco-
cu6updu. C ronrlxure,rno BTopocre eHHoyAapeH[e Bbpxy fl'bpBaraqacr
ce H3foBaptTracjroxHn c t rleCTBHTe.IIHIr c BTopaqacTHerlpoH3Bon[o caqec-
r B r . r r e J r H o ' r ' r H r r a u i $ m o 6 t i s a , x p a e e ( t i p u a , c e r t r r e { t i " v ax, r i 1 o s a e i t d ,
npolxmo di t oaop, npoirm o6nd w im.
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a) cloxnn clulccrBlrre"rHu,r{(gro BTopar{acr e cbc c'bKparcHaocHotsa
HrH c reHAeurlr.rr aa ce rrper]'I,prre o cyr!uxc Krro: -8r,,[, -Be.[.-Bo.q,-q,rq-err
- r p N r , - S o 6 t r y p . . n o , r e o i d ,n m u 4 e e i d , t r z x v c m s o a i d e, z u r o e i d , e r c c x y p -
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art,,,rod)i,r,urrr,roSi6 t ap.
6) c'troNnrc'l,ulecrBxrenuu,BTopr{rreJreMeHT HaKorrroHee cauoc.toiriltl
/.lyMa h ce cpcula caMo B paMXurc IIa c,'IoxHtI .{yMIr, Karo -?ltq4-,ufl, .!t)trt.,t,
- . u r m l \ t , t , L t ) ,l t i h u J t , l j u t u r t . l u ? u JnLc t t t o v e n t f u . , t .
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: r y B l t r r rc{ I r i l c r a t r T i H - u c , - e , v ( , - t ! u a , - r r e , - o c n l , - c n 1 6 o ,t u E p . n . t t ' r \ ' l t i t t ) t t t ,
n J t v d o t t b 6 u a ,t t t o t o t . t i t a u e , c t t t . t o o a l i t c , a o d o c z , p m i x ; , 6 l u z ' t n o u t t i t t t t . ,
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t:u.ttottl,vti t a :
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c y r j x t x c r - D t c . t , - d \ , - c t l , - u p , - t ! u K , - u q e H ) \ p . . t c i r( r x p a t t i t t n e . tn, t t n t ' u r t -
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vacrl, o6pa:ytal{H ot ct,qerillrue Hi} ornocl{Te-rIHorIpl,tnafarenllo u ct,uec-
TBlrreruo: uoello('nlpunc?ll\ecKu (or BoeItHa crparerNt). cittcxocmo-
nirtcnu (or cc;rcxo clonalrcrro), udtirroat:: numuneteu, ttap6duodeuoxptt-
ntirtert, nupnt irto tt1;ocain ett, codlStto.ttedu4irtcrcu, ittmoqtto6i.t eapcrcu,
t l ) , t ) l t t i u t ! t , . 1 ! i l t ( ^ u .L . t L ] r t n l t ' ; u t ! t )t r' ut t , . t i m ( . t c t ! .
C,toxsure rpu,rafare,'IHH or c:r,uIXt r'lll, qHr'fo rroALrtrHeHa qacr e Kaqec-
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.,torduerreu, n.ttttttrto.i.ve rt, ucpaettoap.+tiicrcu, wo idpo,uouono.tuc m iq c. xu,
ed7tox u tttun u,t u c m lt y e c x u.

204
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205
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fiy,tru c dae z,taonu ydapenua

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np o r)i ttc 6 u, s tri cilt o - u a s a t, rcu c u ) p - d o ua rci rt n,r i u - np o zlt u u rt, x o m i. t -
p a c n o p i t r rm , u x y w e p - : u r tc x o , ri t , , , r u ( ) i - c t a d x u p r t u 4 a , n p i r r o c- n p i a o t ,
n Ltit r)- :lct e t t, ti:x, I u c,u- t t u cu.
2. C:roNur c'br{t:crBurclrrr}r, KoHToca o6pa:yuaun or ocrroBlr Ha ABe crr-
lllcclBnlsJrrr[tr,or r(on ro BTopi]TaIIogcIItBa IlLpBara: ttaudutux- u1il6,uuttitc:-
ntlt- npcic edimet, xuttittdum-c n.vilttn, su.uicmtntr-iLtpiKmop, no.Ltou(,
rturc-unncrilt,6utittt-pacnoputtnt, t:nupututti-tttxr\,trturc,'tuMi(nuuK-
l t i t < n t o p , : t u , t t i c n u t u r ; - x o t t u r t d i t p t e u ep a t - . t tt t i i tp , ? e t r c p u . r - n o , r K i ) B n u t t ,
8 t t , t r ' t t t - t l t t c n t i l t t t uc, t d t t i - t t l t t t , t t i t n t a . t , t [ t t . t o , t d ; , - c n e 4 u a . t i t c u ,L r t t i i t m u l t -
:t ut)i1t.
3. Crroxrru cburecrBllfe,uHr, B xolro Ka'ro oIIpclleilrlq er'leMeH.I.ccr.r3loll-
: ] B i t c r , K p a r e l a o c H o l l a t { a l p u J l a r - a r e i r r r l { t t v e u r r l :t e t t e p i , t t y 6 e p t r u m t t p ,
dit:e,t.uomip. rcorr4ipn;tiir:tttop, ci.tctcint, asiu.vonitottl, npd()rcouu-
n I n, d , ' i ! n K ! t t t t i t t r t t t , ur t t ' I t . r t , t t t , t I t i n t .
Cl ]lBc yllapcnxr cc r3foBap.sr Ir c bKpat cHt{ cJIoxHr{ ct [tecrB tt'retllrn, o6,
p a 3 y B a I r o l c L K p a T e r r uo c H o B H H a I I p nj t a I a T e , u r r ol I c b t l l ( ] c f u u f e J r r r ( ) :
c)trcip, pi6rltarc, nipnipt, j,,trci.tt, ci.tcz,t:irn, paSxip.
4 . C . r o x u r ' rn p x n a r a r e J r H u ,o 6 p a : y t a H n o r o c r r o B l .nr a A B e r l p L I r a f a r e n r r u ,
Korlro ca Hc3aBucHMnH parnorrpaarrlr e.1HaKr'M jtpyra. Te rraolar ;1a 6r,,qar
o6pa:rynaur:
a) C'rc c r,cl;1u rurre:rrra rroprferra: ntpi doeo-npouteod nteteu, mpidooo
roonepantitacrt, cuttuntiprto-tuLuirrerr,.tLtnepam|pttc.t-.u1,tLtxi.re uu e .p d l t -
tto-nlto.ttttttt,teu, dlxtiotto-ettttetttttuccru, uttd_\'t'ntTtua.uto-atpifett, n,,irtrt,'-

2()6
 n u m p u o m i u e u , c o 4 ud t n o _ n o t u m i u e c x u ,
euto coecxo _ucmopiuecKu,
rcotdpct-tretesdpcxu,uopd,tuo_emitett,yui6uo_az,snumdmetteu,
mpdKmopeH,cmdxoeo_napitteu. .ttu.ruiutuo-
flpn cnoxHr.rrenp,narareJrH,, o6parynaxu
or ocHoBr.I
Ha orHocrrre,IH,
IIpr4JIafaTeJIHIt, OT KOITTOn:b
3HaqHre,Ho oror a6sa, "t#l'"1'J.-t"L',li"tiT:il:'ffi :H
6i1earyrco-lic1u,no.bi,,r zapo-p)c*u,
H: ;::l
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pixo-rfu,tocdrltcnu, dacmpo_zep,r r)ucxu, uinduo_nn;^;;;;nr*r, ucmopitKo_
p e a o , t x t 4 u o u e n ,x i p u , t o _ u e m d d u e e c x u ,
s u d d p o _ u a ' s d u e c x t ru,o t t d p x o -
()uut.itcmxu,meteepd(to-nduqeucxu,
np xodo_pi,zxod",t.
6) Ee: cce,{l,tHrzre;]Ha rJracHaj 6A*uepeirt, cirt_tetirt,
rtuc,z, miuz,x_aucox,
rc-d e_6.i,t,n e.n,t _u edp dc, n ui u _s e.,ti tr,
c it mrtu_dp d6 rtu, ru)oo _e) xmo,
.,tjtdo-unddo.
e) c rorropenue HaKopeHa:ceu-cq ivox,
-. edt- e<t,terr i,tz,x,60c-6icuut tt,
6 m-np e6 im, u1.)t p _no up p i,r, x,ti nt_np orciti nt.
5. Cloxttre rIpHJral.arerItH c rIolqltHrrre,tltaBpr,3KaMexJIy
cc [3fouaptT ABere.Iac,l.t.r
c fIaBHO H B1
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r r p x u 3 f o B o p a K q e r r T H a Txaa p a K T e p I { C T H K a
r r a T o 3 t IT n l t c n o x l r I - {n p t r J | a f a T e J r _
rrx 9.rB,Lp.qepa:rroo6pa:Ha u porxBopeql,tBa
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CJIoxlt ure rlplrJlararenHr.rc I1.
r,rr rapeq
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ur.Jillffi ;"ffi::,;;:i;;",T :::;ilffi :.]
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,,ipe'not,it,t<,tt,.tti,ttt.t)oc_
mi,nert,,yri,rrtortltoxod u, .,ti,c.rronltiaix.er,,
rir,,,oruro,rrl.r,t, nrytj,t)ttt.,nrtr)a
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att tixottoc,tnt)aetr.
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a "na,rur"r,nn trMe 6e3 c.r,e;lutrlr_
TCIIta fJtac a, MOfa.r.aa c(] lrSl
peHe,.ra
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3aurc'Mocr o.t.crpocxa: timtod
utett,Ho 'pr{ rrajrl{y'c lta cbeArrtrrer'il
r s t a c u t an c m o c n t i t t e r r e r r ,d i c . en tn p o 4 i t t n t o a ,
n ' ol e c , c n t o i t t , t e l t ( B x . \ 1 5 0 ) .
t'i tlaLlHx yl{apetrIJcnpeo6ra;iasa rpn
I:til]llp crloxrrnre irpr{rraral.errrr,
otlpa3yBauu 6cg ct ellrtrtlelrra f_!acrra c qlcilu.t.c-rrqtr
ltMeHa or qcrrrpa la_
t <tpe.nimdrtiacrt, ttlntzoit)ett, nimaexiaett,
r r i , r r r p o , , l A - , , ' r i . ,nr e
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, t | ) u t ! t e , t i ' ! ) . . t t L ,t t. t , u rp t r t 1 i , nt t1 s 1 1 ,
n..rr,ntunttttt,,r,,)itttett.
LJroxrlurc lplrafaTer,IHD, o6pa:ylaHr
c HapequeTo t/o.,./lr_ [1 ocHoBa Ha
rlpll]rafiiTerlro ri-DtIr]pHqacT].re.Io..]] rr:lBt,r
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o pa3cror.Hrrc,"*gy,1u"r:.
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cf mepetrctr. Koraro ylapeHrrr.I.a ca
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20i
 KlI, y,qapeHHeroHa napBara cbcraBKanoq) 3P aq 'ten:doorcra6sa nrl,t us-
tezea: notyz.tryx, no.'tydie, notyclin, notyzd,t, notyc)x, notyomxpim.
CloxHure npI-rnarareilHn,o6pa:yeaHt c HeorrpeAenr]TeJIHo Mecrol.rMe-
Hr.re, c:brrroce fi3roBap.src ,qBey.qapeHur:xiotrcozodirueu, uircotxodtDaeu,
rtir<otrcoxiceuett,tt.itxo.'txo udc oe u ap.
6. CrrqecreurelHH u rrpnnararerun, o6pa:yrann c fl.bpBaqacr c:br]lecr-
BITeJ]HO HMe nrU C' br(paTeHO rrp]lirafaTenHo r{MeoT MexAyHapoIHaTaTep-
M u H o n o r l r q , K a r o z e o - . z i o y a z u i m , e d o c m d m u x a ,z d o ( ) i z u r c a ;x u x o - :
rcirtotexmitpun,rciuo,ra6opamdpun,rciuo,tiuma, xiruoxouidun; Jvema./.o- :
,uemdtorepit.ttuxa,uentd,torco,u6uudm,.uemdtodruceu, uemdtoopzutt uerr,
uemd,topdtrcet4;paiuo- : pdduouxmieeu, pdduoepizrca,pdduozoeopiune,t,
pdduom it,txu, p d duo,rro6i nretc xu, p dduo met ezpdrf eu, p dduomexrtil ecrcu,
pddtt onteteeusut)rterr:aeuo-; l)euondula, deuoxtsttc mp)xmop, dauoursde-
tri zz,,tr, deuodecitr m : asmo-: d emompaucn dm, demopeudmett, io monoitrca,
itrmoi tu't 1fi tfi11.t?tr; a?po- )tp,'mixrmxa, )tpomexuuuecxu, dzpoyu)cmz.x,
dtponpouiwterrocm, dzpo1uo,roe uet, aepo-: deporcty6, dpoduuduuxa,
i p r t i u , t u , m u a r t , a p o c r t i t u r c a i, e p o m p u t t c n d p m e n: a c m 7 o -: a c m p o r r u -
e u z u t l u s ru , cmpo()iuxa; 6uo-; 1iouexdrturca6 , ozetisa, 6 ocmdmuxa,
6 i o ( ) i s u r a ; a e t o - ; a i t o t / . t uzy p i c m , a i t o u d c m , c i t r o u o m d p e u , .a u 6 p o - ;
ai6 p o 1emittreu, ei6po n otu zdu, ei6p onpeo6pazoedet ; zo,roaxo- : zdt eauo-
tt,tucmuxa,zdr outtonti ttxq, et)iteatouematy?tu : eJleKmpo- ; it exmp u l-
, vep o dn te t e r t , i . r e x n t po np o a d dex , i t ex n p o n p i o p u , i t e r cm p o np o u i u r -
tertocm, iieKmpope3npeiet meteu, zoo-: sdomexuurca,sito1uotoz veu,
':dondpx,titorttttxoltdzuu,sio$ttsuoiti zux, Kocrto-. xdcuo$isuxa,
rcdc,uo-
4ittmop, xt\csroxiruul ; nemeo- ; uimeowtQopudtlutt,, uimeoo6cmauicxu,
tinteot:it)6u ; muxpo- : uirpo6uo,toz ueu, uitxponempiueu, nitxpor<duepa,
. u u x p o r c t i n u n , . t t i t x p o p a i i t r t ; a K p o - ; . u a x p u uo t e xj . , ta , u d r c p o x d c u o c ,
uux p oc mpv x m i pe ; u tru - ; u i.ut urc jt n, u ituudtp cxdaa, uiruut du na : m u n o - :
u i m o m u p c d u , u i t r t o x a t pzd t x a , . u i u o q u c m d q , , t u t H o - : l r i u n o n o d p a e u ,
uittoespicett, uiuuoapntutepiticxu, uittuocmpoitmeteu; momo-: uomo-
dueisun, udnrodp)u, udmouucmpl.uitrm, uintorty6, udmonicma, uomo-
( m p e r K O n i ; u e o - : u i o r c o t o t t ua , t i s z , u , r t d o t t a 4 i t z , u ,t t i o x e z e t u a u c m a o ,
uiorcpumu4itso,u,ncuxo-: ncixomept)nun, nc xoueepdsa, ncuxonamoro-
?ufl; me/te-: miteo6et<m e, mitezpimet, mitexo,uytruxamieen,mirrecue-
ttutruzirlutt;mep,+to-.mip.uousotd4un, mip,vo6am,ipun,mipuoduuauitxa,
m e p , v o u 3 o n a 4 u i ; u e uf i,o m o - ; Q o m o a n a p d m , Q d m o a m e t i e , { ) d m o 6 u o -
,ritzun, $dmoe,texpiuecxu, ()bmo.uamepud,r ; xudpo- : xidporcarht, xitdpo-
e,texmpiuecxu,xidpoeizet, xidpououimop, xidpoitxuc tt dp.
7. Cr,rqecrsurelHHH npHnarareJrur.r, o6pa:yoaHnor npe.qJIoxHr.r cGqera-
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208
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uteiuyui,ruqeu.
npa-: npd6d6a, npd6iteapuu, npddAdo, npdpodime,tu, npaucmdpua,
npducmopiuecxu, npdpodiua, npdes r<.
npe-: npi6,rdz, npd6oedm, npdadxeu, npddo|ip, npidoedtex,
npidoc-
mdmtqeH.
nod- : nidntduuucxu, nddHa,rdtuux, nddzp)na, n6dsae,rdaue,nodxouicu.s.
nddcttrtdrtue.
-
cred : c'rid ocao6otr dducxu, c,ridp eoot n4ud xeu, c,ti dnpdsuuueu,
c,t id_
eodueu.
ne-: uiaxmyd,reu,xdaxypdmeu,niaxypdmuocm, uianemimen.
a-: duopd,teu, duopudteu, dnotumituen, d,toeiveu.
sHntu-: aHmuKenuma,rucmiuecKu,dumuceuimcxu, dumuuu,tumapitou,
dumuuu t umapic m, dumuc o4udte x, dumuxottcmu myuuoHeH.
apxu-: dpxuditrcou, dpxucmpamiz, dpxuenicxon,' apxuuoutdxutt,
dpxunodfu4.
le- : di'r'tutumapusd4un, ddxyuauuzd4un, di4eumpatusd4ux.
iuc-: d cnpondptqun,dicxapuotti,re , d cxea,luiurcduun.
L'xc-;ixcutttt cmop, dxcnpetudirtm, ixcxouyt,uxd4ur,.
xaagu-: rcaizuuxmitaett,xedsuauarumi,!eu, xod.zurctacivecxu,
xeazud()_
z oaop, x ea s uxotr,tn,t
drccen, x ad su uacmiqa.
uwmep.- : iumep6,rbx, itumepeoxdtet, inmep6puzudip, itnmepduatdxm,
ittmepnapnaJeumdpet, iumepua4uotrd,reu.
cJ)nep-:cinepap6imtp, c)nepuapxim, cinepuodipeu, cynepwot4eH,
cj,nep()oc()dmetr.
npo-: npouMepuKacKu, npoascmpiicxu, np6$auicmrcu, npdcteimcxu.
pe-: p Au.uyttuz ittlutt,pi xo.unencd4un. Vi aa xcuua4ua,p iax muad4un.
ynmpa-: l,,tmpa6uonemoa, y,tmpauodipeu,
),tmpapeax4ud ueu, ),rmpa-
uux p o crcin, j,t mpap eax4udueu, ),tm p atu6 epdt eu.
xun^ep-;xuneppeuticm, xinepcercpi4un,xinep$ocedm, x
nepS)nx4un
8. flpnlarare;rnnre lrMeua,o6pa:ytaHn c npe,qcrBaKa d63-, ri o.brl1ecrBr{-
TeJrHr.r aMer{a,o6pa:ysaun c [peAcrBaKaKoHmps_..aisuepeiu,
eizzo,ti,u,
aitrcicet, ei;zp)tc,eizde6ituuz,x, aisse,riu; xbuipauacm")ninue,
rcdumpa_
aduup dt, rtmpadtm, rcdump aa md x a, x dumpa,uit t i apa, xd nmpa o uu
-rc6 e sie a,
KoHmpanyttKm.
9. C,roxun Hapeq[r ll a4nep6llart:upaHr.r H3pa3u:xp ao-ttter.t,
Lterca_
notexa, eded-eded,aip-eodd, edpe-dofi, myrc_mdu,rorAr_,ro*o.,
*uuo-
7opa3o11Ap.

14,fpibrru E tur.6Mr. B. Oosnrrr

209
 YAAPEHIIE HA CbXPATEHI,ITE CJIOXHI{ AYMI,I

$ 153, Axqeuruara xapaKTeprrcrr.r(a Ha c6KparerrHTe croxHr.r AyMr.r,T.

nap. a6penuarypr,e B 3aBr,rcrrMocr or HaqflHa,no xoiro c'bxpareHuTe qacru
ce cB6p3BaTnoMexay cr.i.
C egHo y4apeHuece H3roBaprr HHHqHaJrHl{re (6yxaenn) a6peRltarypn,
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r{ ABycprrqHr.r cbqeraHnr: Etlrapcxa aKaAeMHrHa HayKr{Te- EAH [6an];
Bucure yve6Ho 3aBeAeHr.re - BY3 [ny:]; I_{enrpaleuyHHBepcaneH Mara3HH
- IIyM [qyM]; HATO fHiro]; TAECO
[ri6co].
C e4no ynapenne ce x3roBaprrrH a6peurarypnre, c'r,craBeHnor 6yrsn
HacarJracHH, nrpBara or KoHToce l-l3roBaprc noMoulTaHa r.nacHa[e]: PMC
[pevc], 3MC - [:evc].
Koraro cr,xpareHNre6yxseun cbqeraHur HeMorar Aa ce rl3roBaprr Karo
cpuqKt,tx 6yrsrre Ha cbrracHr.rrece r{3roBaprrc noMorqraua r,racun [e] H
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r r r , p R a r a I: [ K ( l J e u r p a n e r rx o v H r e r ) [udxa]: AM (,(.lpxanuu vuuu) -
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3eMeAe,rrcKo cronaxcrro) [rd x€ :6 cd]; C|ITY (cpeguo npo$ecuoHarHo
r e x H u q e c K oy u n l u u l e ) [ c d n 6 1 6 ] 1 ,
flpu u:ronopa Ha a6peauarypure Ha MHoroq;reH.Hl,rre cnoxHI,rHa3BaHHt
B npaKTHKara cbulecrByBaronrMo pasuoo6pa:ue.Muoro qecto rexHIItr r.{3-
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A H A [ A 6 Ha d ] u [ a H s ] ,A f i u [d nn] u [dnn].
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r.r3foBaptr c or.qenHoylapeHrre Bapxy BcrKa ccxpareHa uac:r: napmdpz,
)uxb,+r, npdQdpz, uznitxdu, pdixd.u, cd,rx6p, dzpoudtu, itnpbu, udprcdon,
ndpmuzddm,e unpdn, pd6fidx, cd$cmpdi, uidcduvdcm, cmpdfiudm-
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mdntoi,texmpoqenmpdta, ztdaxdonpextdtta, uiunpoixm, eiorcdp npodrcmn np.

AYMI,I N (DoPMI,I c ABo.gKo yAAPEHI.IE

Ifputunu sa uirtleHeHue u KotedaHue Hs ydapetuemo

$ 154. Ynapenuero I 6r,lrapcrHr e3ltK HrMa ycraHoBeHo M.f,cro B.qyMa-

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y,qapeHnero, Ha Bcrxa or.EerHa AyMa H
eopMa e crporo onpeAeJreHo,TaKa
qe ycBo{BaHeTOHa eAHa AyMa npelnonara
Aa ce ycBoH r.r3foBopHoToqHo c
xapaKTepHoro 3a Her yAapeune. Ilpanr,ruoro aKrIeHTyBaHeHa AyMHTe e
n p H 3 H a K3 a K y r T y p H a n n p a B H n H ap e q .
ArqenrHnre uopMr.lB c:bBpeMeHHlra 6r,lrapcrN e3r.rrce onpeAenrr or pe_
AI'Iqa npn3HaUH, BaxHo Mrcro cpe,q Kouro:aevar o6ulectseHara oqeHxa r.t
ocMlrcrrHeTo Ha yaapeHHeTo B e3rrr(oBaTanpaKTHKaBb3 OCHOBa Ha HCTOpH_
qecKH ycraHoBeHu t-rHa.rroxeHnTpaAlruHH.Vqapeunero
xa gyvr.rre ra $op_
Mr,rreB KHHx(oBHn.a 6r,rrapcxlt e3HKe ycraHoBeHo r.tHopMarh3xpaHo B peq_
Ht-lulr,B rpaMarHXn H B cneuHajtHHnpaBofoBopHI_tclpaBoqHllun. C,roxgr.rgr
KoMnJreKcor ycnoBr.trt ronro o6yc;ranlr Mrcroro Ha yAapeHHero B
lyMrrre,
H rHncara Ha yrrlrBepcarrHHQoxerrvHn rIpr{quHH3a npoMeHHTen ro,re6asu_
rra rrpaBrr yAapeHr.lerorpy.ueH o6exr 3a r{3yqaBaHeH HopMaJrr.t3npaHe.
B sHa.rtre,leH 6poii clyvau B KHHxoBHarapeq rrpn orIenHH
ayvu u $op_
Mr.ice cpetuar ro,re6aHu.s rto orHor]reHHe Ha Mqcroro Ha ygapenuero.
.{o_
rrycKar ce I rpy6n rperurt B pe3yJrrar Ha HHAr,rBn.qyarHo r..r
HerrpaBHJrHo 863_
npr.reMalleHa y1apeHuero B nporrrBopetrHec ycraHoBeHHTenopvu. Hecr,or_
BercrBr.tt LIMa I_.r B caMara aKtleltrHa cncreMa, g Heiinoro pa3BHTIIeH ycra-
HoBrBaHe,pe3ynrar or geiicrtuero ua Hee.qHopo.qHr.r, pa3;rHqHr{no BpeMe H
83anMHoH3KJrloqBauIH ce eaKTopH u npI-IqHHU.
Karo ce lrvar npe.q BIrn ycraHoBeHr.treB I(HI{xoaHIL e3I,tKaKqeHTHHHop_
vn, ro:re6anlrara [o orHorrreHHeHa y,qapeHr.teroMorar.qa ce o6elt.rnsr s lBe
fpyrrli:
a) role6auHa, KoHTo He ca rrpuers H AonycrllMu B KHHxoBHara peq, Karo
ctepeuiueu, xduntercc, udnrc, cmpaui4a, uzedpn, usmbuxur u np.;
6) ro:re6aullx, Konro nopa,qHorcr,crBuero Ha ycraHoBeHH€.qr{HHLr HoDMu
r roqHu MorHBl.rpoBKHcbtrlecrByBar B KHnxoBxara pev 6er pa3;lfiqrTerHa
QyHrqur Karo aKrIeHrHr4 Ay6teru: pd6omn , pa6dmn, ttdtue _ uot a, ci"to
cetd, si6u - :t'6 u no.

2tl
 Crulecrlyrar lr ro.:re6anlrq B Mrcroro Ha yAapeHr.rero raro uayrca -
udyrca, yui,turya yuu,tuuld, KoHTo, MaKap r.rHey3aKoHeHr.rHopMarr.rBHo, He
MOraT Aa Ce CMtTaT 3a fperxKH nopanlr uHpoKoTo l,IMpa3rrpocTpaHeHneB
peqeBaTa rrpaKTxKa.
flpu ro:re6anue Mtcroro Ha y,qapeHr.reroB AyMara ce ycraHoBrBa nocre-
neuno u nafi-qecro HH.quBLt,{yanHo- caMo 3a ofipe.qeneHa EyMa, r4nu nyun,
KaTOCe.qBpXI.rCMeTra 3a TeHAeHUrrHTe B pa3BHTIeTOHa aKrIeHTHaTa CrrCTe-
Ma r,rrJraBHoKaro ce HMa npeA Br.rnnpeo6:raganarqarr H3roBop B:lB BceKl.q-
HeBHaTapa3foBopHa peq.
$ 155, flpuvunure, KoHro npe.{H3BhKBarnorBara Ha aBorKo y,qapeHxe
ulu xone6asus B Mrcroro Ha yaapeHnero, ca pa3nHqHHno xapaKTep.
l. B enHu cnytran re ce rorBrBar troA BJII.IIHHeHa poAHHfi ALraJreKT,B
(oiiTo Mrcroro Ha ylapeHuero B onpeAeJreHrlr[noBe AyMH r.r
Qopr,,rue pa:-
JrrrqHo or B'b3npr4eroro B KHr.lxoBHHr e:Nx. flog RrrvflHre Ha AnaneKTr{Te B
pa3roBopHara peq ce cpeular HeMarKo ayvt u Qopvu c.qHaneKTHono [po-
H3xo,qyAapeHr{e.Ha nr,pro v.rcro Moxe Aa ce or6e,rexn yaapenNero ua Qop-
Mhre 3a noBeJrHTerHoHar(JroHeHHe rra rlrarornre or I n II cnpexeHr{e: vcmr
el.l. ,temi, rK)nuuu sv'. uanuuti, itznyuu sv. usnywi, ddnecu zv,. douec u np.
YgapeHlrero Ha,qyMHTe B KHHxoBHrlr e3HK B nepuoAa, roraro roii ce e
cb3AaBaJru orlopv.r,r, ce e ycraHoBrBalro rra ocHoBara Ha ceBepor3ToqHKTe
6alraucru ronopn. Bnoc.ne4crsue o6ave ro H3nr{TBaBJrr{rrrueH or crpar{a
rra Apyrn Ar-ianexTlt.Po.nsra Ha lHaneKT[Te 3a pa3BnTrrero Ha KHI-t)KoBHure
aKUeHTHLHopMH nocreneHHo e orcra6sa,ra I-tAHec ALIaneKTHTeBrI-Ittr I{a
KHHXOBHHTe fiOpMr.rCaMOB Cryqa},Te, KofaTo MrcToTo Ha yAapeHrreToc'bB-
naAa c oOuHTe My reHAeHuHH 3a pa3Br{THer{JrHcl,3AaBa B'L3MoxHocr! 3a
cM u croB a gnSepeHqHaqr.rr.
3 a 6 e,.r e x x a: Ilo orttouetrfie a yllapertucro6,btfapcxfiTeA{aIcKTli ce paSJlqaBar
')ltaqtrcJlHoot (HltxoBI|r9 c3r,r(.flo-rontMa qacr or rosopure uMar cto6oAtro
H noAnxx o
yJtapcrrc. Cavo rrarepmoprrra na lolo3anartlflTerosoprjce cpcuar Axare(THc nocrorrrHorl
x3aecrerrcMHclJr yllapeHre fla BTopir.'ra cpuq(a or xpar - 1dlet, dd6tp, kpacnasi1a, lolAtuu
(Koc'r'ypc(o,TrKseul]JKo, JlcpuHcxoI qp.); rra rperara cp'rq(a o.r xpat - eitena, dd6pama,
xpat ndau4a, .rddarra(Bercul(o, TeroEcxo,6rrorcKo, npkneflcko,OxpuAckor Ap.)
foloprrc, Konro rMar cBo6ollo H no;1Bl,txloyAapelue, ce pa3.,llqaBarnoMcx/.lyct-tno
Mtct o'to Ia yAapcrrxeToR pa3JluqHuTe (aTeropat npoLt3Bolt| n rrcnpox3BoaHfi ayMx 'l Tex_
lt re fpaMa'rr,rrruil|opMll,B 3anallHt{Te x rorolt3ToqHllreAtaJIe(TxrranptMep3a pa3Jrr|(aor
ce8cpol.r3l-oqrl,rTe aBycptqHtTc HenpouSuotBxc t tIecTBSTeIlltrrMerraoT xcHc(l,t t cpe,Ierl
po/.IuMar yrapcune tta koperioBarartaala: ncA a, 6piutxo, nipo, j,'xo,aito, ?opa, .\tilrna,
niitntrc, 6pida A np. 3aroBar xocxrerHTeHarc3r roRopr.t r{3roBaprrAyMrre c (paiillo yAapc-
r::le, x.iLtoitaKapd, cuo'td, .ttnti u Ap., rrenpaBHJ.rHoxaro.uixapa, ctdta, itna. C oruerrraro
ylapeHue lta (opeHarnu Ha IpelcTaBXaTace H3foBaprTB HtKot lorolanaafi[ tj torotl3Toqrrrt
roBopr r ocHoBHru npon3Bo/'lHu rraro.rruor I H II cnpcxeHuet'!Ama,nima, dixa, cnda,
npdrenn, i3 ema, npixeca, isuua, dpetea ala.'aend emd, dopxd, npouema u r. n.
Elnfapcl(fiTe Atta,reKTrj cc pa3rtqaBar or xHr,rxoBHt e3HKh no orlrorlreIlI,ie Ha Mtcroro
rra ylapcHtero B'I'B(bopMxre Da c/lHocptqHllre urvter{a or Maxx}l pol. B ceBepon3To,tHxre
roaopr.iTe3x r.rMerra cc 'i3roBaptT c oTrrcTBaToy,uapeHherra oKoHqaHgeTo B qjlefiyBarrrrTc

)1)
 OopMr.i3a eAr.fHcrBefio qrcro,, 868
OopMure 3a MHoxecrBeHoqucro: zpaditn, epadoeA,
e.tacin, e,racosi, :n6im, sa6i, a
yAapeHr{e:
zpidon.epddoee,
",o;,:::#:::"":;::::::;r:::::3 f:;:il'""'X"'J:::ii;
(popM{Te3a MHoxecrBeHoqucro I
etdcoee,
cmi,toee. ,r:Jixi:;
"d,""",";;;,"'ix:."lHi:i::fl1?ilTllxji.xixi;ffi,i
MexAy oTAcrrrfnTeroBopuu no oT'oureHrerrayAapeH{eTo
Bnp oLr3BoAHri bpexoo,opexda,
AyMr;:
opixoa, ntddtrut4e ntadn qe, mdpw4e- mipiuqe,urarr; _,";."i[
^ up.
2. Paznuqux r.r role6aHu.r
3aerr.i
.qyMH.
o"no""o
npuu,l,:
ffifiJ#:ffiffi"""::fi:i:ffi:
,qyMHe MrcToTo Ha y,qapeHueTo B TrX Aa ce 3arra3r,r TaKoBa,KaKBOTO e B
ttyxlur e3rj(, or rofito ce 3aeMar.
fo,rsva qact oT 3aerHT€HarrpHMep npe3
pa3JrIlqHE nepHo,unayMr or 0peHcKHe3r.rl( nMar yIapeHHeB.bpxynocJreaHa_
Ta cp[n.!]Ka:6aedzc, arrmpi, aumpd_xm,ror^i,
oiop*oreum, a|acrc)p,
amenue, napdecb, naumatdu n np. gecto ,IBreHr.{e
e o6ave :aetute gyun
ga ce lo6l,traprBar, T.e. r{3roBopr,T
HM,{ace Haraxla cflope.qxaparoep*fi_
re rfoueruvur 3aroHoMepHocrnr{ axrleHTHH
cxeMu B 6.raiapcrn.r e:zx. B
rar'I'r c:ryvafrTe3r.lAyMr.rMofar Aa rMar H3roBop,
pa3,,rHt€H OT H3fOBOpa B
c:borBerHlrrerux. Hanpxvep-qe[rKara p66im
ayua c y.qapeHr.reHa nrpBa.ra
cpu^qKa ce H3roBaprxaro po6dm, pycxara 6imue (6urte) _
rcaro6umui.
OrrloHetru.sra or opr.trr{HaJrHoroMrcro Ha yAapeHueroa 3aerr4Te
ce Alnxar Ha pa3Jrr.ryHl.t AyMr,l
npuqHHn,AxrleHrsn H3MeHeHH-a HalrprrMep Hacrtrr_
Bar noa BJrnrHueua croaoo6paronarenHHTe npoMerrt-tB nrop{reuraracrpyr_
Typa Ha3aeTI.tTe AylraH. <DpeHcxllreIyMH revolution n goroiti" u 6rr.apcr""
e3r,rKHMar Apyr c.losoo6pa3oBare;.reH crpoex, rofiro e npuqfiHana ce npo_
MerruH Mrcroro Hay.qapeHr.rero n rxx..peaotb4ua, eapdtipn. C npr.r6aarHe
na HacraBKara-cm6o KltnM ocHoBaraHa QpeHcrara Ayua ministdre cpnuxo-
Br.j.sTcl,cTaB Ha AyMaTa ce npoMeH' H CT,OTBeTHO MTCTOTO Ha yaapeHr.{eToB
ttes - .uuttucmipcmeo.
M.scroro Ha y,qapeHHeroa 6t:rrapcrnr e3l,lKce
onpeAeJr.a ue or Qoaeru.r-
Hur, a or vopQrevHur (c:roaoo6pa:yrare,rHux)
crpoix Ha Aynara.3aerr.rre
or pycl(H e3HKHanpHMep AyMH c HacraBKa -merr,
Ko'.ro HMar pa3HoMecrHo
yAapeHr.re(cps. yuime,ta, cinme,ta, daizamett),
n 6tlrapcxnl e:r.r* ca c yc_
TaHoBeHoHa npe,qnocneAHaracpuqxa y.qapeHr.re,
o6o6u1eno 3a BcI.IqKt,t cJry-
qaH or ro3H cloaoo6pa:yrare;reH
T r . r r r_ y u m e t , c e i m e t , d e u z d m e - r t ,
npenoOaBae,l, 3aerure or
QpeHcxu e3llK AyMX c HacraBxa -(t)eur z 6.snrap-
cKr.r-ae3HKce o$opv.rr c BapHaHTHH no orHorreHHe Ha yAapeHlrero HacraBKH
-op, -bop.
AyMHTe c HacraBKa_bop rr[v.arKpafino ygapeune, raxro ar,a
cKr e3uK, aoKaro HacraBKara _op B cbcraBa Qpeu-
Ha :aeru a 6rrrapcKlr.a e3nK
AyMu rJe npHBrHqa yAapeHr.rero: axmadp, auamtdp,
uo dupixmop,
rcond)rcmop- Orryx u xo:re6auN.s B M.fcroro
Ha yaapeHr.rero a cnyrrar.r Karo
xounpicop - xounpectip, azpicop _ aepecudp.

2t3
 Orrtonenuqra or opHrHHaJtHoroMtcro Ha yaapeHHero B 3aerI-ITe,qyMll
ce A6Jr)KHH Ha MHoroKoHTaKTHocrrarrpu 3aeMaHeHa AyMIrre fi B3a14Mo,qefrc-
TBItero Ha qyxaoe3HroBr.r aKrleHTHr.r MoaeJrHnpn ycTaHoBtBaHeHa r{xHoTo
yAapeHr.re.fo:r.au 6poi AyMH or 3ana.qHoeBponeftcKl{Te e3l{q[ ca 3aerll B
6r:rrapcxua e3r.rKqpe3 nocpeAHHqecrBoro Ha pycKH e3IiK l.I HMar Karo xa-
paKTepncTuxa aKrleHTHuoco6eHocTn, ycTaHoBeHt,tB pycKI{ e3HK.AHrnufic-
Kara AyMa mpdne 6yc c y,qapeHueBr'pxy Hatrarnara cpnqKa e npoHx(Hana
y Hac or pycKr.re3rrK orHaqa-rroc r{3roBop mpotdi6yc, mpotifi. Cr,o6pa:no
c aKueHTyBaHeroHa c;roxHure AyMH or ro3n THn, ycraHoBeH B 6bnrapcKut
e3r.r((cpB. aemo6)c), aHec ce Harar.a *tzrotop mpotefi6)c.
flo.ssara Ha BapHaHTHB yAapeHnero Ha 3aernTe ayMl,t B'I3HHKBar{ Bcitea-
cTBr,reHa ToBa, qe y,qapeHneToMoxe HopMaTHBHoaa ce fi3Be.qeH MoTr.rBHpa
or oco6euocrnre My B pa3nxqHu e3rlrln r.r3TorrHnux:Hanpnvep rar. peso,r-
6ep Moxe .qa ce n3roBopn raro peao,teip (or lt:roaopa a'lr Qpexcxn e:nx)
u peadtaep (or u:ronopa B HeMc(H e3nr(). B 6r,rrapcru e3vK uMnopm ce
H3roBapq no Qpexcxlr obpa:eu c xpafixo yaapeHr.{e- uunopm H c HaqaJrHo
y l a p e H r . i er o a H r r u f i c r u o 6 p a 3 e u - i . u n o p m .
fpr,qrrre AyMn Ha -rru (-mua) ca flpeMhHa:rlr B iraruHcKn e3r{K, KbAero
ce e r.r3Bt,prx[na]r npoMrHara Ha cyQrxca z -4un, Haper, c ra3]I rrpoMflHae
HACTD'I]nIIA npoMrHa B MTCTOTO Ha yAapeHHeTO OT [peArrOCJreAHaTa Cp]rq-
Ka B rpr,uxH (/t1potcpatiu) Ha rperara cpHqKa or Kpar B JraruHcKH
deuoxpdqun. [xec n 6rrrapcKlr e3HK rrpu To3r{ cJroBoo6pa3oBara;reHTrl[
Ire3aBucHMooT fpl,rlKrjr KJ]HJraTrrHcKlrrHM npol.r3xoa KMaT Br.rHarnyAape-
HHe lra rracHara npeg cyQxxca: deuoxpd4un, 4ueutusd4un, rouytruri4tn.
a arcc urri4u tr, d un,'to u d4u n.
3. 3a pa:ror ria cLBpeMerrrraraarueHTHa cr.{creMaor cbqecrBeHo 3Haqe-
Hxe ca abrpelrHHTe e3lrKoBlrnpntrnnlr H Ha nbpRo Mrcro r. Hap. rfopua.nHa
aHar'rofur. Arra:rors.gra s o6racrra Ha yaapeHlrero ce H3pa3rBa BBB B3arM-
IIOTOCBlrp3BaHeH yCAHaXBtBaHeHa pa3"qUqHI-I aKUCHTHH
THnOBeH BAA BJIII-
rlrneTo Ha eAr4Hno-npoAy(r}rBerr Ir pa3rrpocTpatleHT]rn Br,pxy.qpyf.
[eficrrnero Ha Qopvaluara aHa-florur npu yAaperrnero ce nporBrBa B
ABC IIOCOKH:
a) Crpeuex yAapeHuero!a 3ana3HHenpoMeueHo Mtcroro cr.rB rrporl3-
Bo,qHaraayMa qpe3 acouuaur{rno 6rn:ocr c y,qapeHr.iero Ha npou3BexAa-
uara AyMa. Hanpuvep nplr H3roBop ti.uuurc u tuuuirc crpeuex'br e yaape-
Hr.{ero,qa:ana:}r cirosoo6pa3oBareJrHara cr.r3aBHcHMocrc yAapeH}reroHa
ocuoBlara Eyv'a ziua, TaKaxaKToe u npu ziuex. Orryr n crpeMex aa ce
n3roBapqsituuuua slu. npaBuJrHoro su,uuuud.Cl,u1ou npn ndnoe u nonda <
non; n,tddrteuxu u n.tadxituxu, ntdduuuqeu ntadniule < ntddte; cj)wuHau
cytuurtit < cyx; cmdpewxu u cmapiutrcu < cmap, HenpazlJrnr.r{TH3roBop Ha
6azperrit4axaro ,,6dzpeuu4a"u saraptu4d xaro ,,sdxapuu4d",Ha cmtrcte-
uit4a xaro ,,cmix,teuu4it", ua nenetlrir xaro ,,ninetttux" e pe3yrrar HareH-

214
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AeHUI.r.rTa
H,ero,ar.r3xoAHara^r"^';:o::l::;:,"i#];"IX,Ziikllii,::;.^,"
6) Crpevex yAapeHr.ero,qa qpe3acoqnaqfiflno
ce yeaHaKBH
y a a p e H H e r oH a a y M H T eo cxoAcrBoc
eapdeux,cntrdmxux,"",":on:x,i;;:,7."::,Zr:::::tr
xodpit4a uo u z)pzy,ru4a,ddpula raro
l::::::;:fy::qa,
zoHettuqa, kapaHu4a,B r(oHToHa.cTaBKaTa
6,ticrcanu4a,
He npoMeH' MrcToTo Ha yAape-
Hr.reroB H3xo.qHara ocHoBa;xaxddvua,no u uaxody a
xato eopaie, 6z,6pe;
rcdvau xaud, eicn u euci xaro 6epd,
uemd, opd.
flo aHaaora.rua c editma (or cidit
.. ,r.oJup" n 6ittenxa (or 60,1n)
6e,tiuxa, a zdmsuKa no,q BJrHrHueHa Ka-ro
nyvx xato ,tumdtlxa Karoeamatka.
Oopva;ruara alano ls c
y.{apeHrrerou.ou"u,n"n",!;o"nTT""";:;";"":;:t""fr':"JH
HarrpxMepTeHneHqu.f,
e.qHocpHqHHTe il:
CbrrlecTBHTe,,IHr{
n""nu o" Ml,XKI,lpolt
xouro o6pa:yrar MHoxecrB
noM'croHay.qapeHHeqpe3.fi: Ji""fi: ;:: :ffi:H: ?ff ;.T##;;
napaAnrMr.r
(ox. $ 136). Hanp.: euxoei,
etpx'r.tei, douoei, oyxoae, exoed,
veHoee s}1. e rcoee,eipxoee, dd,voee,
dj,xoae,ixoae, \retrcae; cmd,toae,
d1ti6oae. xiwoee, c,ud'xoae
, .+tocmoaeBM. cmondse, dpo6bae, xotudee,
curxd'e, rtocmdee.
,{eicranero Ha Qopva:rHa ""'r::::
yAapeHr.r
er o nu ru.r " ^r " r :? ; ilJ""#;
xMar yAapeHneHa loc,reaHara cprr{Ka,
:;: ;::," :r:;: : ::::;:
KaKTo" pya*" "r"a. flog n,rtautae
HayAapeHueroHa npe$uxcarnure
cLqecrBHTe,qHH or MbxKHpoa re ce r,r3_
roBaprr u c HatraJrHo yAapeHxe.npddtoz, sdttoe,ddxttad
npeaooc't lo ce lonycKa .qBosKo (lx. $ 146). tlpn
y.qapeHHenpiuod u ,p"udd B
e 3 f i Kc e n p e l o p 6 q s ao 6 a q et - r : r o s o p xn[xosHr.{.,
npiteu,r"f "uao,oi" "rroBope
npocrpaHeHH HaMlzpa no_pa3-
onoDaB H3foBopaHa enHorhnlrr.IT
f l o A s , ' r t r g H l - st ea 6 r , , r r a p c x s r e " ,a"., na"*, f,ir.
H M e H a ,o 6 p a : y o a H u c L r a c r a B K_aa p
(epomdp,itpedp), ce ye.qHaKBrBar
no yaup"n". n ru"Tl.rAyMHcac
uenndp(or rp. n6ktar).3;;; 3aB.Lprue(
1t1dorar, ;;;;;;;'#;;""" or MrxK'
yAapeHr.reB.pu"urr"n"." "n $opwu:zep6_ zip6am,
l:1,-1Mar
'; lenonBrrxlro
!'i'T{;! i ! i. "3',0: :: ^{:i' :ee Koraroe'qHocpfiq
o6a"e".''" u"' v*ou"""'u",
ynaperlrle,ro Moxe ou ". noi-::-1t1pcl(Hre HV AyMHc noABr.rxHo
cmutt-cmutim,rar(aKarroiXI:ffi;';;:::::r:::r""y;::r::X:
Iorrr Ha ntam _ ntamim, ntamoai,
Btr']ecto6i,ueato "" np"Onorrru
sop fyuzdto, rrfi raro rofi ne ,rao_
HaAvMHre'o6pa:vaaur c Hac-
raBKa-a,to (cps. oz,redd,to,,r,:::o:::o*"
4. B orge,;ruucryrJar.r
crpeMex6T xbM cr,3naBaHe na npo$ecr.roHarHarep-
Mr.rHororurcbrrlo Moxe aa nperr.r3BrrKa
xo,,re6aHH.s
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ro. Tosa craBa B clryqar.rre,Koraro egna o6qonpue'ra AyMa,r{3nolr3BaHa B
onpeAeneHa npoQecuonaruac$epa. npoMeHrMrcroro Hay.qapeHr{ero c uen
AyMara Aa ce ALrOepeHrIpa H or,{e;rn B'r}HtrrHo. Boennnre lpegnoqnrar r.r3-
rosop yddpuux vll. )dapuurc, pddap r-ll. paddp, pddapHa cmdn4un uv.
paAdpHa cmduqun; MeAnurncxsre pa6orHuqN npon3Hacrr aumu6udmurc
BM. no-pa3npocrpaHenoroaumu6uomix; MareMar[urre fi3noJr3BarKaro
repuuu t z,ri all. ieru. Karo pe.nuruo:eHTepMnHmpou4a ce nporr3Hacq
mpdu4a, a B aAMuHr.rcrpaur{rra aKueHTyBar dox,tadudzanicxa su. dox,lA.d-
xa sdnucxa.
Or no-gpyr xapaKTepca npnqrrHrre,(oHTo rrpeAn3Br.rKBar aKqeHTHr4 Ba-
priaHT[llB noe3rrrra. B crrxoee Ha LIs. Baros ce cpeu1ausrozop Et tzapin,
Pycun zll. Et tzdpun, Pyc n, a y Xp. CMHpHeHcxuEip,rurr, Ci6up eu. Eep-
,tiu, Cu6ip. floseara Ha raKnBaBapranTr.r, KoHToce onpelen{T Karo noe-
e o6yc,roreua or p[TMurrHaraopraHll3arlllrHa crl.Ixa t,t
Tlrqecrr.rBoJrHocrr.r,
or Heo6xoAlrvocrra Aa ce cb3AaAarnaJrHr.r pHMr.r.
rIoernqecrure BoJrHocrr.r
qecTo ca oTpaxeHHeHa nHaneKTHI.t BlIIltHLtsHJ]H yTBspXAaBaT nO-npOAyK-
TUBHorolr pa3roBopHoy.qapeHfie: Ceuea ce cip4e u nauem ce zy6u ([1. fL
C-narefiroa);6ecu,td,uauema,td sv..6ec ra, uauemdta.

Axueumnu dv6temu

$ 1 5 6 . K o r a r o . q y M H $ o p M r .c{ e r . r 3 r o B a p rcr A B o r ( o y g a p e H r e , 6 e :g a
M H c J r o Bco6, 3 a a B a cTe B e 3 U K a K r [ e H T H n B a p r { -
c e p a 3 r p a l r H q a B ac T
a H T n r . rH ;rAy6tern. B p a : ; u l l u l r r eB I { A o a pe e q H [ r I H
HaKHr.lxoBHllt
6r.:rrapcxlle3nx ce perucrpr,rparnoBer{eor 300 axqeurHnAy6rer[, T.e. Ay-
uu u Qopvll, KoHToHMar BapuaHTHo yAapeH[e,6e: n:rosoptr r{M or roBa
ga 6r,,qecoqlra,ruo,arla;rer(Tno, npod)ecHoHanHo Hll $ynxquoHalHo pa3rpa-
HHqCH.
C napuaHruoy,napeHr.re ce H3foBaprr rJraBHonpor,t3BoAHrr
caqecrBHTeJr-
rrr.rH rrpu;rarare;rHnHMeHa,rraronu rr.Hapequr.:det6d - dfu6a, don ua -
do,tutr),,tu,tiuxa - tiruuuxa, xapdxmeprtocm- xaparcmipnocm,n pruecmeo
nupwecmait, sdytuxu za)uxu, epdxuueu - epauite4 dp,toe op,rda,
ayoee'lu aqoeevd,pascmpdn pazcmpoi, udnpotem - uanpdtem, cmd-
peurKama- cmapeuKAmdv llp. Axqeurnn gy6,rerll npK npon3BoIHfictulec-
TBHTeJTHU u punararenHr4ce cpenlar Hai-qecro npa r{MeHa,o6parynaHuc
rracTaB(r.{,KoHToHe onpeaenrTe,qHo3HaqHo MtrcToToHa yAapeHHeTo B npo-
x3BoAHara gyMa: dpn.flKn op,tix, pdnx u poArc,cntimuux - cn,temuix,
ziuuux - suuttix, epixuuxa - aptxuuxd, etcitru4a er,ceu 4a, eipeynu40
- zypzy,tiqa, ozipnu4a - oztpti4a, mdpuqe - mopit4e, piuuuqe peuitt4c,
u,t'iuu4e uneuu4i, eip6oa - atp6de, tinoe tunda, 4adxtoa - 4eextoa,
nampdnuue- xampanuita,uaxddyue uaxoduie u ap.

2t6
 flpu npotr:aognnre ayMHaKueHTHure gy6leru vorar Aa 6lAar pe3ynrar
H or BaprjaHTurrrr.r3roBopHa
-Ir3xoAHrrrenpon3Be)KAauJr,r
nacmitp - ndcmupcrcuu nacmitpcru,
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mipert. Bcuuxu npor.r:oognnnpeQ"*""n'.rru.o,""
o, pi6o*o , poAOm, fiMar
ABorKoyAapeHue:uzpd6omn u ucpa1dmn, nopd1inn
u nopi1dmn, o6pii_
6oma u o6pa6dma,paspd6omeau u paspa6omean.
3naqxreles e 6polr na arqeHruure gy6lert.r
r.inpu npee[r(cHure c:brr1ec_
TBI-iTEJ]H' IIMEHA OT M'I,X(KI.I
nodudc,
npiaos" ,p"uar,':;;:"": :;':,:r::,':f:"? : i::;:,' :;!:;::::
npeudc, sdnac u sandc, ddcmrn u docnin, pdpspu"
^ porpuu (rx. $ 146).
llpll Henponrno4HrrecbrrlecrBHTeJrHH HMeHa6porr ua-arqeHrnure
J'rerue MarrbK: d6ed _ o6il, 6pdaa _ 6paed, 4y6_
aidi _ aedd, icxpa - ucxpd,
suun - saui, p)da - pydd, cmpixa cmpexd. CpaauurerrHo rro-foJr{M e
TexHr.rrT6pofi npu cr,tUecTBHTeJIHHTe hMeHaor cpeAeHpo1: 6uHo _ auttd,
t1a-ryo s,r1m6,ziprto, :tz,ptrit,
,rixo -,turco,nrn;*o _in"tro, o./to6o- o"4oao,
ueto - 4e,10.
AKr.leHTHl.lBapr4alrr.t
a 6r:rrapcrN.are3HKce AonycKarr.trrpr,r
3aerr.tlyMrl:
aKponon - axpondt, edueu
napax,ric,xdxmap-xexmdp,-*:,:::,?-T::fi,ii;l'::i::,:::ui::i:o
6u, $ipedne - Qepedxi, rciuxu - rctrtxtt.
Aruesrlru Bapkarrrrrce AonycKar
lr npx HqKorlrpavaruvxn
$oplrr,r:
a) npt,tqneHyBaHu$opvlr r.r
$oplrn 3a MuoxecrBerroq[cno Ha eaHocpnq-
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m w xttto,4?,nt,
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u r)xo6dee, zpow _ zpdurceen
?poutoae., poe pdzote u pozdae, dyx - dj,xoae^
dyro,ua,,tu1 - ttlHro3eu
u u r t o a e( n x . { 1 3 6 , I 3 7 ) ;
6) npn $opnrn 3a MHoxecrBelroqncr,roHa cburecrBnTeJrHr.r
r.rMeHaor cpe-
.qeHpoA, o6pa:ynaHnc xacrat
,-",i no ni, t)ou,",;; ;,-:::,-
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, Lpr.toprfi 6e: npegcrarrH
(uedei) xbdu u xodir, (ue uoza) nica
u nucr),lpicna u lpocrui, udxa u ,nxd,
efuda u z,ledd.
Br':voxHu cau cryqa., xoraro BapHaHTeH
, H3roBop r.rMal.HeocHoBrr'Te
OopMH Ha r.rMeHara,a caMo Hrl rlopvr,:zu,ir' uosuitt
u s,+tuit,
xd,tocer,no,dnor,,uTf,)ii!rio'o^"^'""ur
$ 157. ArqeHruxre xo:re6aas.sca Hexr6exHo .rs-trertrreB e3rrKa_ pe3y:rrar
or pa3Brrrxero Ha axeqltrHara My cncreMa.
Te cnoltarat npoMeHr.{TeB aK_
qeHTHara cucreMa ,{a ce H3B6puar
6agHo fi nocreneHHo.
f,aHa qacT oT ayMHTe C .UBOTKO y,qapeHr.reorpaHI-ltraBaT
pa3flpocTpaHeHH_
ero cr.rH nocreneHHo orna.{ar or ynorpe6a.
[uec He ce npn"t'ru au uuorun_

2t1
TeHlr3roBop'brHa npotoz r.aro npo,toz,aa uou)p xato uouyp, sa o6emdeau
xaro o6emoedu,sa ueddcmuz xaro tedocm z, ua $ypitn Karo fiiputt tr Ap.
EslrxosaranpaKTrrxao6a.{eHaroxu HoBHBapHaHTr.r, xato xidercc u xoddxc,
tdneuxau teniuna, )ueu u yudu u np.
flpn no-ror.ava qacr or aKUeHTHure Bapt.IaHTn,rlrnceao6rqoycraHoBeHa
cou[anHH u npoQecnoxa.rnaorpaHnqeHocra ynorpe6ara uu. flpu urxoN
aKqeHTHH BapHaHTfi o6aue rapaauruurr H3roBope cBT,p3aH c rfynrqt.roual-
HVpa3nv.urs.OyHxqroHarxo-crHJrlrcrr.rqecxa o6yc.nosenocr,6e: ,qace npo-
MeHt cMltcr,JllT Ha.qyMHTe,hMa lr3roBoptr na uz,tcecmed u ui:trecmao,
npdtfun n npoQit,t, zocnotrcuu eocnotrci, nepiod u nepudd u Ap. O6t,r(Ho-
BeHoeAuHrlrr or re3u BaprraHTH e o6uonpuer, a.qpyrn,rr e cac courlaJlnr.r
uru npoQecnouaJrHo orpaHHqeHa ynorpe6a. C6BpeMeHHara KHuxoBHaHop-
Ma B TaK Ba cryuan, 6e: Aa orrpeaenregHHor BapHaHTr{Te 3a HerrpaBrlJreH
HJrl,H3JrHureH,e rrpuHyAeHa 1a ce c:so6pa:.raac Halr[qnero ua gsara $yHx-
uHoHarHo HaToBapelrl.rBapfiaHTa,qo MoMeHTa,KofaTo eAfiH oT Bapr{aHTaTe
ce HaJroxH HaA Apyr[r. (DyHxuxoHanHo-cTHrucrHrrecKare pai,rHq[g MexAy
aKTIeHTHHTe Bap[aHTK crroMarar 4a ce o6orarrr fi3pa3nltTeB]: MoxHocr[ Ha
e3r.{xa,xoraTo c Trx Moxe c},3HaTenHo,qace nocTHrHe B peqTa cTxnl{3arlllr.
B rqrou cnyqan Br3MoxHocrra AyMKTe Ia ce r43roBaptr c IBorKo yAa-
peRle ce H3non3Ba 3a cMtjcrroBagxQepeuqnaqnr - Koraro l,r36op'brHa yAa-
peHr.reroe cB'bp3ancr,c 3HaqeH[ero Ha AyMara. Hanp, cd,tttu4a u cutrti4a,
im6op (or6upaue) u om6op (tfyr6o:reH o16op), :da em s 3a6Am, iue uyeitt.
lpavarnuecra qenecbo6pa3Hocr MoruBr.rpaaBorKHr r.r3foBopx ua Sopvlrre
3a MrHa;ro cBlprtreHo BpeMe nptr HrKoH r,'rarorr,r: xddu (3 nwue cerarJHo
BpeMe) xodi (3 tnue M[HaJro cBbpueHo apeve).
3asucr,rvocrra Ha y,qapeHuero or 3HaqeHuero Ha AyMara n 3acxirBaHero
H a p o r r r a M y 3 a o n o 3 H a a a H eH r c , r o a o Q o p v a r e B p e q r a c e l f n o ; r 3 B a r B e 3 u -
Ka caMo B orpaHrrqeHHcny'raD, Tr,i Karo ra3r{ Bp'b3Kae KparKoBpeMeHlra,t
H e c e c n a 3 B ao T f o B o p e u l H T e .

218
 PEAYBAHE HA OOHEMI,I

AJIOOOHHO II OOHEMHO PEtrYBAHE

$ 158. B rroroxa Ha peqra 3ByKoBere ce cBlp3Bar B cpr.iqxrr,a cplrr{Kr.rre

B rro-roJreMr.lQoHernvull I cMHcJroBheAHHHTIT{ _ )lyMrl v c\.aeraHufl or
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opfaHrr, a B Apyr14 oT noJroxeHHeTOHa 3ByKOBeTeB CpHq(aTa n gyvrara.
B
Ay'.llara zpad Hanp Mep rnacHara r$oueua [a] B 3aBrlcHMoc.r. or rroJroxeHr.r-
ero i cnp.nvo y.qapeHHeroata $opvnre zpudt m, zpadoee ce peaJTr.t3rrpa
h3_
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) z zpadim ra raro [e] z zpadoei. F.n-
HoBpeMeHHoc rar npoMrHa Kpaec;roBHarac,r,rracHa
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cr,c c'brJracHara [a] r c_rroroQopvwre zpadt,m, zpadoee. B:annuo.ro
catp:_
BaHeHa 3ByKoBere o6yclanl trpoMrHara a Mrcroro Ha yqJreHeHr4ero
la an_
tseoAeHTaJrHara ctr:racHa [x] n no:nqu.a npeA Benaprrara cbr;racHa
[x] r, ly_
vartt 6arma lr H3roBopa i raro ne,rapua lrocoBa ctrracHa _
[6nIKa]. [plr
r..r3foBopaHa ayMara n)KpuBKo 3ByqHara cr,fjracHa
[a] (cpt. noKpueuM) ce
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LnoKp14QKal.
Pa:rlexgaiirl re3rl [poMeHH Ha 3ByxoBere a cBbp3aHa peq, Moxe
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ABa pa3Jr!t{HI_{Tnna.
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voprfeva n.nlr:a, ce ocbruecrBrBa B peqra c6c cBoH Bapr.raHTK (xov6r.rnarop_
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Ha tsapuarlruTe ca
o6yc"uoaenu or noroxeH[ero HM B nyMara _ Haqa;ro, xpafi,
vacro tro orlto_
[eHue Ha yAapeHHero I o6rpr,xeuuero Ha c6ce,qnr{Te3ByKoBe.
B pety:n.ar
ua vogl$r.rraqnl ntl3r-rquoHHHTe BaprlaHTriHa elHa r..tcr,qa (roue va, xoraro
ce HaMupar B orltotrreHue Ha ,qoflb;rHr.rre;rHa Arrcrptr6yqlrr, ce 3aMeHqr e.qr.rH
c gpyr. Taxr,t xaparoep rMa Hatpr{Mep 3aMrHara
[a] _ ["] _ [al n zpur)
cpadz,m- zpadoee. Bapnaurrre Ha r,racuara
[a] u "or, ary"uii ,uBrcrr caMo
or noJroxeHHero tra rJracHara crrprMo yAapeHrero:
[rpdr _ fp^riT,
rpanordl.

219
 B3auvnara 3aM.rrHa Ha BaplaHTHTeHa e,uHarponeva r :aauclrvocr or $o-
HeruqHoro o6xprxexue ce onpeAenq Karo pe.qyBaHe Ha Bapr.taHTr.r rrJrr4
aroqroHHo peAyBaHe.
flo:nquosHo o6yc,roneHoro peAyBaHe Ha BapHaHTHHTeHa eAHa H cbrrla
(roneva ne ce car,p3BacaMo H BHHarlrc eAHaH c'btua rraop$eva. A,'rorfonunre
peayBaHHr ce peaJrg3upaT3aKoHoMepHo aBToMaTr.rqrro KaKToB earra n ca-
rqa vop$eva, TaKa fi B pa3nHqHH voptlevu, at<o ca HanHrIe cborBerHr.rre
$oneruvun yc.lroBHr, Kor.rronopaxnar a:venesxero.Tara xanpnvep QoHe-
rr.rara[H] npe.q rracHa [a] r gyvara uapod ce ocbrqecTBrBa c ocHoBHllr cr{
Bapxarlr, a B lyMara 6auxa npeg car;racHara [c] c no:nquoHnnfl cH Bapr.raHT
- 3a,qHoe3nqHo(aerapHo)
lq), a z ousu c npoxonHr.rr cr{ BapraHr [v]. OoHe-
TuqHnre ycnoRl4t, B KollTo nonaaa c,l,rlracHara [n], $ouerr.rvuoro KaqecrBo
H .quQepeHunarHHTenpr{3Hauu ua o6rpr,xaaaulure r $ouevn oQopvlr s:a-
nMHara no3urlHoHHa3aMrHa Ha Bap aHrrre Ha cr,uracHara: tH] - [rt] - [v].
fio-gpyr xapar(rep HMa pe,qyBaHero[a - $] ar,r rfoaert.rHar.a crpyKTypa
Ha.qyMrre noKpuaav, noKpul, noKpusKa, o6paryeauu or eAHa H ct,rr1aKo-
penora vopQeva. B lyMlrre ce pelyBar ABe orAerHH tfoxeuu [s] n [rf] raro
pe3ynrar or ofpaHuqeHr.rr n ynorpe6ara nM r.ror ycrarroBeHlTe HopMH 3a
npor.r3HorueHueHa ayMr{Te B cbBpeMeHHr{r6r,,rrapcrn e3r.rK:3ByqHara cr'r-
racrra [n] B noKpuBKa ce 3aMeHr cr,c cr,orBerHara i 6e:soyvrra [<fr] u rpal
r r a A y M a r a I n d x p n r f ] r . rB n o 3 H r I r { r n p e , 4 6 e : : s y v n a r a c r , r , r a c n a I x ] r
[norpi{ra]. Ta:u no:uqlronHa 3aMrHa Ha c'brracHl,tTeofipe,I1enrI pa3nu!t-
lrrre 3ByKoBr.rcrol'rnocrn Ha 6yxaara a.
B : a x v s a r a 3 a K o u o M e p r r a3 a M r H a H a e A H aO o H e M ac , q p y r a d o u e v a n , r n
cr,rreralr e or Qouewu B KopeHa H;rrr ocnoBara r{a eAHa AyMa ce onpeAeJrr
K a r o p e A y B a r r e r r a Q o r r e M l | H I I H a r re p H a u r r .
<Douevure, KoHTo ce pe,qyBar B 3ByKoBctcraB Ha eAHa H c'bula vop(tewa
( K o p e l , o c H o B a ,n p e A c r a B x a ,H a c r a B K a ,o K o H . r a r r s e )n, o n p a : , t u . r u u H e i i r r r . l
a r o v o p $ u , c e o n p e A e ; r r r K a r o p e . q y B a u l H c e n o M e x . q yc n $ o u e v n u , r u
arTepHarH.
Pa:lurara MexAy nt pBHr run pe,qyBaHrrr,Koraro ce 3aMeHrr B3ar,rMrro
a:roQoHr ua egua rlouevaj r.rBTopHr rHrr Qouevuure peIyBaH[{ e Br,B
B'L3Moxltocrra 3ByKoBsre elllHurrg, r.e. rlouelrrre, Ar. ce oybxlecrBrBar.
h a,[sara cnyqar peayBaHero e rpe,qn3BtrKanoor o6rpr,xeHr,rero, Ho nprz
a,rorloxuoro peAyBaHerbxlecraoro Ha vop$evure Hr,rKorale oe Hapyrxa-
sa. 3avsHara Ha Bapr{aHTaua cbr:racnara [rr] c aapNaxra [r1] He pa:rpalN-
qaBa cMrrcJroBoApyfa MopQeMa. Maxap ve ce pe4yBar B rpaHurlara Ha eAHa
vopQeva, [s] t IQ] He Morar ,qa 6'b,qar orax.qecrBeHr.l Karo Bapr.raHTH Ha
e,qHa$oHeva, rri raro B Apyrfi c,r]yqaH,T.e. B cHJrHano3nrlrln, K.blero 3a-
MqHara He e npeIu3BHKaHa or cloHeruvuoro o6xptxeaue, xaro eup - Qap,
Tr,xnecrBoro na vopdlevare ce HapyuaBa or fiporHBonocran.rnero na ttlo-

220
 Ho;roruqecKr.rcaMocro.srerHr.rre elllnltuu [s] u [0]. Ha $ouevno paBH[rrle
a,ro$ouuoro peAyBaHee HyneBo, rril xaro ce 3aMeHrr B3a[MHo caMo Bapr{-
aHTHHa eIHa u c:lrqa Soueva, a He orAe,rHL $ouevu. flpu $oueunoro pe-
AyBaHece peAyBar BlrHaru pa3rrquu $oueun, a xe aloQorru Ha enHa rr caua
QoHeMa.
llpoueHure, Kor-rroHacraBar c6c 3ByKoBere B cBGp3aHapeq, He npeqar
AyMlrre Aa ce B:b3npr.teMarKaro crporo ycraHoBeHHeoxerlrvHn n cMr.rclroBl
urJrocrn B e:ura.,{yvure ce B}3npoH3Bexlar H ce Bb3npueMar cJryxoBo
KaTOCBLp3aHHnOCreAOBaTeJrHOCTlr OT 3ByXOBeH CpHqr([, HO Ce OC'r,3HaBaT
B perrra Karo 3HaqrrMHeAr.rHHrIH He caMo no cGcraBrrlnTe rn Souernvnn
eJreMeHTn.I,lcropuvecxt ycraHoBeHara ll o6uqonpuera BpR3KaMexAy 3By-
ronara tfopva Ha lyMara ll vop$evara ocuryprBa rrxHoro pa3rro3HaBaHe
X C M I - I C J I O B A T AH M U ' J I O C T B C 3 H X A .

3BYKOBII TIPOMEHI,I

$ 159. B ocHoBara KaKro Ha a,ro$oHHnre, raKa H Ha Qonennnre pegyaa-

Hrlr crorr [poMerrHTe c.bc 3ByKoBere B noroKa Ha peqra. B :as[cfit4oct or
XAPAKTEPA II IPHTII,IHfiTC, KOHTOTK TIOPAX,qAT, 3BYKOBI{TE TIPOMEHIiCA ABA
R l I , [ a3: i l B H c H M n I { c r r o H T i l H H u ( r l n u a 6 c o , r r c r u r ,H e : a r u c n v l ) .
3asucr.tvr{re [poMeHn B noroKa Ha peqra ce AbJrxar Ha roBopHo-Morop_
lrtre llpeAcraBll 3a 3ByKoBereH 3Byl(oBHTexov6rxaqun v 3aBwcflTor rIoJIo-
xen[ero! Koero 3aeMar 3ByKoBere sr,r tpoHeruvuara crpyKTypa Ha nyMHTe
lr Mop(DeMr,rTe, r or rrrKor..t HanoxeHH or aprHKyraqltollHr.t,IMexaHH3,bMynec-
HerrrzrB yqreHHTe,rrrara pa6ora rra roBopHr.{TeopraHn. Te:u y;recHeHru ce
A'r,JrxarHa crpeMe xa K6M t-rxolroMHrI aprHKynaqrroHHarapa6ora n car,p_
3aHapeq 3ByKoBerena ce u3roBaplr c Hai-wl,rro yctrufl - x KT,MfiKoHoMrr_r
r r , ls p c M e a p r x K y n a n 1 4 o H H a rlae i s o c r l J T p a e n o - K p a r x o .
3Ryxotnre [poMeHx ca rou6unatopHn, Koraro ca pe3yJl.ra.ror r. rrap.
alrrrrlrrflaunr uJrrrH3npeBapBaHeHa yq,-reHeHrero.flopagn HarJracara Ha ap-
r x K y r a r l H o HH l r T e o p f a H r r 3 a H 3 r o B o p a l t a c ] , c e n H l l 3 8 y ( o B e H a r r p r , r M eopT
3Byr-IHux 6e::nyurrn ct,rtlacHH Il c brleralrlero re ce H3f oBaprr IIJIu caMo
(aro 3Byr.rHH! llJrlr caMo xaro 6e::nyvHu. Taxr,s xapaxrep r.tMarrpoMrHara Ha
cbrrracHara Ie] ert [r]l B,qyMara noKpuaKa InoxpiQra]. flpegaaptrelHara
Harlaca H.aroBopHHTe opraHlr 3a H3roaop Ha crrreraHrero
[nr], cr,craaeno
or 3ByqHau 6e::syuua cLr-iracHa,ce rd3BlpurBa,Karo rracu,qKlr.r.enpecraBar
Aa rpenrrr oule nplr yqneHeHrrero Ha 3ByqHara cbrJracHa [s]. B pe:y,rrar
A B e T eC L f n a c H HC e y e , q H a ( B t B a Tn o 3 B y r t l t o c T .
3ryronure [poMe]rr ca n03rIuHoHHri,Kofaro ca o6yc,ronetrt or noJloxe_
Hnero, Koero 3aeMa 38yKr,TB lyt\rara. Ilpuvunara :a o6e::nyvaaauero, T.c.
npoMtHara Ha 3ByqrraTac,bfJtacHaB xpaec,rroBHeTo, B cJlyqall KaTo noKpus

221
Indxpnr[], opuz lopicl, zpad [rpar) e orcra6eaHeHaaprr{KynaqtaoHHaracn-
na B KpagHa AyMaTa,nopa,ul KoeTof Jracr{jrKlrTenpecTaBaTaa yqacTBaTrrplr
yqJreHeHLIeTo Ha cT,rJIacHHTe.
Crpeuexrr 3By(oBere ,qace r{3roBaprr B paMr([Te Ha cpuqKara, ayMara
r.r cJroBocttleraH tra c Hafi-Marxo ycnJrrre u lary6a na ncnxo-Qtt:uvecxa
eHepffig npeALr3BHKBa n Monr.rQHKauHgraHa 3ByKoBHTer{ cb3naBa rexHr.{Te
rov6uuaropHn r no3trInoHHr{ BaprraHTH.3a ga ce cnecrrr aprr.rxynaqlroH-
HrrTeaBHxeHHr r{ apTr.rxyrauHoHHoBpeMe, ABa 3ByKa, cTorrr(I4B Henocpe,q-
crneua 6ru:ocr, ce yenHarBrBar no Mrcro r.t;ruHar{r.rH ua yu,reueulre,6e: ga
:ary6rr ocuorxlrre cs xaqecrBa. Cr,rlacsara [l] nanpnuep trpeA npentltaTe
rracHH [e, u] ce na:rararu:vpa'. noa, uo zea [e$]. Cr,r.nacsara [v] npeg
n p o x o n H a c 6 r r a c H a c e y q J r e H r B ar r p o x o l H o : r n u a , a o u u u f i a I H u m $ a ] . P a : -
Hoo6pa:Hure no3Hur.ionHHBapuaHTrzxa QoHevtre ce,q.bJrxar Ha pa3nlrr{Ho-
ro s:anvogeiicrBr..re Ha yrueHnre,'rgure ABHxeHnq npH TexHnfl lr:rosop. Ou-
3rro;lor'rqecK o6ycnoBeHnTe rrpoMetru cbc 3ByKoBere B pe.reBltfl rroroK ca
c B b p 3 a H su c l , c 3 a K o H o M e p H o c r tB t B Q y H r u n o u H p a n e r ou a $ o u e r r , r u a r a cnc-
TeMa Ha e3[Ka H 3aroBa Morar Aa 6tgar par,rltvtll I oTIeJIHI-ITee3l.Iut,t.
3eyroalrre [poMeHrr Bb3HHKBarrroHrxora x no Apyrlt npllvuuu. Ocaeu
apTuKynaqnoHHllr MexaHH3l,M3HaqeHr{e{MaT OrIIe KaKTOCOUUaJTHH r] Kyn-
TypHo-rronHTHqecrr tlaxropn, TaKa H npoMellrTe B JreKcr{Ka;rHlrt c.bcraB na
erHxa.,{a ce HaMepu roqeH r.rnt,leH orroBop Ha rrpnqnnr{Te 3a 3ByKoalrre
npoMeHH B'r,B BceKfi KoHKpereHc,ryqaii e Bce oqe rpyAHa 3aAaqa.
Ilpegaapnrelgara Har;raca l{a roBopHr..rre opraHH c rlen a ce ynecHH cBr,p-
3arrlrqTH3foBop Ha 3ByKoBeTeB ToKa Ha peqTa He e yHl{BepcanHan r.IMaoT-
uocr.rreJreHxapaKTep. Tr rre ce npu"rraraBbB BcllqKrl cny.r^alau BaB Bcr.{qKH
c 3 l r u r M e x a H r , r q e c r uT. a r a r r a n p H M e ps r , n $ p e r r c r a l e 3 H Ke B G 3 M o x e Hr . r 3 r . o -
a o p r a 3 B y q u [ c r , r r a c H u B K p a e c J ] o B f i e r oa, a 6 r , , r r a p c r u r e 3 H KT e c e t r p o -
MeHrr aBToMarHuHo a 6e::ayvHlr. Xapaxrepxure lr o6ulu ra Bclr.rKu,KoHTo
l o B o p r r A a A e He 3 r l K ,3 a K o H o M e p H o c r ua x o v 6 u H a r o p a u r e [ p o M e H 1 4H a 3 8 y -
xonere o6pa:yaar ecrecrBeltrTe yqreHr.rrenHlr HaB[rutl, [o Kot ro ce cB,bp3-
B a r H e c 6 3 H a r e J t H3oB y K o B e r eB c . t o x H H Q o x e r t v t u u r J r o c r l .
CnortraHHnre npoMeHH ce x3BlprtrBar He3aBHcr.rMo or noJloxeHr.rero Ha
3ByKoBere B AyMHTe r uop$evure. Te ue ca pe:y,rrar or ycraHoBeur.r3aKo-
lroMepHocTfi B H3foBopa Ha 3ByKOCbqCTaIil-lqTa, a oT BbTpe[tHI.rTe3aKoHo-
MepHocrr.i,rro KoHTo ce pa3BuBaH npoMeHr 3ByKoBaracr{creMa, Karo cnou-
TaHHa npoMsua oT clBpeMeHHo rJIeaKUle Moxe Aa ce onpeAejrx HanpHMep
3aMrHara lra ABere crapobr,"lrapcxu r,'racHr.N [o ] l n [ €] n [r'] u [e]:4Ns's >
d2,6, 3art > sem.
Cnonrannure npoMeHH 3acsrar,qaAeH 3ByK Br,B BcHqKltclryqau or Hero-
aara ynorpe6a He3aBrcrlMo or Qoxeruvuoro o6(p.bxeHxe. Cnonrauulrre
rrpoMeHx ca a6colrorHr u 3a,qr,Jrxr.rre;rHu, flpovluara na cr6. r:lacHa'u s

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Hanr{qe or cr,BpeMeHHo rne,q}rrue o6ycnoBeHo e: anrvroaeficrsHe Mexlly
yrrorpe6ara Ha crapo6'bnrapcKHTe rJracHr.r'LtH rr H noJroxeHxero r{M cnprMo
sao6uxairsulHre rn 38yKoBe.
Tepvnnr,r cnoHTaHHa3By(oBa npoM.{Ha rpx6aa .qa ce npr{eMe ycnoBHo,
Tr,i (aTo npgqnHr.ITe,(ol.rro ca [pe,qH3Br{Kanr{ To3r.rpo,q npoMeHr.r,or caBpe-
MeHHarJreAHaroqKa He Br{HarH ca tcnfi. B cbBpeMeHHHr e3r.IKca Ha:ruue
caMo KpaiHlre pe3ynrarr.r Ha cnoHTaHHrrrenpoMeHr - 3aMrHara Ha e,qnH
3ByKc Apyr. B naqa:rnfi.seran or r.r3BtprxBaHerorlM cnoHTaHHrire npoMeHlt
ca 6r,tu cr,r4o rov6uHaropulr u apruKyraunoHHo MorHBKpaHH.Taxa uanpu-
Mep nanaranu3arluara Ha [x, r, x] n [v, x, ur] ce e n3Br,ptrrBaranpu onpeAe-
reHH yc.rloBu.s npeA npenHa uacHa r.r,ru[fi].
Cnonrasnnre 3ByxoBn npoMeHH cr,uJo cb3AaBar xapaKTepHn or;lr.rKr.lB
3ByKoBaracr.{creMaHa Aa,qeHerrx. TexHure HacoKr.rl petynraru B orAelrHr.t
cpo,[HHe3Hur.rqecTo ca pa3nHqHH.
B:asucul'{ocr or pe3yJrrarr.rre,Ao KoHToBo.qrlr,3ByKoBr.trenpoMeHH Mo-
rar Aa 6r,Aar: a) npoweun, KolrTo npe,qn3BlrKBarr{3MeHeHHrB KaqecrBoro
Ha 3ByKOBeTe aCHMrrraUHr,AHCTMI-lraUKq,IIanaTanr.r3aunt,Bejrapr.{3au[s,
pe,[yKrlr.rrH Ap.; 6) npoMeHHcrc 3ByxoBereKaro urro - r.i3naAaHe (enu:na),
npeMflTaHe(MeTaTe3a),xanjroJrorHr r..rAp.l B) npoMeHH, Kor.rToBoArrTAo norBaTa
Ha HOBH3ByKOBe eneHTe3a,npoTe3a,CBpbXCTapaTenHOsT, aH:UrOr[r tI Ap.
<Douernqunre rlpoMeHr.rca pe3ynrar or pa3Brlrrlero Ha e3r{KaH or Henpe-
KT,cHarHscrpeMex,qa ce y,;recHltaprr.rxynaqrtra Ha 3ByKoBere. He sc[qr
npoMeHH, KouTo HacTaBaTcbc 3ByKoBeTeB cBtp3aHa peq, ce HaJrafaTKaTo
HopMa B e3uKa. Hrrou vo4u$uxaqxu rr rrpoMeHfi tta 3ByKoBerece B.b3npr.{e-
MaT B 1-OBOpHaTa rrpaKTHKatllt Ce AOrryCKaT OTnpaBOfoBopHr{TeHopMI-lKaTo
IIO-eCTeCTBeHH, XXBn H pa3fOBOpI{HB CpaBHeHI{eC nO-Tpannqr{oHHI-ITe, noA-
AtpxaHrl n3KycrBeHo or rpaQuxara H rrpaBorrI-rca (cpn. npaaonucuo y3aro-
HeHItTeIIIOABJI 'HTe Ita H3fOBOpaHM IIpOMeH[ KaTOryICHA< nycmHa, c?,p\e
< ctpd4e, ieicmea < deicmayaa); ,qpyru npe.qcraBJ'rrBarBpeMeHHH,orpa-
HHqeH[ uJrr.r,IHAnBHAyanHu[poMeHr.{, Kor.rroHe ce np[eMar sceo6qo lt :a-
xoHoMepHo B peqra Ha BcrqKu, Kor.troroBoprr e3!rKa.Illrcuerrara $opva rra
e 3 r . r KH
a e o r p a 3 r B a B H H a r up a 3 B o f r H H Tree l { ) l e H q H uB H 3 r o B o p a .T s c e v e r r u
n o - 6 a s H ol e r o - K o H c e p B a r H B H a .
3ryroanre npoveHr.r B e3HKaca orpaHlrqeHKno run t-rxapaKTep, rri ra.ro
HeorpaHxqeHoro fiM H3BbptrrBaHe 6n napyurn,ro e,qHaor BaxHHTexapaKTep-
xu oco6euocrn Ha e3r.rKa HeroBoro eAKHcrBo r,rpa36I{DaeMocr.

223
 3BYKOBII 3AKOHI{

$ 160, Ilpovennre cac 3ByKoBere, KoHTo HMar 3aKolroMepeHxaparTep,

ceHapnqar3 B y K o B r.r (Qoueruvnr.r) 3 a K o H H . Karo:nyron garoH s 6.r,r-
rapcKu.s e3utt Moxe Aa ce onpeAeJrr..t HanprrMepo6e33ByqaBaHeroHa 3By{Hrl-
Te cGfJIacHltB Kpar Ha ,{yMaTa, 3a[.toTo npoMrHaTa ce r{3Br,puBa npn cTpofo
onpe,qe:reHuycnoBr..trH e pe3yJrrar or onpe,EeteHrlnptrqnHn. 3arououepeH
xapaKTep HMa u BMrKBaHero Ha rracHa [r] n xpaec,roerin cttleraHll, or lrly_
MoBa ri coHopHa ctrracHa: do6pu, no do6tp, xocuu, Ho RocbM.
3a Sonernvnn 3aroHu B e3HKa ce roBoprr ycnoBno r,rcaMo B cJryqar.rre,
(ofaTo orrpeAejreHa38yKOBanpoMrHa ce 'r3Bl,ptrrBa[ocJIeaoBaTeJ]HO
u 3a_
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npnqrrHH.
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fla,qcu :nyron :arou geiicraa caMo B onpe,qeJreHrrepHoAor [cropuirecKoro
pa3Br.rrneHa e3HKa.flpov.nHara Ha 3aAHoe3HqHr,rre cbr,,lacHl, g ue6Hr.rnpe,[
InpeAHurnacHr..t(npat< xpate, 6oe 6oace, cmoMax - cmoJ,/rarueHlrpeciaBa
Aa neiicrra B onpeleJreH nepuo! or pa3BHTnero Ha e3HKa,TaKa qe alrec B
6rrrapcrHr e3HKca Bb3MoxHH c.br{eranxrra [re, re, xe] 6e: npovlxa. Or_
paHtr.reHocrra na rpouernvxu.r 3aKoHrro BpeMe AaBa Br'3Moxnocr B e3riKa
Jra
j(etcrBar rrpe3 onpeAeJreHnepnoA pa3nnr{Hr.r 3aKoHr{.B :aancuvocr or rosa
3 B y K o a x r e 3 a K o H Hc a c b B p e M e l r H H H u c r o p r t q e c x n . K o r a r o
oAnlr (pouernrleu 3aKoHnpecraHe.qa Aet-tcrBa,rofi crata xcrop qecKu.
3lyroaure 3aKorrl-tca orpaHHqeHHr.rrlo Mrcro, r.e. no o6xsara Ha e3HKo_
Bara reprropl.lrt Ha xorro ce npo.sn.rgarr.rAeiicraar. B gualexrr{Te Ha
AaAeH
e3 l( MOfaT Aa CbUeCTByBaT3aKOHOMepHOCTr.r, KOHTOnO pa3jlr.tqeHHaql.rH.qa
lracoqBar fi Ia onpeAenrr pa3BlrTuero Ha.qaneHo
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or pa3npocrpaneHr.le la .qaleHa 3ByKoBa3aKoHoMepuocr
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$ l6l. Ilo cBor xapaKrep r{ no Mrcroro, Koero 3aeMar or,a Sono,rornv-

Irara cucreMa Ha e3ur(a, $ouevHlrre peIyBaHU, ca nBa ocHoaHr.rrlrga: r| o _
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.qyBaruHTece fJracHH$oxevu, raKa qe peAyBaHero [a - o - l.t - o] ne voxe
aa 6rae o6ycroseno or $oHetuvuara no3l.tulrt B cnoBoQopMI.{Te.
I4cropnvecxnre peAyBaHnt ca Br,3HI{KHaJII.r tlpe3 onpeAeneH eran or pa3-
BHTHeTOHa e3HKaB MHHaJTOTO Br'B Bp1,3KaC.4efiCTBnerOHa rOVbnnarOpHr
r3MeHeH[q H Ca 6VtLt O6yCnOBeHr.{ Or AefiCreHeto Ha QoHeruqHI4 3aKoHx.
flo-sararrx B pa3Boq SoHernvHure 3aKoHoMepHocrn ca:ary6nrn cno.ara
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Il3qe3HaJlrjcre,unTe or rtxHorogeficrgae. ,{oro-nroro yc;IoBI-Itra, KoHTo ca
npeAr.r3BHXanI-l peAyBaHnqra, ca 6nr]r eaHaxsH3a eAHn r{nHApyr}r fpaMarHq-
Hn (bopMH unH cnoBoo6pa3yBarelIHI.ITHrIoBe,HcropHt{ecKI.lTepeayaaHl{t ca
I]onyq,Inll onpeAeJ]eHr.r QyHKLUI, craHaJIH ca cpeAcrBo 3a pa3JIHqaBaHeHa
rpaMar[qHn Kareroplrn H $opvlr u $oxernvun orJrr.rKt,t Ha or.[eJ]Hr.rKarero-
plru,qyMH n c:roaoo6pa:yeareJrHu rlrnoBe. Hanpuvep peayBaHero [x - q] e
xapaKTepHo 3a clulecTBr{TejrHr..r HMeHaoT Mr,xKK po,q, KoI.rTo3aB6plxBa'r Ha
(yuertux - yuertu4u), aoxaro cBulecrBrrrejrHUre r.rMeHaor xeHcKr.rpoA Lr
lxl
rrpnnararerHr.rre npu ca rrrre ycnoBr.rrHe pe,qyBar (paectoBHo [r] c [q] sr'g
rfopvure 3a MHoxecrBeHo qucno. .uaixa -.uaixu, ,uhrbK - ItdltKu.
flplr lrcropn.recrfiTe peAyBaHr.rs 3aMrHara Ha eAHaSoueua c gpyra r pav-
KfiTe Ha e,{Ha r.r c'bu.{aayMa ujlr.r vop$eua ce }r38T,puBa noa BnurHBe Ha
rpaMarnqHr.rre oKoHqaHr.irrzc:rosoo6pa:yrare,rHHTe aSlrrcu. Pegyaanero Ix
- uf v uayrca - yqeH e pe3ynrar or Bpr,3Kara Ha KopeHJr'ta-cbc cne,qBaulu.s

226
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IHerlrHo rneAnrle ce npeAn3Br.tr(BaHe enr.rHcrBeHonoA BJrIlrIHr.re
ua $oneruv-
HHTeKaqecrBeHr.roco6enocru Ha rracHara [e] u cr,rracuara
[u], a nog e.:rlr_
qHue Ha HacraBKara -en.lloao6uo pe1yBaHe e xapaKTepuo v
3a ctltx _ cA4e_
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qe 3aMrHara ue e 6u:ra H3onupaHa, a 3axoHoMepHa,tle ctBrraAa
no pa3npe_
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Ha KotTo ce rloAqllHtBar no aHaJIofHt l-.IcB3AaIeH[Te HoBl{ h 3a€TI.IIvMIl B
JIEKCHKAJIHTI' C'bCTAB HA C'}HKA
3a pa:.nnra or QonernvHo o6yclotexure (noruqnontnre) pe.qyBaH14,
np HcToprqecxHTe e no-TpyaHo.[a ce onpeaerH nocoKaTa Ha peayBaHeTo,
TTt (aro qr'reHoBereHa peAyBarIHTe ce SoHevn [jII{ aJrrepHaHTHHe Morar
ga 6T,,qarnpeAcKa3aHuQoxernvuo Br,B Bcexll KoHKpereHcly.rail or geiicr_
BBero lra BAAt4Mria cBBpeMeHHt QoHeruvxl.r 3aKoHoMepHocrl.t,Hanp. rlpl,l
mexa . mox, 6epa c6op,,ten - toi.
Ilocorara Ha eAHo r.tcropuqecKopeayBaHe ce B.l3craHoBrBaor r.t3cJteaBa_
qa nprl ofl[caHr.te Ha 3ByKoBHTerrpoMeHr.lB e3llKa no pa3;ruqeH
HaVUH,rtii
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Morar Aa r no.qKpenrr. B noaeqero cnyqaq BlnpeKx rpyAHocruTe.qa ce orr_
pe/xeJru3a BCeKUaITepHaHT CnlHa n c,ra6a no3rlrlnl r_tcTop[qecxliTepeAy_
BaHHgno38OJItBaTIa Ce yCTaHOBHfpaMaTI_IqHO I,iJIHIeKCHKaJTHOIIOCOKaTa l-t
cr,orHorueHr..rrraMex(Ay peayBautnre ce
$oHeun. Hanpr.ruep npn o6pa:yna_
He IIa HeCBLp[eHH OT CBbpUeHn rJlafojl]t, KaTo qema npoqumaM, c,4ot<:a
cnu?uM, pel\yRaLt\I-lTe ce KopeHoBHr,racHlr Ir, a] ca aropuvulr B cpaBHeHre
c rJracHxre [e, o]. Cr,orHoureHHero MexAy npoH3BoAHall Henpou3BoAHaoc_
HoBa rrpr4 cloaoo6pa:ynaHero B cnyqan Karo pbKa _ pbqeH, pb\Ka c\u\o
noIcKa3Ba rrpou3BoAHltr anTepHaHTB peAyBaHeTo.
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ca Bb3HHKHarrzoure Ha npacJIaBrHc(a ocHoBa H cB.bp3Bar6llrapcrax e:rr
o ApyfH cnaBrHcK[ e3Hrlt.t:cpB. neKa neleLu, pyc. neKy negel.tb; meKa
mettelu, pyc. meKy meyeab; aoiHuK - BoitHu4u, tel.ll. vojak _ vojaci; pz,xa
- pb4e - pbuKa, yel.:l. ruka ruce ruika. [pyru ca or no_KacHa erloxa ]r
rrpencraBrrBar rHnHqHo 66nrapcKo pa3Btrr.re. Xaparrepnrlre :a 6r,:rrapc_
Ku.se3 K crqeraHr.rr [rlrr, xg] HarrplMep ca no;ryr{eHr,rB onpeAeJreHltc:ryqau
Karo u3MeHeHr{eHa ctrJracHrrre [r, g] npeg fiora (): Kbm _ Kbu1u,c6em)1o_
caet4, eoin - eoxd, npela - npexda.

227
 Oco6en nxg cpeg IrcroprrqecrnrepeAyBaHnrca pe,qynanrlxraxa Sonevu,
npe.qu3Br{Kann na Qoneruvno paBHHrrleor 3By(oBI,r:axonorrlepuocrra,gefic-
TBaJrrrKaro obyc.naraul Qarrop n onpeAeneHAHaJIeKT Ha e3r.rKa.Bt:npuern
e3fiK, TaKbB Br{A peAyBaHUt 3ana3BaT B enHU CJIJ rafi aBTOMa-
B THH)KOBHH-8
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ce 1onycrar u3KJrroqeHr.rr, KoHToHe fl3HcKBarQoHert-tqHa Morr,rBHpoBKa.
Taxra xapaxrep s crapeuexuux 6rnrapcxn e3rrKHMapeAyBaHero['a] - [e]
(raro sauecrnuqH B pa3nuqHuno3urIHnHa cr6. t). Muoro6poiHure u:x,rro-
qeHrrrflpn ToBape,qyBaHe HeaaBaTocHoBaHHe To aa ce onpeaenl.r BaBBcI.tqKIt
cJryqauKaro QoueruvHo,o6yc,roreHoor o6un r{ eAfiHHHyrlreHnrenHuHa-
snuu. OcseH ToBapeAyBaHeroe cBrp3aHoernMororfiqHo c npoMrHara Ha
onpeAeneuacrapo6rrrapcxa rJIacHar{ Heo6xsaua HacJ'IeaHr,rrIHTe HaApyrH
rnacHu. caBna.rIHaJIn no h3roBopc Her r partofi Ha e3HKa.
Marap ve ncropuqecKHTe pelyraxur xa QoHeMnHe3aBHcrror Qoueruv-
Hara no3lrqxr, Te ce r.r3yqaBar rr,a Qoxernrata, 3ar{oro ca cB.bp3aHH c npa-
BoroBopan cr,c 3ByxoBH,r crpoex Ha c,roroQopuNre.
OoueruqHo o6ycroreuure r,tcropHqecKuTe pe.qyBaHHr ce orlr[qaBar
noMexAy cu KaKTorro cBoHTeQyHxqtn, Taxa fi no xapaKTepaHa o6yc,rore-
Hocrra rrM Ha Aa.qeHerarr or pa3Bltrllero Ha e3rrKa.O6rqoro Mexny rtx e,
qe r,reAHrrTe, H,qpyrnTece n3BexnaTqpe3c.r,[ocTaBrHe Ha 3ByKoBeTe B Mop-
Qevu. Pa:lnvuara noMexAy HM ca B Halr[t{}teto Ha aceo6ula $oneruvua
o 6 y c n o B e H o c rH n p e A c x a 3 y e M o cnr p l e A H H T ef i J r u n c a r au a $ o H e r a u H a
o6yc.noreuocrnpu HcropHqecxurepeayBaHr.rr. Bre epr.:xa c roBa e H Apy-
rara pa3JlrrraMexAy rrx - tponeruvunre ca 3aAlJrxHTeJIHH ll rexHHTepe-
3yJrTaTU MOfaTAa Ce npeACKaXaT, HCTOpHqeCKHTe peAyBaHr.t{ aonycKaTr.t3-
KJrroqeHrrr, xouro u.avar QoHerHqHuo6.rcnennr,a no-cKopovopQolornvnn
x r.rcTopnqecKH.
B vHoro c.nyuau$oHerxuHo o6ycloleunre H HcropnqecKr.rre peAyBaHHq
ce npenJluTaT,HacrorBaTce eaHHB6pxy ApyfH, cB6p3BaTCe 3aeAHO, TaKa
qe B eAHanpoMsHaMoraT Aa ce oTKpt{rTpe3ynTaTH oT ABaTaTHnapeAyBa-
HHr, Kor.rroAa 3aTpyAHrrHetHara eAHo3HaqHa xapaKTepr.rcruKa.
I,I c'snpeveunnre, n HcropnqecKuTepe.qyBannrc€ pa3npocrparr{Barno
aHa;rorurlr o6xsaqar cr,c xlu 6e: r.I3KrroqeHr.r.{ q€rn lropQo.noruvnan clo-
roo6pa:orarernH KareropHH.Hcropu,recroro peayBaHeIr - :], roero e xa-
paKTepHo3a cbrqecrBHTe;rHr4Te uMeHaor MaxKn poA, Karo nod,toz - nod-
no3u, uepmoe- qepmo3u,o6xBar{a u uoeoo6pa:yraHr.rrKaro yHueepvaz -
yHuaepua3u.3arosa Hsxol, llcropnqecKupeAyBaHHtMorar .qace pa3rnex-
,[ar Karo aBToMar].rqHr,r, Ho ra vop$olorxqHo paBHHUIe.

228
 I,I:yvanauerota ucroprrqecKxrepe.qyBaHH, e Baxgo 3a e3{Kaor rJreAHrrIe
Ha rrxHara Bpb3Kac o6pa:yraHero Ha rpaMarr.trrHx rfopr,rnl.r onpe.qereHr.r
KaTefopHH AyMrr.
<DonevHnrepeAyBaHus3a pa3ruKa or
$:rercxrra u.nMarrpaMarr.rgHa3Ha-
.tNvocr. Te ca caMo 3allaJrxHTeltHopa3rr{q}rre;rHocpelcrBo npu o6pa:yra_
ue ua clororfopr,txre, cnoco6uo Aa ocHrypfi Heo6xo.qnvaraBbrperrrHa
rpa_
MarHqHa lufepenuuaunq u xnacusuxagut Baxsa por" ,rn"nn""u,
HeMHurepeAyBanurnpu orfopvxHe Ha rpaMarnqHrre ono3'rrlr.tH. 6o_
pe4ynaHe_
ro Ha {roHenaa[r] n 6pam c rra;rararHara
Qoneva [r,] ar,a $opuara :a
MHoxecrBeHotucno 6pamn [6pdr'a] e noKa3arelr3a rpaMaruqHo
nporrrBo-
nocraBqHe.PegytaHeroce r.r3noJr3Ba, 3a Aa ce pa3rpaHxvr.rSopvara:a uxo_
xecrBeHo uucsro6pamn or 6pofinara MHoxecrBeHa
Sopua 6pama. B cnpe_
xeHrrero Qouevnnre pe.qyBaHH,crroco6crBaruu no_"anoro
o{opurue ua
BpeMeHHHTe H BHAoBrrreono3uqnu.pegyaaHero[c _ ru] B ocHoBLl Ka.ronuc_a
- nuut-a e vopdolorNveu noKa3are:r
3a BpeMe,a pelyBaHero [e _ lr] r oc_
HoBlrKaro 6epa - xa1upau e noKa3are, Ha BxAoaoronpornBorrocraB{He.
IIpu clonoo6paayBaHeroQonelcrnre peIyBaHr.l,ce orKpHBar
Ha rDaHrr_
uara Mexry cloaoo6pa:otareJlHara ocHoBan c_,roooo6patoaarannur,
"ua_
TaBKa(!,rettuK- yuertuu-ecxu).14npr c_nonoo6pa3yBaHero peg yBalvrrraHs,-
var cavocrofiHo 3HaqeHHe, 3aroBae Bb3MoxHoAa orcacrBar nprl e.qltH[r
cibtucnoBoo6pa3oBare;reH tun _ pastoe _ pa3roteKu, woJlain4uz _ tratin-
uuzcKu.

229
 OOHETI{IIHO OEYCJIOBEHU PEAYBAHU,fl

PENYBAHE HA 3BYqHII II EE33BYqHI.T CT,T.,TACHI,I

$ 162. Penyaauero e e,qHoor ocHoBHI.IreKoHcoHaHTHLpegynannl l6r,l-

rapcKr{r e3I,rK.To e carp:aHo c o6e:rayvaraHero Ha 3BytIHI.ITeccrJlacHu B
(paq Ha ,qyMara H c perpec[BHara ac]IMI.InaqlIt rlo 3ByqHocr MexAy .qBec'b-
ceaHHrxyMoBH cr,rJracHIt.Tesr,rnpouenu o6ycJIaBtr 3aKoHoMepHocrtlre np14
peanr.r3au14rrana QouevNre H no3HIrl.loHHaraorpaHI{qeHocr II 3aa'bJIxIITeJI-
llocT Ha pe'IlyBaHero.
1. PegysaHe Ha 3ByriHHcr,rJracllu c 6e::nyuul't a xpaec:ronuero. 3ryvtta
c'brnacHa ce peayBa cbc caorBernara tr 6erreyvxa cbrlracHa B Kpaec;IoBl{ero
npea nay3a:

zpadz,m zpad [zpam] xy1uao - xy6ae [xy6a$]

xtySoee - xry6 [xtyn] apz?0se epaz [eparc]

Pe,qynaHero obxsaula BcHqKHruyMoBn cr'rracHlr, KoHTo yqacrBar B I(o-

penarrlBHoro npornBonocraBtHe rlo 3Byqrlocr 6es:ayvuocr: [6] - [n]:
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-- omped, usxodett - utxod; fxl - ll.:.rl:naitsaxu neituttc
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npeA cnoBHara rpaHllrra, ocaulecrBeHa qpe3 nay3a: dposdoee dposr)
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fr.;pocrl, zposdtm
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x4-lrr] geicrBar eAHoBpeMeHHoH .qBerenpaBI.L'Ia - oOe33ByqaBaHe a Kpaq
Ha .[vMara fi acuMHJ]auut,

230
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B (pa, Ha AyMara ce npe-
Ar.i3BrrKBa or tfoHeruvuata no3rquq H 3aroBa e no3rrlltoHHo
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B no3lrqx.[, s rolro xefiHara
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2. Pelysane na crrtracHn no 3ByrrHocr B cpeAucJroBHero.pegyoanero
Ha
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ayMaTa H B CpeAr.rcJroBrreTo e cBlp3aHO
c b c 3 a K O H 3a a p e f p e c H B H a T a a c n M H
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na uoptpelnrara rpaHnqa MexAy npeacraBra, 3aBrp[IBar{a Ha 6e33syqna
c'bfJracna,L cnelBaqa HaqaJIHa 3ryqHa cbrJlacHaoT KopeHa:omzne)rcdaM
[ogrrdx,qaM], om6uaa*t Ioa6iraaM],czpr6du [srp'inau] n np.
Aro n cpegnc.noBl.reroHa AyMara HMa rroBeqeor ,qBecBceAHI{rxyMoB}r
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c6em.ro, caflmxa ce, cpaM - 3pn4, cndaa - 3.44mo,xpue - zpau, trte6 -
uren, no?,ted- noKnaula.u,omnped- dpaz, nocte, dptnxa, ompetra, noD-
Heca,omtteca.
3a6enexxa.3a6r,,rrapcxrrc3r.rxexapa(TepHapeapecxBHaraacqMrraqrr.Clyrau
Ila nporpecuBra ac{Mr,qaqrrt Koraro yn0A06rBaueroce r]Brpl!Ba flor BJrrtflre lla npeJt-
xoaHara crrlractla) ce orxprBar Hai-.recro c'l,cc6rracHrrre[8, B'] I n03fiqrr cae.q6c::ey,{-
Il|xre c!rracHM Ir, c, x]: ceoi lcioi,1), msot lrooi], /rsap lroapf,xaata ce lx$at''t cel, xoau.p.u
fxrfaw"rauf, xooptau lxq\p:r'aul, omaop [orQop], coeac [cQeur], ozaec [or$ec]. Tooa pe11y-
BaHe,pe3yrTaT oT nporpecfiBHaacxMrJ|aqrr, H€ e Bt3npfieT 3 Kt{xoBt|l.rt H3foBop.

Pelynaue Ha cbqeraHHero[xQ] (no,ryvexo qpe3 nporpecr.rBHa acvMuna-

qnr or [xB]) c [O] HnH no-roqHo peAyBane[x] - o npel cruacna [$] n
crryqaH Karo xs?,p,ltt> [xrfip.n'r] > [Qi;pl'r], x6at4av > [xrfiurav] >
[Siurrau], >
xea,,tfl [xQdl't] > [$?r:r't], xsoilHa > [xQdfina] > [r[dfira],
xsbpua > [xtfrpvd] > [Qrp"n] e no cBor xapaKreprrcHo AHarreKrHo H Hece
aonycKa B xHHxoBHr.rg e3I.rK.
$ 163. PegynaHerorIo 3ByqHocrMexAy rxyMoBHTe ctrJracHrrce ocru]ecr-
BrBa B paMKHTe Ha egua lroptleva, qHHToanovopQractAtpxar 3ayqHaHJrr.l
6e::ryvHa cbrJIacHa, Hafi-qecroxa uopQevHararpaHr{qaB cneAHHTe cnyqau:
l. Mexay npeAcraBKax croaoo6paryrarenHaocHoBa,Karo acHMr.rJrr{pa-
Hara c6rJracHae KpailHaracbrracHa Ha npeAcraBKara,a acHMHJrHpaulara
c'brnacHae nrpBara Har{aJrHa cr,rJracHaHaocHoBara:. o6cada fonciaa], nped-
cedamet Inpercegire.n], usmexa fucrex\1, 6 escu,ten[6eccileu], nodnpaett
[nornpdr'r,], c6,'t6cKaa [r 6:ri cxaar',r],cdo6un ce [sao6irfir cef, ceoaop
[:rdnop]; omzoaopIdgronop], om6neaauIo16'drrav], om3u6 ld43u|l, om-
6on [og6dfi], aadnuc fuirnucl,, 6eznotouyeu [6ecndr'aouleu].Pe4yaanece
cperuax npH cBT,psBaHe Ha,qBenpercraBKn:npedocmaenu- npednocmaenu
[npernocrirr'av), npednouumau Inpernovirar,.r],npedcxatca [npercrixr,],
 npedcKa3aHue Inpercrasinxe), usnouynn Incnovj,n'r], u3noKpun
[ucnoxpirfir], 6 esc tdtp tc ameaex [6eccrgrpxire.nex].
Kn[xoaHoro npor.I3HolxeHne Ha [peAcraBKI{Te 6- om-, Koraro ce cBrp-
3Barc ocnoBr{,3anoqBa[-(fi c HaqaJrHa coHopHacruracHa Hrr.r[n], e cavo [o-]
u lol-l: euureaa, ap.flsoan4, e/1uaa.I4, aMecmo,aJ7e3e, omtu6a^t, omabp3saM,
omaflaa,+r. IIpu ue6pexeHu no-6r,p: H3roBopce Ha6.nro4aoar H orK;roHeHr.tt
Karo e.no?lQtroxf, a,tete [<[.rdse], om,rneo foyn'dso), omtwnua [ogr,r'dna],
anoc [$noc], etaean f$tinav.f, ometpsean [o.qei,p:laM], Kotrro ca Hapy-
ueHlre Ha Kxr.rxoBHara HopMa3a r.t3roBop Ha 38yr{Hl.r x 6erreyvnn cErJIacHn.
2. Ha rpannqara Mex.u,yc.noaoo6pasorareJrHara ocHoBaH HacraBKaH
pf,gro MexAy ocHoBalI o(oHqaHHe. Acnux,rupaHaraclrnacHa e [ocJ]eAHara
cafJracHaoT ocHoBaTa, a acuMr.rnHpalqaTa cbrJracHac n'r,pBaTa cbfJracHaoT
ocHoBarar{n}roKoHqaHHero. [Ipu cyQxxcaut.nB peayBaHeroyqacrtar rpai-
Hnre 3ByqHu c'brJlacHnor ocHoBara npeA HacraBKlrae.-Ka _ 6elecrxa
[6d:reuxa], ctcedxa, dpntcrcanoqusKa; -xa - xy6aexa [x]6aSxa], d,ttttxa,
KpacueKa; -xo )I{uexo [XnQxo], 3dpaaxo, )I{etnzxo; -cru - zpadcxu frpdr-
cxul, tz,acxu,po6cxu; -cmeo- po6cmeo [pdncrao], podcmao,cxodcmao;-ue
- trcue lt\$ue), epadue, sz,6ue,uoxue; -uus - ern6uue
[a.n'ynvirS],onr-
3 u s 1 ! u s-; u a m - s t 6 u a m [ s r n v i r ] ; - v o - d u e \ o h n Q v o ] , x p u a u o , C u e v o ;
-eu4a - dptfltcuurra[ApLurqnua],spbBuuqa;-uluva - zpynost4uHa
[rpj,no$-
lurraua]u 4p. Pegyaaxeroce ocaulecrBrBaH B paMKXTe Hactoxnn cy$nxca:
-uall-,tue+xo - 6t6puoxo Kupnu*Ko;-umi6a - 6e-
[6r,6pirfro], a.lap 3eJru6Ko,
pum6a [6epit6af, zouum6a, ceum1a,creuum6a, xocum6a; -osi-xs - ^r.-
uuposKa [rpeunp6t[xa], ?pynuposKa, apwupo6Ka;-oa+-cKu- aszycmoac-
xu [dnrycro<pcxnf,eysoecrcu,nemporcKuH Ap.
flpr.rc:roeolsueneHuerope.qyBaHero ce ua6.nrcgana npx vlenysanu Qop-
Mtt HaHMeHaor xeHcr(Itpo,qu npl,tQopun :a noBeJIfiTeJrHo HaKro*eHue:apba
- apbama
[rprQrn], cxpt1ma lcxp.strd), purcmc [p'rrurA], axme fi,tdwrel,
atesme lrrtEcre), dpnrme [apirrre]. B npu.nararernn HMeHaHa -r,Kt4 c\-
rlecrBnrenHu l{MeHaor M6xr(Hpog, o6pa:yaaxHc HacraB(a-e4, pelyRale-
To no 3ByqHocrce npe,qH3BHKBa or napa;reJruoro penyBaHef.s, e) - o:,toatx
-,toexa ftdfraf, pndtx - pndxa - pedxu
[pd,rxw],6,rustx - 6,tuzxu;me.tctx
- metcKu, xpade4 - xpad4u ,roee4 - roaqu fno$uii,,ttfte4
frparrJitl,
tn lc4u lnt ng f .
Vnogo6.rraHerono 3ByrlHocre xHB 3ByKoB3aKoHB ctBpeMenHuq6T,r-
rapcKn e3r{K.Tofi ce npocrupa r Btpxy BcHqxH3aern AyMHtr ^MeHa.. eK3eMa
[er:dua], auexdom [aHerldr], et$eKy\un [er:erj,uufi a], aemop [d$rop),
,zaexa lti$xa), Max6em Ivirr6er].
$ 164. PegyraHero no 3Byqnocr uavupa o6acneHner{ B.rBQoueruvxure
ycnoBrrr,B Kol,rroce cpeqar 3Byr{HHTe u be:ltyvunte ct,rnacHlt,B no3ur(It-
oHHaranM orpaHr.rqeHocr. B pe:ylrar ua c;roaoo6patyBaHevnrr c;roBor.l3-
MeHeHlre QoHeMarac orpaHuvenagucrpn6yqHr no orHorueuueua gnQepeH-
IIIIaJTHHT IIpH3HaK3ByttHocr- 6e:sayvuocr ce oKa3BaB rro3r.tllnt,Krgero
HefrHoro norB.rBaHe e HeB63MoxHo, I{ 3aroBa rt ce 3aMeHt (peayBa) cl'c
cboTBeTHaTail nporurono.roxHa no 3ByqHocT ct'fjlacHa, K6M KotTo orpa-
HHqeHnero He ce orHac.E.,{ucrpu6yrueuure orpaHnqeHI,Itc'b3.qaBarocHoBa
npx enr{MHHrrpaHeHa ycJIoBIttra ,qace onpe,[entr n6pBoHaqanHara cGfnac-
sa n nefiulrst: AttQepeuuna:reu npn3HaK LI nocoKara na pegyaanero. Ernvo-
rofHqHntT xapaKTep Ha peayBaHero ce onpeaeJlt or ceMaHTIrqHopo,qcrBeHI.l
c:roao{topvu, ocHoB}rn Mop0eMH, KoI.IToHtMar o6ocnorax or QoHerI'IqHoro
o6xpr,xenue l.r3roBop. PegyaaHero HanpuMep xa [r] c [x] a c,roaoQopvure
6,taz l6taxf - 6taeu ce MorlrBltpa or pa3ruqHara 3ByKoBa peanll3alrllt Ha
KOpeHOBaraMOp(beMa;B Ome.veH [orexvix] - B csllocraBKa c lr3roBopa Ha
eTuMoJroruqHo cpoAHnre mez oma, me206a.
Pegyranero vex,[y 3ByqHan 6e33By.rHarxyMoBa ct'rJIacHa B e.qHatac'bura
ruopQeva npaBonr.rcHoHe ce orpa3tBa. Toea e e carllac[e c ycraHoBeHlrt B
rralrur npaBonr{c uopSo:roruveu npaBonrceH npHHIIlln. xofiro u:]rcxsa,qa
ce o3HaqaBar 3Byvxure u 6e::nylnrre c6rnacHH rlpn nucaHe BI,IHarIrno eAlrH
!l crtrt HaqHHB e.rr,Ha H c]tua vopQelra He3aBHcHMoor nolrqnonrNte t.rnpo-
MeHr.rIIpn rsyxorara il peatH3aUL{q(ex. $ 252). flpn o6elrayvaraHe Ha 3Byq-
Hr.rrectrlracHH B (paecitoBnero H npn acnMlrJlau[tra no 3By'.Hocr Mop$o-
n o r f i q H r r r n p a B o n x c e Hn p I t H u H no n p e , [ e n f lr a c e n f i u r e 6 y r s a r a x a r [ o H e v a -
Ta B Cn.nHano3Hurr no npu3HaKa3ByqHocT- 6e33Byvxocr. Hanp. noKpu'au
- noKpusKa rrpl H3roBop [norpirQra], napaa npbs rrprl,t{3roBop Inpi$].
Ilparonncuo y3aKoHeHI.r acI.rMnJIaIlnoHHlt rrpoMeHHHa trryMoBl.IcGrJlacHH
no 3ByqHocT MofaT aa ce oTXpI.rtT caMo B npaBonHca Ha oTAeJIHItAyMI.l.
flpaeonnc:sr ua tdpaa, zos6a, us6a HanpuMep B xHrIxoBHHt e3I.rKe c[opeA
TexHug H3rOBOp,HaCTaHarCneA X3naAaHeHa epoBere ('t, s)n cla6a no:n-
unr (cr6. c'LApABa, roc'thsA Hcr-Laa). flpasonNcr'r ua rllarola 4zlfmn
(cr'6. q,et'r,e., -eurx) cr,[1o e QoHerNven. To:x x:roeop e ycraHoBeH no-
K' hcllo B e3HXah He e MoTHBUpaHOTeTHMO,lOrUqHaTa Bpl3Ka Ha frafojra CbC
c'buecrBfire;riroro 4snm (cr6. qr'tr"u). ll:ronopr,r Ha rratoJla 4z'Qmn c
acHMHJraurr Ha 3ByqHara carJacHa e oKa3an BJII.I'HI{eI{ B'bpxy fi3roBopa Ha
4z,Qna (or 4temua), Kb,uero no aHa,'rorHsroi e parurnpeH 3a [B] B He3aBI.r-
cr.rMarro3Hr]ur cnea H3naaaHeHa [T] npe[ coHopHara ctrjlacHa [u]. Ha axa-
JrofrqHo o6o6ulexne Ha u3roBopa caMo Ha e.qHaor a,rovopQure ce noJlyqa-
Bar npaBonnclro HenpaBlrJrHr.r tpopur, a KoHTo ca orMeHeHH npaBttJlara 3a
peAyBaHe raro ,,gpenra" rV^. dpe6, ,,rac", ,,lacta" BM. zd3, ,,fapaepon, fap-
,qeponu" nlz. zapdepof,,,MIrpH3" (noa BnHtHxe ua uupuzua) Bl.z.^rupuc.
Hapyruenlrero Ha peayBaHero raM, Ka,qeroro He e AonycrHMo crpyKTyp-
Ho, o(bopMr u nrxolxo gy6,rera B pa3roBopurIt 66nrapcKH e3HKc BapnaHrHo
pe,4yBaHeHa 3ByriHau 6e::nyvxa cr'rJlacHa B cI.rJIHa (He3aBucnua) notnqrar:
za1tpue rca6tpue, demexmue - dedeKmua, arcdtcocau eteuocan, rca'+t6a
zau6a, ,ranna - ,tau6a, eeudysa - seHmy3a, ,'IuMoHama-,'tuuouada, cna-
pyxa ce cnapylua ce, cnapyJtceH- cnapyrueH, necema - ne3ema, maHme"ta
- daumeta.
ME}ITIYCJIOBHO PEAYBAHE HA 3BYTIHI{ I.I BE33BYqHI{ CbUIACIIII

S 165. B cBbp3aHara peq ayMxre ce crl{Bar B HenpeKacHar 3ByKoBnoroK

r ce rr3roBaprr 6e: nay:u noMex.qy ca. I4sroaopr,r Ha AyMI{Te 6es nperrc-
BaHe Ha apruKyJrarlH.sraru o6eauH.qga I aKUeHTHHAyMH }l TaKToBe. flplr
HenpeKBcHaTn3foBop Ha aBe ayMH, Hepa3Aer'IeHI.{ c BGTpeuHa nay3a, Kpar.r-
HUTeV HaqarrHr4Te HM 3ByrOBe Ce ynO4O6 Aar CjIyXOBOX apTHKynaIII4OHHO,
TaKaKaKTOB C'r,CTaBa Ha,4yMaTa Ce ynO4O6rear,qBe CbCeAHI,t [ryMOBH C6r-
.nacHfi.Ilpouennre, KoHTo Morar !a Hacranrr c xpaiiH[Te r{ HaqaJIHI{Te3By-
KOBeHa ABe CLCe,[Hr.r.4yMnpH CBrp3BaHerOnM C eAHOaKUeHTHO UrJrOr,jrr{
c r o B o c 'qt e r a H H e c, e o r H a c r r K b M T . H a p .M e x A y c J r o B r r a rloHe-
THI{a -CaHAXH.
Hait-saxHr.rre npo6revn B Mexayc;roBHara donernxa ce orHacsr ao pe-
AyBaHero Ha 3ByrrHHc 6e::ey,rnn cbrracHn n ,u,opeAyBaHero Ha [IyMoBr.r
crJrJracHr.i no cryxoBo BreqarreHHe (wrcro na o6paryaane). MexqycroaHlr-
Te pe.[yBau]rl ce octulecrB.fiBar Ha rpaHHuara a) lrexgy aBe rrrflHo3HaqH]r
AyMx, 6) MexAy npeanor u nrnHo3HaqHa Ayva, a) vexgy axrleHryBaHaAyMa
n npuHa.qnexaulara r,reHKnnrHXa.
3a pa:.nlrxa or pe,[yBaHUrra B paMXfiTeHa orgeJrHara caMocrorrenHa JIy-
Ma nplr MexaycJ]oBHoro pegyBaHe rro 3ByqHocr Mop(poirorHrrHoro pa3qne-
[eHHe oKa3Ba rro-cnJrHoB],3AeicraHe, Karo a e,uHficnyqaH pa3unprBa, a B
Apyru cnyqar crecutBa notero Ha lefrcrBne Ha peAyBaHero. flpn egrraran
rpoHerHlHt ycnoBllt peayBaHxtra no 3ByqHocr Mexay cr,r:racHnre B Mex-
.qycnoBHara $oueruxa HMar no-Marl(a aBToHoMHocr n He BoArr BKHarr{ao
eAr{r{n c'bruu pe3ynTaTH.
$ 166. Pe.qyraHnr Ha rpaHHuara MexAy ABe rrbnHo3HaqHr.r AyMn. Aro nr,p-
BaTaayMa B eaHo cbqeTaHHe3aBaplxBa Ha 3ByqHacr,rjracHa, a cle.qBaqaTa
AyMa 3anoqBa c 6earayuHa c'brJracHa,c'LrracHHTe ce yno,qo6raar pefpecr.rB-
Ho In peAyBaHero e MexAy 3ByqHa H 6e::ryvxa cbr;racHa: dutt e $utu fgr-
.nr,r rfi.nv/, zpad Corfrur [rpdr Corlufia], tcua n,,tem[xrir] n,rdr].
Axo s Haqaroro Ha BTopara AyMa crou rnacHa Hr'IHcoHopHa ctr;racHa,
xpafinara 3ByqHa cbr;racHr or npeAxoAHara ,qyMa ce pe,qyBac 6e33By..rHa:

npaa b?t'n [npdQ rru] cta6 ut,ttc [c-rdnvi;n]

zpad llou frpir Jldv] 6tps acauctop [6pi,c acaHc'dp]
dz,,rt,zpt r<aa[ai,,rr,r prrd$] uoe a,r6yu [nd$ ar6j'u]

tr4:roeopr,r Ha 3ByqHara car;racHa raro 6e::syvna B Te3H cryqar.{ He ce

HaJlafaoT xapar(TepaHa cneABaulnq 3ByI(H He c'boTBeTcTBaHa ycTaHoBeHr{Te
o6uu 3axoHoMepHocrx 3a cbqeraHr.rrra Ha ABe c'bce,qHHtrryMoBrl cr,rJracHu
B cpeAxcJroB[ero. B rarasa Qoueruvua no3HrIHr (npeg rlacna H coHopHa

235
crr.nacna) glrQepeuqua.nnurrnpH3HaK3ByrrHocr- 6e::ayunocr e B cuJrna
flo3urlul, Tara KaKToH B'bBBrrpeuHara QoHernKaHaAyMara (cpt. nadua -
nbmHa,coam - sanp), Pegynauero Ha 3ByqHac 6erroyvna crrracHa B Tr.r.f,
cJryrrar,r
Moxe .qace orHece xlu cnequSnvnnre u xapaKTepHrrre:a 6r:rrap-
cKara Mex.uycJronHa Soneruxa peAyBaHHr.Te ce gr,rxar B Ar.rMoHa reHe-
paJrrr3HpaHr.rt
I.t3foBopHaKpaecJIoBHaTa c],fJracHaI1pHcaMocTo{TeJrHt{.,tr.r3o-
nrapaHn3roBop Ha AyMara ri trpl.tr.t3roBopal.r npeq nayra, roiro geficrta
o6o6rqenou H3B'bH ycnoBHrra Karo norpaHHqeH cfirHaJr,6e: ga e cro6pa:eH
c yaobcraoro Ha yqJreHHTenHHTe ABHxeHr.tr.
MHoro pa:npocrpaHeHu ,uoplrnpeo6.naganaul B pa3roBopHarapeq e u3-
roBopr,THa 3ByqHr.i c'brJracHrr
npen cbf:racHuTe[a, s'] Har,aexgycjroBHo paB-
HIIIqC:

c6elc lflmbp [cadx I'in p] nem aord [ndl sdra]

cHrr Barr.t [cn'irr ta,rl.r] 6z,psetax [6pi;: anar<]

B re:H c:ryvan carJracHure[n,n'], xonro B Apyru no3nuurrHe o3ByqaBar,

Aeficrsar acnMr.inauoHHo,TaKaKaKToH ocrana;rr{TeuyMoBH cl,fJracHH.

3 a 6 e r e x r<a. B urxou 3anaAru roBopnx o6racr{ B no3{rlur npeA colropra ctrnacfia

(paiirrre 6e'r3By,{I|{crfracBu ce peAyBar crc clorserrrrre HM 3Bysl0t: nem uuau
fndg
rtriBrl. KxnxoBnoro npor3notuelfic B TaKlrBa cnyqaBnpenopt,{Bau3aoBopcaMo Ha6e33Dy,t-
r[ll,crrracHn: coeJtc^tuptlc [cldru rvirprc].

Aro nlpnara.qyMa 3aBapuBaHa 6e::ayvna c6rJracHa,a cne.[BauIara3a-

noqBacr,c 3ByqHa,Te ce ynogo6rrar perpecnBHoH pe.qyBaHero 6e:rsyvHa
- 3ByqHac'brJracHa
e aBToMaTlrqHo:
deeemzpynu faire.q rp]nNl
cnyuau darc,rcdIc,rj'ruax 4oxldg]
cxtn dap [cxi,6 anp]
pycoKoc 6oery[pycoxd: 6oiq]
aucoK?./tac[nllcdr udc]
Ynogo6rnauero Ha uyMoBu cbr;racHx Mexny.EBecauoctofiHu gyvu e
IIO-p'AKO I-t B MHO|O Cnyqali He3aASJIXHTeJIHO,IBIeHHe B KHLT)KOBHI.I'
e3HK.
To e sb:voxHo caMo B orAeJrHl c;ryqaH, Koraro AyMHTe ca aKrleHTHo r.t
cMucroBo r.scHo cB'r,p3aHH n ce u:roaap.nr 6e3 MexAycJroBHunay3r{ B aKrreH-
rHH n plrrMxqHx rpyn , xaro 6ope4 sa npaeda l6opds sa npirga], .Mo cetu
da atezeu [r..rdxex ga a:rd:eu:], ucxam da uynm l cxag ga uyitrr), nouottq
sa nocmpada'tume Indvoxg :a nocrpdgalure].
$ 167. MexgycroBHo peAyBaHeB paMXHre Ha aKrIeHTHaraAyva. pegyna-
Hero MexAy 3By.{HuI.r6e33ByqHKcbrJracHu B paMKHTeHa aKrIeHTHaraAyMa,

z)o
 KOTaTO C eAHOyAapeHUeCe H3rOBaptTcaMocToflTejrrraTa(yl{a v rrpr.ruaaJre_
xauluTe u KnvT Krt, ce noaqnHrBa Ha cnenHnTenpaBl.rjra:
1, Koraro npeglorar 3aBbprxBa Ha3ByqHaclrnacHa, a c;regBalara AyMa
3afloqBac rJracHa,coHopHac6uacHa, a raKa cbulo fi npeg [s, a'], xpafiuara
3ByqHacGrIacHa Ha npeAnora 3ana3Ba3Byt{HocTTa cr.tH He ce peAyBac],c
cborBerHarair 6e:eryvua carJlacHa,TaKaKaKToe npn 3ByqHr{Te carJracuu
B (par Ha n'r,JrHo3HaqHHTe Aywu: 6es x,tn6 l6ec xl'in], no 6es ycutue l6ez
ycilr el, 6es enpa [6e: n'ipa], 6es padocm [6er pigocr]; 6es ueue
[6ez
udne); uz nz,mn[rc ni,r't], Ho u3 Huaume[ns niranre], Lt3oyume ovirre],
[n:
u3 opamama [ua rparira]; zad xtuqama [:ar xiurrara], no zad xezo
fzag
rdro], ead eodava fsay,rogAvr], sad ue1e,tume[aag lrd6enrlre]; npe3 cma-
flma ltllpec crdfiara], Ho npe3 Jlnmomo [npe: I'iroro], npes oxona
fnpez
oxdnr); nped npaza [npem tpi,rrl, uo nped uaea3uxa [npeg r,rara:iru.r], xcr)
nrmn lnar nir't], Ho uad yxomo [Hag yxdro], uad uopemo [nag N,ropiro].
B re:n cryuan - B paMKnreHa aKueHTHara,qyMa - KpafiHr.rre cafJracHr,r
or rrpelro3HTece.qbpxar ra(a, KaKroc6rracHHre n voprfeur.rre(npellcraB_
xure (n cr,cranaHa.qyMaranpu aonupa Ha4re uop$e:vn. Tr,fi xaro upeg,ro_
3rre Karo npoKJIHTHKn H.qMarB peqra caMocrorrereH H3roBop,r xoftro 6n-
xa ce norBHJrr.r rpafiHn 6es:ryuuH cl,r.nacHHBMecro38yqHH,Te ce cBr,p3Bar
TrcHox'r,MAyMaTa,c KO'TOCe[pOH3HaCrT, r.IB IIO3r.rqHrnpea rJracHan co_
r{opHacbrnacua 3ana3Barnogo6HoHa rrpeAcraBKHTe xpafinara 3ByqHact r_
,racxa.Togx rr3roBop,Ma(ap qe ce rIpenopbqBaor HopMHTeHa KHHxoBHo,ro
lpor,r3HoueHHe, He e eArrHcTBeH L nOCne.[OBaTeJ,IHO yCBOeHO Ot:ACUqXn. or-
KJroHeHr{rra or Hero ca MHoro qecrn B pa3roBopHarapev: [npec n'droro],
l6ec Nr.adr],[rc perdra], [6ec Hdvep].
flpu n:roaop u Ha eAHocpHrrHHTe rlpe,[no3lt,l<oltro3aBr,puaarHa3ByqHa
c'r,f;racHa ll] - nod, uad, cted, nped, cped - ce oqepraBarengeHqnx:a 6e:-
3ByqeHlr3roBop Ha KpafrHaracrr;racHa rro-cneqxaJrHo rrpel rnacrra H npeA
cbrJracHnrefu, zl: nped ueue lnper vdne], rod ouume
lnor ovirel, cted
oamtpa fcner a'drr,pr].
B c.nyvaure,Kofaro npeA;ro3Hrece ynorpe6arar caMocrorrerHo, r,tMar
yAapeHnenlrrr ce orAe;nr c B,r,TpeuHunay3x npx 6agex revn Ha pe.rra or
cneABaulara AyMa,KpafrHHTe 38yqHr.tcl,rJracHnce H3roBap.{T xaro 6e::eyv-
xu= [ndr ll nir vicara]. Tosa saxll B no-roJrrMacreneH3a HrKoHaBycpnq_
HxrrpeAro3u,Karo Hacped,nocped,cnoped,omatd, npomua,Kor.rroHail_qec_
ro Itvar co6crseHo yAapeHHe:cnoped ueue [cnopdr r.adue],omotd pexama
[orni;r pexira], cnoped auxemamd lcrtopdr anxerara], npomus pe)rcuMa
[rporir$ pexivr,].
2. flpeg,ro:ure, KoHTo3aBbptrrBatxa 6e:say.ruac.brJracHa, xaro om, c ll ctc
rpr.rctnlr.rreycJroBnr,T.e.npen rJracHau coHopHactrnacHa u npeA
[a, r'], ce
[3roBap.flTc rpalna 6es:ryvHa cbfracHa: om zopama [og ropira], uo om

237
paMomo [or piuoro], om ue6emo [or ne6dro], om ozbHfl[or drr,n,t], orz
ympe lor jrpel, c ued lc v,dr), c ,rn6oe lc n'y6i:$l: cbc 3asucm[cr,c :irncr],
Ho c lweHue [c yvdnue].
3HaqHreJriurole6asus r.rHeycraHoBeHoct ce ua6:rrcganarnptr x3roBopa
Ha npeArro3rrrenpeg [a] u ly'): om e"taxa n fog a,rira], c eoda u lz sogit), c
atuce u fz arxd], c aHu auue n [: nuuvi,ane], c aac u lt vi.c), c ez,smopeu
[r orcrdpr], c aucoKzrlac u [: arcdr r,riic].
IIog nruruue Ha Ar.raJreKTeH t.r3roBopHa xpafiuure clr;racHr Ha npeAno-
3UTeB TaKaBanO3HUr.tr CeCpeuIaTqecToB pa3foBopHaTa peq I.IoTKJIoHeHrr.
Pasnpocrpaueue r{3roBopHa npelJroraon npel rnacHan coHopHau oco6e-
Ho rrpeA[r] rr.rnarlrxaro [og]: Io4 naopero][o4 He6dro], [oa soadra], [o,[
j,rpel, [on Pdsovup].
3. IIpeg:rorlr e ll eue ce npoH3Hacrraro [$] N [stQ] npe.urrracHar.{co-
HopHHcr,rJracHr..t u [r, n']:

6 oKomo [Q ordro] e Mocxea [$ Mocrud]

a p e c m o p a t m a[ $ p e c r o p i H r a ] s ap.uuflma [Q apr.,rnfiara]
c ,roixama [$ ldrxara] eta eodama [ar,tf nogdra]

r oBa nplleTo H ltaIoxeHo B KHHXOBHT4' e3HK npOLt3HO[eHIIee B IIpOTri-

Bopeqtle c ycraHoBellr npu Apyrr.rre rrpe,qno3lrr{3roBop npn c.luloro o6r_
p r , x e H H e . B e p o a r H o B c n y q a r c e K a c a e3 a o c r , 3 H a r6 e : : r y v e n [ 3 r o B o p , [ o _
nyqeH caMo 3a npearofa 6 npel nay3a, KoraTo ce r.r3roBaprcaMocTorTeJrHo.
3arosa or cbBpeMeruta rJrerHa roqKa e [o-ToqHo aa ce roBoprl 3a npegjror
,,r/", npegarau rrpu flxcaHe Karo 6.
l4:lronopr,r ra fipelnora a raro [S] Bnure r{ Bapxy r.r3rotsopaHa rrpeAc-
raBKara rl- xaro [Q]: atoz f$toxl, errece [$udce) (nx. $ 163).
Heo6xo4uvo e Aa ce noAqeprae, qe }i3roBop [0], tsrs] e rro-t{ecT,llo He
e e.qHHcrBenB e3HKoBararrpaxruKa. Cperqa ce l-rn3roBop [a] uaii-vecro npeg
rracHa u crrracHa lirl: a uaarrc [t andnc], s uHcmumyma
Ia lrHcrnrj,ra], o
ndetremo [n ilAqerrero], (axro r.l6 Haae4epuemo [a Haaevdpuero], s nu1emo
Ia :rHrtdro].
flpeglorrr 3ata3Ba 3ByrrHocrra cK H npeA llyMa c Haqa;rla 3Byqua ctr-
racra cto6pa:Ho c rrpaB[Jrara 3a yeIHaKBrBaHe Ha ABe c6ceAHr{ c,r,r;racnl
no 3BytrHocr: o dota ls no,r.i,], a zpada fa rpagi], a sa,tama
ls 3dnara].
3aronovepHo H aBToMarurrHorrpeAnorr,T ce H3roBapfi xaro [Q] n B rro3r.tqfi,
npeA HaqanHa 6e::nyuua c.br;racHaB paMKHTeHa aKrIeHTHaraIyMa: s mpe-
aama [$ rperdra], e rctt4u lQ xi;uru], a ceto f$ cdrcl.
flpegrorr,r e n no3Hqlrr npe.qIyMa c Haqa-rrHa cbrlacHa Ir] rrMa B:b3nprjer
n:rouop [nrQ]:

238
 6ba ataKa [nrQ rlixr]
ena eo cxama [rrrf aoficxdra]
ez,eBapua [at$ Bdpua]
Br,:uoxlro e B TaKaBano3r4ql{rnpentorr,T,qa ce cree cbc c;renBarrlara
cbrJ]acHaH Aa ce x3foBopn a1,Jlfa3ByrrHarrpoxo.qHa c,t,rJracHa:
aba aaHamaIrrduara]
sba suHomo Iorr)rnoro]
ete eodama Ireondra]
l'I:ronop [rbrrb] sv. [nr,Q] e Henpaeu,reH
l,rrpx6ra ga ce rl:6xrsa.
4. PegyraHeHa cl,r;racHuTeno 3ByqHocrce cpeua r{ npx cjruBaHeB eAHa
aKrIeHTHa UtJTOCTHa AyMa H eHKnfiTHKa:

sutc mu [aiur rn] uux eo lu y rol

dpz,x ce [api,u cel 6nx rn [6ir1 rx]
cta6 cu fcr,in cn] 6ueutzo [6irex ro]

3a6encxKa.ynolo6tBaltcno3Byrjnocrcerr3Bl,puJaalKofaronocncJlHaractrracla
fia nr,pBaralyMa c 6e33Byqrra clanacna fxf-.nut,:tac fliy rndcf, ntax ct tta6 [nni1 ri,,rr,n],
t!1rt da nuua lur'ril Aa niual), captxeepou.ra,l [cepi,1 repoi36M], captxte,ven lctpioy
sdven]. Tr,ii raro 6e33Byqua.ra3ajlxoe3Hrrrra
npoxollriac6rracrra lrrMa 3Byqflocr,orBerct Rr.lc
B 6lrrapcK'lr e3HK,pc^yBa ero [x] - iT] B resq cryqar cc onpeJleff Karo alloeorlro.

PEAYBAHE HA MEKII I,I TBbPtrI{ CT,UIACHI.I

$ 168. Mexr (nalaralHn) c.r,rJracHH xaro caMocrorre,rHuSoHo,rortvuH

eA[HnrIHn 6r,lrapcxu.ae3KKca B.],3MoxHu caMo B rro3rrult,npeA qerrprrre
3aAHoe3HqHurracuu [a, r, o, y]: etpa [z'itpa), ntxta
lnn'itr,a), cuutm
[crH'i;r], mbpnnm [rrpn'i,r], tnm l:t'yrl, ,tntnrc l yt'ax), znt fr'on],
l(ocao frdc'o]. B gpyru $oHerurHu no3rrrlxk rrpeA[pe,qHr.r rnacHr [e, r],
npen cT,rjracHr.t n a KpaecJroBr.reTo MeKIlcluracHH He ce cpeuaT.
PegynaHeroMexay MeKlrx rBr,pArlcbr;racHlrce ocHoBaBaHa orpalnqe-
H H r r a B T r x H a r aa u c r p r 6 y u u r .
Koraro vop$eva uns ocHoBac xpafiHaMer{acbr,racHa
$oneva ce oxaxe
nprzQopvoo6pa3yBaHeroa,rNc,ronoo6pa:yBaHeroB no3r.ruurr rrpeAfipeArra
IJIaCHatrrpel c.hfJlaclla IJIII B KpaeCJIOBHeTO,
MeKaTa c.LflacHa ce penyBa
c:lc cr,orBerHara rz rB6p.qa cbr,rracHa QoHerr.ra.B pegysanero, Koero fiMa
HacoqeHocr or rrararaJrrHaraQonelra x'lv rB r,p,qara,yqacrBar .na6ua,rnure
H IBEOJIHHTE CbfIACHI':

239
 KOttnm KOH
KOlt - KOHbO KOHE
KOHflp KOHEH
KOHCKU

Cps. or4edunn - duuu, 4eemn- qsemeH,cedn - ceduu, cbHtm - cbH,Iua,

deq.qm- dex. du,vn - dun. duueu. duuu. duuxu.
Berapuure (sagxoe3HqHHTe) cbrnacHlrIK, r, x] ce 3aMeHrraBroMarr.rqec-
HM anoooHHnpe.qnpeAHnuacun [e, H]' l4arka - .uaitxu
Kn c rraJraraJrHr.rre
[vifirc'u], KHuza- KHuzu[xuir'u], 6taza - 6tazu [6,rir'u], Mbx - Mbxecm
[ui;x'ecr], mux, muxa - muxu lri*'u). CTulara npovrua ce H3B'bprrrBa c
BeJrapHure crrracHn H B MexaycnoBHaraSonernxa: y4evuK e [yveHirx' e],
ntbx uMa [vi'x' iva].
Pe4yaaneroMeKacrr;racHa - TBtpAacrrJracHace onpeAeJrrI.rKaro 3ar-
BlparBaHe (.qenanaTanr.r3arlnr)
lrnx Benapx3aqr{r.
Harxqnero r eguKaHaMopQeMxn ocHoBr{,KoHToc6Ir,pxar MeKnu rBr,p-
AH C6rJraCHn,Cb3AaBaBA3MOXHOCT 3a npOTHBOIIOCTaBtHe, CMeCBaHeH yeA-
HaKBrBaHe.OcnosHre c verlr xpafiuu carJlacnlt, xalo ntm' - (n'arxl), zem'
(semtoae), seun lzeu'it), ce nporr{BonocraBrr Ha ocHoBr.rc rB6pAr{ crr-
tacuu, xato dou donbm, sud - 3udbm, 3udo6e, 3uMa, 3tLuame. Egnoepe-
MeHHOC TOBae Bb3MOXHOH CMeCBaHeH B3aHMHOyeIHaKBtBaHe Ha CATJIaC-
HUTeOT.qBa TUna OCHOBH - HaIHqHeTOHa eTUMOJIOTHT{Ha MeKa CbfJIaCHaB
nT,pBHr Tnn ocHoBr{ ce npeHacr B ocHoBH oT BToptrq Tnn c eTHMollofuriHa
TBapAa cbrJracHa (xou, xoun Ho 11. npzaH, ,,ropranr", osuap, oaqapt, Ho A
rcyfap, ,,rySapn") n o6parlro: moH, morftm u cbH, ,,crrl"T", deu ,,aeu,sr".
Orr:ronesusra npH H3roBopa fi ynorpe6ara xa ueKHTecbrJracHHca rBr,p-
Ae rrecTH B foBopHaTa npaKTHKa u ce ArJrxaT KaKTo Ha.qHaneKTHtrBltu'{rInn,
TaKa H Ha o6ulara resAeHqHr KLM 3arB6p.qrBaHega KoHcoHaHTr.rre B onpe-
Ae;reHr{no3r.rqnn,croaoo6paloaareJlHH Itareropr.rHn rpalraruvnn Sopvx.
3 a 6 e, e x r a. IIo orHoEeHrre
Ha6por HaMextrecbarracHs, n3roaopa l' Aercrpx6yqxrra
(ynorpe6ara)IlM 6!rrapcxrre Axar€KTIi cc pa3n{LraBar 3Haqurerfio or t( txoBHrtre3uK.
6porr, a orrav u ynorpe6aralra MexnreclrlracHr.r B 3anaAulreroBopfica orpalrqeuu.
Cpcutarce R y[orpe6arnaBHoqernpuMeKH ctrlacul [l', H', K', a']. flopa11a rota o6cror-
'retcTaoB peqTaHafoBopuTe.,lt (paxua e nolqepTaltcTpeMexbT
oT 3anaallr{Te x6MTB,Ep,q
It3aoBop xol,tro3analHureroBopsgen03HaBar.
Ila ofie3r,Me(ucrrrlacHI,t, CnoBo4)opMt{ Karo
oBrap&m,oaeapti,rtossm,xodtm ce u3roaaprr (aro IooqApar,oQrdpa,-rroodr,xdqar].
Ilo orrroureHre Hau3roBopaa carrracHure npe,q[e, l] a 6uaapc(r-rTe AxaneKTr c,tqec-
TByBar,tlBaBapraHTa t3ToqeH { 3ananeH.B t3To'tHxt BapI{aETBc{qKftcLfracHS B Ta3u
no3uflr,rrce oMe('iaBar,a B 3anaAHAA c usuroreure na [l] I [n] no uavano re ca ro.tpgt. B
(HlrxoBlroTonpofi3xoureHfienpearMcTBoe noJIyqun3anaAHxrT,TBtparT t3roBop Ha cbr-
nacHxre npeA npeAHHrracH{, Ka(To 3a 3araAHNTe! TaKax 3a ll3To.tHtlTe
AtaJIe(Tue xapaK-
TepHaynorpe6ara Ha Mextl clrJracHltB xpaecnoBxero[KoH', con', $lrla', $acya', ntr'].
Hxro R 3anaAHUTe, BIrro B t 3ToqH!TeroBopIl 06aqeHece cpeulanportlBonocraBtHeHaMeKt
l.rrB'bpllr clrracHu npefl npeAHHreuacru [e. r].

240
 $ 169. Pegyaauero Ha MeKuKpafiHucrrnacHx B ocrroButr KopeHnc rB'rp-
Ar{ carJracun e xapaKTepHor qecro B KHuxoBHr{r6rnrapcru esnx. Cpeqa
ce B crelHnTe (aTeropnHAyMrr:
1. B ropena na 10 cruqecrrnreJrnl,or MrxKn por, KoHToBt3crauoBrBar
rrpu cJroBolr3MeneHrierocrapa MeKactrJracHa ltpe,q 3a.qHarnacga. Merata
cbrJracHae B qJreHyBaHaraQopva, r 3BaTergaTan 6pofinara tfopua ua cr,-
rqecrBureJrnrre,T.e. Henocpe,qcrBeHo npeA Q.nexcur,Korro c6.qcpxa Ha_
qaraa 3aAHarnacwa, a rBrp4ara crrlacxa npeg r!,reKcHr,(orro He cr.q6pxa
3a,qHa rJIacHa:
denam, deun - dex, dexeu, dnu
tem.s,3emboae,dea semn - 3em, 3emKo
KOHfln, KOHbO - t(OH, KOHe, I(OHCKU
Kpan.nm,Kpanbo - Kpane (KpancKu)
JlAKbmgm, .IAKbmt - JTAXbm,naKmu
HOKbmnm, HoKbmS _ HOKbm, Hokmu
oebHnm, oebHt, o?Hbose - octu (ozxuutme)
nbmam,nbmn - nom (ntmuqa)
cbHtm, cbHn- ctu (ctxuwma, cbH,tu6)
4apem, uapn, 4apbo qap qape (qapcmeo)
3 a 6 e a e x x a. Ctulecrenrelloro dea uuaAoe 6poixu rfopvr: no-uoaadaa deua (c
peAyBane[H'] - [H]) x ocraprra H x3rr3na or ynorpe6a,6$ pe\yBa$e- oea oeLn.

2. B unenynannre, 3BareJrHureu 6poftnnre Qopr,.rlrna crulecrBlrre:rHll

IrMeHaor MbxKll poA c HacraBXH-met, -ap (cpa. cr6. -,r€Ah, -aph): o6vc_
ptm, oauapro, o6a oauapn - osvap, osuapu; y\ume.\8m, yuumeln, yuumeln
- yvumenu, yvumen; dpyzapnm, dpyeapn - dpyeap, dpyzapu;
zpaduuapam,
koHtpnm, pu6apam, npenodaaame,onm, npednasumet.Rm, ab3numamernm,
npedcedame,tnm,aanmeJtnmH T,H.
3a Jruuaor qyxl npon3xoA c xpaiua -ap cr-
OcHosr.rHa cbr{ecrBHTeJrHl-r
ce noaqHHrBaTHa npaBunoro 3a peAyBaHe:kecapnm _ Kecap, xycap'm
ql{uo
- xycap, eHuuaptm - eHu\ap.
3. B nqxolro npuJrarareJrHr.r
:a o6ula npr.rnaA.nexHocr,
o6pa:ynaHr.rc Hac_
TABKA -U'.

xa6s - tca6u, xa6e

Kpaa.fl, kpaabo _ Kpaau, KPaae
Ko3t Ko3u, xote (cpn, xota)
nect - necu, nece lor nec)
oc.E - ocu, oce (cpB. oca)
pu6a - pu6u,pu6e (cps.pu6a)
4. B ropena Ha e,qHoKaqecrBeHo npLIJIarareJIHo:
cuHt, cuHbo _ cuH, cuHu

16,l'D.!fu u tup.6Mr, o. nr46m

241
 5, B verupu crulecrBfiTeJIHH I-IMeHaor cpe.qeHpo.q, KoIrro Ba3craHoBrBar
B MrroxecTBeHo qlrcJro MeKocTTaHa KopeHoBaTac'brJracHanpe.q oKoHqaHI-re-
TO 34 MHO)KECTBEHO qI'CJIO .A:

Ltopn - Jvope toln - no/le

,103n - ,'IO3e UAemA - U8eme

6. B ronrr'l 6pofi (nal 100) ctulecrrure.lrHr.tuMeHaor xeHcKr,r po.qc oc-

HoBaHaMeKacrrracHa B e,{HHcrBeHo qHcJro:6aua - 6auu, eola - eotu, duxa
* duuu, ned.s - nedu, zeun - 3e./u, aetepfi - eeuepu,poKnn - poKnu, porxn
- ponu, dnnn - dn,tu, ,taMn - ,1ai4ua np.
PegyaaHeHa Mexac rBbpAa cbrracna ce orrprlBa r{ B rrpor{3BoAHn ocno-
ru, o6parynanu c HacraBKrrre-uun ll -xuxn, -anHt ll -u,rHttu -u.s:douaxuna
- douaxuxu, noraKuH.fl- no,'I.gKuHu, 3aHu,ualHtt- iaHuMallHu,cna,lHtl-
-
cna,,rHu,cyutu,,tHn cytuu,lHu, caupH.E coupHu, npenupHn - npenupHu-
-
7, B rotlrqectseuo orHolrreHnenai-vuoro6pofixara cJIoBHarpyna, c6-
Abpxaljla MeKr.r cbrJracHH,ca rJraroJl[Te,KolTo o(oHqaBarB I nul(e e,EHHc-
TBeHoqr,IcnoHa-,sH s 3 ruue MHoxecrBeHor{lrcJro Ha-rm - HtKoJrKo rJIaroJIa
or I cnpexenne (dpenn, uetn, cunn) u no-ronr.Maqacr or traro:rnre or Il
cnpexeHne.Pelynanero Ha MeKaKopeHoBa crrJracHac rBtpAa ce ocbluec-
TBrBaB CnpexeHHeToHa rJrarola npea TeMaTHqH[Te rJracHH-e, -u tr \pe!'
oKoHsaHut,c'baT,pxauHnpeaHarJracHa:
dpeun, dpeunm - dpeuew, dpeueu, dpeui
6bp8fl,gbpe.8m- abpauu, 8t p8u, sbpoume,qbpaeme
,Iemn,,lemnm - )1emuw,nemu , Jtemu,'lememe
3 a 6 e n e x x a- B 6rnrapcxur elHK ce cpelua oue eAr.rlcryqai Ha pelyBafle Ha MeKa
cbrr'racHac rBlpJla, Ho B paMxure Ha Apyro peAyBaHeu flpn lpyr{ ycnoart. Hanp.: arpd
lB'Apal - 6epu, mano I"r'i\tol - meto, cs|ka tc'i'!|..Kf - celr"ll. PeAynauerou B Te3[ c]lygau ce
ocl.rryprBaor npeAHararnacHa Ie], npen (orro He ce pellnfi3|,lpaMeKarac,6anacHa(Bx. ti 95).

PEAyBAHE I'Al - lEl ([pErJrAC HA IIPOMEHIIIBO q)

$ 170, Pegyrauero ua ['a] c [e] e eAHoor uail-xaparrepnnre Qoxeruvnn

sBreHvs B KHnxoBHur6l:rrapcxu elnx. To ce ocbqecrBflBacaMo raM, K6-
,qero rracHa [a] creg MeKoc r,rJracHa H rJracHa[e] ca eruuo.nornqecxngac-
neArrrrlnxa crapo6l.nrapcKara,,rroBa" rnacHa(*). B eguu clyvan pegyea-
Hero ce o6ycnaBr or npaBr.r.lra, xoltro to onpeaenrr Karo aBToMarIrqHor,l
KOHTO,npItJrO'(eHr.rKbM OT,4eJIHH ,qyMI{,MOraTAa npeACKaXaTnpaBI{tHrrTe
KHlrxoBHlrrpopun. B apyru cny{au, Kor.rroc}lqo r{Mar HopMaruBeHxapaK-
Tep, pe,{yBaHero['a] - [e] He e no3r.lq[oHHo o6ycroB€Hor.rocraBa HeMorrl-

242
 Br.rpaHo or tponerravxo
u Mop+orornqHo rJreAlrrqe. Tooa nporneope.rue npu
ycTaHoBrBaHe Ha npaBHJIHltt KHr.rxoBeH H3foBop Ha cloroQopr,rtre npann
peAyBaHeTo cJIoxHo H HenocleaoBaTelHo npoKapaHo 3ByRoBO tBneHHe B
crBpeMeHHI{t KHHXoBeH 6urapcrn e:xr, o6yc:roreno B rottMa creneH or
TpaA r\nflTa fi ycnoBuqTa, npu KouTo ca ce I.I3fpaxJlann KHLTXoBHOe3I.tKOBHTe
r..r3roBopHL r.r npaBonHcHr,r HopMlt.

3 a 6 e t e x x a. flpeArorara ce, qe cr6.,,rroaa r.racna,,,or6eargnasa c 6yroa t n

Kr.rprrkuara u 6yxBa a B rraro,! tlara, e 6rra uupoxa npeAHaajracHa,xorro ce e u3roBaprra
npr6nr3qrenHo Karo rracHa MexAy Ie] I [a], o16elr:eana B 6,rnrapcKaOonerr{qnarpaHc_
KpurrrlHrcrc aEaKae, a, a B MexAyHapolHaraHai-qecro c e. TaK6Baracex lla cr6. ,ToBa
.racfla e 3ana3e B srKou craprHHr 66,'lrapc(H rouopu: 66tu, op€ue, eot€uu (lllyr.aencro;
a€mep, cr€e, uet€r (Cuotancxo); uEce4, n€ecu'a, l:,t6:e (frovropgxu xcxo); e6peu, tre-
d€t'a, c€ne (Koptancxo, loxHa Ar6aHut); d1m'omy, 66ezai, op6tr;o (Cotryncro).
C pa3Brrxero Ha e3u(a cr6. rracHa,,tr,. e npoMeHflrracBor r3rooop_B clnI,l clyrat cleg
Mexa [peAxoAHactrracHa rl e pa3utprBana cBor u3roBop B nocoKaxrM
[a] I no r.nacex
ce e r3paBHxraHan,urtloc rr (oero e npox:,rxgalo or cr6. ioryBata rnacua [a], 016encaBarra
B crapo6lJrrapcKxc 14 B Apyru cIyqaB rJracexl,r ce e crecHrBarrB nocoKa(6M rracHa
[c].
Te3r.rfiai-o6ulx HacoxfiB pa3Bor sa cr6. r,racnat HaMxpaMeor?a3eH[ no pa3n[qeHHaquH
B HapolHxre roeopt. Parnoo6pa:HeroB cr,apeMeHHqre npr nlroeop ua t e orpa_
!Ba,,IeKTE
3ero x rpIl H3rpaxlaHeTona caBpeMesHaTa (Hr,rxoBHa
HopMaIIo oTHouJculleHapeayBaHeTo
['a] - [e].

flpxero e B KHHxoBHHT e3HK nprl pe4yBaHero Ha ['a] c c ri

[e] $opvure
Aa ce cM.rirar 3a ocHoBHH, a c [e] sa npoMeHeHH. B ocHosara Ha pegyBaHero
e npoMqHaraHa 3aAHarar.nacHa[a] B npeAHar:iacna [e] r onpege,reHutfo_
HeruqHnno3HquH.flpovrnara ce onpe'qencKaro rrperJrac.14rr,i raro nper_
Jracar ce 3ana3BacaMo B rpaHlrqnTeHa r{cropxqecl(ararJIacHat, xorro a
eAH[ncryrrau H npu !3BecrHr.rycnolus. ce npoMeH.{u ce peAyBac
[e] (cpn.
ttnmo - ),temeH, enpa - eepu), rofi ce onpere,rr Karo rrperJlacHa ,,[poMeH-
Jl,rBoror" 3a pa3rI{Kaor ,4pyroro ,,HenpoMeHnr.rBo r.., roel:o erxuoloruvHo
ce rr3BexAaor cr6. ra Ir ,a u Koero He ce npernac, r [e] (cpa. nor,tnHa,
noJ,t.flHu- nontrre4, ce./r.aHuH
- cer.flK_ ce/ln\ecmlo, ompnd * ompsdu. xunl
xnnse).
$ l7l. IIopagH errrMoJrorlrqHnr xapaxrep Ha peAyBarrero,Koero ce oc.b-
IqecTBrBacaMo B IyMH, KOI'TO CsAtpXaTnpoMeHJIHBO ' B 3ByKOBrry Cn crc-
TaB,u nopaAr.rHa;rrrqlreroB e3fiKaHa Apyro HerrpoMeHluno "e(rx. $ 175) e
xeo6xoguuo ga ce onpeAe:rrrKaro ocHoBHH H H3xoAHr.r Hafi-uanpegraop$e_
MI4Te,KOr,rTO Cerr3roBaprTc r B KHttxoBHa.f, e3[r.
l. flpoven-rrnnor ce cpeqa B KopeHoBnrecpl,tqKnHa octoanure tfopvru
OT CJIEAHXTE AYMI':

243
 6,tnx dado n'ttpkaM ce nnc6K CflHKA

6tnctx ot/1 ^lACmO pndtx c.npa

6pnz 0.anaM Mnx pn3bK mPn66a
6pncm dsxa HadaaaM ce p.flna mptcbK
6xe o.ncHo HNJi canH mfl?a

6s't ,c e,4.430 HN.MAM cSac mtro

6nc 36tp o6td ceflm macHa
g,'t.fl3 A 3pAn nrn6a canmKarl m.Ex
6p.flea 3nnd,4l n,1.8CbK ced.EHKa mtdnaa
ep9KaM KOJINHO nodt6Ka cxop6nta y6nxsaM
apucbK xpnKa,+r npunptH CTflN ycnnaaM
snpa KpAct'K nput4n6Ka ct't.gHa xtn6
6nm?rp ,1t8 npo3nean'ace cM.Ema,ll xpflH
2Ht6 ramo np.nK cMflx qatm
zo,tnM MJIflKO np.flnope4 cHx? qnn
epnx MpflHA npacHa cptda 4'p
dpnuxa ntJtpa np.ncna cmpnxa
dpnu n4npKa n.nHa cndan

B nqxou AyMltnpoMeHrnBot Hece cpeulaB ocHoBara,a B npox3BoAHara

or HeqrpaMaTnqHa(popMa:
a) n npulararerHu nMeHa:npeceH,HonpncHa,npncHo;decen, tto dncua,
dncHoi
6) n npou:nognu r:raro;ru H B rtaroJIHH Qopuu: uzmtea, Ho u3mJlnx;3a-
6etetrrca, Ho 3a6ent3ax; zanoeed,sanoendeau; zpet, Ho uszpneau; o6te'
xa, no o6lnrox; u3a.neKa,Ho u36/1tKoxr1 r:p.
2, B cnpexexuero Ha fJraroJIHTe - B ocHoBItHa MnHaJIo cBtplrleHoH MIr-
HaJroHecBrp[eHo BpeMeH o6pa3yBaHHTe oT Ttx MIrHan[nplqacTHt c yAa-
peHxe Bapxy nocne,qHaTa cplrqKaHa rjrarorHaTa ocHoBanpe,4Qlercnnra:
qema, vemtxEe vemflxa, \emtr, qemflra; xcuae.fl- xlcuaflx, JKu6.n/1,
?rcu-
-
asH; eudn eudnx, eudnt, eudnn; epadn zpadnx, tenn -.tensx, sbpsn -
- - -
sbp6nx, cnpa cnpnx; npexuse.s npexrcut.sx,6oda 6odnx, Koc.n Kocflx,-
nen - nflx, cen - C.flt m?'pnn- mbPnflx,
3. B npetfurcuure MopOeMIrHt-, 6cn-, c Kol-IToce o6pa3yBarlreonpeAe-
reHn u o6o6rqHTenHuMecroI.IMeHHt :f^apeql1,fl'. unxoit (cps. Hequfi), HtrKa-
kb6, HBKaKau,HflKo./rkouaxtde, unxoza HtKaK; ac.flKofi(cpn. acexu) ecnxa'
Kba, acflkakao, acaKboe, acflKo?a, 6ctKaK.
4. B npegcranranpe-(cr6. np*-) npnKop(uo npetucma),npxcna.

244
 $ 172. Pegynauero['a] - [e] (uexa crrnacHa + [a] - rBrpAa ctrnacHa -
+ [e]) ce octrqecrBrBa B xHI{xoBHHre3I.IKcnea ta6uangu H aJrBeoJrHI.r ctr-
tacuu 16, B, M, T, A, c, 3, r.l,H, l, p] u rexnnre MeKr{ctorBercrBr,rr.
3a6enexxa.faacnara[a]aclveraHxrcnperxoaHxreBeJtapErnlularaJrHt{c,btracHr'
[x, r, x] xe yracrna B To3H Trn peAyBaHe(cpB. esyp, Ksp, ktps). yqacrvero rra carJ.racHara
[O'] B peAyBaHeroe orpaHuqeHo- caMo a eAnfi cnflafi - cpB. utxyS.ax, utrySnt - usKyljetu.

@ogetllrqnure ycJroBItt, roxro o6yc:ratrr peAyBanero, c€ otrpeAenrr or

ABenpaBr.rJra,
Konro,qeficrBarcrBMecrHo(xou6r.ruupano).
f.naura [a] crreAMera crrJracHace pe4yoa c [e]:
l. Aro cptvrara, B Korro ce HaMHpa,He e no.qyAapeHHe:

'+ticmo - uecmi cxnz - cxezim

tceriso - tcetesd, crcetesdp uszpieau - itepea
tpnx - epexoed eimtp - aempoei
nriea - n,reoi cunx - cuexim
ca.EH c6eHi ce unAxo .utex4i
t.imo - temieut4e 6nc - 6ecxin
xottitto - xotex?, xo,tex4i mito met4a

2. Aro cpnvxara, B Korro ce pegyoa non yAapeHue[a] c [e], ce HaMr.rpa

B cJrenHoro$oueruvno o6rprxexne:
a) uenocpegcrneHonpeAMeKacarracHa, ne6xa (uryruraaa)crr.nacna Ix,
u, u, fi] n.ru npeA catreraHueor ctrJracHl.I,eAHaor Korro e vexa (na:rara.n-
ua) urn ne6na:

6ntt - 6ern, Eerao evnx - cMeuteH

nnHa - neHa ce zptx zpeuKa
nnx - nen lr,ditrl Mtcmo - .uecmn
.akou- Hetqo cHnz, cHe)KHa
u3?pnaa - ?paiiHa, u3zpen -
M.4.,tko j.Lte\Ha
cr'tnn- c.renYo npnKo - npeyka
Hedntrco - Hedetuo 6ne - npu1exxa

6) npel cprvxa, Korro crAapxa npegNar:racua [e, n]:

6nlo - 6e"tu Jrce,,rn3o- KeregeH

t4gcmo - rtecmeH nltad - nleaeJl
nflx neet4 eudnlo - audenu
qtn qenu o6nd - o6edu
pad* - pedxu nnHa - neHu ce

245
 Bss scxqto{octaHamrclryqaunoAyAapeHlienpoMenJrr{Bc[o,ce 3arra3Ba, T.e.:
l. Koraro npovexJruBoro, ce HaMrpanpeATorpla n nexe6uacbr.racHa:
6nz, 6pnz, zptrx, dpnx, dnr, spn,t, tne, HnM,nptK, ntx, cHaz, cnx, ceam, xta6,
4"Ep'r p.
2. flpe4 cpxuxa, Korro crAbpxa 3a,qHa rracHa: ntnxo, uxcmo, pxna, o6-
nnKox, u3zpusaM, lndo, unprca, np.sKo,nflcvqeH,pndxocm, pxna v p.
3. B xpar xa rnarolnx Qopvx
nn!1 - ne/|U, EO nA
ctx, noc.flx - ceeue, Ho ct, nocfl
xJcueax - ztcuaeel, Ho Jtcuan
u3nnx - u3Jloru, Ho u3,4fl
Pegynanero ce oca[lecrBtBa npH cJIoBoIl3MerreHfieroIt croroo6pa:yra-
Hero, aKo ca HalrrrqenocoqeHHTeno-rope ycJroBnr. Aro gyvara r.IMa3ByKo-
BIrr cu crpoex npoMeHtnBo .n, npu Ha:l q e Ha noAxorrrqH QonerrlqHt,tyc-
JroBrrrMox€,qa ce ocaulecrBr-rIr o6parxo pegynaue [e] - ['a]: decen - dstcua,
dncuo, o6,texa - o6,lJtKox, sa6etetca - za6etagax, sa6etnseau.
$ 173. Hapeg c re3n cryqan, B Kor.rropeAyBaHero ['a] - [e] e arronarnl-
Ho u c rcna QonerHqHa o6ycnoBeHocr, B MHoro AyMH, KoHToc6Ar,pxar npo-
MeHJTHBo r, npn Hannqrrero Ha rrocoqeHrre no-rope SoxerrvHH ycroBuc pe-
AyBaHe He ce xa6:rro,4asa.Tosa ctaga B cneAHure no-BaxHn !,Jryqau:
l. Koraro peAyBaHero ce ocbulecrBraa nla Qopvnre:a I u 2 rnue vso-
xecTBeHo qHcJIo B MHHaJTO CBl,plxeHOII M[HaJrOHecB.bp[reHoBpeMe:
-
mbpn.ax mbpnnx e, mbpnnxme
remtx - \emAxMe, Yemgxme
ucua.Sx - xuanxMe, tcua.axme
6.nx - 6nxue, 6nxme
u3ntx - u3nnx e, u3nnxme
14sronopr,r c ,l npeA cpHqra, Korro cr,abpxa npe.qnarJtacHaBao Qopurare
za I u 2 tu4e, e o6o6u1ex 3a Bcrrtu(H rJraroJII{ B,r,3ocHoBa Ha npeAcraBara 3a
ocraHaJruTeQopvu, ronro ce ri3roBaptr c r fJraBHono aHalofnr Ha
OopMa-
ra :a 1 :ruqe eIHHcrBeHo qucno: eudnx - eudnxue, eudnxme. Tona e egun
or MaJrKoro cJIyqaH, B KofrTo nplr orxJroHenne or peAyBaHero ce o6o6u1ala
Ir3foBop t.
2. flpox:nogxl.r AyMH c KHr.txoBeHnpoH3xoA r.reKaBH3foBop, o6pa:yaaHu
or npyrrl ayMu, B KoHTopenyBaHero ce ocrnrecrBrBa o6ycnoBeHo or
Qoue_
TI,IrrHoroo6rpr,xeuue:
6tpHa - 8epHu,Ho Heu oeepHo
n4npxa- epKu, lo 6esuepno
dn,t - lettm, so omdet, deto, cdetxa
mpn6aa - mpe6ea,u,uo ynompe6a, nompe6xocm
3p.an- 3penu, Ho 3penocm, 3pe.tocmeH,3pettocmHuK

246
 ll:roeop c [e] nv. oqaKBaxutH3IOBOp C a I.IMaT npHtaraTenHH rMeHa,
o6pa3yBannc HacraBra-ex ll -x- OT CslIIECTBI,ITE'HH HMeHa C npoMeHJIHBO
, B (OpeHa:

zHnA - 2He6HA, 2He6HO 4A8m - qAemHA,4AemHO

xtnb - xte6ua, xte6no ^.t.acmo- ^4ecmHa, MecmHo
Ho ramo - .ramHa, stpa - snpHa, 6nc - 6ncxa
I,lcropnuecrara o6ycnouenocr Ha eKaBHrH3roBopB Te3Hcnyqau e B Ha_
J l q u e r o H a H t K o r a u l H an p e A H ae p o B a r n a c H a B H a c r a B K a r a( c p n . c r 6 .
cptALHA, rrrtALrra).C ycranoreu eKaBn3roBop,uo 6ea
$oueruvHa Morlr-
Br.rpoBKa or ctBpeMeHHorneAnule ca u Qopr,lNrenpedna (or crp6. npt4r),
mpeexarptea), cBceAHa,Me,qHa, qeBHa(4tBL), 6e3uenHa.
Crrqecrrlr'te.nnnre HMeHa,o6pa:yaaxn c HacraBKa_ocm, e u3Krroqelve
Ha3perrocm(cps. zpnt), aKaueHerlocm(cpz. exaneunt) u npedaxocm, aped_
HOCm, .UeCmHOCm, ItMaT txaB [3foBop:

eapa - aapHocm ptO?,K - pndKocm

pt3bK - p.n3KOCq qJtn - 4t!'rocm
dnnaM - nedoda,taxocm 3AKOCm e H.8/1 - 3AkOCmeHA/10Cm
npunpnH - npunp.nHocm 3axtcboHn,l - sarctdua,to cm

npouaHa Ha ylapeHnero B onpeAereHure

_ -IIpu eoprux pegyrauero [,a] _
[e] ne ce ocrulecrBqBacaMo B cnyqaltre, Koraro caulecrB[TeJrHlrreca o6-
pa3yBaHr.t oT nplrqacTltr:4tnocm _ 4atocmma,snpHocm_ aepxocmma,pad_
-
xocm pedxocmma, Ho 3aKocmeHnJrocm - 3aKocmer1./tocmma,Hedodrna_
Hocm uedodstaaocmma,npunptHocm npunprHocmma,
I4grnroqegusor pelyBaHero rrMaH npH Hrl(orrc6IIecrBHre:run,o6pasy_
BaHnc HacraBKa-cm6o, H npn npr{narareJlnn,o6paryranu c HacraBra-c(a:
3anp, Ho 36epcmqo,3aepcKa,3sepcKo; enpa, no deoeeepcmeo, Muloaepcm6o
(cps. enpa); cenm, Ho caemcr(u,clemcKo; demcxa,demcxo (or cr6.
4*r.a).
I,Iar.nroqenuqce ua6.nroqaaatu att BToparaKopeHoBa cacraBKaHacJrox_
Hr.rAyMlr: MnpKo, Ho 6odor,tep,ru4eL4epHa,ene,<mpo ep, cunoMep, pa3Ho_
MepHoinnmo,./tnmHa,Ho n4Hoeo/temHa, dutzotemxa, cmotemHa, 68pa, Ho
6tazoeepuo; 4snm, so ?op04eem;npeKopeK(cpa. cr6. ptx,u).
ll3roBop c [e] nlr. npouenlxBo r ce orKpnBaraB HoBoo6pa3yBaHr.r
ctrlec-
TBrnerHuc HacraB(a-ra (cr6. -rra):
omi4.nmaM - omMemKa nodnt.flma.M- noduemxa
u3pn3ox - u3pe3ka HALt.gm a.t4 - Ha i.t emk a
HAZpflAAM - HAzpeAKA c.qHKg- omceHxa

247
 Cr[Io r.rs HeMornBHpaHtt or crBpeMeHHorneAHrrleeraB u3roBop B na-
poAHn crqecrBl{TeJluu, Karo z otterrKa, cer4Ka,ttenKa, qedxa, 4enrca.
Erao nrroaop ce or(puBa rr B cbrqecrBr{TenHr{,o6pa3yBanr.rc nacraB(a
-a: nompe6a,cteda, xaueca, npocsema.
B xopexrre Ha eaHa MaJrKaqacr Ha npou3BoaHr{rJraroJlr rrpoMeHnlrooro
r npeA cpfiqKa, crArPxaqa 3aAHariracHa, crl]Io ce pe,qyBac fell ntxcxau
- pa3nllecK6a , cn/lecKoa,M,on,lecKaa ; i't.flpKa- u3Mepaa.M,npeMepEa.u,
pA3,44epaa^4, 3a eped ; ttflCmo - HATVeCnAA, u3-uecmeAM,3A.UeCmOa,tt,
nperiecm6au. He e o6ocHosaHor crBpeMeHHorneAl{Iqe eKaBr{f,TI{3roBopr.r
Ha rrpon3BoAnurraroru, raro sa6eteau, do6eteau, us6ereaM, npunensa/u,
3AIenAA, U3nIe36AM, HAnpeOaAI4, pA3qenearv,Oml4enOA llp,
nocrleoga.lt,
3 a 6 e r e x x a. B nixox rrarorl or cBaputeH BHA, o6pa3yBaq[ c nacraBKa -'l-, ce
orxptoa peayaaneIe] - ['a] cnprrvo crorBerHrre rM arrarorn or aecerpureuat1, 6el qa ca
Hanllqe ooEcrnqEn yc,roeur sre (!opuxre Ha cBrpueHxre ararojrfi, xor{To lt3[cxBar raKbB
n3roaop::4emHa - tma , klex a - knaka , c em4a - cnttno , noce?Ha- loct?a , Spec-
Ho - ep.scKa . np .|ltHure 3a roaa peayBaHer{Mar r{crop[qec(x xapaKTepn He rpr6Ba Aa ce
cBrp3Bar c x3roBopaHa npoMeHnsBoror (gx. {) I94).

flpn egua vact or nocoqeHHTe u3KruoqeHHf, u3roBoptr HanpoMeHJIr,rBoro

,a Karo [e] Moxe Aa ce o6rcHr.tc oco6exocrnre Ha rpaMaruqH[t It cnoBoo6-
pa3yBareneHcrpoex Ha ,qyMnre(cpB. 6.4t3a,Ho atei < a6,le3u,u3rtt3a,Ho
uztez 1'u3ie3u), c urroeopa Ha npoMeHJlHBoro , B lr3xoAHfiTe npoH3Bex-
AauIIf ocHoBr.r(uepn - sauepea,r.r)x xafi-eeve c npou3xolla r{ KHHxoBHHT nM
xapaKTep.flo-ro:I.sr\ta qacr or AyMnre, B KoHToce orKpfiBar oTKJIoHeHI{t or
npaBfinoTo3a peAyBaHe, ca 3aeTHB KHr.rxoBHHf, e3IlKoT qepKoBHocJIaBtHc(lt
r.rpycKn e3lrx.B c:ryvanre, Koraro B 6r.nrapcrnx e:nx npoMeHJruBoro , ItMa
u3roBopr, B pycru ce cpeqa [e): uncmo - pyc. Mecmo,srpa - pyc. 6epa,
46nm - pyc. 4eem. Exaz H3roBopHMar HanpnMep3aerure or pycKu e3trx
de,to (cpt. dx,r), omdet, npunes (cpB. nnx), ycnex, o6uex, npooepxa,pa3de,t,
cdetxa, cyeeepna,cpedcmaou yp.
Hrrou or :aernre lyuu, RaTo pn3* (cpt. pesxui), cnnena (pyc cnesKa),
pbKonr.ncKa.lu,o6uaua ca no6tnrapeHLr, T.e. npnBeAe[r{ca B crorBercrBl{e c
rfouernrno o6ycnoBeHurenpaBr.rna 3a pegyBaHeroHa ['a] c [e] n ca npuo6ule-
nn xrv 6rnrapcroro rlpolt3HoItJeHHe, a.qp],rHca Bb3npr,rerr,r
r{ HaJIoxeHl,t
B KHr.r-
xoBHnr e3[nrc HenpoMeHeH H3roBop:o6uex, ynompe6a,npocsemas, rp.
3. Marsx 6pofi gyun, 3aerrl or 3arrarHo6lnrapcKuTe ,q[aJreKTr.r, cbrlo
uMaT n3roBop c [e] TaM, KrAeToB r{3ToqHHTe ce
,quaJrerTu cpeqa r.r3foBop
c ,r: aex (cr6. stx'u), voeex (r,roetm, n3roqHo6rnr. vyanx),tex (uzrotuo-
6'rtr. tnx), ctced (cpa. cndau), cuem, rcte6, texap, ueeecma,eeda.
3anagsar eKaBorocu npoH3HorueHr,re x lanagno6r.nrapcKHreorpa$cItt-l
HMeHac MecrHo 3HaqeHneg o6.nacrN,xr.qeroHe ce cpeula npoMeHnr.rBo r:

248
)Ketesua (Mlrxafiaoarpaacro), Epezo60 (Bn,qnHcxo),c. Ee,to note (Btaro-
eBrpaAcKo),no Ea,ra Ctamuua, Opnxoeo.
3 a6er exI( a. rlo orHoureHreHa npoMetrnBoTo, I 6'urrapcxara e:lxoBa Tept,tTopr,tt
ce pa3Aent Ea ABe Hapeqx, - u3TortHofl 3alaAHo. B 3anaArroro Hapeqre npoMeHJrrBor He
ctul€cTayBa, T.e. Bl)BBc}lrtxll c.nyqari,a roHTo B xriuxoBHr{r e3rx I{Map€IyBaHe! B 3ana!flxTc
roBopx ce x3roBapr cauo fel'. uteno, dedo, oepa, uexoi, xueer s r.H.
B pa3Bnraero Ha u3ToqHo66rrapcxrr€ ,qralre(T{ r3roBoplT Ba rpoMetlJlltaoro , e ycra-
HoBgsno-croxHo u pa3u006pa3Ho, xaro B 3aBrcr{MocT oT ToDare ce Aenrr Ea ceaepor3Toq-
Hr r loror3TorHr. B rxa'rfirerelt aperul or ceBepoE3ToqHt,lreroBoprl or llupgon go t{epao
Mope, Ha ceBep !, fia lor or CTapa rraHrHa x Cpegna ropa, a r.H. 6ar(aHcxir aoBopr, npo-
MeHJILBo r ce r3roBapt (aro [e] r xaro , flpx Ha.IlsqHeroEa ycnoBlnra, onr{caH[ 3a rroBr.tt
lperrac B xrrlrxoBHxr carx. B Te3H roBopr peAyBatero Ha ['a] c [e] e aBToMaruqflo tr rI03lt-
r{rorno o6ycroBeno: 6u - 6etu, 6e4uto, eot*tt - eorctu, 6pse - 6pezoee. B KEt{xoaHHt
e3!{l(e B,l,3np[eT i3roaop]T, xapa(Tepes 3a qacT oT ceBepot3ToqHaTeroaopfl.
B e.qnaqacr or torot3TorrHltTeroBopHnpoMeHn{Bor ce nrrooapr xaro [6], HanptrMepB
MHoro poAoncxfi roropu:. d€do, 6€ao, 6€x: rrtr caMo xaro r - B H3ToytopyncKa r{ ianaAro-
pyncxn roBopfi: 6.an 6e,iu, eonr - eo!1e u, 6tx - 6ewe, etpeeue, uedeta z np.
B Apyaa qacr or rcrox3TortHfiTeroaops (Tpaxrr, ConyHcI(o, Pauoxro, fo((cAelreacxo,
Crpcxo) pa3BtrTxeroxa cr6. t e cr,o4alo yclorxr ra parrroo6pa3tl{peAyBaHar:noA ylape-
Hxe H npcA cprera, clAlpxarqa 3aAsarracHa - ['a], noA yAapeHxeH npeA cpuq{a, clAbp-
xaqa npeA a .nacHa - [e], [oero or cBor crpasa Moxc !a ce peryBa c lul utru l'al: 6at
6€tu - 6etito> 6uttino - 6't,tiao.
fpalruqara MexAy l{3To!Htre tl 3ana,[Hnre roBopH, xorro ce orpelcnr rjraBIro oa Harr.t-
qucro I{JrrtorclcrBueTo Ha npoMeHrgaor B aoaoptTe (a.c. oT exaBflt flIl{ tKaB!t tt3roBop
HanpoMeHntlaor), 3ano,rsaot Hrxonoa, MrHaBanpe3nneaeHc|(o,BpaqaHcKo,Eorersrpa.q-
cxo, Erurneluucxo, BlpBfi Ha lor xrM rlupaon, flarrarrcplule, na3aplxtlt(, foqeAenqea x
crrra Ao ConyH.

BrusHfiero HapoAHHrAHaJTeKT H JrHncaraxa rcHa $onernvHa o6ocnosa-

Hocr Ha nperJracacr3.qaBarycnoBr{e:a xore6ann.t I pa3roBopHarapeq rr
Br3MoxHocr 3a o6o6uaBane B lIBe HacoKH- caMo flKaBHJrttcaMo eKaBtr3-
roBop B cnyqauTe,rG.u,ero rpr6Ba 'qace ocaulecrBxpelyBaHero:6n,t- 6ntu,
zoltn.M- zont*tu, 3ptrt - spnlu, xtn6 xtn6ua nln 6etu - 6et, zorei.tu -
- -
?o.neM,3penocm zpet, xte6ua x,le6.
$ 174. B MarKo Ha 6pofi cayvan pegyBaHero['a] - [e] o$opvr gy6lerx
B ttnuxoBHufle:nx. flpu qacr or rrx Bapr.laHTHtttr t{3foBopce o6ycnaBr or
npoMrHara Ha ycJIoBIrtra,ueo6xonxvu 3a npeflraca:

difia, so det6d cmptxa, Ho cmpexa uanpixo - HdnpeKo

o6id, tro 66ed uicmo, no uecmd
eHi3do, Eo zHe3dd no6Ac^lo,so nooecud

flpra e4narnu QoHernvnu ycnoBHr BapHaHrHH.f,TH3roBop Ha rrpoMeHJll-

Boro r xapaKTepH3Hpa3anaAHoH H3ToqHonpor.t3HouJeHr{e ua c.noroSoput-
Te: Heaflcma, He6ecmd, npudpnusa uu ce - npudpeuea u ce, *ttptto - 6ep-

249
 Ho, npscna - npecna, sadpaueau - sadpeuoau (n npousoogulrre HecBbp-
rneHu uraroJlt or cbr{ur KopeH c Apyrn npeAcraBKr.r,xato nodpnueau _
nodpeueau) unx - uex, xadxo,tnxua - uadxoteuua, Bnpa - Bepa, Heenxxa
- Heeexxa,
Bapxanrnlrxr H3roBop Ha omcaHKa- omceHka,pr3Ka - paKa, Estzpad
Eetzpad ce aonycKanopaAr ruHpoxopa3npocrpaHeHr{tHMABorKn3roBop.

PEAYBAHE IAI - tEI

$ 175. PegyraHeroo6xraula r:racHa[a] B no3nrl]rrcJregHe6nnrectr:rac_

Hn [x, q, ut] n crr:racuara [i], xomo B no3nrlur npeA npe.qHararlacna
[e]
u3qe3Ba.3a pa:rnxa or peryBanero Ha npoMeHJrr.rBo r (['a] - [e]) penyna-
uero [a] - [e] ce nsrrpurBa c;reAcbrnacHr, KoHToHe yqacrBar B nporlrBo-
rocTaB.sHeTo no npu3HaKaTBbpAOCT _ MeKOCT, u Ce nOIqIlHtBa Ha apyf]t
npaBIrta.
fuacxa [a] cren MeKactrJracHa]t cne.qcbf nacH]ITe[x, q, ur], xor.rroa
crapo6l.nrapcrt e:nx ca 6n.nu MexHctrnacHn, ce 3ana3BaTB KHHxoBHn,
e3lx 6e3 npoMeHH:.amo- tma, utanKa- utanKu,uanKap; cmpen+ _ cmpe-
3an6naai4- 3aaau, 3anaume/l,oprsK - opnnqu. Ol eruvorornqua
r,t.n/,tu,
rrelna roqKa B Te3Hcryqalr ce foBoplt 3a ,,HenpoMeHJrnno "e,.,roero ta pa:_
JrHKa or npoMeHJrnBo"a llMa Apyr npoH3xoA_ or crapo66nrapcxara fioryta_
HarJracHa[fia] (cr6. m) n no-prAxo or d: monza(rora" a)- moneu,aua (wna\
- t.tru, tpeu (upe,nt), vez.rd (reru44u), neuat (neraat),
nxaw llry.art),
ncmpe6 Q*rp'xr h,), npunmen (npxrrrens), xa6a (xaea) - tra6u, tarua
(yArxA) - uatau, KHu3(xtxast) - xxnse, ompnd (pa,g't) _ ompndu.
3 a 6 e l e x r a. B rolrua rpyna r3TorrHfiAfiareKTHnpoMeHj[{Boroh rrenpoMeHrltBo,
ce npernactr no eABH'l c t,ulu Ha!fi _CMecBaHeroHaerltMo.,toatqHo pa3r{ql|l{ raacnu (cr6.
'[ r r{ o'uo
OoHern.tHur pa3Boi Ha roBoprre e c!3aano ycnoBfle 3a H3paBHrBaHe{a ABere
peAyBarrur['a] - [e] u [a] - [c] (creA Mexa crr,rracuall [x, ,r, u]) B eAHa(Bur[oucruurrx
no3rrtlul,tI,|noAql,tutBa|lerotM Ha enHt H c!uIl npaBNrIax 3akoHoMepHocTfi. B ceBepor3Toq-
rxr€ roBopu EanpDMepncexoa [ia] x ['a] npeAcpnqxa,caAtpxa npeAHarnacataI,tB no3rut ,|
lt3B6HyAapoHneroce nperract B Ie]: crri Ko - ceHKuHo morea _ noeau, 6pae (cr6. sptn)
6peaooe, no t4 oaqap - oerepu, wapKa - wepxu, dauadxaaa - dauadxetu. xu,rada _
xit,tidu, ,reixux u ap.
noA BrHtHIreHa poAIt{t HM AHancKTB peqra Ha rHTersreHqrrra or h3.r.oquHTe (pa[ula
cc cpeular npernaceHl,| rloplru, xaro ,,veco6 ux'. (uo tac), ,,owpoeametet-, Ho rop, ,,tce_
nocmua", Ho Jranro, ,,uexalua", no latau, ,,ledtp,', ,,ue^tnuoH,, l,t ,l-H. Ilpeanacar Ha gen_
poMeBrnBo, B [e] e lra,lemua npoMrna s He e flprer a KHrlxoBtxr elur. Ilpaeoronopno u
npaBonxcrroa KHrxoBHur e3rx ca y3axoHeHgcaMo oTAe.[Hxcnyqal c Ta(l,a x3foaop flot
Brl,lrHueHa rlrorrro6tlrapcxoro rM rpou3Houlest,te (Bx. no-[ony).

$ 176. Pegyaanero[a] - [e] creg ue6nx cBrJracHH u [fi] e orpaxuueno r

KHllxoBHuqe:ux. Ha6:lonana ce B cJrelHHTecJrvtlafi:

250
 l. B oxonqautqra ra Qopuure aa MuHaJIo HecBaprlreHoBpeMeHarJraroJru
or I I II cnpexenne,uufiro ropen salr,purra ua ne6HaclrJracHaLttn rnacHa:

M6,|UA, M6r'r4AX - Mb,lUeX 38y\a, 36y\AX - 36yqex

zpewa, zpewax - zpewex meka, meyax - meuex
lLe)rca, Iexax - rexex dz,pxa, dtprcax - dtpxex
a,leKa, eleYax - g,levex neKa,nevax - neuex
cmofl, cmo.Ex - cmoex 6on ce, 6onx ce - 6oex ce

B re:n cryuau peAyBaHerooQopr.aa Qary:rrarlBHn KoHKypnparqce Ba-

plraHTHB KHnxoBHutegsx 6eg pa3tx(lt B 3HarreHr,rero
Ira $opr,aure.
Pegyaauero ce ocb[IecrBrBa QaxylrarnrHo u npeg cy$nrc -l BrB $op-
MUTe Ha MHHaJTUTeHeoBtplxeHr-l ,qerTenHH npIlqacTHr oT catlll,ITe fjraroJllt:
Mb.|YAJ'I- MbJ'lUeJl,tleJrCAr'I- )Iexer|, 36yYAn - 38yUen, CyUAn - Clwen, CmOnJl
- cmoe,l-
Yclonnrra, Heo6xoAxMrr, 3a Aa ce oca IecrBH BapHaHTHoropeAyBaHe B
To3Ii run rJroroJIHHQopun,:anncrr He caMo or xapaKTepa Ha ctrJlacHara
npe.q oroHqaHuero -a.t, Ho u or ynapennero, Koero rprbBa la na6a 3a!1.tJt-
xHTeJrHo Bl,pxy peAyBaqara ce rJracHa. Cpt.: ut,tudx, ut ,tudx, uo cav.o
ntduex, zpduex, cltex.
Oopr..rnre3a MHHaJroHecBbpneHo BpeMe c Bapr{aHTHopeAyBaHetal - [e]
I.tMarpa3JrHqeHAnaneKTeHnpor.t3xog:dt pttex. cmoen, orpa3ABar Hafi-o6u1o
npoLI3Ho[JeHHeroua Qopvure B 3anaAHHTe.ufia:reKTu,a dbp),cax, cmonr -
B H3TOqHI,ITC.
2. B sacranrara -au ll -tul, -er4 3a o6pa3yBaHe Ha cerarxHr.r Aerre;rHr.l
npuqacrr.rror rJraroJruor I u II cnpexeune. Peqyaanero[a] - [e] n Hacrao-
KaTae B 3aBr-rcHMocToT MrcToToHa yaapeHteTocnprMo npuqacTHaTa Hac-
TaBKa- noA yAapeune-du.t,- iut, x3B6HylapeHxero cawo -eul:

zopnl4 - napeu,l cmoflt4 - neeul

uemit4 nyuteuq 8bp8tl4 Oneu,l
cnnuq- 6 eq cnst4 - ocet4

Koraro uactasxara e noA yAap€HHeu ce npu6atr K6M (opeH, KofiTo3a-

Bl,ptrrBaHa ue6ua cr,r:racnauns rnacHa, pelyBaHero oQopvr rapuanrHn
tfoplrn, xonro eAHaKBo ce AonycKar xaro KopeKTHH
H HopMartBHr,rB KHn-
XOBHI-l' E3HK:

xebp4a - xa6p\a14, xsbpraqu - xabp\et4, xEbpqeulu

cmo.a - cmont4, cmott4u - cmoeul, cmoet4u
meKa - meuary, me4a14u me\er4, meveulu

251
 le tc a - 11etc aw - /1e3tcew
zpewa - zpeutaul - ?peuet4
6on ce - 6onu4 ce - 6oetq ce
2b,t4a - ?b,l\au - ?bluew
3a6enex(a.CeraursorolerrerHonpqqacrr.reea63craHoBelroauooo6tlrapcxrr
(Hr.rxoBee3x( noApycKoe3uxoBoB,ql.rrsre. flp{ Br3npreMa[eHa (DopMlTe fJlacHaraB
Hac"faBKa'fa-u14ce e noABenacnopeaI,l3roBoparracTapaTarToBaanacHar 3aToBaB Heyaa-
peHan03trlxr rMa Barraruulroeop-er4.C t3(lrrcqeHe Hanpfi.tacrHrrer[opvr.r,
o6paryeauu
or rjraroM,Lor III cnpexe8re: etedau ztedat4, cmpels$ - cmpei.sr4.

3. OceeH B nocoqeHnre cryqan npernac [a] - [e] B KfinxoBHHr e3rrK ce

orKprrBa H B orAeJrHHAyMH noA BJTHTHHesa r:roqHo6r,ltapcKrt r.rMrrper-
JraceHH3roBop:
nu, dap*tond - cyxoetc6uua, euc6a, ex6u, tpdoed
ngds - xotoesda'1, etda,t, esda
neuat6a - nevelfl
Pegyaanero AonycKa H cJreAHr{reAy6nerHr,( $opvu a KHH)KoBHnre3xr(:
ae uan - ae,tuea,pa3aeHuan - pa36eH4e.fl,3aKon4at - 3aKonven, pa3Konuafl
- pa3Konuet, ranHe -,,raeHe, 6ante - 6aete, 6onx - 6oex.

PEAYBAHE IOI - IEI

$ 177, Ocuonara Ha peayBaueroe npernactr Ha rracHa [o] s r.naura [e]

cne,[ MeKHx naJraraJrrr3upaHr.r cbrJracHn.Pegysaxe'roce cpeqa H B Apyru
cjraBrHcKr.re3rrqHt-'e HacneAeHo oT no-cTapocrcTorHr,rea e3fiKa.
B crrpeuenuur 6rlrapcru e3 x peAyBaHe'ro e orpaHuqeHoH HerrpoAyr(-
rnano. Cpeqa ce caMo 868 Q.lexcurra x n cyQaxcu. T6ft Itaro ctorHoure-
rrHrra Mex,{y pe,UyBaIqHTe ce rJracHHB no-K6cHr.lt3ByKoBpa3BoftHa e3rKa
ca HapyneHri,or penyBaHeroce cpe[Iar rrpn rbxAecroeHn SoHernvHuno-
3r1qnt-r
MHoro H3KrroqeHur.B c.nyvanre,npu KoHToce cpeqa, peAyBaHero
ce no,{t{r.rHrBasa cJreaHoronpaBr.rJro: rnacna [o] ce pe4yaa c [e]
a) cneA MeKacbrnacHa;
6) cleg narararH3HpaHH(ue6Hu ctrlacHN;
a) c:reg cr,r,racnara [q];
r) cren cTuerauuero [rur] (ul).
Pegyaauero ce H3B6prxBaHenocJre,qoBareJrHo B cJreAHUTe oKoHqaHlrrla
HACTABKII:
$ 178.IIpr $opvoo6pa:ynaHero:
l. B oronqaHnero 3a MHoxecrBeHo iltcJlo Ha caurecrBHTeJIHHnMeHa or
M'bxKIr pol1 -ode - -eae, npu6asnto KBM eAHocpxqHx ocr{oBr{ c Kpaen 3aBbp-
l:tex -ai, -ei, -ofi; 6poi - 6poeee, eoi - aoeae, zuoi zuoeee, zxoit - t noeae,

252
Kei - Kee6e, rafi -,'tae6e, poi - poe6e, coi - coese, cmpoi - cmpoese, 'lafi
- 4AeAe.
flpu ro:u rlrn e,qHocpu!tHHcrurecrBnreilHH ItMeHa peAyBaHero o$opr'aa
Ay6rerHH rpopuu ra MHox€crBeHo qficro npn cJleannre c'buiecrBI{TeJIHtt:

6eit-6efioeeu6eeee xpafi Kpaitoee v kpaeqe

zueit - sue oee v 3i4eeae 1A -nAUOAeUnQeae

rc.,teti- xle oee v x,reeae ' i1 - ttiose v nese

Pegyaauero He ce ocrqecrBrBa B oroHqaHl.Iero 3a MHoxecrBeHo qHcJIo

-o6e ctlnennataTaJlHl, n ne6nu cbfJracHn: 3em - 3embo6e, o?6H - ozHboae,
MOpJt - MOpJtCOge,CmAJTC- CmA)rCOge,HO)tC HO)JCOAe, n,lAU - n,lAqOAe,
eq - Meqoae, Kr'tnv - Krtoqoee, tuuut - ututuoae, zpow - zpouose; dyut -
dywoee.
B nrron sana,uno6rrrapcxn roBopr{ pe,[yBaHe[o] - [e] g oKoHqaHltero 3a
MHOXeCTBeHO qrt:lto -O6e Ce Ha6nlOAaBaH B Te3h Cnyqafl - c,leA He6Ha n
Me(a clufJlacHa:: Mrorr K,'rnueae, HoJtc - ttoltceqe, dulcd - dwe deee, zpow
- ?pouoee, Kow - Koue,e, Kou - Koveae. Tesn
{oprr.rn 3a MHoxecTBeHo
qncno c nperJraceuo [o] c.nea IltyrlrKaBacr,rJracHaB o(oHqaHuero He ca rrpn-
CTI-I B I(HUXOEHI-I' E3NK.
2. B oronqaHxero 3a cpeaeH poa Ha HrKonKo cblr(ecrBnrenHll rlMeHacJreA
Mexa cbrJracHa ce,lo - no,,te, nepo - ope. Halfiquero Ha ernMoJrofrrqHa
KpafiHaMexa cbrracHa B ocHoBara JIuqI BrB rfopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo q{c-
ro'. no,,t.fl[nor'i] - none, Mopt [vop'd] - Mope,4sem8 luner'df - 4aeme,
epozd.a[rpoag'a] - zpfide, rcsn lloz'itl - tose. C'tt:\o H B oKoHqaHLIeroHa
clruecrBuTeJrHHTe fiMeHa tu4e, ni4e, 3e./te,c.ttbH4e,B KoI.{ToKpaiHara cbr-
,racna [q] npea oKoHqaHHero e 3arBaprrna. Cpn. tuqa, nfi4a, c,rt x4a.
Karo nperraceuo cJreAnaJraranHacrr:racna rpx6Ba aa ce pa3rJrexla uc-
TOpltqecKI-l -e 3a eauHcTBeHoqI{cno Ha c'b[lecTBurenHx r,rMe-
H oKoHtIaHI{eTO
Haor cpeAeH poA, o6pa3yBaHu c H acraaru -u(e), -u(e), -ury@): tcumue (cpv.
numun fxuruitil, optxue - opbtcun [opi;xrfia], cberacue, xapeuue, do-
aepue; xodene, nucaHe; 4umatut4e, y\unut4e, c6opuqe, Kpauqe, ozHut4e.
PegyraHero He ce ocbtrlecrBqBa, Koraro oroHqauuero ce npn6aBr KtM
ocHoBa Ha vexa n He6na crrJracHa: ,luuuo, ctenuo, ayiuo, uuto, ,Q,axuo,
ceupvo. Crulo u s rcpad,tao, cupbKnbo,
3. B,lr Qopr,lu 3a cpeAeH poA Ha Mecror.{Mennc.CreA xpafiua nalara,rua
cbfracHa [fi] u ne6na cbrJracHa oKoHqaHHrTa ce H3roBaprT B KHnxoBHr.rt
e3lrr caMo nperJraceHlr - T.e. oKoHqaHHeTo3a cpeAeH poA -o IrMa BapxaHT
-e: Mofi - ,uoe (< [vdfie] c pe,[yBaHe lir] - a npen npegua r tacua), meoi -

253
 maoe, caou - c6oe, Haw - xawe (cpz. ueeoeo),aou - 6aute: xoi _ rcoe,
koemo, HuKoti- Huree, HtKoii - H.sKoe,
scnko, - scflkoe, qui _ sue, yuemo.
lI:roaop Ha Mecro[MeHHur[opvn raro ,,vofio, rnofio, nanro, raruo, vtfio,,
e AHaJreKTeH.
4. B:ln tpopva 3a cpeAeHpoA Ha npHnarareJrHrrHMeHa3a npEHaAJrexHocr
cJreAMeKnr, [aJlaraJrrr3ltpaHu
c LrnacHH.Mexata crtlacsa B Kpa{ Ha ocno-
Bara Jrr.iqurtn Qopvara 3a xeHcKHpoa npea oxoHqaHr.rero-d:

Kpaau, Kpagfl. - Kpaee )'tucu4a, r,tucuuu- ltucuYe

pu6u,pu6n - pu6e zbcKa, zbwu ebute
necu,necfr nece 6ux,6uuu- 6u'te
KO3A, KO3fl - r<O3e ocu, ocJt - oce

C:rulo N g Ky\e, cspaue, ab,4qe,naue, nmuqe,pale, npdeue.

PegynaueroAorrycKaBapHaHTr.r caMo BT,BQopvure oeye - oaso,6otco
6olcue, paue - pato, 6uewe - 6uauo.
Penynanero He ce ocr,ulecrBrBanocneAoBaTe,rno. H:xrxt.reHr.t;1
ca Harr-
pnvep Qopurr.rre 3a cpe,qeHpoA or ,qpyrHnpl{Jrarare
rrHlr,Karocurrbo,caetco,
6et oxo ctco,nouo, aeulo, 2opet4o, pu Jtco.
Pe4yaaHeHMaH BbBrfopvnre 3a cpeAeHpoA Ha Hrxon(o npnrararenla.
B63npHeTH nO KHI-I)I(OB9H
IIT'T OT DVCKH e3nK:

auctuu, aucuta, aucule utadutu, utadwa - uladwe

HU3|UU, HU3UIA - HU3We caemeiwu, caemeiuta - ceemefiwe

Oopvara 3a cpeleH poA or npr{nararentolo 6uew e 6ueue u 6uauo.

Oxon.{aHuero3a cpeAegpol Ha cerauHr.trelerrenHl, nptlqacru, B KHr4_
xoBHur e3HKe -o. ctedeauq- cnedsar4o,oqaKsat4- oro*uir4o, npeoLtada_
ea4 - npeo6tada6aulo,sbrrHysat4 - sbnHyedulo,cmpadat4o,eoeopet4o.Te-
:n Qopvn npeo6laganar I4 ce Hanarar B ctBpeMeHHarae3I,Il{oBa rrpaKTr.{Ka,
Tb.stKaKTox apyrnre $opr,alr:a cpe,qeH po,qHa[pnJrarareJrHnrlMeHa:?oaett_
do, uyxdo, ct u1o,o6t4o. Hapeg c re:x SopMrl,yrBapAeHHB rpaKTu(ara, ce
cpeuaT I,leaHHtqHHcryqau, IIo npoH3xoacerarxHfi.qerTeIHHnpHqacTrrr,Ha
-ule, Karo 6tdeuqe,uacmonuqe.Tezu
Sopvu sa cpe.qeHpoa ce ynorpe6anar
Karo caulecrBlf re;rxu (cy6craHrnunpauo) _ Hacmo+t4emov 6bdeu4emoHa
uapoda 3a pa3nr.rKaor Qopvure 3a cpeAeHpon Ha nprracrr_rrra c oKoHqa_
uue -o (6tdeqo nbmy6aHe,Hacmo.nt4omonpaeumetcmeo). Oopurasa cpegeu
poa 6z,deqe o6aqe ce ynorpe6raa H Karo npr{JrararerHo(cpB. 6tdet4e ejene).
<Dopunre3a cpeAeHpoA c oxoHqaHHe -e xaro no-apxaHqHl,rnoH{Kora ce
npe1noqxrar B peq, rr3A,LpxaHa r ,,no-aucor,,ctnl.

254
 $ 179. IIpu clonoo6pasyeauero:
1. B nactatxara -ocm - -ecm: padocm, Ho cae)tcecm,6odpocm, uo zo-
pecm, noDrocm, so do6,tecm,6,tusocm,uo 6otecm, Kpomocm,Ho mexrcecm.
2. B nacrasrara -oma - -ema: Hut4ema,Ho ltoutoma,eotoma, er,ryxoma,
nycmoma, ruc moma, uecmoma,
3. B Hacrasrara -oa - -ee za o1pasyBaHeHa rrpnJrararenuu uv.eua: 6pam,
6pamoe,Ho s ei, 3Mees;maHq,maH4oa,Ho ./tu4e,tu4ee; 6auauoe,uo mn-
mnnee, 6ecroe, Ho opaHxea, po3os, Ho Kose6,ao.rea(or eota).
Pelyoaxero He ce oc6ulecrBtBanocJreAoBareJuro cle'q ne6nn cbrJracHr.t:
sepeutos loxpa lepeutee, Ho ^4qputoo,kpytuos, eJtcol. C.nyvanre c pegy-
BaHeB HacraBKaraca no-qecro cJreAcbrJracHafu)..utaxuea,KoKuues,Kupe-
uea, Ho uuuos, syfivoe,
Bnurnnero Ha aI,IaJIeKTnre, B Kolrro cburo HqMaeanHcrBoH rroc;lelroBa-
TeJTHOCT npr{ OCAUIeCTBTBaHe HanperJraca,}I ycTaHoBUJIOTO CeB pa3BOtpa3_
uoo6pasuenplr l{3roBopaHa npfinafarenHr.rreca npxqfiHa,qace ycraHoBtr
B KHHXoBHr,rr e3IiKHtKoJrKo,qy6nerHr.r$opwu..uadeuuoo u xtadeuvee, ut-
Jrcoa v Mblcea, c./tbHyoa H crltH\ea.
Pegyrauero ce peaJrH3r.Ipa trocnenoBarenHo B HacraBKaranpu o6paayea-
He Ha npntaraTeJrHl.toT caulecTBr,rTejrHH LrMeHaOTMb)I(r(HpOA,3aB'bprxBauIl.l
Ha -i, u or crulecrBuretHu HMeHaor xeHcKr{poA Ha -n..cralei cJ,raaeez,
xrei - xleee, zue| sueee, apxuepeii apxupeee, ypauui ypa ue6, xe-
Jluec,Karuea, vo 6att - 6aioe; axa4un - aKa4ue6,3u4un- 3vuea, paKuJt-
paKue6.
Ctyuau c nperracena H HerrparJraceHa rJracHaB HacraBKa
la ce orKpuBar
cl,ulo Ir cJleil MeKacarjlacHa: 4ap, 4apnm - 4ape8, xpan, Kpannm _ Kpa1e6,
so 6amtoe noxpait 6amee,3embo6,nem/,rboa.
4. B Hacrasxara-oeeH- e6eH,. pedoeeu,uo n/td4eae , dyxoeeu,Ho dyrue-
eeu. flpeo6taAaBar B KHrrxoBHr.tr e3r.rKcryrraxre c HenprnaceHo[o] a [e]:
,,rbJtcoaeH,rcuuucoaeu (noxpafi ocrap. xnucreaex),eattoeeu, dttedoaeu, mt
Jtco aeL ?pu )tcoaeH, Kbt4oaeH.
5. B uacrasrara -oa - -ea 3a o6pa3yBaHe xa $avn,ruu HMeHa[r [pe3rrMeHa:
Llaauoe,Ho nee6 (or lleio\
Paixoe, so lleuvea (or llenuo\
,[uuumpoe, uo Mu,tee (or Mu,rtoJ
Ban4apoa, no Kotee (or Komo)
Cnytaure c npertaceHa HacraBKa-ea rra Qar,.rn;ruuregMeHaH rrpe3IrMe-
na a 6rltapcxnx esnr ca lfiroro6poit1u: Eracree, fewea, Ih,peee (or ntp-
su), fa*es, Hsaxuee, Kouee, Muutee, fleutee, Ile4ee, uo Koteo n Rotaoa,
Cmaxea n Cmaxtoe.

255
 O6pa:ynanure or co6crBenn HMeHaHa -io, -to, -\o, -t4o orHocr{Ternrr
nprrJraraTenHr,3a JrrrqHanpr.rHaAJIexHocT ca c HenpernaceHaHacTaBKa-o8,
Jft.rncaraHa peAyBaHee rosH c.nyvafinoMara.qace pa3rpaHr{qar, rrpr.rrexa-
TenHr{TenpfinarareJrHu or crorBerHltre Saurunn nrr.reua,o6pa:yoanx or
caqrqlrreclrqecrBxTeJrHu,Ho c HacraBKa-es: neHuo - ITeuuoaauoixa, uo
Cmaneu lleuuee; Muwoeo narlmo, Ho Muwee; fauao - fauaoo (cps. 6afi-
?aHboaumenocmtnxu), uo fauee; Kottto - Kotaoau xuueu, no Kolee; Ileio
- fleioeo, Ho nee6; flewo - Ileutoe, uo llewee; Etaxo - Etaxoao - Eta-
JKes,TaKaxaKTouuqoa, 6pamoa,eyiuoe.
B'r3uoxuoc'ru're HapeAyBaHeroB rorn c.ly.raft ce u3nor3Bar raM, K.rlero
e Br3MoxHo, 4ntfepeuqupano(cpa. or nawa - cav.ollauoa): rfopvnre na
-oa o6lrxHoseHoca rplrrexaretHfl npHnarareJlHlt, a tlopruure Ha-ea BuHa l
$alrn:rnr.r nveua.
6. B Hacraarara -oaum - -eoum: pe\oeum, dtrcdoaum, etocotum, Ho
Kpanesum (noxpair xp at aoeunt).
7. B xacragxara -oeu - -eau Ha 3aer[ or pycKn e3vK nptralare.l.tv: no./t-
Kosu, 4semo6u,6ezoau,wo 6oeeu,cmpoeau,ozHeau,36eHe6u,nonelu, 6ore-
6U IOT AOlIn1,
8 .B cr,e,qnHureruaravoprfeva -o- - -e-, c qH{To noMorrlce o6pa3yBar
cnoxHH crulecTBriTeJIHl,u nprrJrafaTeJIHl.r
HMeHa,pe.qyBaHeTo ce ocl'ulecT-
BrBa,Koraro ntpBara ocHoBa3aBbptrrBa Ha MeKaxrfi He6Hactr:Iacua:
npocm-o- dyu ue. wo oet- e- dywue
cae,n,r-o-oK,Ho cuH-e-oK(ot cun, cuut o), cuHe6ny3
Cpr,a. crqo pycoxoc, zposdo6ep,eodouep, teere3onbmeH,KaweHoabz-
)leH,pbKonuc, cna6onn6e4,pt'xodelue, udotonoxlouuux, uupoln6e4, to
zeun - seuedene4,3euempeceHue,eeuedetue, :euedelcxu; euaen (cr6.
8.r't.Ah)- sbz.nexonau,
etztedo6ua, .4bNa - rbxeKrlacullusbM,,ttrtcecaude-
-
men; ome4 (0't'L4b) om4ey6ue4;dyutezy6e4,dyweeade4;ozbH,o?blfltn -
ozlteyepaeH,ozxeduutat4;ttcuzrrecnoco6eu (x 3hb), ctp4e - cop4epasdu-
pdmeneH,no cttxuo6pan,

PEAYBAHf, [T, El - a

$ 180. Pegynaxero e 3acrbneHotlrxpoKoB KHr{xoBHHr6,urapcru ear-rr.

npoMeHHTe,HacraHarH crc crapo6r,lrapcKHTe rJIacHHb, 'L. B
To orpa:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::aaa
pe.qyBaHero yqacrBar caMornacHn [r] n [e], BMtKHarnB crqeraHur or crr-
tacHH cneAH3na4areua c:ra6xre epoBeB KpaecJroBHa n03l{rll-rr.B pa:luvuu
vopQororlruun Kareropuu rJracHure[r] [e] npea coHopHHcr,r.nacuu[p, l,
u, n], npe4 cbr;racHrrre[q] u [g] r.rB eA HHtrHr.t cnyqau npe.qrnacna [r] (>
tr] - tq]) ce peAyBar c o. Pe4yranero ce ocbrlecrB.f,Ba r cy$Nxcxu cpuvxu.

256
 B xopeuulr cpuqKr ro e orpaHfiqeHo caMo B HrKoJrKo Eyllllv.'.deH - dHu, nec
- nce, dbnbz - dt,tzu, ocew - ocrtu, cedej4 - cedMu.
B :naqureren 6pofi or cryqauTe peAyBaHero e rfoneruvxo o6ycroreno
x Moxe aa ce oflpeaerH Hafi-o6uo oT cJTeJIHHTe npaBfira:
1. Pegyraqnre ce rJracHu [r] u [e] ce cpeuar s KpaiHa cpuqKa Ha ayMa
- rrpeA cbfnacHa Hnr.rnpea cyohl(c, xofiTo 3anoqBacrc c'LrJracHaHJrHc6I1,p-
xa pe,qyBaurace r:racna [r, e]:
6empoee, eempo6um - 8Ambp, a.flmbpeH,6tmbpHa
mu?pu4a, muzpoaa - muztp, muzbpcKu
necHullka - neceH
2. fnacsu [r] u [e] ce peAyBar c u npeA vopQeua (oxonuannr nlu cy-
Quxcu), xorro 3arroqBac rJracHaH Korro He cb,{x,pxa rnacHa, Korro or cBot
crpaHa Aa ce pe,4yBac o:
atmbp - aempeu, aempeHa
meu6z,p - me6poe
MT,pmba- .ubpmau, Mbpmsuno, n4bpmaewKu
do6rp - do6pu, do6pe, do6puua, do6podeme,'t
mb,Me - mbMvu4a, mb.u u, mbMttu a
flpannloro 3a peAyBaHeHa [a, e] c o He ce rJpflnara Br,B BcnrrKr,r
Bb3Mox-
HH cJryqaH.Mnoro6pofinlrre rr3KJrroqeHHror npaBrrnoro onpe,qen{T peAyBa-
Hero rro-cKopo (aro xapaxrepHa rsyxoaa oco6exocr r{ orrHKa Ha onpeAene-
HH Kareropr.rHAyMH l.r MopQeMn.
Pe4ynaxero oOopMr rIpH Qopvoo6pa:yraHero u c,rosoo6pa3yBaHero
a,rovoptfr.r Ha KopeHHun cyQuxcxn r'.aop$euuc pa3JrHqHa3ByKoBapeanr43a-
-eull-u-,-e4ll-4-,bkl-K-,-enll-n-
r\ux de lldtF,cedeullcedu-,

PE,(VBAHE [b] - o

$ l8l. PenyBaHeroce Ha6:rrcgaraB cJreAHr.rre cnyqaH:

1. Btn tfopvure Ha cbulecrBHTeJrHr.luMeHac BM'bKHara epoBacrflracHa
B Kpas Ha,qyMararrpeAcarJracHure[p,,'r, u, u] u a e.qr{HHr{Hn cnyqatt npeA
rxyMoBr.r c:bfIacHH:
a) B saera c'bulecrBuTelrHuc xpaiHa c'r,uracHa
a ocHoaarafpl, xaro ap6u-
mz,p,6axataet'p, do6z,p,aenrp, rcadacmtp,xadtp, xatu6t p, rcedz'p,xeumaatp,
,raabp, numasbp, numbp, Maa6p, .udzucmbp,ueztp, odtp, oteaudtp, opxdt'o-
sbp, opKecmbp,neduamtp, ncuxuambp,pezucmbp, ceuecmbp, cKunmbp,cneK-
mbp, muzbp,Qu,tmtp,4eumtp, tqu,turtdz,p, uambp, ruedtoetp,utuft p.
PegynaHeroce ocaulecrBrBarr,t Sopvnre 3a MHoxecrBeHoqficno npe.q
oKoHqaH[e-u-, -o6e H B 3BareJrHr{Te $opvu npeg oKoHqaHr.re -o, 6es o6aue

17, rD.srru i.6rD,6s., ct.4bxcflF 257

r.nacna[l] Aa ce peAyBac s B onpegenexaraQopManpeAqJreHHara
uoprfeva
-a ll -rm u e 6poiHara QopManpeg or(oHqanne-c:
meambp- meampu, Ho meambpbm,dea meamtpa
xadtp - xadpu, uo xadtptm, daa xadtpa
MUHUCmbp - MUHUCmpU, HO MUHUCmbpbm, MUHUCmpe
ncuxuambp- ncuxuampu,Ho ncuxuambpbm,ncuxuampe
Crurecrglrrernnre r.rMeHa embp,numbp H npoH3BoAH[Te or ttx de4u-
,Iumbp,xeKmo,lumbp,Kuno embp,caHmun'tembp u T.H.,KoraToce H3IloJr3BaT
Karo MepKHB cbqeraHl{ec qfictnTenHn,a He Karo KoHKperHH o6eKTr,r,
HMar
tpopvu aa 6pofiuo vxoxecrB€Ho qucno, B Kor.rropeayBaHeroc6rqo ce oc.l,-
IIIECTB'BA:
embp,Membpbm- daa itempa
caHmurvembp, caHmuuembpbm- daa caxmuuempa
.rumbp,rumbpbm . dea ,tumpa
flog arurnue na re:n Sopvu Hanocne.q'bK ce pa3npocrpaH{aarn 6pofiHll
Qopvu, xaro dea ceuecmpa, mpu duonmpa,napa empa, duauempa.
I,I:xlroqesne or pelyBaHero uua s drceuntp - dxeuntpu, z za6tp -
ea6tpu. B 3aerll rypcKn AyMr.r,xaro nxbp - txbpu, Kaxbp kaxbpu,)cambp
xambpu, Kambp - Kambpu,cambp camopu, 6axtp - 6arctpu, uadtp
uadtpu, xactp - xacbpu, rracua [r,] He e BMT,KHara r.{3aroaa He yrracrBaB
peAyBaHeTo.
6) B :aeru cr'ulecrBtlreJrHfi
c xpafiuo fnl: aucau6ut, 6uaoxu,t,duputrca-
6t',t, X:eSUt, Ke26,'1,llolloKlr,'t, t4OmO4UKbn, CneKmlk6!1,4UKbn,4okbl'\, Vex?,rl.
Pe.qyoauetoce peann3r.rpaar,r $opunre 3a MHoxecrBeHoqxcJro:
atrcan6o,t,aucau6uttm, axcau6ula - aucau6,tu
vexbrl, vexblbm - yexJlu
Jteibr,t, J{eibr1bm, daa ltettta J(e3,'Iu
a) B crulecreureJrul, r{MeHa,o6pa:yaaHu c Henpo.qyKTnBHnrecyQnrul
-bp, -bt, -bLr, -bH: auxbp, slmbp (cps. een), caercop,6txttt, eonz,tt(cpa, eo-
nun), tcezt't (cpu. xezeau), nemopacbl, ompacbn, .^,tucbr,r,
nbKbn, bz?,/t,Ko-
ct u (cps. xoca), ct6lastu, Ka3bH,lenpun3al. Pegyraxero ce ocbrqecrBrBa
ern $opvure 3a MHoxecrBeHo qncJro rr B :aare.nnara $opva:
aflmbp, 6.flmbpbm sempoae, aempe
euxbp, 6uxt pbm auxpu,6uxpe
ompacb,1, ompact nbm - ompac,4u
KOCbr+t,Kocbl,tbm - KocMu
ct1tastu, cb6,,td3b ma - ct6tasuu
Pegyranero ce orKprrBa npea ctrJracHa [v] u e saeroro ca IecrBI.ITeJrHo
pumbM - pum,Mu,

258
 r) B vxoro6poiHr{Te carlecrBllrerHlr HMeHa or M6)KKr.{
po.Ec HacraBKa
-ustn. BuerHara rJracHa [r] n nacrarxara c€ pe.qyBac s B onpeleneHara
Qopua u rra Qopvara :a o6nrnoseso n 6pofiuo MHoxecrBeHo qr.rc;ro:
apxauibu - apxau3Mbm, apxauiMu, doa apxautua
pe allu 3 b.lt1- p ean u3M bm
c o4ua,lu 3 bM - c o 4u a,'ru3M bm
opzattu3?,M- op?aHu3Mbm, op?aHu3,vu, dea opzauutua.
Onpegenexnre QopMr,rHa cbr.rlecrBrrreJlHureuMeHaHMar B pa3roBopHara
petr BapHaHTH6e: pegynane f'sl - z'. coqua,tu3bL1 coquanu3Mbm, pea,'tu3bu
- peartulMbm. Tenaenqurra B c;ryqar e H3foBopr,T ua
Qopvure .qa ce yea-
HaKBr.rc r.r3roBopaHa onpe.qe;IeHHTe
QopMr.r Ha ocraHaJrHTec bu{ecrBHTeJlHIa,
KaTOpumbM - pumb bm, tce3b./t- lce3brbm, Membp - Mem?,p6m,KoI.tToHe
ca I.l3KJIK)qeHHe
OT npaBHJTOTO
4) B orge.nHu c:ryvau I xpafixa xopeHoBacplrt{KanpeA rtlIyMoBactrJracHa:
HOKbm,HOKbmAm- HOKnU
nQKbm,/1aKimnm ,ldxmu
Pegyrauero ce cpeua l-rB qerr.rpn cBuIecrBHTerHH, o6pa:yraun cr,c cy-
Qnxc -ax:
ianbK - 3h,u(tt (u n,tt4u)
MOMbK - ,U0.M4U, ttO,vKO
nopadtx - nopndrcu(u nopndt1u)
n o m o M b K- n o m o M 4 u
3 a 6 e r c x K a , C t , u 1 e c r B T e n t i H T c , o 6 p a 3 y B a f i u c H a c r a B K I , t- b K , - l . b K , H e y g a c r s a r B
p c J t y R a f r c r o [ ' r , ' l - o : d a u t x - d a n t 4 u , r ) o 6 u m t ' x - d o 6 u m t 4 u , K a ^ 4 6 K- K a j 4 b t r u , n t c b r { nr-
c64u, nem6K nembUu, n,tah6K nnai46r(u, da 63jl6t< da 63t64u,,<on4ejr,k - Konler64u.

e) B :aare;rnn QopnanHa.rtn.rri{co6craexn HMeHac BMerHarfrl: Ilemtp

Ilempe, fiutrumz,p fiu,uumpe, Atexcaudtp - Atexcaudpe, Co$orcz,tt-
Cotfoxte.
2. B Henpogyxrnrunre cy$uxcu - hn, -bp 3a o6pasyraHena npHrarareJrnr.r
lrvesa. flacsara [l] r ocnonHara$opMa ce pe,qynac z B onpeAeneHara
Qopva :a vr,xxr.l pog n nr,r Sopwure 3axeHcKH,cpeAeHpon H MHoxecrBeHo
qHCJIO:

6eett 6ee,tunm, 6ee"ta, 6ezto, 6eetu

Kpbzbn Kpbznunm, Kp7,2tla,Kpbzno, Kpbznu
do6z'p - do6punm, do6pa, do6po, do6pu
xumbp xumpu'm, xumpa, xumpo, xumpu
Pegynauero e xapaKTepHo 3a cnegHxTe npnnararenHH: a) c xpafixo [n]:
6ezz,'t, eaxz,'t,31,,1,Kpbzbn, uaez',t, xoaodoubr, Hoaou3lfl3b.t, o6tl, nodtt,
uedopacz,tt, caembn, ceMnb.4,c yzbl, monb.4;6) c xpafino [pl: 6ucmtp, 6o,

259
dz,p, eedop, do6ry, edtp, xunz'p, uodt'p, uorcop, ut'dt p, ocmbp, nl'cmbp, xu-
m?,p, xpa,bp, 4edbp.
B penyaanero yqacrBar H 6e3cyQuKcHnre npu:rararelrHu dttte - dttr-
zunm, dutea, dutzo, dz'tzu u 3b,r - yluflm, 3na, 3rto, 3nu.
3. B cyQnxc -bB 3a o6pa3yraHe Ha nprrarareJrHr.r lr Mecror{Mervs:. actr
KdKbe, edHaKbs, utnxba, Kdkbo, .Mbpmba,HeedHaKbt, HuKaKb+,unxaxta. Pe-
AyBaHero ce oca lecrBrBa r onpegereuara $opMa 3a M6xKu poA lr ar,s sop-
Mr{Te 3a xeHcKr.r,cpeAeH poa H MHoxecTBeHo qHcJro:
acflKaKba - ac.aKaKauflm,acnKaKaa, acnKaKao, gcnKaKau
edHaxta edxarceu.nm,ed axea, edxaxeo, eduaxeu
.Mz,pmbs- Mbpmsu.nm, Mbpmoa, bpmeo, Mbpmau
Pegyeanero He ce cperua B maKba, Cpa, marcaaa, maKoaa, maKuaa.
4. B crerrrnre cyQlrxcu sa o6pa:yaane Ha npnnararerHH r-rMeHa:-.,K -
6tttst t<,zadtx, ztadtx, zoptrc, zptMbK, zbstK, dz,pztx, ucattrc, neap?,K,nce-
lebK, 36bttbK,3oPt K, Koat'K,Kpam?'K,KpenbK,KpexbK,KpombK,J'to6bK,Ma.qbK,
,uep3bK, tru3bK, HucbK, nuabk, nnumbK, po6bk, poxux, pndtrc, pnztx, ctadtrc,
meJtcbK,mbHbK,nptx; -uutx - 6eduuvz'x, 6teduuut'x, 6,,tu:tuutx, 6ozumuuarc,
?o,,IeMLrrbK, do6puuz,x, dt,tzuvz,x, edtuuz,x, Jtcb,lmuvz'K,3ereHu\n'R,./reKutbK,
MULU!?,K,U,tgdU'rtX, ntbtruvbK, ucurrbK, oauqbK, caMutrbK,cla6uut x, cma-
ruttt,K, mexutlbK. xumpu.n K, xy6aeuutx.
fracHara [r] ce penyaa c u B onpere;reHara rpopna 3a Mr'xKH poll r.{B'r,B
q[cJro:
$opvnre 3a xeHcxn, cpereH poA H MHoxecrBeHo
-
Kpom?,K Kpomkuflm, Kpomxa, KpomKo, KpomKu
capbK - xapKuam, lcapKa, Jteapko, Jtepku
,UU'IUubK - I'lU,'lU\KUnm,MUr'IU\KQ,Murttl\Ko, MUIUUKU
cQMU4bK- CA.MUHKUnm, CAn|U\KA,CAMUvKO,CAMUUKU
5. B unna:rnaerreJrnnnpnqacrrr npegcy$urc -z s'r,nQopunre:a xeu-
CKH, Cpe.qeH pOA IIl MHOXeCTBeHO qUCJIO'. a'ltttt '1 AlttKjlq, 6/1.flK/'lo, 6]'IeK./lU,
OOIUI)JI- OOUI'II, U3'1n3b'1 U3,1tl3'14, t'lOZb,'l -MO2,14, nQcbtl - nACrlA, neKb.4 -
neK,,tu, peKz,n peKna, c.sKbn - cnK,la, nteKb,,t - meKna, mpecbn mpec,la.
6. B npelcralxxre cb- - c- Li ab- - e-: cz,6ydn, Ho c,'tolca, ct6epa, ct6-
patrue, Ho c6opuqe, c6opuurc,c6opex,ez'eeda,eteetelau, eto6pasa cu, au-
opbtca, abnrtamfl,no ezpadn,arotca, aKona.fl,6Kope n.

PE[VBAHE [El - a

$ 182. Perynauero [e] - z ce cperuanpn Qopvoo6pa3yBaHero B crreAHrre

cnyqau:
1. B Henpo,qyrrHBHnt cyQuttc-el, c Koiro ca o6pa:yaann ctruecrBl{rer-
Hr.ror MtxKli pog. Pegyrauero e nlr Qopuara 3a MnoxecrBeHoq{cro pe,[

260
 oxoHqaHr{e-u n B 3garenHaraQopua npeA oKoHqaHHe _o: 6rrel (norpafi
6arct,l) - 6z,rctu, eumet , eum,xu, ko3ert xo3,ru, eb3e,1-
6h?tu, KomeJ,t_
KOmrlu,Kb teJl - kbJrrtu, Open, Op-tlL,Opnbo,OCe/, OCLU,
nemeJt_ nemlu,
nem)lbo, Ho Kymel _ xymetu, cepede,zn catpdet _ cepedetu,
cez,pde,tu,cmy_
6e,t - cmy6etu. Cpa. crulo llaeet, Ilaate,'llaattoa.
Ctulecrsnre;ruo-ro 6bse,1,Koraro ce ynorpe6rra c qfic;]r.lreJrno
r(aro
MtpKa 3a l,r,Jrxnga, uua 6pofina
Qoplra c pelyBa*e [e] _ o.. daa a63ra, Ho
nnKor,tKo erzeta. Or 3aeroro ctrtecrBHTe:rno
Saxe,r (.earcta)Qopunre :a
MHoxecrBeHoqucto ca eaxelu u $ax,ru,
2. B nenpogyrruunutu rua"uu*u -e ; o6eH_ o6Hu,necel _
necHlt.
Or c:rulecreurelHoro paeH ce o6pa:yrar
$opun :a MHoxecrBeHoqxc_
no pe3Ho6e14pe3eHu,or KoneH xyneu _ KonHu,Ho
ll dea xoneus-
3. B npogyxrnrHara HacraBKa-eq za o6pazytaHeHa
cburecrBgTerH1
HMeHaor M'xK, poA. PegynaHeroe B oc'oBara np€.{oKoHqaHnero
3a MHO_
xecrBeHo qrcro -u: 6ope4, 6ope-4om,6opeqa, 6op4u,
meope4 _ msoptlu,
adoee4- adoa7u,trpe6e4 - xpe6qu, st6i4 _ zt6r.1u, n"u"4 _ ,"u4u, Kpaderl
- xpadqu, n,tyee4 nnyr4u,
nfi,ce4 _ nbtctlu, Moneq , uoLt4u,xyfuaeetq -
ry6ae4u, cmpe.te4 - cmpen4u, npurubne4 _ npuwt /ttlu.
Pe4ynarrero ce orKpHBaH B 3Bare;rHr.rre
{ropr,anua cbtlr_lccrBnTe;IHr{Te
ometl u cmape4 npea oxoHqaHHe _e: om\e, cmaDye.
Koraro Hacrasxara-e4 ce n pu6asr *"* npo*rua*guuJara
ocHoBa,Korro
3aDr,purBa Ha rJracHa,[e] ce pe,qyoac [i4l: 6oet1_ 6oii4u. B .raxuaa
c:ryvan
tftopvlrreMorar aa ce pa3rnexnar xaro pe3yrrar Ha _ aBToMa_
aBepe,qyBaHH,
TtltlHo,penyBaHe[ii] - o npeq.npeArr[ rnacHr.iu cjre.qBa[to
pegyaane [e] _ z:
6pon f6poir.sl> 6pofi + e4 > 6poeq_ 6poirqu,*uro
"r.rru.no"u ffi] ce s.b:c-
raaoBrBaorHoBo npel cbrJracHa:Ilepcut
lnepcuiru+ euJ > n"pri"4, ,"p_
cui_t1u;dee4, dei4u, aapodee4 uapodeti4u,esponee4'_
elponei1u.
Koraro Hacraarara -e4 ce npn6arx *u, o"rou", *on"o
,uu"p_"u" uo
c\'{eraHwsor cbrJracHH, QOpvure :a MHOXeCTBeHO qHCJTO OTc.burecrBHTen_
Hr.rTe MoraT 4a ce oopa:ynar no IBa Ha-qfiHa: a) 6es pelysaHe [el _ o v cy-
$urca; 6) c eAHoBpeMeHHo peAyBaHe[e] - o n "o."u"*u"i c6c 3arra3BaHe
fia
BMerHarararlacua [r,] npeA cbrracHr..rre p, r] a
[,r, ocHoBara:
nodut _ nodte7 noolrequ,nodb,luu
rtdtp xtipe4 _ xtdpe4u, Kbdbp4u
,tbpmba , .I,t6pm8eq _ bpmeequ,,tbpmbs4u
_
xumbp xumpe4 XUmpe\u,xumbp4u
4. B Hsro.nro6e:cyrfururn ocaonn..den, deunm, dea
deua _ duu: ceden
- cednunm, ceduu, oceu -
ocwu.am,nec _ nce, ncema.
5. B npoayrruaun.r cy$xxc -errza o6pazyzaleHanpxrararerHn.
- _ fracaa
[e] or cySr,rxcace peAyBac o B onpeAeJrenara QopMa 3a MaxKu poA eglrHc-

261
TBeHo quc;ro n oT,oQopvure 3a xeHcxrr, cpe,qeHpoA H MHoxecrBeHo qlrcJro:
6aeen - 6aauunm, 6aaua, 6aeuo, 6aauu; 6o'tex, 6otna, zradeH - zradua,
zopeH zopHa, cu.teH cu,4Ha, yi4eH - yuna, xtadeu - xtadua, 4eueu -
4enua. f tacuara [e] or cy$xxca ce peAyBa c o B pa3utnpeunre cy$nxclr
-a,1eH,-apeH, -uBeH, -o3e , -oHeH, -UUeH:AKmyA.re - AKmyaJxHu, aepapeH
a?papHa, KoonepamuSeH - KoonepqmuaHo, nykco3etr , /,tyKCo3Hunm,KOHC-
mumyuuoHeH - KoHcmumy4uoHxa, ced,+ropeu- ceduopxa.
Koraro Hacragrara -eH ce npn6anr K6M ocHoBa, Kotro 3aBapruBa Ha
fnacHa, peAyBaHeToce ocrrlecTprBa no-cJroxHo (tx. $ 190): 3HOeH- 3troi_
Hd, cmoeH -cma Ha, daoeu, daoiua, zuoeu - zuoina, napmueH - napmufi-
HA, CmpOeH- CmpOUHs,EO UAeH- \AeHA, VAeHU.
Pegyranero He ce octulecrBrBa, Koraro cyrfuxc -ex ce npn6ara xru oc-
HOBLi,KOr,rTO 3aBbpUIBaTHa rpyna cbfJracHl.r,BTopaTa oT KorTo e coHopHa
uslu fsl: eutttett - abrlHeHu.flm,aulHeHa, ab./lHeHo,Bb,,ureHu,.
3bpHeHu- 3tp-
HeHunm, 3bpHeHa, Mo/lumaeH - MollumaeHu, o6t4ecmeeu , o6t4ecmeeua,
MOCmpeH )VOCmpeH2ltm,fpynnre cbfjracHH B lt3xolHaTa ocHoBa MoraT Aa
6tgar roryveHu Ii B pe3ynrar Ha penyBaHero [r] - o. B rosu c.ny.rali.qeilc-
TBa npaBunoro or nBe peAyBau1r ce r-nacHltB ocHoBara npn npn6anlue ua
$lexcurra B peAyBalrero Aa yrracrBa caMo eAaara or BMerHarHTe rracHfl
( a x .$ 1 8 0 ) :
r,ltucbll , Mucl1eH, ,tucneHa
atmbp - nempeH, aempeHa
nbKb,,t nbKlletI, nbK.tetn
PegyaaHero ua r;racHa [e] s cy$urc -e He ce ua6lrogara n npr4 npr4na-
raTeJrHH,B OCHOBaTa Ha KOT4TO HrMa ycnoBr.rr 3a cTpyrrBaHeHa Tpy.qHonpo_
1ll3rroclrMuctrreraHHr or clrracHH: 6upeu - 6upetru, cmoudHeH, cmoMaHe-
tut, netrcH - reHeua, E gwa qacr or re3n nprinarareJrHl..t, xoltro He pegyrar [e]
c z a cyrfuxca, o3HaqaBar BerrlecrBeH npol3xoA: KonpuHeH , KanpwreHa,
naMapuHeH - nqMapu e a, Ka.4e KAIeHA, roe - noeHa, metrcKue _ me-
ueKueha, xupmueH - xapmueHu.
llpu.ruHara 3a pa3rr.rt{Horo noBe.qeHneHa HacraBKara -et tpx6za ya ce
rr,pcn n ueiHu.r trpoll3xog. Or ucropuvecxa ureAxa roqKa llHeurHara Hac-
TaBKa -e,t e HacnelHlrK Ha nBe pa3nrlynH crapo6urapcrn HacraBxr,r_6H,b r.r
-en'x. IlpularareJrH[Te, r(ouTo ca o6pa:yaaHl c rrtpBara HacraBKa,
r.rMar
[3rcHeH h a [e], xoiro n cla6a no:uqn.r ce peAyBa c a. flpnLrarare.nnure,
o6pa3yBaHu c HacraBKa -€H'L, 3ana3Bar r,racna [e] or HacraBxara rpl.r cJro-
BoH3MeHeHrierou c:roroo6pa:yaanero.
B pe:ylrar ua rpbcrocBaHHr Mex,qy ,qBararr.rnanpnrarar€nHlr c pa3nHr{-
H H n o n p o u 3 x o l H a c r a B K H- T e 3 H ,n x o n r o [ e ] c e p e A y B ac s , A T e 3 H ,B K o n r o
He ce penyBar c ot ce cr3gaBar ,qy6,reruu Qopvu, Karo a cypeHa 14a)typHa,

262
 6emoueua- 6emonxa,xepeuudeua- xepeuudua,Ko3yHaveHq
, KosyHauHa,
KOHCepgeHS- KOHCep6HA,KOpA.4eHA- KOpATHA,KOTAHeHA- kovaHHa, KyKy-
py3eHa - KyKyPy3Ha, K1'nuut4eHa - Kbn\ut4Ha, ./tuKbopeHa - nuKbopHa, oqe-
meHa - o4emHa, naruKy.4eHa - nauKyrHa, n4oseHa - n,iovHa, npoeupeua -
npofupua,nuteHuveHa- ntueuuuua,
pu6exa- pu6xa,canfiupeua- caneup-
Ha,cbHeHa- cbnHa,Seuepeua $exepxa,qupo3eHa - vupo3Ha,n6utueua
n6atqua.

PEAyBAHE la, El - o nPI{ CJIOBdEPA3yBAHETO

$ 183. IIpt c.noaoo6pasynanero peAyBaHeroce cperua B npon3Bexnaul

ocHoBHc BMerHaratracHa [r,, e] npu npu6arrHe HaHacraBKu,KoHTo3anoq-
BaT C tJtacHa:
-aa: ?ba?,K- ?baKd6, poxbK, poxxae, 6otex - 6o,tuaa, dpe6et
dpe6uae,
?HyceH- ?HycHae.
-ax: Membp - MempaJK, ap6umbp ap6umpax, Kuno ema,p - Ku,,to.i4em_
pax-
-ax: ea6z,p- ea6pat<,ceden - ceduax, oce - ocMaK.
-sleH: neambp - meampaleH, cneKmbp cneKmpaneH,
4evmbp 4eHmpa-
neu, ouaMem6p - ouaMempaneH.
-aHue: KoHe4 - oKOHiAHUe.
-sp: uexbn - Yexnap,
-arm: Kocb.M KocMam.
-e; Kome,l - xom/Ie, open - opne, Ko3al - KO3/1e.
-ea: nauorct,t - dauoxtea.
-eH: HAnpu,3bH - enpufl3 eH, mb tK _ u3mbHqeH,neme/l _
nemlett. Kome,,l
- KOm.neH,,lUClrtI - rtUC./teH,HO neceH - neCeHeH,neCeHHA.
-ecmao: m6oPe4 - maopvecmao.
-eq: xpa6z,p - xpa6pe4, utdtp uudpe4, Mbpmbs - M;pmeell, nodt,t - nod_
ne4, xumt p - xumpell, anmbp - aempe4.
-a: ceoeJv - ceoMu, oceM - ocL411.
-hro: Mbpmba - ntbpmguno, ozbH - ozHul'to,sgmbp _ sempuno,
ocmbp _ oc-
mpUno, nbcmbp - nbcmpu./to,CAemb/l, CAemUnOImbiieH _ m?,M UIO.
-UHA: xumbp - xumpuHat mbi4eH- m?,i,tHulrA, IeCeH - !IejHUUA,eedtp _ Aed_
puua, do6op - do6puua,3bt1 - 3/,ruHa,Kpexbk - Kpexqurn, nntm?,k --
n,IumvuHa, monbJ't' monluHa.
-u4a; mu?bp - muzpu4a, oe?,H o?Hutld, Jvbpmbe_ bpm6u4a,
cedeu ced_
,tuqa, oceM - ocuuqa, forteu - 6o,txu4a.
-uut x; do6tp - do6puuzx, dbnbz - dbteuebK, xum?,p - xumpuy?,K.
-oa: open - opnos, muzbp - muepoe, za6tp za6poe, u za6opoa,
uecbH _ vec-
uoe, xadtp - xadpoe.

zo1
-06am: -oaum: Kpbzbn - Kpb?noaam, obJrbz- npoobnzoedm, bzb/l - b?'1oaam,
uydeH - qydHoaam, a.flmbp -aempoaum, auxbp - auxpogum.
-otZxa: xeueu - ueuuofixa.
-opet: cedeu4 - ceduopeu, oce.M - ocuopeH.
-opKa: cede - ced opKa, oce.i't - oct'topKa.
-ocm: KpombK - Kpomocm. ?nadbK - ?,radKocm.
-oma: do6tp - do6poma, ntcmbp -nbcmpoma, monbl montoma, 6edeu -
- -
6edxoma, ,teceH ,,recHoma,nb,,reH nb,,r oma.
-onrua: 6edeH - feduomun, metcbK - meleKomun, meceH - mecHomun.
-y,lt a: mbHbt( - mbHky.nna.
PelynaHero e 3acrr,neHo uHpoKo H npn o6pa3yBaHe Ha rlraro;rr.r or c'r,-
TUecTBHTeJIHU H npUJIafaTeJIHHC BMeTHaTHfJIaCHHB KpaecnOBneTO:
a) c nacrarra -et (-ee)'. 6tedeu - 6,teduen, etadex - oztaduen, yuerr -
noyMHet, 6eceu - 6ecuen, KbceH - 3aKbcHent
6) c rracranra -r (-u)'. nceu - o6ncHn, ),MeH - noyMvefl, )rezb.r - satceaut,
Kocb^t - oxocun, do6tp - odo6px, atmbp - npoaemp.s, Kpbzbn - oKpbz,Ifl,
monb.l - montn, edz'p - yedpz, ocmbp - ocmpfi u rp.;
a) c Hacraara -uua (-uu-u): 6eso6paset - 6ezo6pasuuua, sarce - sant-
u\a, Kanpu3eH - Kanpusuu\a, uepse - Heparuua, tn6esen - tn6estuya
l{ Ap. ;
r) c uacranxa: -u,+t'.6tnctx - 6,ttrcKaii, aptctK-spncKaM, kpncbK-Kpnc-
KAM, trr'tucbK - n,,lucKaM, n,,IncbK - n.tncKa.u, m,lacbK m,ldcKd,lt, mpncbt -
mp.ftcKa .
Pelyrauero ce orKpHBa B MHoro cJryqafiB rrapBara qacr Ha clloxHl.r AyMlr
npeg creArrHHTeJrHHTe rracHr.l -oll-e: oztx - oetteduutat4, xpozz',t Kpt z/to-
nux, eltp - edposopuecm, sut 3./rocmopHuK,+flmbp - aemponoKa3amel,
nbJleH- nbnHonPaeeH,d?,Ju'z- dt"tzouoc, tecett - lecuodOcmbneu, cHelce
- cnelctto6nt, oce.+t- ocuoKracHuK, flceH flcHoyepaeu u MII. ,qp.
Pegynauero rracHa - o o6xBar.uacaMo rJracHr.rre[t] u [e]. B eAlrnuqsu
c:ryvalr o6ave ce xa6.nrogana cbt{oro no xapaxrep pe,qyBaHenpn rJracultre
- edna, edto, ednuutx; 6odu.,r - 6odtu, ueduux - MeH4u
[u] n [o]: edurr
uape4 c Qopva 6e3 peAyBaHe- uednu4u.
Caruo n egHn c:ryr.air ncano - ncahuu Irac:l.a [o] cepegynaco. Oopvara
3a MHoxecrBeHo qrcro nc&,trvu 6'r Morna Aa ce lriBe,qer.ror Qopva 3a e,qI{H-
crBeHo qHcJIo ncaJLv, K'b6ero HtMa BMaKHara uacga. B KHHxoBHI{{ e3l.tK
cbulecrByBa H BapuaHrHa rlopva 6e: peAyBaHe- nca,,totru.

PEAyBAHE [bP, T,Jrl- [P1,,JrT,l

or Qoxernvnoro o6xplxeHue B pa3naqHr.rre

S f 84. B 3aBr.rct.rMocr rpa-
MarrrqHuQopvn Ha eAHa,qyMaHnH npl{ c,roeoo6pa:yeanerorlacna [r,] n

264
cpeAHcJroBr,reTo Moxe aa npoMeHu no3rirllnTa cr.{cflprMo c'r,rJracHnTeLpl n
[-r]. Ta:u npoM.sHa ce onpeAenr (aro Merare3aHJrnnpeMtraHe,a r:racHara
[r,] n cr,veranne cr,c cr,rJracHxTe[p, -n]raro ,,no,qBlrxHo 1". Ocnora na pe-
AyBaHero e rrpoMrHara B Mrcroro Ha rnaclrart [r,] a cr,veraltnec rrJraBHure,
3a Aa ce n:6erue crpyneaHe Ha noBeqe clrracHu B Tpy.qnonpon3Hocr.tMl4
fpynu.
B epnu cnytau pe4yBarero rrMa 3aKoHoMepeH xapar(Tep.OoHeruqnrlre
npuqIrH,rouTo ro npe.qu3BuKBaT, aaBaT ocHoBaHr.te To aa ce pa3fJrexaaKaTo
aBToMarrqHox Qoxerxvno o6yc.noreuo.Or gpyra crpaHa,vuoro6pofiunre
r.{3KJrroqeHrrr
ro onpeAeJlrrKaro xapaKTepHa oco6exocr h csoicreo canloHa
orrpeAereH6pofi gyvlr. flpu c:roron:veueHnero peAyBaHero[rp] - [pr,] ce
cpeula MHoropr1xo, a ['ln] - [nr] - xnro reqnr,x. llpu c.noeoo6pasynaxero
peAyBaHeroe flo-qecro, Ho 6e3Aa e o6u1olr npogyrrnrHo n 6e: ga o6xaaula
3aKOHOMepHO H nOCTOTHHOBCnriKU CnyqaI-I.
Pe4yoanero [r,p, r,-n]- [pt, ll] e BaxHaxapaKTepnaQoHernvuaoco6e-
HOCTHa KHHXOBHXT e3IrK CnptMo HefOBHTe AHaJTeKTHtr C[prMO Apyr Te CJra-
RtHCKL e3LIUI-1.
$ f 85. B e,qHocpxrrHr.r AyMH H B xpainr.r cpnvxl.r Ha uuor-ocpuvHn (6ercy-
OuKcHrl) AyMr ce cpeular c;regHure cnyqarl:
L Cavo cr,qeraHur [pr, lr,] B MaJnx 6poI gyvr.r, KoHTo 3aB.bpruBarHa
ARe rxyMoBx ctulacHlr: Kpbcm, npbcm, mr,rbcnt,mp6cm, qespbcm. IIo:IrqHq-
Ta Ha rtacHara [r,] cnprvo [p, l] s ocHoalrre na re3r{ c bulecrB}ITeJrrrHce
:ana:ea 6e::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::[poMrHa
BbB BcHtrxH cnysau', Kpbcm Kpbcm uK, Kpbcmosuule,
npbcnt - npbcmu, uanpbcmuuK, m)lbcm m,lbcmuHa, veapbcrn - Yeapbcma.
2. B egxocpuvxn AyMlt, KoHTo3aBapuBar Ha eArracarJlacHa, Mrsroro Ha
rracHa ['l] cnprvo [p] a [,r] e rpyaxo Aa ce otrpeAe:ra c npaBr.lJroB 3aBlic]r-
Mocr or o6rpr,x(eHnero t-ly.qo6c.rBoro Ha H3foBopa, rr,fi xaro ce cpeqar H
.qBere Bb3MoxHocrlr - 30 cnyqat c [pr,, ,rr] n I 9 c.nyvat c fr,p, r,.n]:
a) clulecrB[TerHn r{MeHaor MT,xKr.rpon: 6ptu, 6ttrj, eptx, z,tt,t, zpt 6,
zp?,x,?pz,,u,Kpr,e,ntbx, np1'cm, npb!, cmpbK, mpbrr, mpbc, xpbm; nbnK, .bptt,
dz,te, xz,tttt, c.ttopu, cnttt6, cbpn, mbpz, xbnM;
6) c'lulecrrure-nHu uMeHa or xeHcKl pon. spt s, z,tz,u,eptd, xtouf f stz,u,
Kpbs, nbm, cxpt6, cmpta, Lrrbpm, \emsbpm:
n) npn.narare,rHu: (ocmpo)aptx, (day)eptx, npbs; sbpl, dz,pm, uct tm,
metpi, t4z'p6;
r),qpyru: dpbnc,,v,1bK, cKpbtl, Krtb6,x,tttq, dpt'x-dpt x, (u a)d,rttt<.
B 6pu 6tpz, xptm Kbpm, r4pbK - ulbpK v.e.c"toro ua rlacHara [r]
cnpruo [p] e cao6oaHo n otfopvr .qy6rerHr.r$opMr.r.
S 186. B MHorocprruHr.rreAyMr,r,Kor{To cbgtpxar cbrreraHfie Ha rJ]acHa
[r] c rranulrre c6r;racrru, Mtcroro Ha rracHara ce oflpeAen.s or 6por Ha

265
cbfJracHuTe, KoltTo cneABaT cren cbqeTaHr{eTo:npe,q enHa cafJracHa ce tr3-
roaap.a [rp, l.n]. a npe.u.[Be H noBeqe ctrflacHll - [pr. lt]:

3bpHo - 3pb 4e nbrHn - n,lbHKa

KbpeaE - xpb6HuK Kbrled4 - k/4b6HA
abpxoae - apbutHuK dz,,teoee - dnbicHuK

flocoqenure xov6uuaropnn oco6enocru B cpeAucJroBuero Ha Maoroc-

pHqHHAyMr.roQopv.rr r KHHxoBHHT e3r{KMerare3HcHorope.qyBaHe lbp, rr]
- [p'r,m].
Pe,qyraueroce cpenla KaKToB rpaMarr.rqHnre 0opMH Ha eAHocpurrHt,t .qy-
vu r r o6pa:yraHnTe or rrx c HacraBKnnpoH3BoAHH (epult - zbpun -
ez,puetr), TaKa'r B KopeHu,KoHToHece cpeuar B eqnocpnvnu6ercyQraxcnr
ryuu: etp6a - Bpt 6uu4a, lbpJra - eptzxa, dtpao - dpz,euurc,xut6o - x,tz,6-
4e, qnbxsa- eurue6uux, 2?,,4ma!'t
- ?nbmKaH np.
3 a 6 e n c x ( a. npaBnlto_ro3a pcayBale ua [r,] o xurlxoorrr e3ur( : B!3npflero or
6anrapc|(u roBopr. Tbi Karo pa3Br'rfieroxa crapo6r,ral.cxxre cpnqKor-
ceBcpolr3'r'orrI|rre
BopHx(coHarrr) [p, 4] n 6rnrapcrure rHarexrr He cc e H3BlplrrBa]ro ycno))e[Ho,eJIHoBpe-
Nte||HO npt ea a(Bl1ycroBHt, a e[IHoTo clcTot fie B ataJleKTtTcno oTHo[Ie Ie Ha xHl,l-
xonrru,c [r,p, ra] lr [pb, ll], orberr:oarru ! crapo6urapcKuTe naMernnrlr r(aro ap, Lp,
rA, h , e Aocra rrlcrpo. CpB. c!pn, cp!n, cpn, cepn, copn, B6nK,Bnax, Byx, 86r(,BJrK, BoJ||(.
B r3To, rrrc r B rrrl(o}l3anaAHr.r roBopr qpe3HapacrBalrefia epoaur npfi3ByKcpxrt(oTo-
uoprure Ip,,r] ce npeap!uar B cpr'{xu Ip'1,,rr], n xoxro raacrara [t] nprAo6rBa noAEuxeH
xapaKTeptrtt 3ana3Ba cnpoMe eSo cBotTano3fiuBt cnprMo c,brJlacgtTe- uJll,lcaMo crea,
rrr.i caMo npe! c'r,fjracrrrc Ip, ,r]: zr,p6,zop6ae.zop6xox.uotxua (IIalarrcpcxo, CMonrrtc-
(o, Kocrypcxo); zpd6, ?pbbao,6,rb?ape, 16\a (nfipAonc(o, Co0lrficr(o,KrccreuAt.rrcxo).
fonrMo e pa3noo6pa3re'roB r3Torrrfirc Ahane(ru r npu H3roBopaHa c6qeraHflrra n
oTAetnt eAttocptttHu\yvtt: ap6x - Btpx, d6,16?- d6nbz,c6pn - ..p6n, 6icm - tn6(: 1,kbpb
- Kpbtj).
B firKox 3anaJlHxr.rH3Toqrr roBopr n Arrecce cperuar cprq(orBopHH ct,uacrrt Ip, r]
rr3roBaprHuc neK cpoa npn3Byx:6p3o, apio, ?pn, enma (TereBeflcKo,flnpgoncro, Tpr,rrc-
ko, Mrxafi,loBrpa/lcr@,6oreBrpa,[cKou rp.).
Xapa(Tepl|or caMocrorreJrI|opa3srrre o 6tlrapcxrre Ararcxrfl HMacpuq(orBopfloro
Ir] -. 3aMecrrruxIorf: soik, ao,1ia,nonHo.cor3a (Bpo!]onc{x roBopUt B I(pafiflHtor03anal-
I|u, |(aro nprrencxrr, oxpxAc(xc)i 3aMecrtn( [y] (o6yclooeu or npeAxoAHarana6xanlra
cr,rnacrra):ayk, sytM, ny , u6yka (Ktocretv\urcro, flerpu,r(o, Canroxoocxo).

$ 187. IIpn npoMrHaHa OoHerHqHHre ycJroBr,rr npu Qopvoo6paryBauero

n npH o6pa:yrauero Ha HoBuAyMr{or eAHHH c'r,rqropeH qpe3 npra6araue
Ha HacTaBKr.r MrcTo?o Ha rJIacHaTacnptMo nJIaBII[Tece npoMeHr cnopeA
trocoqeHoronpaBuno.Pegynaxeroo6aqece r.r3BT,prxBa 3aKoHoMepHoB Malr-
xo Ha 6pofi cJryqanB cpaBHeHr.re cac cryqaHTe,Kr,qeroro e Ba3MoxHo,Ho
| | e c r a B aB a n p e K nH a r l t q f i e r oH aH e o O x o , q l - t Myr rcen o B l r r .
Pegyeauero [rp] - [pr] np]r cJroBor.r3MeHenuero ce Ha6rroAaBaB cre,q-
HHTe CJtyqaIt:

266
 I . rIplr o6pa:ynaHeHaonpeAeneHu 3a MHoxecrBeHoquc-
$opvn x rfopr',rr.r
JIOHa CJteAHIITeC6IqeCTBHTeJIHIiUMeHa OT MLXKI-I po.q:
apbx - abpxbm, abpxoge
zpt6 - zz,p6z,m,erp6oae
zpbK - ?bpKbm, ?bpqu
zpb,t4 - zbpM?,m, 2bpMOse (v zpt Mose)
flo-qecrs npn eAHocpuqHnre cr lecrBHTerun ca clyvaure 6e3 Merare3a:
Kpbz - Kpbzose, cmp?,K cmpbKoae, 6,tt'S - 6,tt'Qoae, nrrbx - nJ4bxo6e,z.tb4
- 2,'tbrto6e,mPbc - 3eMempbcu, np?,\ npbyoee, npby?,m, mpbH - tnpbHu,
-
npz,m npbmoae, np6mu. B re3r.l cry.{ax geficrta cu.nxo reHAeHuHrra Aa ce
[:6qrsa Merare:ara qpe3 yeaHaKBrBaHeHa H3foBopa c lr3roBopa Ha ocHoB-
uara Qopva.
flpourua B no3urlurra Ha [t] cnprvo [p] r no:nqxr npeA ABe carjracHu
r.rMaH BblB tfropr'anre canodptrc4u, atacmodptctc4u (cpz. cauodt plce4).
Qopua zptutlu (cps. zt'pue) e nonyqeHa or AnaJrexrHoro etpue4 @16.
rpsns4s).
2. flpu o6paayaaHe Ha OopMrl 3a MHoxecrBeHo qncJ,roHa clegHnre 6e:-
cy$urcHu clulecrBHTerHH HMeHaor xeHcKl poA:

6pba,apbamd ebp6u Kpt'6, Kpbama - KbPeu

zpt d, zptdma - ztpdu cxpt 6, cxpt6ma - ctrcp6u
cmpb6,cmp6ama cmbpau

3. flplr o6paeyraue Ha oflpeleneHu$opvl u r[opr*.ra

3a xeHc(x, cpeAerr
poA H MHOXeCTBeHO qECJTOOT CJIeIHUTe rrpHJIaI aTeJIHII:

6pts (u 6tpz) - 6t psunm, 6tpsa, 6tpzo, 6opsu

(ocmpo) spt x ocmpoabpxufl , ocmposbpxa
(dey)zpr6 - dayztp6un, deyztpba.
npba n?rpaunn, nI,paa, nbpgo, nt pau
4. B cnpexenuero Ha rJraroJrure peAyBaHero ce orKprrBa npn o6pa:ysane
Ha cBrpareHa $opva :a noBeJrrrre,qHoHaKJroHeHneor rJraroJra dtpzca -
opbnc, Ho opb)tcme.
$ 188. IIpu cloroo6paryaauero, raxa xaxro u npx $opvoo6pasytaHero,
peAyBaHeToce r{3B5plxBa CaMOB OnpeAeneHrrKopeHH,KoHToc6Al,pXaT C6-
qeraHr.iero. Yc:rosusra 3a Merare3a
ftp, r,r] - [pr, :rt] ce ca3AaBar nper
lBe c'brJracHH,(oraro KaM ocHoBara, Korro cr,!'bpxa cbqeraHgero rae o6exr
Ha peAyBaHero, ce npu6ae.n HacraBKa,Kotro 3anoqBacac cbrJracHa,a sa [pt,
,rr] - [rp, r.n], roraro KbM ocHoBara ce npn6arr HacraB(a, Korro 3anoqBa
HA TJ]ACHA:

267
6tpz - 6upzau, 6apsuxa - 6pt'tcxo
Epbe - 8bpB9, Haabpan, Haabpgev gpbaqulp
6PbX - AbpXOseH,sbpxAp - spbwHuK
atp6a .- atp6atax, etp6uqa - Bpz'6uuqa
6bpmfl - 6pbmHa, apbmaa,u
6bpJt{:a ap7'3K4, aPb3aa.M, apb3aav
abpHa sPbt4aJit,omabpua, noabpHa, omapbulaM
zpt6 - zt'p6aa, zz,p6uua, zup6ut1a, zpt6uax
?bptrd pa3??,ptn, oqetprn, pa3zpr,qa , npezp?,qaM, 3azbpHd, npezT'pto,
3A?pbula.M
zpt d - ztpdecm
?r,tblt zbr1ta, ?,IbqKa
,lpbM ?bp.Mele, zbp.Mt, 2p|,.uaatt, ?pb.unua, ?pb.Momeau4d, zplJMHu, ?pbrto-
omqod, zpb oznace
?bptte ?pbnuop
Zb'ImA.M - AlbnlKA, axTrmHA, ?llbmAur+l
?phK - zbpKuttt, I-z'ptqun,nozupua, zr,p\ee e
dz,pao - dpz,eqe, dpteuux, dtpaap
dt'ptx'u - dpt rcrca, noddz'pxatt
6ox - odtz,6uamurta
dz,,,t
dt'ttz - dtttcruux
dt ttz't dt't:tt<:uua, d'tolcxa
)tcz'Inl Jrl:"IbmnU, StCb'Imet, ttbrlmbK
3?,ptt0- 3P1,Htle,3bpttett, 3bpttecm
KbpkuM - KpbKtta
KbPn, KpbnKa, KbpneHe
Kpbm - Kbpmu4a, Kbptnu\ltHa
ta,t6n- Kb,l60, Kb;Iaa\
Kp?,6 kbpada, Kl,psoau4a, Kbpsn, ao o6esxz'pe:t
Kbnqa,M Knbllua
MbpouAt .Llpbo a
Mpbceu - .Mbpc.a,.MpbcnuK
.M'1bK ntb.l'tA, M/l bKl lA, MbiI \AilUA, -MiIbKgQtl, 3 A,Ub,I VA6AM
o6t pua - o(tpt qau
ntpdt - nptdrut, sanz,pdneau, nptdua
npbe - ,t6p\omuHa, n7,p9a
np7,a n?'paaK,nbpBettcmao
nb,,lHn- n,4b Ka, nb,lHume.4
n/lbm - nb!,rmeHuK
cbpot ce - cpbou.H
cz,p6au cpt 6ua, cpu6aa,n

268
cKpto - cKpboeH, cKbpon
cmpba - Hacmbpan, ttacm?,paeHue
cbp6uH cpb6cKu,cpb6KuHn
mpbcm -.u3mbpct, cmpbcKaa , cmbpcfl, mpbckoM, mpbcaaM
mbpKaM - mpbKHQ
mbPnfl - mp|,nKa
mpbH - mbp OKon
x,lbm a Haxbrlmtur4
XBtrpsa - XapbKHa,xabpKaaM, u3xabpKabtl
xb/lua.M - x,'lbltHa
4PbK - tlbpKaM, qpbKHa, qpbK0o.|l
l4pbK I I r\TpK - tqbpKerr
$ 189. Orxlorrenlrtra or rrpaBnnoro 3a Merare3tlcnoro peryBaHe ca B ABe
nocorn:
a) rpynn [pl, nr] npe4 e,qHacr,rracHa arvr.[r,p, rl]: mpbHuK, mpbHoc./tlt6-
KU, tu'lbxj 6e, ?pbM OZ"l dCe t t, Mpl,COmUt,
6) rpynn [r,p, u] npeg gae cr,rJractrn lna. [pr,, ,rr,]: noabpxttocm, ymsz,p-
xdaenu, cb,,I3rua.
IIpNulruHre :a uuoro6poiiaure orr(torleHr.tr or npaBHJroro taMar pa3nr{-
qeri xapar{Tep. B egur c.nyvax re Morar Aa ce o6qcnqr c
Qonernvuara no-
3Hrluq, a 8 ApyfH cryqat c aHarornq v BntrsHus rra pycr(H H qepxoBHocna-
BtHCKn.
IIo-xapaxrepnu r3KrroqelrHr ce ua6,rrc.qagarB cJre,qHr{Te cryqH:
L llplr o6pa:ynaHe Ha nporl3Bo.qr{ttAyMK c HacraBKr.r,Konro c,b!]pxar
r.nacrrr[r,, e], pcgynaulu ce c o:
EpbxeH, 6pbxua 6bpxoae
zptder4zpu)rra zr,pdecm
dln'tceH, dLtt'lctta dut lrca
KpbaeH,Kpba a - Kbpqa8
cxpz'6eu,cxpt,6rn cxtp6n
16utuett n6utquu
Mbpmbn - .i,tbpmaa
2. flog r.nrruue Ha pycxH r{ qep(oBHocJ'raBrHcKuB KHlrxoBHrrr e3uK ca
B'b3rrpueru ,[yM]r, Kor.rroHe ce tro,I1qurrBar Ha npasr,roro.B no6r,lrapexure
QopMH Ha Mrcroro Ha pycKo-{epKoBHocr't.rBaHcKHTe rJracHr.rIe, o] cron r"nac-
na fu] noaz'pxttocm (pyc. noaepxuocmt), yctpdeu (pyc. ycepdui),yct pdue,
ymabpJrcdenue, nomatput:deuue, ocxt,p6,teuue, omsbpcmue (u omaepcmue).
3. B rlaroln or HecBbpueH aug, o6pa:ynaxu c HacraBKa -sav or npe-
Qurcrru ocuoau, n Koltro r:racHara [r,] ce u:rorapr npeA nnaBHara crrJ'racHa:
6opsau - za6rpsau, us6t'psau, paz6tpsau ce, npu6osea*t, pasztpdn ce

269
pa3ebpdsat ce; st'pJKa - sanbpJteaaM,u3nbp)rcatuv;cmbpJrd 3acmbpz'
adM, Hacmbpmsan, ocmtpzeaa; ctp6au doctp6aau (uo nocpz,6eauor
nocpt6ua); cz,pdnce pascupdeau ce, o6t'pwa - o62'pcaaM,Hazbp6tr- tn-
ztp6enu, doxz'pnn doxtpneau. .utpda-u 3aMbPdsaM.
rJ]aroJrncr'IrIo 3ana3-
or HecBT'pttIeHIITe
Orrtraro.:rsute cr'LqecrBHTeJIHH
BaTMrcToTo Ha [b] npea coHopHaTacbulacHa: u3nbpsraaHe, ocm?'p?aatrc,
u3mbpcsaHe,u36bp3saHe, pascapdeatte,doctp6eaue, HacmbpeaaHe.

PEAYBAHEIftI - O
- o ce ocbulecrBtBa B ABe no3]Ilr[u I{ B cneAHI'ITe
$ 190, Pe.qyaaxero ffi]
cryrraH:
l. Cruacxara [i] n rpaecloauero HJIIrB no3HL(HtnpeA 3aAHarracHa ce
peryBa c 6 npeA npe,qHarracHa Ha Mo$peMHara rpaH[Ira Mexay ocHoBa I.I
HJrHMexay ocHoBa It cnoBoo6pa3yBareleu cyQnxc:
oKoHr.raHr,re
a) B fJaro,.lHl ocHoBI,t:
nen [niit], netm [niiz'm] neetu, nee
cmon fcmoidJ, cmonm fcmoiim] cmouu, cmou, cmoe)K
MUfl ttlutlm, Mutlr '+'luetu
cet, ceflm, cenu [ceida] ceew, ceum6a
cmpon, cmpotm - cmpoutu, cmpoe)Je, cmpoeH
6) r rveuuu ocHonu:
craaefi, craae.am [c teeiii'm] - craaeu
eepoi, ?eponm, zepon [zepdiy] ?epou, ?epouqetL
ndpmutr. napmuiu ndrmuu, nurmuelt
6t)it. 60i4u - 6It.'4
a) n uecrolrveHxH ocHoBIr:
uoir, 'trotm [ndiz,n] 0u, ^4oume, Moe
maoi, maonm maou, maoe
caoi, csoitcKu, caotrm caou, c80e
2. CrrracHara [fi] ce pe,qyaa c 6 cnen cr,rJIacHa,Karo npeAl,lroBa t tra-
Pegyrauero ce H3Bt'pIxBa B cpe,qficJloBl.IeronpH aepHBauut c
naraJrLt3Ltpa.
npe,qcraBxr or HTKoJIKoocHoBH c HaqarHH cBtIeraHI'Iflt, r<t[ita, ityl:
nu, nderu nodntcdau [nod'drcdau], npedacmue [nped'dcmue],
pa3nJtcda^4ce, u3fltr or [us+iau] > [us'du]
nd pasndoca.u [pas'addcau], usttdocau [us'adbcau]
Aatr ce, .flaeH u3n6,reHue [us'aa,tiuue], u3n6.neal4ce [us'aeneau ce],
npedneneau [nped'ae'iaau], o6naneau [o6'ae'daau]
flceH pd3.nclleH [pas'acuiu], u3tcHflaav [ut'acu'daau], o6ncusteau

210
 [o 6' a cx' dea.u], pa 3.ncHumeneH [p az' acximetexJ, pa3nc H.E[p as' a c u' iJ
flpocm - pa3npeu [paz 'apiuJ, pa3np86a.M[pas 'ap'daau]
nsda - pasnzdan fpas'jtsdaxJ,paznsdaan [paz'yedea,u]
Ocren a cpeAr.rcJroBnero penyBaHeroce ocbrlecrBtBa Qary:rrarunuo n
Ha MexaycJroBHopaBHrrue,B rpaHHqnTeHa eAHaaKqeHTHa AyMa Mex.qy
npeAnor u ocHoBac HaqaJrHH ctqeraHrrr n lital u rc [fiy], o c:roxnr.rgyvlr r.r
rro-prAKo MexAy ABe caMocro.srerHu nyllu. c,zadxo om neodu [clarno
or'drogn], fnaa'd,v.araluad n.Mama,om actume fo:r'i.clurel, nod flxopyda
[ n o . q ' A x o p y . q a ]K; a ^ . t e p a H K eI xpa v e p ' ] u r e p ] ; 6 u c o Kn s o p [ a n c o r ' i n o p ] ,
Mlad bHaK Iv,rran'yudr].
Pegynanerolitl - a n nrpenx clyvafi (cmpon-cmpoutu)ce orpa:raa npa-
BonlrcHo;B ocraHaJlrre cJryqat ce npoMeHr caMo 3ByKoBaracrofisocr sa
6yroara n u n: lita, fiyl - ['a, 'y]

PEAyBAHE [C] - s

$ 191. Ilpn-noxeHuero Ha roBa pe,qyBaHee orpaHfiqeHo. Ha6.nrogata ce

Ha rpaHHuaTa MexAy r.rMeHHHocHoBH, KOrlTO3a8,r,pUBaTHa npoxo.qHr{ I-l
nperpaAHo-npoxoAHn ailBeonHu lr se6un cr,rracgH H HacraBKara - crcu za o6-
pa3yBaHe Ha oTHocuTeJrHHnpHJrafaTeJrHr.r:

Pycun * -cxu pyccKu > pycKu

Eypzac + -cxu 6ypzaccrcu> 6ypeacxu
Bumouta 'l -crcu aumoulcKu> 6umoutKu

Pegyaaneroce no,qtrr.tHrBa HacJreIHoronpaBt-tno:

crrlacnata Soneua Ic]
oT HacTaBKaTa -cKu ce A3nycKaHnu ce peayBac u, KoraTo npe,qHe{ cTol,r
Ipyra cr,cKaBafinr{ rrlyrrrKaBaclrJracHaH c.r,qeraHurra[cr, urr]: flapuut -
naputtcxu,Kaexas KaaKa3Ku, Aimoc - a mocxu, xoepanucm _ xo$pu-
)ttucmKu, Qautucm Sauucmxu, Eyxypeuq - 6yrcypet4rcu,uepsertoK-
pbcm(e4) - \epaeHoKptcmKu.
Hapeg c peAyBaHero[c] - a npeg HacraBxara-cKt B rl3xoaHaranMeHHa
ocHoBace peAyBar:[r - [x] - Pastoz pa3no)tcKu,flpazo.- npacrcrcu, Botza
sonteKu; [x - [ur] - Brrax- BrraurKu,
qex - qeuKH; [x- [q] -
tql - trul-
Ilasapdttcurc nasapdtruu.txu, n aK toHautKu,aofiHuK- eoiuuutxu; Koc-
meue4- Kocmeueuxu,edoeu4a- adoauutxu,JIoeeq- ,toaewxu (tto IIemouu
nemoutxu).

271
 IICTOPI,ITIECKNPE,IYBAHI,Iq

PEAYBAHE HA T,'IACHI{ B KOPEHA

$ 192. Crulnocrra Ha peAyBaHero aHec ce c'bcroll BsB Bl,3MoxHocrra

fJIacHa B KOpeHOBaraMOpQeMaIa ce 3aMeHI.Ic apyfa fnacHa JII{,{a li3naa-
ne, Kofaro or ayMara ce o6pa3yBar rpaMarHqHlt tpoplru u.lx apyfa,qyMa.
Tara uanpnlrep B ,qyMara meKa moK, o6paryeaun or e,qI'IH!I c't,ul KopeII,
ce pe,qyBar urlacHl{re Ie] - [o], B KopeHa Ha cnoBoQopMl.tre nepa - npux -
u3nupaM rMa pe[yBaHe [e] - [o] - [lr], a r zottt - c?aH pe.qyBaHe[o] - [a].
Pe.qyaanero ua rnacHIl B 3ByxoBHflc bcraB tla e,qHaH c't'ura KopeHoBaMop-
$eva e e.[Ha or Hail-crapuTe Qoneruunn npoMeHHs e:Nra. To e cgoficreeHo
Ha Bcrrqxu cJraBtrlcKHe:lruu. flrpsouaqa;lHo peAyBaHero e 6u,ro Qonernvuo
o6yc.loreno. 14:stpuna,ro ce e no onpere,qettHaqllH, KoHToce Haplttla
c r c rr e H y B a H e, rliiraroB K o p e H a H a A y M a r a c a c e 3 a M e H t J I lB t 3al.tMHo
f r a c n l r o r n o - r r n c l < ar n o - c , r a 6 a c r e n e H c f J I a c H xo r , , f l o - c H J I H a "H , , n o - B l l -
c o r a " c r e n e r r . I l p o v r H a r a e H 3 B e c r H ao l l I l eu K a r o o r r J I a c (a6rayr) u
a n o rf o rr n r. B :asNcl.tvocr or xapaKTepa tla peAyBaur[Te ce rJIacHI.t cre-
rrerryBaHero e 6uro xaqecrseHo, Koraro peAyBaIlHTe ce rJIacHHca 6nrn c
pa3nxqlra apr Kynaurrr (cpr, sepn - ct-6op, 'r"eKx - B'Lc-'roK't), H Koru-
qecTBeHo, xofaTo ca ce pe,uyBajllr abJIrt{ [l xpaTKH rJIacHI' IC eAHa n Cl'Ula
aprriKynartHr. Creneuynauero Ha rnacHtt e 6n,ro xaparrepHo He caMo 3a Ko-
peHoBr{TevopQevr. To ce e ocr,urecrBcBallo l't B oKoHtIaHHt,r-ra cy$urcu.
C r e v e u u e H a r p e M e r o c r e n e H y B a H e r oc r a B a v o p $ o H o n o r u v u o p e A y B a H e
H 3anoqBa ga QyHrqnouupa B orgeJIHnre e3llun Karo Br'TpeuHa $lercnr
(aora.nua uHrfxrcaqur) nplr cnoBoH3MeHerIfleroH cnoBoo6pa3yBaHero. flo-
KI,CHOpeAyBaHeTOHa rJracHHB XOpeHaBT,3HI,IKBa H B pe3yJITaTHa I{3paBH'{-
BAHE H AHAIOfHg B CMECEIII-l OCHOBH.
PegyraHero Ha rJractnt B KopeHa Ha eAlra H ctula lropQeua HtMa qroHe-
THqeH XapaKTep, 3aIIIOTOHe e O6yCtOBeHOOr sOuetU'rUara no3Hulrt Il oT
ApyrHTe tfonernunu eJIeMeHTItB AyMara. To e He:asHcuMa cnoHTaHHarlpo-
r.,lgHa.c'sornorueHHeTo Ha rracHHTe B KopeHa,qHecce cB6p3BanpeAI.IBcIrqKo
u uaBHo c'bc 3HaqeHuero Ha KopeHoBara Iuoptlema r c Hefisas rpaMaruqeH
CMHC,I,JL

272
 Pe:y:rratlrre or craporo pelyBaHeHarJlacxrlB KopeHaHanyMure r{3nbr-
Bar rcHo npu o6pa:yoaxe Har:rarolrrjn uvena n npn o6pa3yBaHe HaHecBbp-
tIJeHUftafojrH oT cBapu.teHliB cnenHHTecnyqau.
$ 193. IIpx r:raroJlnH uMeHa,o6pasynaunor eaHHn ctq xopeu. Cr,or-
HOUeHH.gTa Ha (OpeHOBHTe rJracHHB Te3n CJIyqaHnafi-qecro ca cJIe.qHI{Te:
r.nacHH[e, n] xapaxrepnaHparH3xoleHrJraroJr,a r.nacna[o] - 6e:cyrfurcuo
orrJraroJrHocEuIecrBHTeJrHo ,t npox3Bo,qeH
(BTopr.r,{eH)
rJraroJII4Jrr{
c6qec-
TBI{TEJIHO HME.
a) Pesyaaue[e] - [o]:
6epa - c6op, uz6op, ua6op, om6op
aHeca - gqoc
depa - pazdop
/Ie2ra - no/,to?,/'to),tee
- c./to)rca
HA4e 0 - OKOHVAUe, 3AKO
mema nt10m
Heca, npuHeca - npuHoc, nputrcule ue - Hoc,
nozpe6a - zpo6
pexa, o6pexu npopoK, cpoK, o6pox - uapo,ru
cnelfl cmo/,t
nleKd - moK, u3moK, npumoK, nomoK, omoK moqd
6) Pegynaxe In] - [o]:
6un - 6ot1
atn, no6ull 6oi, nosoii
zttut - ettoi 3a?HolI
KPUfl CbKpOAUUIe
/tefl ,'toi
nefl - nectnnoe4
nun - eodonoi not - noblo
pult-po8-poB.8
a) Pegynaue z (ropeHoaa r,.rop$eua 6e: r,racna) - [o]:
a3pa ce - 63oP
u36pa - u38op
3Qnpa 3anop omnoP
pa, y^.tpa - Mop.8
npocmpa npocmop
B peguqa cnyqan npu cloroo6pa:yaanero penyBaHr.rrraHa r:racHlr B Ko-
penoru vopQevu ca MHorocreneHHu r.rIl3rpaxgar cJroxHll ri MHoroqJreHHH
peAyBaHlfr: [t -e-af (etpmn - spemeHo - spam, apamd, o6pam, noepam);
o-[o-ul (aspa ce - ezop, uadzop uadsupaeau, ywpa - Mop - yr4upaM,

l& Drero ar op.6ur.6. rDoimr.

273
npocmpa - npocmop - npocmupa,u);fl,-e-ul (xtnua kremsa - npoKnu-
ua,u); o-le-a-ol (nouua - uaueua- Hdva/Io- nouuH- 3aKoH,6epa, 6apau
ct 6op 6pax, uslreKa - 6rlaK,u3&luqaiq, yupa - cMbpm,ymupau uop);
[u-'t-y) (duuau - drx - dyxau).
fh,poonavarno rcHrrre crorHotleH[r r{ npnHrlr]flHnpu penyBaHnrraHa
fjracHr.rB KopeHaHa ayMr.ic pa3Bor na e3HKarrocTerreHHo ce HapyuaBaTr.l
3ar6MntBar or Haclr,nHrnTeno-Kt cHr{fipoqectr.B 6r,,rrapcrur e3r.tKauec
ce cperqar uueua, o6pa:yaaHnor rJraroJrHr.{ ocHoBnc bc 3arra3eHa
Hecrerre-
HyBHarJracHa,xaro npo6ue - npo6ueau, donup - donupa.M,noKpus noK-
puaaM (Ho noKpoa),3asusKd- 3a6usaM,yHec ueca (uo Hoca),eecto soda
u .qp. Cperuar ce c'btrloraKa H r;rarotn, o6pa:yaaur or rrMeHHnocHoBnc
KopeHoBar nacnalof: tteca npuHoc- uoctt eeda - aotcd aod$ yupa -
.uop Mopfl v, flp.
$ 194. IIpn o6paryrane Ha HecBbpueHtl rJraroJrr or cBapruefi BrrA.
Pe4ynaHeroua rracHHB KopeHaHarJraro.rru ce cpeua npHo6pa:yaaueHaHec-
BbplxeH[I,l fJIafoJII{ c HacTaBXa -d-r, n no-p'IlKo c HacTaBKI.t -aali, -tr-M oT u3_
xoAHI.I
cBlpueHtr r;raroJrnor I n II cnpexeune,Cly.ranre ryr ca cJrenHr.tre:
a) PegynaHe[e-n]. f,racuara [e] s xopeuaua r,raro,ruor I n II cnpexexue
xapaKTepr3r{pa
r.rrarorHaocHoBaor cBr,pueHBtlA,a rlracrraIr-r] nponrxog-
HIITe OT Het |JIaTOIHI-j OCHOBHOT HeCBbpUeH BI-{A:
uin/lemA - U3nr1UmA , 3AntltlmqM, npennUuAM, pA3n.IUmAM
u3ceKa, omceKu u3cu\ar.t, omcu\a,M, acuyaM, npecu4an4
npoqenla - npouumdtr, pa3\umdM, uoYumaM
poz6epu, rru6epa,cr6epa pas1upau, at paM, ct 6upu,u
u3Memd - u3.uuma , c,t4uma.t|,npbvuma , noMumhtl
odepa - odupau, patdupau, ctdupu.u
u3meKa- u3mu\a,u, npomuqQtl
Hanpeda,utnpeda nanpudau, utnpLrdau,donpudau
onepa - onupau, u3nupa , donupa,q
3umpecu - 3ampucu.+l
0cMen oc.MuaaM
3acnet ce 3uc)4uaa.\tce, npuc.vusa.u ce, ttadc.uuaau ce
B u s r o r r n a r o J r H x o c H o B He I H o B p e M e H H oc p e A y B a H e r oH a K o p e H o B a r a
rJracHace ocr,qecrBrBa B ocHoBara u pe/'IyBaHe[x-v] lr pegyeane Ha nana-
TaJIHaC TBlpAa Cr,f.IaCHa:
doetexa, u3aneKa - doeluyau, u3aruyat, 3aa,,Iuqa , npueluHa.Ll
u3peKa, HapeKa u3Pu\a , tnpuua.v
oneKa onuyaM, cnu4at{, u3nuqa.\,t
cu6texa - ct6luuau, o6ruua,v
tta"Mep9 HaMupa,tr

274
 omnemt - omnumaM, dotuma*t (do,temnaau), npunumaMr u3,,rumaM
cMe,ln cMu,laM
nocme,ltl nocmuJlaM. 3acmuJla,M

3 a 6 e r e x ( a. Or cBtpueHLi rJlaroru or l cnpexeHnec Kope -eM- Hecstpulett Ito

BrJllrJrarojllt ce o6pa3yBar 6e: npovrtta Ha KopeHoBaratracP.a..63et!a - 63eAnaM,c e! a -
cHava , npue a npueva.u. Aopvtr Ka'ro np u,\ld,r!,cHurta Ma-rpa3roBopel xaparTep.

6) Pegynaue [o-a]. f tacua [o] a xopeua Ha r;raroJlr or II cnpexenue

xapaKTepll3uparrarolrHa ocHoBa or cB6prrleHBH.q,a rJracHa[a] npolr:aog-
H a o c H o B ao T H e c B l p u e H B l , J r
3Amgopn - 3AmgAp.flM,pa3meqpfltt, omeapflM
u3?op.n - u3eapnM, npe?apnM, 3a?apfl.u, doeapnrl
o6uxortst - o6urca,lnu, sao6uxatnu, xao6uxatnu
UAKJ'IOII'|, CN1OH N HAK.|AHfl M, CK,IAH.NM, NDE K,'IA Hfl M CC
0mpo6Jt ompaattr.l
yno6t ynag'M,3a,1agt.Ll
pa3nopn pa3napflM
o m? oaopt, pa 3?oIo pI - 0 m?onaputt, pd3 <.oaapJLrt
ttoc:t - dotncnu
noqmopfl - noamQPrM
uamon-rt-, namantM, pq3manJUI
ct,6op:t cu6uptr.u
u3?0gopt, npo?Oaopt u3?Oaup,.tt4,
npo?oeapnM, dozoeaptu
3Apontr - 3apug,.u, u3paan , pa3paaJtM, ompastM
o1yctoan o6yctuenu, ycrast ce
cKo4a cKaltuM,npecKayuM
cKr70rtl - cKnuHl.Ll
6t ai:ocloen (t,tazoc,,taouv
mbpKorn - mbpKarflM (u mtprcatnaa,u)
Pegytauero ce orKpuBa H B rJrarora or I cnpexenne no.Ltozne- nowa?a
H a p e a c p e A y B a H e r o[ H ] - o ( a x . $ 2 0 6 ) .
B rrsxor r;raroJrHr.rocrroBH pelyBaHero Ha KopeHoBara r:racHa ce c,rrrrr,T_
crBa c KoHcoHaHTHHTe peAyBaHxr [a-xa] Qtazodn , Haza cdau, noea)rc_
daM, podt patrcdau, y?odfl y?a)Nrda.u);[r-x] Qrutotra - Helu?aM, cjta,
?4,M, pa3nOllOJKa - pl3no.laa0.\t) ototeA C,I!?A.M| A/IAZA.M.,8?,S,XaZAU,lO_
rla?av, 3ana?an4,ne/ra?a.u, oftazau u gp.).
Or lgrou rraroJru or cB,bpuel BH! e B.b3MoxHoga ce o6pa:yaar rrec_
B,lprrreHr.l no Br.lgfraro;Iu clc n 6e: pe4yaaHe Ha KopeHoBara rracHa.. cKroH..t
- cK,ratutM u ctt,toutu, eto6n zto6nu. fipyrn f J]aroJII-tcr,c 3aIIa3eHr.r
3By_
KOBt-rC' hOTBeTCTBll_q MeXAy CBbprxeHaTaI, HecBLp[IeHaTa OCHOBaUMaT B
KHlrxoBHrr e3r.iKorpaHuqeHa ynorpe6a: npo6oda npofadau? (duat.), paz_

275
nopn - pa3napnu, y.Mopt ce - y,uapn ce, 3aKo'Ifl - 3aKtutEM (gua.n.). Te:r
or HecBbprrleHBI.IAIrMar no-HoBIt aapHaHTIr,o6pa:yrann c HacraB-
rJraroJrr.{
KV -AAM, -AqAU, 6eZ peAyBaHeHa (opeHoBara rJIacHa:

nopn, pa3nopfl - pa3nzpnM H pa3nopsa (ue pasnapaau)

pa3monn - pa3manfln4 v pa3monflaaM
yMopfl - y apflM r'ry'r'toptaaM
npozosopt - npo?oeaPn.M H npo?o6opsaM
do eop.a - do zapnn u doz opneau
tnzop4a - Ha?apuqM v Ha2opudaail
r) Pegynaue z-[u]. Pegyeauero ce cpeqa npt,t rJIaroJIHor I cnpe)KeHle
Itvnca'ta Ha fJracHa (o) xaparrepx:npa rnaronHfi ocHoBI,IoT cBbplxeH BI'IL
a r:racna [r] npon3Bo.EHaor Het ocnoBa Ha fJIaroJI or HecBbpueH BI'I,q,
o6pa:yaaH g HacraBKa -a-u, Pegysalero ce na6:rro,qaeanpt{ cJIe.qH[Terna-
foJlll:

apat, u36po - u3aupa,u, 3aaupaM, ysupdn't, 6b38upaM

Bpaz, 6bapa 3AOupaM, 6t aupaM, ttaaupa'u, nposupalr| Ce, Caupa'M ce
y.Mpa yLtupa,u, 3aA.tupQ.+t,
om.Mupa.M,npuMupaM
np0cmpa - npocmupaht
onpa, cnpa, 3anpa onupa$, cnupai4, ab3nupa , 3anuparv, ttanupa ,
nodnupau
cb3pu, a3po ce, npe3pa c?,3upaM, a3upa ce, npe3upa'u, npo3upuM
r) Pegynane [e]-['a] (c npeaxoaHa nataratra c6r;Iacna). PegynaHero ce
cpeua Mex.qy cBl,prrIeHn uaronH or I cnpexenne, o6pa3yBaHn c HacraBl(a
-,t- x KopeHoBarnacHa [e], ]r HecBspueHt{ rjrafoJrH, o6pa3yBaHHc HacraBI(a
-a-,u. Hapea c peayBaHero Ha xopeHoBara rJIacHa B ocnoBtme Ha rrarolltre
ce pe.qyBar rBBpaa carrracHa c Mexa u ln)- z (nx. $ 168).

6tecxa - 6,tncxau npome?Ha - npomflza,rl

6npeztta - anpnzaM nocez a - nocflzaM
6peKHA 6pnKA,M cedta c.sdau
6pecHa -apacHa CMemHA- C'UE0AM
K,IeK A - K,lnKAM cme?Ha - cmfl?aM
,1e2HU- ,14?AM mpecrta - tnpncKaM
MemHa - $nmo,+l

C n ce a:ronaprr cBrpltleHnrerJraror,uno6nzua,dalxa, 6atua ce, adtun,

us6neua,dnua ce, 3snHa,MflpHqce.
re ce B(JlloqBaB peayBaHero['a] - [e], Koero ce
3 a 6 e n e x ( a. ToBa pe,qyBaHe
r.r3BbpuBa ra
no npaBfiaara ,,ltoerr" npeuac (ax. $ 170)-

276
 g) Peayrane ['a] (c npe,axoquarrarraraJrHa
ctr;racra) - [u]. pe4ynanero
ce cpeu{ar npeQnxcul.rrJraroJrn,o6paeyaauuor KopeH-.r.n3_trte3-..

a,1n3a - 6J1u3aL't u 3r,t.a3a -. u 3./tu3arl

Ab3J1fl3A - Ab3rlU3AM HAArlfl3A - HA8.4U3AM

e) Ocrer rocogeHrrre pe1yBaHtfl, xoxro o6xralqar 3axoHoMepHo r{ pe_

.qoBHo no-roJIeMH rpynH rjraroJrH, B eAl.tHr.{rrHu
cIyqaI-I ce cpeulaT o[Ie lr
cneAHHTeorpaHuqeHr,rBoKarHn peAyBaHH, npu o6pa:yaane Ha HecB6prrleHr.r
f JlaroJllt oT cBbpuleHr.r:

[o-y]: cmopn, npecmopn ce - cmpysa^l(or no_crapo cmopyeau),

npecmpyea,v ce
[aJ -o: ydapn - ydpnn
[2,-eJ: npoxttxa - npoKnesahl
[t-u]: 6tda - 1ueatvt
o- [tt]: zacnn 3acnuaanl
[i|-aJ: doida , doxacrdau u doxotedan
B ionacnu, HecBbpueH R !. or doHeca, e 3ana3eH orrnac Ha
crapara
HecBr,prrreHaocH oza dortocu c nperlac
[o] s [a) (cps. y,toen _ ynasrul. f nac_
uara [e] or nr,pr[qHur rJraroreH xopeH Hec- 6u rpq6sa,,ro
aa ce pegyna c []r]
(cpB. rr.ran. dorteca - dorncnu), KaKTorBwema _ u3.ttumat.
Pe.qyBaHeroHa rJracHHB KopeHanpn o6pa:yaaHe Ha HecBrprrJeHH
rlraro-
Jlr.tol cB,r,puleHHHe e crBpeMeHeH
QouertveH :axoH. Mnoro6pofiHure c,ry_
ttau, KaTo yvopfl y.A,toprsaj4, npozoaop.s _ npo?oaapsalr, H(lMoKpn _ tM_
MoKpfl.t4,pasxodn - palxolcdau, roxa3Bar, qe peAyBauero He ce ocr'
lecr-
BtBa rIocJIeaoBaTeJIHO BAB BCHqKLI CnyqaH.

PEAyBAHEtn, I, xl _ Iq, x, ul

$ 195,Pegyaanero
e e,qHa
or xapaKrepHr.rre
npoMeHH
B 3ByKoBara
clrcre-
va Ha 6tlrapcrtir e3ut<Karo craBrHcKr.t.Octtqectnraa ce o.r 3aMgHara Ha
3aAxoe3r.tqHure(ae;rapHu) cauracHrl
[r, r, x] n l<pa, Ha r(opeH HJrr_tocsoBa B
re6xH (uryrrrxaet) [v, x, nr] npeg npe,qHrirnacHn n] u-nu r,racna
[e, [a],:a_
MecrHr.rKna crapo6r,lrapcrara rroBa r.nacna (*). OcHosa ua peAyBaHero
e
QoHeruvnnrr :axou, geicroa:r oDIe B rrpacJraBrHc(Hn l{3BecreH Karo nGpBa
rraJlara;Ili3arlut Ha 3a,[Hoe3lrqHfiTe cbrlracHr.r. flpotra.rnara
ce Hapl{qa r a _
Jr a T a Jr rr 3 a II fi r, TbH XaTOTBbpAr.ITe3a.qHoe3HqHr.r cGfJracHHca ce npo-
MeHrillr B MeKu B onpeAeneHn
SoHeru,nru no3I.rIIHr.r. flo cr,ulecroo o6ave
npoMrHara e 6uta acuuutaqnoHHa _ npeAHHTernacHr.r, npeA
KoHTo ce e
oc6ulecTBrBajra rraJraTaJrH3aUI.trTa, ca u3MecTBaJIHyt|lleHeHueTo Ha BeJIap_

277
i
HHTe KlbMcpeaHara qacr Ha e3uKa, xttu ne6qero, T.e. Te ca rn oHe6xxsaJlu
sJrH nararaJrH3llpa.nu. c teveune Ha BpeMero carJIacHIrTe [v" x" u'], no-
ryqeHs qpe3 naJIaraJII{3aIIHt,ca 3ary6vrtr MeKocrra cH flopagu npon:xoga
cn o6aqe re u aHec ce onpeAer.f,TH xapaKTepu3npar Karo naJIaralIIt3HpaHII
U OMEKqEHH.
Pegyrauero e xaparrepHo H rIpoAyKTHBHoB cnpexeHllero Ha rJIaroJIlire
H rrpu cnoBoo6pa3yBaHero. IIpt ulteuxoro cJIoBoI.I3MeHeHI{e peAyBaHero ce
cpeua no-pt.qKo I{ e HenpoayKTHBHo.
$ 196, flpu tfopvoo6paayraHero peAyBaHero ce cpeula B cJIeaHHTecJlyqau:
l. B ssareruli QopvN ua HMeHaor MIxKH poA [peA oKoHrlaHt{e-e: [x-v]
eofiuux - soiHuue, vooeK \oae\e, aHaK - Plraqe, 3aulumlluK - 3al4umllu-
ve; [r-x] - 6oz - 6oxe, dpyeap dpyxe (or cr6. 4poyru), cbnpyz - cbn'
pyzce, tocopoz Hocopolce, xep4o? - xep4oxce: Ix-u] nacmyx- ndcml-
ue, nampuapx - nantpuapue.
3gareruHre rlopun xa HtKolt [MeHa or MLxKx po.uQopManHo tl 3ByKoBo
cbBnaAar cll,c c'LorBerHltre yMatI{TenHI{ c'bllecrBl{TeJlHll uel,ja soi ur -
eoiruu'1e (:nar.) - eoinuue (yval.). Teugexr{[t B TaK[Ba cnyqan e 3Bare,l-
uure $opvu aa ce o6pa3yBar c oKoHqaHI{e-o, 3a Ea ce pa3rpaunqar or yMa-
3dl4tm UK - 3AUIUWUUKO,
UleCTBHTer'lHI-t'.
JII{T9IHI{T9 Cb'b k)HAK K)HAKO'tO A-
-
le, eoittux -- aoiinuKo, ao{tuttve, udeo,'to? udeolozo, MoHax MolLaxo, 'Mo-
rnpx - Motapxo, ?eo"to? ceo"to?0.
3 a 6 e ,qc x x a. Huettataor xexcxupor lta -ri(1,-za, xorro o6palyear3Barenllxq)opM[
c o(o[llqaHnc -e, fre npoMeHtrcLr,ract[ITeIx, r'] or tlacraoxarat xopclta.Padxa- Paclrt
Iledka Hedke, Etata - Etaze (trc Ei@ce), O'r?d On?c

2. B c's6nparernure Qopvtl Ha ABe cbulecrBtrenHu trpea HacraB(a -4:

K U?A KllU:NCA, ?pbK - zbp9A
3. Br,a Qopr'.rure3a MHoxecrBeHo qncro Ha.(8e cbI{ecrBHTeJI}llI or cpe-
-
AeH po,q [peA oKo]IqaHI.Ie-u. oKO - o4u, yxo yutu.
4. B cnpexeHxero Ha HtKoJIKo rJIaroJIa or I cnpexenlre c rcpaiiHaxope-
HOBarJIaCHa[X, r], raro areKa, i4o2a, o6texa, neru, peKu, ceKa, meKa, mbKa
I-lnpou3BoaHHTeoT TSX.
a) Br,B Bcltqxrl Qopvr.r :a cerau.tHoapeue 6er $opvure 3a I Jllue eAflHc-
TBeHOqtrcro n 3 :rnue MHoxecrBeHo ltllc;Io:
6,teKg, IeKam - &Ie\etu, n.|e\e, a/IegeM, &leueme
m 7 1 K Am. b k A m mb\ew, mbqe, mb\eM, mb4eme
MO4A,MO?Am ,UO tea, Motce, MorceM, Mo)rceme
f l o a s a r o r n r H a O o p M f i r e z a 2 u 3 n u t \ e e a l ' r H c r B e H qo u c . n on 1 u 2 n \ e
MHOXeCTBeHO qeCTOB pa3roBopHara peq ce cpeuar lr s I rt.lqe eAHlt-
qr,rCJ.IO
crBeHo qucjlo lr 3:ruue MHoxecrBeHo qncno oopMH c H3paBHeHHKopeHHI'I
anoMopQ'a, T.e. c pegyBalie: neva, neuam, Mo)tcd, Mox)am, a'4eua, atre\am.

278
 6) Brr Qoprvrlrre3a MHHaJroHecBbprxeHo BpeMe..neka, nevsx, neqerue,
neuaxn4e,neuarme, nevaxa; meko _ meyax, me\ex,. o6rerca, o6re,rax, r,roea
- ,totcex, peKa - pevexlv)evax, pe\e.ue.
n) Br,t $oprraure za 2 n 3 nuge eluHcrBeHo ql.rcJroHa MltHano cBt prxeHo
BpeMe rrpeA o(I{oHqaHHe-e: neKox , neye, Ho neKoxwe, neKoxme;
alflKox,
arle4e, Ho a.InKb/t; c.nxox ce\e, Eo Molcax _ MoJrca, mb{ux - mbKa.
,
r) Blr $oprraure Ha cerarlHo AetrerHo nprivacrrre, MuHaJroHecBbpuIeHo
flpuqacTHe, MITHaJIO CTpaAaTer,IHO npHqacTlie x IeenpHqacTurTa: neKa _ ne_
taqllnete4, neua,tllneue,t, neqeixu, neyeH, ceKs - ce\at4, ceva,4, ce\ett,
ce'leuKu; 6,teKa - sneual4, arle\a,l, arleqeH, HapeKa _ Hapeueu, o1terca _
o6-
Jte\eH-
a) Br,n Sopvure Ha noBenlrre:rHo HaKJIoHeHI{e:neKa _ ne\u, ne\eme,.
alleKa - arleuu, 6Jteveme;ceKa - ceuL ceueme; o6tetca _ o6,teyu _ of,teueme:
peKa - peuu, peveme.
5. B cnpexeuuero lla rJraro.nt or I cnpexexue, KoHTo,lMar tsMuHaJro
BDeMe
npe1 rJracHa -a Her,araralra3rpaun [x, r], KoHTo ce peAyBar c x]
[.r, a cerau_
Hara ocHoBa npe.q reMarr.rqHa r rac*a _e (e Lrrqe eAr,tHcrBeHo.{acro -aJ).
a) B 7 ocuorHn rlraro:ra c peAyBane
[x-uf: 1ayrcax _ 6ayua, 6ayueut,
dtarcax - dz,eua, ntaxax, (o)ntaxaH, nllaKatt - ntta\a, lvryKax Mflyva, cty_
t(ax - c y\a, cyKax - cy\a, mbnKax, mbnq7.
6) B rpn ocHoBHHrraroJra c pegyaane
[r-x]:
rlb?ax _ )'tb ca, )Ib%ceu
cmpu?ax _ cmPuted, cmpuJreu
cmbpzax cmbptea, cmbplcew
$ 197. l lpr cloaoo6pa:ynaHero peayBaHero ce cpeqa B cJr€.{HnrecJryqaH:
l. B cr,rqecrnnreJlHHTe HMeHa,o6paoyaann clc cJreAHHTeHacraBKr.{:
-4; Oyc - oyua
-azs: tonaK - bHaqa?a, xaidyx - xaitdyuaza
-trK: opex - opewak
-oH ar,r,tx Bt,t,tau,6oz Eotc(lrr
-6a (cm6. -r,,E^): dpyzap - dpyx1a,
ctyea - c,rycr6a
-da (cm6. -r,pra): apaz - apatrda
-e: 6y'txa - 6y,tue, 6aipax - 6aipaue,
eo xux - eoituue, 6blrK _ ebr,tve,
deloiKa - deeoitue, zaex - tai\e, ejuK _ e3uqe, sHyK _ 6Hyve, kannaK
- KAJlnAye,ko64e? _ Koa\etce, yxo,
yue
-ev4e: oKo - oqett4e, 6oz - 6oxeu4e,
yxo yueH4e, 6b,rK_ 6b./tyeH4e
-ecmeo (cm6, -Lcrao). 5o2 - 6otcecmeo, pHak _
DHauecma(), ,toHax o_
ttataecmgo, opyzap _ dpyxecmqo, ntHo?o _ *utosrcecmao, \uHo6HuK -
uuHoattuuecmao,pa6omuux _ pa6om uyecmao, cotsK _ celaqecmao

279
-e4 km6. -bqa): voaer( - vose.re4, e3uK - esu4e4, cHnz - cHerce4, npax -
npaweq, ,IyK nyveq, n/'t0rt6k - n/IaMbueq, Kaua aK - Kawt aue4.
-
-ua: ceKa - cevuao, cyx - cyutuso, neKa - neruao
-ue (cm6. -Hi€, -bi€/: 6pnz - xpai6pexue, peKa - nopevue, nexdypewte,
oKo - Metcoyo4ue, Hoza - nooHoxue, HapeKa - Hdpeuue.
-uno: Kpbz - t(pbjtcblo, cmpax - cmpauuno
-uta: mux - mutauHd, utupoK - utupoquHa, aucoK - aucovutla, dut6orc -
dut6ouuua
3 a 6 e r e x k a, Crrracnxre [x, r, x] ce 3ana3BarHenpoMeHeHr B ocHoBl.r
Ha cGu{ecr-
BrlTersx npeA BacraBxa -r!r, Tbfi (aro rnacHa [r] B Hacranrara uABaor cr6. ctacna u. 6oe
- 6oeuna, zptx - zt pxuilt, o+a, - ovaxurt, nolrtr - nortr<uaa. faacnara u e npevartarta
B rracHa [x], xoraro 3axoH]T 3a nlpaara na.rrararr3aunr Be'{e Hc e AeficrBan.

-uxa: dpyz - dpyxuaa, DHaK - nHaeuHa

-ux-I(a: cHnz - cHe)tcuHKa
-uqa: ab,,lK- 6brtuu4a, zopbK - 2op4u4a
-u4a \yMar.): peKa - peuuva, pbKa - p?tqu4a, ceMKa - ce,+ruu4a,zpaouHKa
- zpadwnu4u, ,rryxa - yauqa, c.qrxa - ceHuuqa, rn.rra - np,,rsu4a,
6otxa - 6o,ttuqa, dtcxa - dtctuqa, KHuza - KnuJrcu4a
-uqe: MnnKo - i4neuu4e, Ho M,IeK4e,nuK - ,|uquqe
-uule: mbpz mbPstcuule
-uap lyBen.)" pbKa - pb\uu4e, KpaK - Kpavut4e
-xa? (cr6. -6KA): 6etee - 6etexxa, zptx epeuxa
-xa (axll-nx + -Ka > -a\Ka): 6eduax - 1edunvxa, 6ece tK - eecetsyxa, de-
6enarc - de6etauka, du6aK - duaavrca, npocmak - npocmauxa, cta6arc
- cra6aqxa
-x4 (yMan.): dpexa - dpeurca, monza - motnrKa, 6rlyK - 6ttyuKa, nbmeka -
nbmeuKa, Qafpura - Qa6puyKa, MotnuKa - MomuqKa, K uza -xHuJtcKa,
aepuza - eepu)tcKg, c tx - c.MetuKa
-Ka (-uKa + -Ka > -urKa)): hlacux - KracuvKa, ame,vamux - Mamen'ramu\-
xa, Qusux - Quzuuxa,, xuttuK - xu.vuuKa, uedux - uedutxa, ,,tyHamuK
- nyHamLlvK0
-,le: Kltuza - K uJtc,le
-xux: dpyzap - ctdpycruux, dyx - odyutttux, epnx - zpeu uK
-yza: 6,4eKa- aneuyza
-naunf fanux: Pal,toz - pasnoxauuu, Kazaulax - ka3aHlbya uH
2. B npu,rarare:run, o6pa:yraxlr or ocHoBH, 3aBrpuBarrlr Ha Betapul.r
cI,rJlacHu, cbc cJIeaHHTeHacTaBKH:
-eu (cr6. -to.n'L,):M/ttKo - MreqeH, pbKa - pbqeH, .ubKa - MbteH, cpoK - cpo-
tteH, nopoK - nopoveH, 4o6ek - \o6eqeH, peKd - pe4eH, cHaea - cHeJrceH,
6paz - rcpaifpexeu, 6ttuzo - 6tatceH, KHuza - KHuJtceu,epJtx - epewe ,
cmpax - cmparuet, npax - npaueH, et,sdyx - endyuteH, ct'ttrx - cMeLueH

280
 HacraBKa-e6-ex: teve6ert,y'te6eu.
Crulo u npeg pa3rxr.rpeHa
3a6enex(a-IlpoataolulrecbruecrBHTerl[ixMefla,o6pa3yBaHxornp[rararetrrnu
c l{acranKa -ettll+t-, :anatrat nanararrt3rlpaxara abttacua. Krruttcet - KHuJttalp, )teleu -
teq uk, tvlevxoctn.

-ecK (cr6. -EcR-)'. yveHuK - yveHuyecKu, spa? - lpaffiecKu, pa6omrtux -

pa6omttuuecxu, .IroHax - ,uoHautecKu, Pastoz - pos,tolcKu, npaKmuKa
- trpaKmuuecKu
-ecn : monKa - monuecm, cflHKa - ceH\ecm, Kpak - Kpavecm, nbnKa - n?)n-
vecm, vepynKa - qepynqecm, c/uo Ka - o,rt)Hqecm, Ho nyxecm, Mbxecm.
-u: ab,lK - ab,tuu

3a6enexl(a.CbrnacHara[x] or ocHoBarn a p c l H a c r a a K-ac x t ,c c p e A y B ac r c c . rrr. l a c H a

[!tr], xorTo c nonylteHa qpe3 xoM6uraropna npoMrHa lra [l] or pegyoatero [r(-.r]: ,le,!
leuxu, uo t( taK - MtnuKu o'f wlag -bcKu > to atuku qpe3JllrctMutaugt Ha [q] npcl c,br-
racffifra[(] (cpB. yh.l"o> tu,to\, qoitlux - aoti|uwtiu o.r aoi u,|ecxu.3a pellyBaltero[c]-u
B HacraBKaraBx. { I9l .

-us: zopz,K mpbnKa - ntpbn\us, 6oxryr , 6ox,tyuua, omc TbnKe -

zopuus,
omcnlbnvua, nbnKa - nbnvua
-un: uutixa ariyutt, Ho KaKa - KrlKtut, cHaxa - ctraxu

3 a 6 e n c x ( a. flplrcxarelrrure npfiranarenHx,o6pa3yaa H c rracraBKa-rrrlor c.l,rt'lcc-

raxrclrrfrfrrMcla 3a rrua Ha -xa, -ca, -xa or xerrcKx po,rl,Hc peAyBar [x, r, x] c [s, x, u]:
Padxa - Podxun, Mopuixa - Mapuixux, 6ta,-'a 6'ta:nrr, On?a Oi?uH, CuiKd Cuixun,
cguxa - cSaxux.

-un:6e.nez 6elecrum
-rua: n:tcbK - neceunus, cmpax cmpauuul (u cmpaxtua). c trx trucMeut-
tue, zadyx - sadywtua, npax npaut/lus, cnonyKa - cnoJl))tlJlua, otto -
6eto.tlruq, yctyza - ycrlyJttLrua, uo tts6yxtua
-tx: dt,tot dltcrctrc, d,ttlrxa, i,ttltcxo, aucoK - auco\bK, aucoyKa, totcbK
- ltucu\bK, ttuclt\Ka, vepHooK yep oo\bK, \epHooyKa, taupoK , Llttt_

P0vbK, utupovxa
3. llpu o6pa:yaaHe Ha r;raro"ltt Hai-.recro or ocltoBlr ua uMeHa, Kor.rro
3aBr,p[Bar ra [x, r, x]:
a) flpu r:rarolu or I cnpexeHne npe! HacraBKa -et (2 sruqe-eetu).. zty,r
- o?nlruet, cmpar - docmpauee ue.
6) flpu rrarolu or II cnpexeuxe npeJ( rracraBKa-all-a (2 Mrrar\e -uu):
- -
[ x - u J : s u a r s n a y a , K u m K e K u \ a , , v b K a M b v a ,p b K a - a p b y a , t e K r,teya,
?paK - zpaua, tyx - noditytu, cKoK - cKoua, abrK - oabJltto, ^4paK -.
noMpaYa, uoeex - auoeeta u dp.
[z-lc]: xptz - o6xpbJtto, r(p6tca, 6etez - 1etettca, tceza - uatcexa, dz,ttt t
- ydttxa, 6taz - 6,tactca, Ho?o - notca, mbza - mb ca, mpeaoza -
mDeqo ca, dute - dutlta

281
 - epeua, npax - npaua, nepdax - nepdauru,
[x-ru]: z,,ryx 3aenywa, zptlx
mrp6yx - uzmtp6yua, ymexa - ymeua, mpoxa - mpoua, yxo aHyrua,
n.tax - n.ratus, dpexa - npedpewa ce, Ko)Kyx - nodxozcyuta ce.
s) flpu r.naro.nu, o6pa:ynauu c HacraBKa -aca : yporu -ypoqacaM, nbn-
Ka nbn\acaM, 6ttxa - 1ututaca,u.
-
4. flpn o6pa:ynaHe Ha BropHqHo HecBr,prxeHrrrJraroJrr{c uacranra -.l,ull-
att. Peslyzaueto [x-u] ce can]TcrBa or pegyBaaero ]ra KopeHoBara rnacHa:
neKa - u3nuuaM, mexa - u3mu\aM, ceKa - nocu\aM, u3cuudM, &leKa - u3-
&ruanM, noa.ru\aM, Ha6ru\Lt4, peKa Hapu\aM, o6puuau, u3puvbv.
PelyeaHero ce orKpl-rBax lrpH Bu.{oBnre ABoitxw (npo)moaa - npomaKaru,
3arotla 3aroKaa^4, 3ar,IoKaM,c.ioxa c/1deau, B re3n cryqau HenaJlara-
Jrn3UpaHaTacbfJracHa e 3ana3eHaB lrecBr,p[reHaTaocHoBa B no3r,ruHsrrpeA
HacTaBKa -oM.
5. IIpr ;rnpocHrerHoro Mecror.rMeHue:Koit, KaK qui.
6. B y:uarnreruH HapeqHr, o6pa:yraHlr or npnJrarareJtnv',aucoK 6u-
covKo, .ftK- nttKo, ,M 0?0 j,ItoJtcKo, ob/tb? - o,'tb3lcKo.

PEAyBAHE Ir{, r, Xl - UL 3, Cl

r, r, x] - [q,:, c] ce oQopvr xaro

p e . q y B a H e r[ o
$ 1 9 8 .X p o r o n o r n q e c K H
tporrerlrveu3axoHa lpeBHocrra rro-xr,cHoor peAyBaHerorraBerapHr{Te cr,r-
racuu [x, r, x] c ne6Hure[r, x u-r],r. e. cneAntpBara na,raraln:aqu.r.3arosa
npoMrflaTaHa BeJrapHHTe cbfJracHHB ajrBeoAeHTajrHH B ricTopr{qecKaTarpa-
M a T H KC
a eO n p e . q e nKr a T oB T o p a n a J I a T a J t u 3 a r \ u s
flpu rropara narara;rH3aurrrflpoMrHara Ha BerapHHTec'br;racHrd ce e
d3BtprxBanacrulo [peA npe,qHlt'racHltn npeq cr6. t, Ho or Apyr npo].r3xoA
or rrpacJraBrHcKu crveraHnr-4u$r or'ru *oj, *el. [Ipeq re:u rnacHt,tBeJrap-
HHTeclr;racHu ca ce npon3Hacr:tn:[x] I [q], [r] nrpaouavanHoB [s] l-lcneg
rona n [:] x [x] n [c].
PegyaaneroHa BenapHHTe carJracHlrB anBeo.[eHTannI{ c'brnacHuA}recce
ocr,u.IecrBrBa npu Qopuoo6pa:yBaHeron cloaoo6pa:ysalrero n nai-pa:no-
o6parlro o6rpr,xertne n ce xapaKTeps3Hpa c r.r3BecrHa npo.qyKTr{BHocr He3a-
BI{CI,IMOOT HSKOL OfpaHrrqeHtq.
$ 199. Pe:ynrarH or roBa pelyBaHegHec ce cpeular B cJreAHr{Te cnyqar:
I l. Br,n rfopnu 3a MHoxecrBeHo qnc;ro Ha clu1ecrBnTernt,l or Mbxr(H po,q,
I rrrlnTo ocHoBH 3aB'bplrBar Ha [K, f, x] npea oKoHqaHHe-u'. toHaK - ntrurlu,
nor,to? - nor,to3u, KoSlcyx - Koleycu.
C nafi-rorq\.ra npoAyKTrrBHocr e peAyBaHero IK-u]:
a) n ocnoau Ha HenpoH3Bo.qHH u 6e3cyQn(crin cr,urecrBure;rHv'. 6tlyK -
- -
8Hy4U,pAK p4tlu, CMOK C,UO4U,Ab3K.4UK - A'3K,1U4U,npuneK - npunequ,
I - -
I uaaut( Haauqu, KoH,K KoHflllu, e3uk e3ut(u, nuKHuK - nuKltuqu t4 Ep.
I 282
 6) npn npouarogHlr c'bulecrBurenHH, o6pa3yBaHHc HacraBKHTe-aK, -uK,
-,'tn6OIUU4U, ?peUHUK 2peUHU4U,
-HUk, -4UK, -bK, -r' U,K,-OX. ,ttXt6OBUttX
doxocuurc - douocuutqu, dox,tadvux - doxtaduutqu, turttMbK- nnaMb4u, po-
xamnuK paxamttz,qu, ztaduux e,lddHu4u, )Kb,'tmbK- lcutmuqu, 6elmz,x
- 6etmtqu, npu3rnK - npusxa4u, uydax tyda4u, deofiuurc - deoiittu4tt,
dettox daut4u, neuox - -
Me\ollu, crenoK cneno4u;
r) r gre clulecrBr{Te;rH}r or M6xKu poA c oKoHqaHHe-a'. etadurca - eta-
du4u, nampuKa - nampu4u.
Pegyuanero He ce H3BapuBa, Kofaro ocltoBure Ha cbuecrB[TeJlHr4Te
rrMeHa3aBbpuBar Ha,qBe uryMoBl-tcbrJIacHH, KpafiHara or KoHTo e [x]: aa-
trycK - sunycKu, omnycK - omnycKu, o1ucrc - o6ucxtt, ofetucx - o6elucxtt.
I4srrroqeHns or peAyBaHero ItMa s npl,r cbrIecrBHTeJIHH nMeHa, KoHTo
3aB pnrBar rra couopHa H ruyMoBa clr,racHa lx): xeneux - KeneH4u, nz,,tK-
Br,n4u,o\epx - o\ep4u, no\epK noyepqu, mypltu (or mypK) KoHK - Knu4u,
rn $parrc - $pauxu, fioiepeepx (toiepaeprcu.
llpu eAHocpnuulr crruecrBrTeJrHH HMelra or MlxKr.t poA, KoHTo o3Haqa-
Bar HarlsoHarHocru, peayBaHero [x-v] cr,uro He e rocJrenoBarenHo flpoBe-
EeHo: ?hpK ?hptlu, tro mpax - mparcu, dax darcu, Qpaux - rfpartxu. B
pellyBalrero yqacrBar 6es HgrrroqeHxe c'r,uJecrBlrreJrHHTe t,tMeHa,Kor.tro3a-
BrpuInBaTHa -nKll-aK. KasgK Ka3u4u, tloMat - noMa4u, pyc dK - pycltullu,
mop.taK - mopnallxt, c.loaaK - c/xoaa\u, npycaK npycaqu, noutK, no.|'tlu.
BapraHrn ce cperlalnp o\ept -otlepKuH ouep4u,,ttottnx tntarcu (or
rrorxra), ./nor,Itr4u,wy6pax - wy6paxu, tq)6puqlt, Ho cay.o ypoKu (vHoxec-
rleno vnclo). Oopruure 6e: pelyaaHe Morar Aa 6r,gar n:negeHn or $opvn-
Te ia xeHcxr po\ )'rmaKa, wylpuxa.
BapnaHrt B MHoxecrBeHo qHcJIo I{Mar It 3aernTe ct,Il1ecrBnre;Inll I.{MeHa
6orweeurc 6o'tuleeu4u, 6o,uueeuxu, e urcauK rue tueauKu, MeHuesu4u,
LrycmaK - Mycmu4u, MycmaKu (pa3r . u nwat.), nopndtx nopndrctt u nopttdt tlu.
-
B cryvar Karo caJ'loyKu ca oytlu pe,nyrauelo gxtfepeHr{r{pa cMl,IcJloBo
u lpaMaruqecKH tlopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo qr{cJroHa cGUIecrBsreirHo.to ca-
MoyK - caMo),tlu or tpopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo qxcro Ha npnrarareJrHoro
catvoyK. cu,voytctt xydocrcuu4u (cp. teyx ueyxu).
Maxap r,t flo-orpaHsqeHo, pegyBaHero [r-:] ctulo e [ponyrrr.tBrro BaB
rfopuure 3a MHoxecrBeHo ulrc,ro, o6pa:yaanu or Herrpou3BoaHH14rrpon3-
BoAHr.rcru1ecrBrlrelrHn or M'bxrrl poA c xpaiiuo frl: epaz - apasu (apx.),
3AJ10?- 3A,403U,nO.tO? nO.103U,nOo,'IO?- nOo,tO3U,?eon}z- ?eo103lt, ()u-
,,totoe - ()u,to,ro3u, a mpononoz aHmponono3u, 6yt\oe - 6y,tdotu.
B MHoxecrBeHo qHcJro ca caqecrBr{TeJrHHTe 6ax4uz - 6au-
Ee::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::pegyraHe
tlu?u, 3uz3ae, usaepz, ducazu.
Oopvure 3a MHoxecrBeHo qucl'o 6pu3u u 6ozu ot epaz u 6oz yuec ce
3aMeHqr or rro-HoBHTeQopuu apazoee,6oeoee.

283
 B pegynauero yqacrBar r.rcr,ulecrBrlrenHfiHMeHac xpafrno cbqeraHne
fprl: ersmope - 6b3mop3u, dpauamype - dpauamyptu, xupypz - xupyp3u,
Mema,rypz- Mematyp3u, napmopz - napmop3u, lo xo6ypz - rco6ypzu,xa6-
c61tpz xa6c6ypeu.
He y.racraar B peAyBaHerocbulecrBnTe;IHl.tre HMerra,qHHToocHoBI{3a-
- -
BtprrrBar na lnrf: daxcuttz daucuxzu,.tvumuHe MumuHzu,nyduuz , ny-
duHeu,cMoKuHz- cMoKuH?u,no3yHz-,lo3yH?u, nynuHz- nynwtzu, cmep-
nutrz - cmep.)tuHeu,cyut!? - cyuHzu,dufimoue - dul)mouzu.
Pegyranero ne ce cpeutarr,a $opMrl 3a MHoxecraeHoqt-rc.ro,
o6paaynant
oT e,4r{ocpHrlH[cl,ulecTBHTerHrrt Kol.IToo3HaqaBaT eez - ZezU,
]rapo.qHocTH:
- - ,
tfpuz {tpuzu, 6e,tzu,xo aapt? eaptr3u,neuexez ne\eHe3u.
Bapuanrn n'ln SopMHTe3a MHoxecrBeHoquclroce cp€nlar npH cJreAHHTe
cbuIecTBIrTeJIHl-l:

a 4y2 - aH4y?u u aH4y3u npo6ee-npo6eeu u npo6etu

Ha6ez- q6ezuutm6esu ne\eHe2 neYeHe2uu ne\eHe3h

Pelyrauero [x-c] e orpauuveHoB Ma;r(oaa 6po[ cnyvaNu e HenpoAyr(-

TltBtro: a/lfiauax aP,Ma acu, ea yr e6 ycu, Koleyx - Koztcycu,Memox -
-
,Memocu,.tlotrux Mouacu, cupo ax - cupo,Macu,cmo ux cmoMacu,mbp_
(tyr - mrp6ycu.
He ce cpeulapegyaauenpn o6pa:ynauena Sopvr.r:a MHoxecrBeHoqtlcJro
or cr,Ul]lecrBr{TerHvTe opex, vcnex, npuc.Mex,ulpnx, x:e ux, npodyx, mpun_
mux, tfetax, sacyx, npudtx, rut.,ttx,us6yx, okmoux.
B xpar na ocHoBlrnpe,qoxoHr{alrero -L e Db3MoxHocaMo cbrreraHHe
[px], a roero cr,rracHara [x] or cr,verauNeroyqacrBa B pe.qyBaHero: ,ro-
uopx - l4otrapcu, eK3apx ek3apcu, nampuapx - nampuapcu, ticpapx - iie-
papcu.
Ctulecrnurelxlr c KpafiHoKopeHoao[x], o:navaoarqnHaqt{oHaJIHocrH,
KaTOClrX,11e:(, KA3AX,He yqaCTBaT B peAyBaHeTO: cuxu, texu, yexu, Ku3axu.
I4:r.nroqeHxe:s./tux- atacu, Ky4osnax- Ky4os.nacu.
Bapllartrnu Sopvu n MHoxecrBeHoquc:to r.{MacaMo cblqecrBHTerrroro
ctL't.tu- cur'tncun chlftxu.
Kpafiuu ctrlacnu [x, r, x] B ocnoBHHanpr.rJraf areJ'IHHlrMerrace 3arra3Bar
HeInpoMeHeHr{ npe,EoxoHqaHHero 3a MHoxecrBeHoqlrcro -u.,etadarc- ztad-
Ku, Ob,,rbz - Oz,nzu,cyx - cyxu, kyx - Kyxu.
2. Brn tfoprl,rure3a MHoxecTBeHo r{scJroHaIBe c.brqecTBHTeJIHr.rOTXelt-
cKr.rpoA: p?,Ka- p?'4e(cr6. p,s,qt ), xoza - HNe Ho3* ).
Br,n Qopvnre ra vHoxecrBeHo qHcJroHacE lecrBHTeJrHr.r HMeHaor x(eHcKa
pog rtpafin}rcr,r:racuu[x, r, x] or ocuorara npeAoKoHqaHHe -a: (or c.r6.'U) ce

284
3ana3BaTHenpoMeHeHLt:peKa - peKu, cmbnKa - cmbnKu, mofl?a motztt,
noo,lo?a - noo,no?u, Myxa - .Myxu.
Jlnncara rJa peAyBaHe aro Sopvnre 3a r{HoxecrBeHo tu,rclroHa cbrqecr-
BnTeJrHlroT x(eHcttl.rpoA c:b3AaBaBT,3MoxHocTaa ce pa3rpaHr.rtlaTnpu oMo-
xnunx Qopvlr Karo cbnpy3u (or crnpyz) u cbnpyeu (or ctnpyza).
3. B r<o:rerrlreHlr cbulecrBuTe;rHl.t c Hac'raBta -u -a u [poH3BoEHIr or rrx
crulecrBrrrerHr.r c HacraBKa-cmao, o6pa:ynauu or napeqtaen Mecror,rMeHr..tr:
MHO?O - lttHO3UHA - HO3UHCmAO
MAIKO - MA/|qUHA - .Uq.lnllllrcmAo
utKo/,tKo - eKo,l\uHa
KO,lKO KO'|4UHO
4. B crap[ naAexHH Qopvlr :a ge.nre,reH H MecreH rraAex. uairrca - uai4e
ctt, 6oz - 6ose (apx.) Cpr. u crueraxtero no.[ro3u6oz - ct c crapa Qopva
3a noBeJ'IHTeJIHO
HaKJIOHeHI-te
eII-IHCTBeHO r{HCJ'IO IOMO3U.
5. B u-sxoJxo npoH3Bo,qHHrJlaro;ra r cr,[lecrBnTe;IHlt c Kllt-txoBeHnpo-
II3 XO]1:

peKa - noput(an, nopu4aaaM, optt4at{ue, ompu4auue

nooau? - nooBu3aad,+tce
3 a 6 c,r c x x a. B rtr(ox or npxMcpsrepcllysalrc'ro
[r-u], [r-r] e pctyr'l.ra1.or
x3Mec-
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c nape4 (o1 c'r6. c'rAphq[,), xI,.,'u|A - K ' t (or Katr,fi5L).

npoMcuitr-ac rilcralara lta o6uloctasntrcxnnogBl lcit-xl,clo cncA BToparanararanrr-

3arlrt ,l 3a1-orace onpclcne xaro rpela nanar nri3arlfic(Bx. I I95).

PEAyBAHE IC,3l - IIII, Xl

$ 200. Pegynaueroe pe3ynrar or rrpoMrlraraHa npoxoAtrr{Te arBeo.{eH-

rarHn cl,r-racHlr[c,:] n [ru, x] no,qr,rnrute ua fiora (j). Hac,re.qeuu lr rana-
3eHHKaro pe3ynrar oT AetcrBHero Ha ra3H npoMrHaca cjreAHr.rre ocHoBHr.{
c J r y q a uB c ' b B p e M e H H K HItI l x o B e H6 r , , r r a p c x te t l r r .
l B c e r a u g u r e o c H o B HH a r n a r o J r rol r I u I I c n p e x e H r e .O r n r , p n o n a -
rraJrHH ( p o p M u* n n c - j x , n n c - j e r p ( l l ) > c r 6 . n H c a ' I . H ,n l r u r x ; * , r a : - j x ,
^ra-j-je+ (u) (> cr6. MA3a'r.H,,$axx), *ra-a-jx, ^H-i-jx,,pt3-j,a (>cr6.
p'!3A'r'n,pexx'), *noB'Lrc-jN, xcxoyc-jx Karo KpaeHpe3yJrraror npoMrHa-
ra na [cI,:fi] a [ur, x], HacraHa.laoqe a crapo6rlfapcxn e3HK,r.rvarfopvu
nulaa, Malca, )xuJtca, pe,{a, noautua,u3KyuLa.
PegynaHero:ru.rrr,Koraro Qopvr.rre3a cerarrrHoBpeMece cpannxr c $op-
M Te 3a MHHarocBapureHoBpeMeHJrr.i c Apyrx cpoAHu.qyMn,o6pa3yBaHr.r

285
 C HenpOMeHeHf aIBeOAeHTaJIHI{ Ct,fJIaCHI'I: rUA3u/1KA - l4A-
OT Cl,UlUt'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''KOpeH
3u,'to- Mazra, nucaHue- nuuta, n4upuc- Mupuwa, 6tpcatxa - 6z,prua.
Karo n:xogun QopMHnpH pe,qyBaHero B rJraro;rHorocJroBoH3MeHeHue ce
nprreMarrpopulrre 3a MrrHa;rocBrprxeHoBpeMer{ o6parynaunre or MuHa-
rara ocHoBarJraroJrHn rpopvlr, r KoHToKopeHoBara cr,rnacHae errrMoJrorH-
qecKr{nbpBrrqHaH HenpoMeHeHa.
Pegynaneroce Ha6nloAaBa npu cJre,qHHTeocHoBHr.irJrafoJIr.{:
a) or I crrpexeulre:
[c-ruJ : 6pucax - 6putua (auat.); 6t pcar 6tpwa, uupucax - ,+luputua,
(o)nacax - (o)nawa, nucax, nuctut,nucaH nurua,cpecan,cpecax,cpe-
catt ^ cpel4a,yuducax, yidutua, yidypducau yidypduun
[s-zc]: 6etnsax, 6e,tasat, 6e,tnzau - 6enelca, 6/1u3ax 6,tutrca, etpsux
abplca, Ka3a,t - Ka)jca, KaKa u30( KaKdttutea, ),tu3ax t'tuJta, Mo3ax
rtarJtcu,ttu3ax-. trulca, p;t3d,t pelcd, xapu3ax - xapu)rea, \ecQx
Lteula.
6) B rr.aro,rro rlraroJra or cnpexeHNe: lracar cuttuta (cpz. w cttu3l-
ca.u), 6,ruzrt - (do)6.tulcu, usxycerr u3Kywa, aucn - (no)eurua.
PegyraHero rnqn Koraro ce cpaBHrr HecB,t'ptrreHr.r r;rafoJrrr, o6pa:yna-
IllI or cr,orRerHl-tre uM cB LptlleItH c HacraBKa -eau'. o6tusaa'yt - o6,tulttu,
tratru3al.u uauulca, uapr3aaM - apeSKa, 3a.va3nu - 3a,uaJrd, 3anucnurv
3AnUruq,PA3nUC6AM- pA3nUUlA.
Ilpov.rnara rra carracHrre [c, :] npe,1[i] ue ce orrpHna B.r,B BcllqKll cny-
qau, KbAero e Bb3MoxHo !a ce oqaKaa. Cpa. luct'x ctttttuu, 6,tustt do6-
,lU)t(O, lto KSAC KnOCfl,tec - 3OtteCfl,KbC CKbCfl,KpUCUA Kpdcfl, pyc
u3pyt.n.
IIo aHa.roru.r rra ocraHa-rtnTetlopvu :a cera[rno BpeMe pelyBaHero e or-
crpaHeHo Ilrnpx rnaroJlH Karo tlocu (cr6. Houlx) uocuut, ao3tr (cr6. soxx),
oo:]uut, u.tK)'clt,yuLt3tr,ompa3t u ,rp. flo aHarof r{r ca o6pa:ynaHu r.rgy6,rer-
Hnre AHec tlopwu l:r.ycl uiKyLua, u3suct - u3auwa, npu u3fl-npulu)K:u,
luu3n . y u:vca.
2 . B r : r a r o , r s o r H e c B b p n e r r n r . a , o 6 p a r y s a H n o r c B b p u r e H nc H a c r a B r a
-taau (-acuu\'.

u36UClt U3AUUTAAAM npuHu3t - npu u caadM

u3KycJt-- u3KywaaaM uso6pasn - uso6patraaau
ompa3n - ompa)taqaM yHu3n- yHuleaaatt
Hape,q c rna no-crapu rJraroJrHHrf opvn or HecB.bpueHBr.rA,BB3craHoBe-
Hu n 6r,,rrapcxH.r e3[r( rro KHHXoBeHn6T or tlepronHoc;raBrHcKu i,rpycrtr, c
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286
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yuu3naaM, uzo6pasteau, ompa3nsaM,
,{y6,rernlr $opvu uuar u o6pa:yaaHnreor rH, f Jrafo,rr.r
orrJraroJrHH
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IlecTBItTeJlHH:U3KyCtAAHe- u3KyuasaHe, u3auc.fl6aHe_ u36U\UAeAHe.
nDu_
HU3ltAAtrc npuHuJtcaaoHe,yHu3.ssdHe wlurcaadHe.
3. B orr.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::rarolun
c6urecrBHTeJtHl ua -uue, o6pazyeaHr., or r,Taronrr or ll
cltrpexeHlre) B1'3rrprreTx B c\,BpeMeEHys r(Hr.rxoBeHe3fiK no KHHXOBeH
n,r,ToT
rrepKoBHocnaBrHcKH H pycr(H e3AK: U3KyCUx_ U3KyUta,u3KyweHue, Hocn _.
npuHotaeHue, :)tcepmaonpuuowettue, ato6pazt _ ez,o6patreuue, yHulea _.
yuuJtceHue,npu?nacfl _ npueJlaweHue,ompa3, - ompaJrceHUe,
nosuuta _ no_
autueHue, ab3pa3fl _ ab3patceHue, om oweHue (cpa. omuacnu.).
4. B orgenxu ,{yvN r.r$opvx: KucHa , Kurua, nuca _ nalua,
6tps, 6opzo
- 1puacrco, 6z,ptre (or cr6.
spt-aje, cpaaHr.trenHacreneH or 6pn), eisu,
ab)re, lucoKo cauute (czttlo r-l B 3aern or pycKn e3vK aucut, tu3ru _ crapw
dropvr.r sa cpaBHr{TeJrHa crene' or np(Jrararex'rre altcoK, ,u3b.l. Ko3a -
K(r)tctt,Har' - Hdut, auc 6aw.

PEAYBAHEIU - tIJ

$ 2 0 1 , P e g y r a H e r o c e c p e u a r J r a B r r on p n c , r o r o o 6 p a : y a a r e r o r c G B c e M
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c Te3H, ts Kor.rToce pe-
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or rrpoMcHr,rreB eAHa ]r
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[pn [pou3Botrrr
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287
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a) C nacraara -dp or crulecrBnTe;rHr{
uutla 6auuuap,aodeuuqa eodeuuuap,Me.r u4a - MerHultap,MumHu4a-
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nmalap. Clulo u or ocHoBHc xpafiHaclr,racHa [q] npe,qHacrasra-ap'.osqu
- os\ap, n 4e - nrtuap,
klsrttotenun: xatla Ka4ap, xapyya - Kapy4ap.
6) C ywanntenua HacraBxa-€ or cbrr1ecrBuTeiHy Ha -uqa'.,lucu4a - nu-
-
cuYe,cecmpu4a cecmpuqe,.MoJvu4a -,+toMuYe, nmu4a - nmuue,KyKy6u4a
- KyKysuve,zypzynu4a- ?yp?ynuue,racmosu4a - Jlacmoluqe,ape6u4a-
tpe6uve, KoutHu4a- KoutHuYe.
B) C HacraBKa-ecm6o o"t cl,uecrBHT€JIHI.r Ha -eq: ome4 - ome4ecn6o,
,vl,tadeeq Mradelqecmqo, meope4 m6opqecm6o,Jtcpeq- )tcpe\ecmBo,
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r) C uacrarra -uro or npon3BexAauruocHoBuc KpaftHoluf:. eeue4- een-
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qupesurla 4apeau\u a, ntbpmne4- Mbpntguttua, nucu4a )lucu\utro,Kbp-
m u l ( a K ? > p m u 4 u l t a , K o H eK4o H v u t r a .
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c xpaita ctr-
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x) C yva:rrre;lna HacraBKa-Kd or ctrrlecrBnreJ'rHn Ha -u4a (c't6, rr\A +
uxa > -zvra) adoau4u- edoauyxa,eo)etuqa eodeuustta,t(apy4a- Kan)q-
KU, )lbJt{:U4U jlb)tCUyKA, nACIIOAUIIA -,lACtnOAUtlKA, nmu4d - nmUUKA, nU-
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:) C nacrarra -u4e or cluecrBr.rre;rHH Ha -4e'. xu4e rxuuuqe,3pbtrqe
3pb \u\e, fli4e - fli,tu4e, cbp4e cbpqu4e, c/tb 4e - c/tb ulr4e.
3. flpn nponrro,qHn npunararenHr, o6pa:ysaHu:
a) C uacranxa -oe\l-ee or ocHoBH Ha ctrqecrBnTe;rHn Ha -eq, -uqa, -4e:
c./tbttlle ox?,H\ea,epa6e4 - apa6uoe, rctadexetg rcradeuqoe, ome4, omuoa
l l o m u e e , s e o u e 4 s e o u u o e l l 3 a ? , H y e av, e p u u 1 a q e p H u v e a ,n i 4 e - n i t e a .
6) C nacrarxa -eH or ctuJecrBxTe:rHn Ha -u4a, -e4, -qa, -qe: zpauuxld
?patflt\ert, ceduuqa - ceduuueu, teu4a tcu,tex, npe6u4a - npefuveu, za-
y6u4a - eay6uuett, Kpacmalu4a Kpacmaluue , zpbuomesu4a - zpbvome-
orrueH; ,Mece4 - /ueceyetL aetrc4 aeHeueH,xoueq - 6esxotte4eH, y,rulla -
y,luveH,
B) C HacraBKa -ecKu or clrrlecrBure;rHr.t ua -eq (e4 + ecK > -eqecKu).
msopeq - msopvecxu, 6ope4 6opuecxu, cmapell - cmap\ecrcu, cmpadateq
-. cmpadatuecrcu, cKltmarey ckumar\ecKu, etadete1 - arade$tecrcu, do6-
poaone4 - do6poeotuecxu, ome4 omqecKu.

288
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c xpailua KopeHoBacrrJracHa[u): oeqa o6qu, nmu4a - nmuuu, ltucu4a -
ttucuuu,npe6u4a - ape6uuu, ndcmoluqa - tcmoauvu, Kamepu4a- Kame-
puuu, Kbpmuqa- Kbpmu4u.
A) C HacraBKa-trH or c r,ulecrBllreJrHxr.rMeHa ua -u4a..I:leauoeuqa - I,Iea-
xoeuuu, Audpeu4a - Audpeiuux, Huxotu4a Hur<o,tvuu,KyKysuqa- KyKy-
euuurt,Eozopodu4a - 6oeopoduuuH,4apu1a - qapuuuH,Kamepuqa- Kame-
pu\uH, Kbpmuqa KbpmuquH.
4. llpu o6paaynaHeHa rJraroJruc HacraBKa-,e c.neg [v] - -q \-uut) or
npofi3BoAHlt ocHoBHc xpaixa cr,rlacna lu]: epauu4a zpaHuud,o?paHuqa,
ue eq noHeMva,pyJubHe4' nopyribH\a, Kpusynuqa- Kpusynuua,cnbH4e
o c n h H u ac, b p q e H a c b p q ao, 6 e t c t p u a .

PEAyBAHE lCK,3r - ill Xnl

S 202. B ocHoBaraHa pe.qyBaHero e crapara rrpoMrHanoa BnHrHHeHa

fiora () ua BenapHurecbr;racHr{[x, r], npegurecrBaHH or npoxoAHualrBeo-
AeHTaJIHx ct rracHl B c'bqeraHHr or se6glr H MeKHa;rBeo,qenralHn: cx7 >
[ttlr'], :zj [xs'].
Pe4ynaHeroce cperqapr,qKoH rnaBHoB fJraro;rHr{ocHoBr4:
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*rlo3p-j,x > z,tocrcdt.B cnpexeunero Ha rnaroJlapeAyBaHeTo
c€ orKpHBa
n r , r Q o p v n r e 3 a c e r a u l H oB p e M ec n p r M o H e n p o M e H e H r ,cr rbet ; r a c n u B , b B
tlopuure, o6pasyoaHnor MliHaJrara ocHoBa:

dpucrcax dpa4t nocKai4 noufl

,,lbcKax tbl4n )vtl.qcKa.M M/lnu4a
nucKax - nuul:t dpucxax - dpuqn
xpycKQx - xpyu4fl zr03eux - etotcdn

-flcuo u:pa:eHa B (HuxoBHt4r e3lrx e reHqeHuurra roBa peAyBaHe Aa ce

orcrpaHrBa, xaro ce oOpa:yrar rJraroJru or III cnpexenxe or aopncrHara
ocHoBa dparyn - dpackan4, etotcdn - ztto3zh+t, xpyt4fl - xpycqav, Mrlnr4a
- M,,rtcKaM, nuu6t - nucKav - HnH qpe3 o6pa:yraxe Ha
Qopva 3a MuHaJro
cBlpueHo npeve 6e: pe4yBaHe:

etotcdux ll z,roxdax, dpauqux,not4ux, nneulux.

19. |-trs.tn. tr 6rD.6Mr. o. ibosarrt

289
 flpr o6pa:yrane Ha BTopHqHoHecBbp reHn rJraroJrHn6pBoHaqarHHTeHe-
nanaTanu3'jpaHv cbqeTaHl{t cbulo ce Bb3cTaHoBtBaT: o?,,to32aaM- oz,'toJn-
dn, odpacxeau - odpau1n, nonocKla -nonouln,Ho 3anut4fl > 3anut4flaau.
2, Pezy t.raru or rrpoMrHara Ha cbqeraHulra ce orKplrBar rr B orAeJrHH
IAyMrr:nur4Jtlr, nut4flnKa or cr6. nnurpuAh or nRcK'LAb; Jp1rryat (cps. xpyc-
rcau), eoryenu1a - aocbK > cr6. socrt, necKq - ,teulaK (t.rexjar-).

PEAYBAHE IT, AI - UIIT, XNI

$ 203. Pelyaanero e pe3y:rrar or npoMrHaraHa aJrBeoAeHTaJrHlrTe nper-

paaHr.r csrJracH, [r, g] a cr,veraHnqor He6HaH callara aJ'rBeoAeHTaJrHa c'br-
JracHanoA BnHtHveHa fiora (): lrirl > "t [ur], [afi] > [xg]. flpor',rlnara,
Korro ce e rl3BT,pruuna oue r crapo6r,,rrapcKrl,e eqHaor uafi-saxHnTeor-
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e3rur,t.
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B or^cnrrrrre cnaRrlrc( e3rLl,l.B pyc(n, y(pattHc(u lt 6elopycxu ct r{eraHutrafiMar 3aMec-
rrfuun [.r] h [>x](caeua <' svetja, etta <* nedja), s vcru. - [c, rl (svece,meze), B tror. -
[c, dzf (swieca, miedza), r c,roreu. - [6,.1] (cveca, mela), o cr,p6o-xr,po.- (i, . ) (cnujcha,
Mc.a) x T.tL

B c'lrpeveuuur 6rrrapcrn e3HKpe3y;rrarr.rreor roBa peAyaaHece orK-

prIBaTB CneArfl4Te CryqaH:
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dau, rtaxtada - rrcxtatedau, doaeda doeeucdau,noztedua noztex:dau,
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dav, zr?'muq (no)zltqau c peqyaaHe[H] - o.
3a6c:rexxa l. fnaroru or Hecabp[leltBl.tA(a'ro xlaup , o6pau4auca notyuenu o't'
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npel HacraBXara -/i- B rraro,ra or cqLpt]tetr BAI\'.r6aHa (cr6. XaATt|.n ir8dld)
n:tnar.lfilJajra
c peAyBaHcLHI- @,o6s6pm a (cpas. otpnn) o6zpua.
3 a 6 e , r e x x a 2 . Y c , ' r o s u s : an p o M r H ax a [ r , A ] B [ r ! r ] r [ x q ] u u a n n t o t f o p v a r e r a
I n{qe eAt-lHcrBeHo'ttcro}i 3 lrt{qe MHoxccrBeHoLlficro cerauHo BpeMella rnaron! or II
cnpcxeH rie [lrpel oxoHgaHue -r: /lrarr, [nnar'i], n,ramam fntar't rl, cttyw! lci1y t','"f, cMy-

290
 mrm fcMy'r'\"r), sud,r [sl1'l], dod, [BdA'6]. Cpn. clc crapo6.l,rrapcxure$opuu :a I lrqe
eAr.rHcrBeHo qrcro n^cql't, c.{{yl|l't, afixA,r, BoxAx, nonyqesx or n^AT_j.fi,
6HA_j.i c
npovrra ra [ri, gi] a [rrrr, xA]. B HoBo6rnrapcxlre Sopva c!.racuure [r, n] o I alqe ca
Br,3craHoBeHH no arJarofrrt na tloplure:a ocralaJrI{Tetkrra B cefaulHoBpeMe,B Koxro He
c nua,ro {rorreuruu ycloBr.re3a npoMgua:c ytnwu, c,qymu,c ymu - cuyma, aoduu, eodu,
aooume - aooJl.

2. B uecnr,pneulrr:rarolu, o6paryBaHHor cBt,ptrreHll

r,rarolr or II cnpe_
xeHlrec HacraBxa-neau (cteg [urr] u [x.q] -aeau), a'sznpwerr{no KHrrxoBeH
nbr or qepKoBHocraBrHcKH H pycKHe3HK:- [r - urr]: ouym, _ cMyulaaaw,
nocaemn nocael4a6aM,3a14Umn- 3ll4uulasa , cbKpamfl_ cbKpaula\a$,
u3apamt - u3apau1aaai4, noxumn - noxut4asuv, ocaemfl_ ocaeu,(aaau, no_
cemn nocet4a6aM,3anpemt , 3anpe4aeaw.,[,q- xg]: npuuyda npuHy]r_
daeau, no6edn - nobexdaaau, uazpadn xazpatcdaeau, npeoynpeon-
npedynpercdaaan,y6edn y6exdaeau, nomez,pdn nometptcdaeau,sa6-
tyin sa6tytrcdaeau, uactada - uactatrdaaau, oceo\odn, ocao6otrcda_
aau, ymaz,pdn ymatpxdaeau.
L'bqecrByBa reHAeHrIHr B cr,BpeMeHHr.ir6r,:rrapcrn e:nr ctr,racHr_rre
Ir,
ql a ulxolt or HecBapneHrrre ocHoBrl.qa ocraBar HerrpoMeHeHHnpeA Hac_
TaBKa-taaM. Tona ct:.qana Bb3MoxHocr B e3HKaAa ce c.r,3AaBarH ynorpe_
6rnar lapale:rnx H3roBopHr.tBapnaHTr..t 6e: cvllc,rosu pa3nfl{H{ noMexay
HM XaTOab3MymtrEon4 ab3Myula6a.Lr,abn/IotnflaaM 6bnnbt4a6ar\L 3Anpe_
mlaaM - 3anpel4aaaM, 3at4umflaarv - 3auluula6a , ocaemr6a,+t _ ocseu,p_
BAM, npeKpomtraaM - npeKpaulasa.M,npocaem.flaalt _ npocaer4aaaM, pa3s_
pumnaa,u pu3BpaulaEaM, otrymnaaM _ c.LtyL4asaJ4,CbKpamnsa _ cbKpa_
ulaaaM.
Br,:lvoxxlr ca t-rHecB.bp eHr..t
r;raroJrH, o6parynaHr.rnapan€nHo or cBl,p_
[lneHHfJIafoJ]H c ABe I-rMnepq)eKT[BHfi HacraBKr_t_]thtri -raau, Karo fipfi fna_
rolrre, o6pa:ynaHu c HacraBxa -flaq , pelyRaHero He ce oc.bulecrBrBa:
pasn"todst -, pazntotn:iau pazntodneau
noocnadt nodc,tuJKdau nodctadneau
npo4edt - npo4exdau - npo4edneau
3. B noseqe or 150 oruaro,rHn ct uJecrBr.rrer,r HH Ha -rtue, o6pa:ynauH or
cBr,puIeHr,trJlarorH or II cnpexeuue, Bb3Ilplrerrl n noro6t,rrapcr[.,{ KHtrxo_
Ber e3r.fKno xHrrxoBeH rrar or qepKoBHoc.jraBrHcKn u pycxu: pottcdeuue (or
cr6. po6jenxje), npocaeuleHue npocaemn, c.uyt4elue - cMyma, npeKpa_
qe ue \ocrap.), nocel4eHue, nocaeuleHue, npedynpexdeuue, uactatede-
rtue, y6etcdeuue, uecmouaxotcdexue, npo6yxdearc - npo6ydn.
4. B gne $opvl 3a rroBeruTerHo HaKr'roHeHHe: ncr or nu, nderu ti au)K: o"r
oudn c uznycnara rpaiiHa c:brJracHa[a] or ctverauuero
[x4]. E:rlrtrura npu
H3roBopa Ha cbrJracHara, Korro B Apyrrr no.qo6nu c-qyrrauc1,ulo e Haruue _

291
 dtctcd [l1ru], 6olcd lBon], zpozd [rpocl, a reou Qopl.ru e ]I npaBonllcHo
y3aKoneHa.
I 5. Pelyraxero ce orKpHBau B orAe:rHr{gyv,u: rcadeu - ttcatcda, xtm -
ru4a, uydn - Hy)rda, npeda - npercda, HecpemeH- cpet4a, eo)umen, sodfl
I eolcd, n,tam nnaul, csemt - ceet4,zoeedo- zosetcdu, zpad - epaxda-
uutt,podn pox6a (ct c:ary6a na [g] npea [61),zocnoduu- pyc. eocno)tca.
3 a6 e r exI(a. IlpacraBrHc(ure c6qsraHsr tkt, tgt noA Bjrfitttfiella [) crulo ca cc
pa3alrlt B cr,reraurr [urr, xn]:
*pekti > neu'rr, n€K,n (> nexa) neul (cr6. neu.Ir)
*rekti > p€ur'|'l|, p€r.i > pe(a
+mogti >,ttour'|'r, naora > Moaa- Moul (cr6.,{rouTL)
*noktb > Hour (cr6. l|orll'rf,).

B crepeuexunr 6r.nrapcru e3HXcJreaoBareJrHo catleragl{{TaIrl.Ir,x.q] ca

no npoH3xoaHacre,qHHuu KaKToHa *tj, dj+, raxa H Ha fkt, f,gt u *sk, * zg.

PEAYBAHE ICT - IIITI

- u
$ 204. PegylaHero [cr] [rxr] ce cpeqa orpaHrqeao H rJraBHoB r:ra-
roJrHH ocHoBlr B cnyqarl, nogo6xr Ha re3u. B Kor.rroce peayBar [r - r], [g
- xgl. Pegyaauero e rronyqeHo or npoMrHara Ha c'bqeraHrlero nog enlr-
[cr]
',:P.seHa fiora B t4.
r;raroJrH rrpeA HacraBKara -naan (cteA 4
1 . B ocHoglr Ha HecB'r,prrleHrl
-
-aaau)'. eocm, ?ocmux eot4daa (cr,uo u B o6pa3yBaHr{Teor HecB'bpueH
rnaroJr ?oula6aHe, eoulaexa); npocmux npol4asaM, npoulaaaHe; nouec-
mux - noMetqaaaM ce, Kpbcm, Kpbcmux KpbulaaaM, Kpbl4QeaHe,Kpbqag-
-
KO; MbCm, OmMbCmUX OmrVbt4A6stt,HO6e3 peAyBaHe:OnpOCmfl,OnpOCmUX
-. onpocm8aaM, a2ocmux - a2ocmtaaM.
Pegynauero [cr] - r4 rr,a Soprulnre ra I .nuqe cera[rHo BpeMe Ha rJraronfi
or II cnpexeuue npeA oKoHqaHnero -, B cryqau Karo zocmfl, u3aecmn, not
mtr, npocmu, omubcmfl, nperbcmn (cpa. cr6. OopMr.rpoui.la, noru'rx ca,
npourrN n r.H. ) e orMeHeHo no aHarorlrr Ha ocraHa,rure Sopvu ua cerauno
BpeMe. ?ocmuut, ?ocmu, zocmu,M- zocmn v np.
flpu or,qernu rJraroJrlr peayBaHero aorrycKa H BapHaHTHn$opvn, xaro
omMl,ulaaaM, omMbulaaaHe rloKpak omMbcmuSaM, omMbcmflagHe; ?ocmJI-
6A,M - ?Ot4AAd-M.
Ha -Hue:npocmux- npauqeuue(or u6.
2. B orr:rarolnu cr,ulecrBnTe:rHn
+npocrjenjje), zocm - y?ocmux - y?ouleHue;Mncmo, nouecmn - noMeule-
tlue, omMbcmux- OmMbuleHue; Kpbcm Kpbcmux Kpt uleHue.

292
 PEAYBAHE [8, N, B, MI - [EJI, [JI, BJI, MJII

$ 205. Jla6nanuure c r,rJracHr, [6, n, r, v] yqacrBar B ncroprrqecKr.i peay_

BaHI'rrc fpynx or cbrracHr.r,Kol.rroce cbcrotr or la6naruara
cbfjracHa Ir
[r]: [6r, n.r, r.t, u_rr].
Pe4yranero e cBGp3aHo c npoMrHara ga ,ra6na.nHnre cbrnacHrrnpea na_
JraraJrHara cbrracua [fi], roxro e 40EenaAo norBara HaMexar.rHHa cbfJracHa
[.ir'] nopagu HeB]3MoxHocrnr,JrHoaa ce oc6rrlecrBr,r yno.qo6rBaHero Ha ra-
6uatl:,tmrecartacHn c fiorata: pa:sfirfisr uexgy la6na:rnara
ctr:racHa H
f i o r a ( j ) : n y x [ : r ' ] c e e c J r q Jcr
[ ] n n o _ x r , c n oB p a 3 B o , e 3 a r B b p . [ r J r :
np€c'rxxn1eNj e > npec m?,nneHue.
flpovanara e r.r3BecrHa Karo e n e H T e 3 a urr4B MG K B a H e, a Ha_
Jr..rqrrero Ha cbrtacHa [l] a rarana rro3uur{.tr Karo,,e u e H T e r t-rrr H o 1,,.
B 6l,lrapcxure AraJreKTH eneHTerlrrtHoro[l] tsna.qua.nopaHo - n,bpBoB
HaYaJIoroHaAyMara,a no-Kl,cHoH B cpel c;roBl{ero.B navatroro gyvara
ua
eneHTernqHoI cbulo He e 6nlo :acrr,neuo nocne,{oBarerHo.
Pegyrauero He e xapaKTepHa H Tr.rnnqHa oco6eHocr:a 6rrrapcxur e:ur.
^
Cpeqa ce pr.qro u B 3aerHno xHuxoBeHnbr or pycKHlr qepKoBHoc:raBrHcKr.t
orrraroJlHu cbulecrBnTeJrHr.t Ha _Hue,n npl o6pa:ynave Ha HecBGDrreHH
fJtaroJl H oT CE.bpUeHx.
- 6,r]: ocxz,p6n oo<tp6,reuue, ynodo6n _ ynodoLteuue, vnomoe6tr _
[6
ynompe6teuue,safaea ta\aeteuue,sa6aenaaatt, ottto6x o.._
,to6rreuue noxpait osto6euue, npucnoco1a , npucnoco6tenue.
,
- n,r]: npecmbnt - npecmbnrleHue,
[n u3Kynfl _ u3Kynr,teHue,nodxpentr ,
nodKpennetue, nocmbnfl _ nocmbnreHue, 3ac/ten.fl_
3ucnenr,tetnte.
[u - ar]: npedcmaen npedcmaetertue, noedpaan _ nosdpaotertue, aen
ce
narlettue, cbnpomuas ce _ cbnpomuar,re ue, ynpusq _ ynpaste_
Hue, nodaen - daaterrue, yduen _yduatexue, u3zom6, _
u3zomoe_
r1fl6QM,HAnpAa/lnaa.M,Hacmaallaa$, cbcma\.fl
cbcma\lJrSLL
HapeA cl'c cbcmaarn4.
[r..r - v:r]: u3y n - u3y neHue, cmpeAlfl ce, cmpeJ+teJr cmpewneHue, yse_
doun - yeedourteuue.
Pe.4yaaue'ro[r.a- v,r] ce cpeua no-nocJre,qoBarer]roB
, npor43Bo,qHr.t
ayMH,
o6paryaaxn o-f 3eMn.. 3eJi4/I.act3e l1rHKa, o3e l.raaM,
3ewirutKu. B ggxotr
oT npor.r3Bo,qHuTe AyMH peIyBaHeTo oTc,r,cTBar.Ir,rr.r
no3BoJrrBacb3AaBaHeTo
Ha gyo'ernu $opuu: zeuexonau (pyc, zeu,texon), no
seu.,terconeH,3e^em_
peceHue, 3eMeonucaHue; o3e l.fl, HO 3l3e.M.fl,3eMeH
HApeI cbc 3eLJ,ten,3e_
MeMep H 3e r,reMep, Ho 3e eMepeH.
Pe4yaauero ce orKpuBa n B HtKolt punarare;.IHr.{Ha _elr_
3aeMKHor Dvc_
Ku e3HK:nea - omneteu, Ltn6n etstn6te4 ca6n u ca6ta - ca6,teu.

293
 PE,IIVBAHE [HI - Z

$ 206, Pegyeaxero ce cpeqa nplr obpa3yBaHe Ha HecBLpIxeHI.IrraroJlll

-H- OT OCHOBaTa
oT tJrarolH c HacTaBKa-H-: rJIafoJIHHtT CyQI.IKC Ce peAyBa
c o npen HacraB(ara -aa6'. - -
6ntua ce 6nreau ce, 6,turcua 6tuxeau, euxua
auKaat, ?,|bmHa - zb,'ImaM,zo6ua - so6eau, 3anbHa - 3anbaau, KunHg -
KUneAM, K''I\AHA- K/'tb68A ,Ie?HA - Ifl?Ar4, MUZHA-.MUZBA|t, nOZledUA
noztecrcdau, npoetedua - npo?nexdaM (c peaynaue [a - axl;, nombtn -
nombaa,M, clupHa - cgupsa^'t, ceoHa - cndau, crlo?Ha cntozaaM, mp;zHa
mpbz6aM, YyKH1 UyKAAM.
f .:raro:rure or HecB'bp[eH Rur, Ha -Ha xaro 6pt'cua, .tenHa, KucHa, punM,
Mpl,3tla, MbKHs CAUIOyqacTBaT B pe,{yBaHeTO:wenHA - 3AWeneAM,Mpb3Hd
3a.Mptfisau, 6pz,cua ce - sa6ptcaau ce. [Ioxpait (za)pueau ce or puHa ce
ynorpe6rBa u (sa)puxeau.
Koraro cruacuara [x] xe e rJraroJreHcyQnrc, rr He orna,qa nph [ptl6a-
B.sHe Ha cyfttKc -Ba-n4: 3u a - 3u aa,u, cmeHa - (la)cmeueau, trz'tLu -
(d o) :ttcuxa, d o tr t ua a n.
Or Hsrolro r:raroJra or c81,prrreHBng ce o6pa:yaar HecBt,pIxeHHf:raroJrr.r
c pa3jlHqHr,rHacTaBKH,cloTBeTHO Cr,Clt 6e: peAyBaHe [H] - u:

trcnbrlHt tnnb,,Iaa l ranuunu

cno,unJt cnouaav I cnouunu
pazdpasnn - pasdpazoau ]l patdpatuau ll pasdpatuneau
u3npa3Hn- u3npa3aaMll usnpattnu

PEAYBAHEIT, Al - s

$ 207. Pegyaanero ce Ha6.lroaasa B cneaHnTe cJryqax:

L B l2 ocHosHH r;raro;ra or I pa:peg Ha I cnpexenne, vnftro xoperr ra-
srpuna xa [r] u [a] npe,q HacraBKara -r 3a o6pa3yBarre Ha Mr.rHanocB'sp-
ureHo AerrenHo npfiqacrr.{e:
- \er, Mems, ,qemox ,+4er,nnema, nremox - n,4et.
fll - o: vema, \emox
B rtarona pacmd cJre.qrr3naAaHeHa KopeHoBara clr:racHa [r] npu o6pa:y-
BaHeHa aopllcrHoro [pHrracrHe 3a M bxKlr po.qeAtlltcrBeHo ql-tcro ce BMBI(Ba
r,'racHa [G], Korro ce peayBa c z nra Qopvrre 3a xeHc(H, cpereH poa n
MHOXeCTBeHO {VCJ]O:pAC' t>pacbn - pacna, pdcno, pACnU.
- -6o,t, (do)eeda, doeedox -doeel dau, dadox- dat, x,tada,
[p,] o: 6oda,6odox
nnudox rcaal xpada, xpadox -xpat, nu-ndox, ttr, npeda, npedox npet.
2. flpu o6pa:yraHe Ha HecBbpneHu cborBercrBHr or rtaronure omuda,
6tda flpea HacraBKara -sar:
omuda - omuea.u
6u)a - 6uaau

294
 IIHTOHAIIH,g

$ 208. I,Inronaqt.Irra e cbBKynHocr or 3ByKoBtl xapaKTepficrnKrr, Korrro

ce Ba3npHeMaTKaTOBHCOqHHa, CUra fi npoal'JlxHTeJrHOCT Ha TOHanD nDO_
H3HacrHe Ha ryvure B,t3xa3BaHero. Axycruvecxa," "" np"g"ru""r arlr-
BerHo I(aro qecrora Ha ocHoBHHt roH, 'rHTeH3uBHocrH BpeMerpaeHe.Kaxro
Qoxernrara Ha AyMara He ce 3aHnMaBac KonKperHoro c,bA6p)KaHueHa Aa_
AeHara AyMat xo ce cr,o6pa:xra cbc cl,craBKllTe Ha AyMara r{ rpaHr{rlara
Mex(Ay rrx, rara n Soneruxara Ha H3(a3BaHeroHe pa3rnex.qa KoHKperHoro
c6AGpxaHr.teHa u3Ka3BaHero,Ho B3eManoa BHt,tMaHr{e rfpa:nre Karo HeroBH
cacraBKr u rpaHlluure Mex,qy rrx. I4utouaquonnata cncreMa Ha e3HKa
ce
ocbrqecTBrBa KaTO OnpeIeIeHo cl,oTHOlxeHrieMex,qy ToHaIHHTe XapaKTe_
pucTuKH npeaH Bcr,tqKoHa y,qapeHHTeCpnqxH Ha AyMXTe B H3Ka3BaHeTO.

EJIEMEHTII HA IIHTOHAIIH'TA

S 2 0 9 , B r H T o H a t I H o H H a r ac x c r e M a H a e 3 H K ar l l s a r S o n o l o r r v x l r r e
rrpH3HaqHHa ayMaTa, xoHTo ce caoTHaccT c TaKHBanpr{3HarltrHa
Apyfr.rAyMH
B l.r3Ka3BaHero. 3a,qa noraxev, qe craBa,qyMa 3a caorHoclrrenHg npl{3Hatl}r
Mexny '4yMH, a He 3a npr.r3HaUrHa or.qejrHH,qyMu, roBopHM :a
,,$pa:orr
npri3narlu" nnr.r 3a npl3Haur ua,,$pa:ona .{yMa,,, pa3ngqaBaMe crergr.rre
qlpa3oBl, npH3Harlu:
l. BucoqnHa u:rlr Br.IcoqHHeH Bp6x - onpeAeneHo ronoBo !:.r,orHouteH[e
MexAy cprrrrxuTeHa AyMara. BncoqxHara e
$oxo.norxveH npri3Har B T. Irap.
TOHanHHe3nuH.
2. Perucrr,p Ha rraca - paBHI.tlero Ha rraca! Koero e HopManHo3a.qaAeH
KH.qHBH,q lrJIn e ro-BHcol(o uJtl ro-HHcKo or HopMarHoro. perucrrplr e gpy-
ra xapaKTept.rcTI.tl(a Ha ToHOBHTeBHCOtIltHr,r.
3. Y.qapeuue - no-cHrHHcr I,t3roBopHa egHa rJracHaB cpaBHeHr.re c lpyra
r.racrra. Ygapexnero e QouoloruveH nprl3HaKI na 6t.lrapcxara gyr,aa(cpn.
nomdxto - nomextd),
4. O6ura rptMxocr Ha H3Ka3BaHero- c borHorrreHr.rerorro cr{JraHa rrDox3_
Hacrne vexgy $pa3oBl.rAyMr.i.fprvrocrra e nprxo cB,Lp3aHac yaapeH;ero.
5.luxnna - rpeMero 3a E3roBaplue na r.rracxa(nonrxora
na ctr.nacua).
.{r:rxunara e Soro:rortveu npE3HaKB MHoro e3nrlr, no He s 6rrrapcxN.

295
 6. Tevr - pa3Jrl.IqHaracKopocr Ha npox3HacfHe Ha Irqnoro H3peqeHlre
r.r.lrHcborHo[reHrero no cKopocr MexAy qacrn Ha I.I3peqeHMro. Tevnl,r e
,upyfa xapa(TepficTIlKa Ha A]'JIXI{HaTaHa 3ByKOBeTe.
7. fpauuqa (vexny AyMn Ir.rIHMopQeuu) u cnrp:anara c Het nay3a - e.4ua
oT xapaKTr.rptrcTHKure Ha qrJrocTHara oQopvexocr Ha ,4yMaTa.
flouexe rur 3ByKoBHxapaxrepncrfiKn He cbBnaaar c QoHeMHIrre npn3-
Haur{ Ha,qyMHTe,Ho c},ulecrByBar eaHoBpeMeHHoc rtx, Te o6}rxnoseuo ce
Haprrqar ,,cyrepcerMeHTHn" upll:HaqIr HJIIInpo3o,qHqHLt npH3HaIl[, rtnt,ro6-
rxo ltnToHaur{r.
IlprregeHure'rHToHarIHoHHH (HnH cynepcerMexrun) npurnaqu Morar.qa
ce pa3AenrT Ha ABe no,4rpynH B 3aBucl.lMocToT cTeneHTa Ha cBlp3aHocT c
qe rtn Qpa:oaara
$ouororuvnure npI{3Haul.rHa ayMara, Moxe Aa ce cMtra,
HHTOHaUTtBJrH3ar CaMO CyIIepCefMeHTHLI
C1'OTHOCnreJIHl,tre ereMeHTtt, KO-
rrro noHe B eauH e3ur( ca eJIeMeHTHor QoHorornflTa Ha nyMara; Ho aKo B
aaaeH e3ux eaHH eJreMeHTe nptKo cneacTBHe oT pean[3rrpaHeTo Ha Apyr
eJreMeHT,nbpBlttr He BJrs3anrl Qpasonara I.IHToHaIIut.B 6tnrapcxnr e:ux
llanpr.rMeppa3nl-lqHoro yabnxaBaHe Ha rJIacHl-lTeMoxe .qa6t'ge npnx pe:yl-
Tar or y,[apeHnero HlrL Aa 6r'ge cr,:Hare;rno u3nor3BaHo 3a npeAaBaHeHa
orHo[reHnero Ha foBopellrlt. A revnlr, c KofiTo ce flpol{3Hact eAHaAyMa,
He r{rpae HHK'b.qe ponrl, T.e. He yqacTBa B oc't'uecTBt-
cMI.rcJropa3JIHq[TeJIHa
BaHeTOHa CeMaHTnKaTaHa,qyMaTa B HI{TOe,qHHe3HK.
flolyvanar ce ABe MHoxecrBa or npH3HauH,KoHTo I.IMar pa3n[qHa (pyH-
KUU' B e3UKa:
l. Cunraxrnqnn HHToHaulroHHr.r npn3Harlu, T.e. trpr.I3Haqt, KoHTo pa3ll{-
qaBar KoMyHUKaTnBHHTe rHnoBe H3peqeHr.rrH cboTHoueHI.ltTa no BaxHocT
MexAy eneMeHTure Ha rr3Ka3BaHero BficoqHHa,y.qapeHuefi rpaHH(a (c fla-
wa).
2. Aturynualun nHToHaur.roHHH
npr.{3Harrr{, noKa3BauHor-
T.e.npH3HatIH,
HOllleH[eTO Ha fOBOpe[][r, MOAanHO-eMOUI]OHarHH npH3HaUH per[CT'I'p,
revn u euQaruvHo yaapeHtre.
rpl,MKocr, yAl,,qxaBaHe.
EreueHtute or BTopara rpyna ce H3rroJr3Bar Ha
rJIaBHo3a npe.qaBaHe
orHoueHr4eHa roBope rur, aoxaro nlpaBTe c;lyxar 3a oQopMtHeHa eAHa
crpyKrypa HJ r qacr or Ta(aBacTpyKTypa.o6a,re
Hnr.rlpyfa cHHTa(Tr.rgHa
OT NIPBATA f PYIIA MOf AT,qA CE H3NOJI3BATH B ATI4TYAHANHA
BCHTIKUEJIEMEHT}T
<pyurqua.
K:lIa tiHtouaurisra B TeceH cvuclr o6qxHogeHo ce orHactr caMo cI.IHTaK-
Tlrr{HIire uHToHarlHoHHr.rnpH3HarlH,T.e. BHcoquHara, $pa:oeoro ygapeuue u
nay3ara. flplr rarona cxBaulaHe perxuara or roHoBe c pa3nnqHa Bncoqnua
ce Hapuqa MeJIoInKa, Ho HrxoH e3HKoBear.r He npaBqT pa3nl.rKaMexAy I.IHT0-
Harlur x Meno,[Hxa, r.e. tppa:onoro y,(apeHItefi nay3ara ca cyIrepcerMeHTHIr
flBJreHVn,HO He Ca HHTOHaIIHOHHH eJIeMeHTIl.

296
 OPA3OBO YAAPEHI,IE, IIOHflTI,IE 3A OPA3A

$ 210. Opa:ono yAapeHrrece Hapuqano-cu;rHoroyAapeHr.re o egna {pa_

3oBaAyMa no orHo[JeHr.re Ha yAapenr.rrraB ApyrHre Spa:oru gyvlr n t:ra:_
saHero.C rroMorqraHanoHrruero Qpa:oro ygaperir.re ce 4erfHHHpa noxrru_
ero $pa:a tfpasara e pegnrraor AyMr.rc egno rfparoeo yAap€Hr,re.
flon.sKora $pa:onoro yAapeHnee npll [ocneAHara AyMaHa
$pazara u
cJrenoBareJrHo ro roraBa 6elexn x xpar Ha $parara. B 6r.lrapcxua e:nr<
o6auerppa:onoroyAapeHueHe e Br.rHarn Ha Kpa, r.rroraBa Kpa{THa rfparara
ce 6e:rexu c nay3anflu c MenoAnra:rlfi xato Me;IoalKara"" "u"uu u onp"_
AeJreHurxrtoBe ]rnu KoHTypl.t,KotlToce peanH3rlparBlIHarrlB egna
$pa:a,
Kparr Ha MenoAr.iqHara KoHTypae c.bn{eBpeMeHHo u xpaft ua Qpa:ara. Ho
r{froH MeJroI}rrrHHKoHTypHce oQopurr B 3aBHcHMocr or urcroro na $pa_
3OBOTO yAapeHHe:rro-BHcoKMeroanrreHBpr,xce,8rBa B yaapeHaTacprrqKa
ua Qpa:orara gylra, xoceqa $pa:oBoro yAapeHr.re. Ero :au1oonpege;rrHero
Ha Mrcroro Ha QpasoaoroyAapeHreBo,qHKl,Monpe,qeJlrHe H Ha rpaHnuara
Ha dpa:ara H Ha cBap3aHarac $parara veloruvxa
Qnrypa.
Opa:onoro yaapeHuece.nBrBanplr laaeHa
$pa:oaa tyva, :ra,qace no,[_
qeprae BaxHocrra Ha HeiHHgcMHc,bncpel ocraHar,rHTe
cMrrcJroBH MoMeHTr.r
B lr3Ka3Banero, Cvuc:rogara BaxHocr na Qpatonara AyMa Moxe Aa 3aBucr
r.rJrH
Aa He3aBHCH OTHaMepeHHeTo HaroBopeql{, aa n3TaKHe la'{eH cMr.rcJroB
MoMeHT.Koraro ea roBope[l[r e BaxeH cMLrcLJrr,T Ha qrJroro H3peqeHre,
Qpa:oeoro y.qapeHHe e 3aAanxsrerHo nplr onpeaeneHH.rIeKcHKaJlHo_cHH-
TAKTI{qHH EJ]EMEHT}T HA H3TA3BAHETO.

AyMa, Kosro e H3T,r,KHara:apa4u HeiHara cMHcnoBaBaxHocr, ce rrapfiqa

peMaruqHa ayMa sJrr.!peMa. Hensrr,xnarHre
AyMr.,ca reMa r.rjrr.i
HepeMarxq_
HH AyMI.t.Pevarnunara gyMa lrpe,qaBauoaara nxQopvaqHr B [3Ka3BaHeTo
c
oIJleA Ha KOHTeKCTaUnv cvTyaurtT4 Ho TeMO_peMaTHrlHH.l.c oTHo[reH ,
Mofar.[a rloKa3Bar I_IcaMo cLorHolIeHIj, no cMHcJloBaBa)(Hocr,
oco6euo
Koraro urJloro lr3Ka3BaHerrpenaBaH3urno Hosa uuQopvaqrr

M'CTO HA OPA3OBOTO Y,ITAPEHI{E

$ 2ll. Mrcroro Ha Spa:ororo yAapeHHe a Ha [3pa3rBaHara c Hero pe_

MaruqHocr ce onpegeJrr or crerHure
$axropu, (oraro He Bnrlrrr B}pxy
HaMepeHueToHa foBopeulHt H KOHTeKCTa:
lm 3alr,lxureluure no.f,cHeHurHa flarora ce [3Ka3Bar c rfpa:ono y4a_
peHae, 3arrloTo ca cMr.rcJroBoBaxHH 3a peaJrx3r.rpaHeTo Ha ceMaHTrrKaTaHa
AaAeHxt urnafor. Hanp. Buepa cpeuqxax llsaI{ na ynHUaTa_
Opa3oBara,qyMa
Heau e uzrcxuara, 3auroro e 3a,[r,r,Ix[TerHo norcHeHl-,teHa l,,tarora.
B xgxou

297
(oHcTpyKuuu rroaJrofaT Ha ri3peqeHrreTo e 3aaarxr.rTereH fi 3aToBa cGrrlo
nocu Qpa:ono y,{apeHr.re, Hanp.: Bo,lu zo z,raoa.
2. Axo noqcHeu[ero He e 3aAbJrxrreJ]Ho tto JIercuKaJrHo-ceMaHTHqHr.t
np qnHrr, Ho e npeAcraBeHo or c r,urecrB l.rrel Ho (r.nn cJloBocbqeraHl{e c
onopHa qacr crrqecrrrrelro), Koero e HeonpeAeJreHouopQonoruuno, ro
c'l,qo nprrBnr.r!ra
Qpa:onoro ygapeune. Hanp.: Hanpaeuxa xpee(rma om nr,c-
Ku?. Mop(bollorHqHo onpe,qeneHI.Ica qreHyBaHHTefiMeHa, a ceMaHTr{rtHoo[-
peaeneHr.rca r,rMeHau HapeqHr, npH Kor.tToHe Moxe.qa ce rBH qjreH, Hanp.:
6ar4a nu, euepa, npedu dea dxu.
Axo uva ABe HeonpeAeneHnnorcHeHlr, ToraBa r.rABere ce fi3TtbKBarHn-
ToHauuoHHo, Ho BToporo r{3TrxBaHee no-curHo. Bra scuqxn cnyqau .qoryr
fJrarot:bT cT,ulo ce npe,qcTaBtc r{HToHaLlHoHHo H3T6KBaHe,KaKTOU HefOBI-tTe
IIOtClIeHIlt, HOnOCISAHOTO Ir3TSKBaHeBHHafHe nO-CHJIHO. aKOK'bMrJIarOJla
HrMa 3aabJrxHTeIHIt IIOfiCHeHr.rr HJrHHeOnpeAejreHr.{rr3pa3r{,TofaBa caMo
rlraro;rtT ce Ir3Tt KBa, nanp.: Toi xodu y mnx notffiKozo.
3. Hgxor.r ayMu BnHarr nonyqaBar rro-cllnHo yaapeHr{e. Hr np.: Ioi uan
orrrle y rtx.,(pyru gyr.,il,rB eAHr{3HaqeHltt ca BHHarr{y.qapeH,r,a B Apyrn -
BHHaTHHeylapeHfi. Hanp.: Begnr,x My Ka3ax roBa - T.e. caMo eAHH nar;
Beduz,lc #,lzJr'
Ka3ax roBa r.. HeonpeleJreHo xora; Tpn1ea da e ra'v. r.e.
voxe 6n; Tpnbna 1a e rav - ueo6xogwuo e; Tpn6aa da 6erue mau - Tpr6-
aaute da e mau.
4. flo-cn,rNoro u3Tb(BaHe npH AaAeHa,[yMa HnH rr.ropQevaMoxe Aa 3a-
nucu ol vopQo.norHqHr, flpfiquHr.r.Hanpuvep qacrnqHTe 3a cpaBHr{TeJrHa x
npeB!3xoAHa cteneu o6sxnoteHo ca no-cHJlHoyAaperrt-r:To e no-do6tp ont
uene, Toti e xai-do6pe, Toi no(aeue) 3Hae om MeIrc. Axo r roucrpyrqurra
yrracrBa cr'ro3 ,,orxorroro", Qopvara :a creneH He nonyqaBa peMarnqHocr:
Toi noae\e o6uqa KuHomo, omKonKomo rneambpa, Toi noeeue cooopu, om-
KorKotno ueme. llpeytoxuoro AonrtHeHlre ,,or acN.rxn" npH npeBb3xoAHa-
Ta creneH caulo noeMa yAapeunero: Tn e uai-do6pa om 6cu\Ku. Ilpeprox-
lroTo .qorbjrHeHHenpl, cpaBHuTennacTerreHMoxe Aa noryqu y.qapeHI{e,aKo
npeA rrpeAJrorace ynorpe6u c'r,tozu: Tn e no-do6pa u om He?o.
5. l4Hrouaqronxoro H3Ta(BaHe Moxe ,qa r.rMacHHTaKTfiqHanpuvllna, B
raKrn clytaii o6lrxHoseHo ce roBopr..t3a cr.rHTaKTHqHa H ceMaHTHqHapor.{
Ha urIToIlauI-|tTa.
O6uo saero, 3anoBeAHnrex orpurlaretHHTe Qopvn s H3pcyeHHero, KaK-
T o n M e c r o H M e H n n r e B r n p o c r T e l x n Q o p v N c e o r J t l r q a a a r c . r o B a ,. r € T e
nplBnHqar rJraBHoro yAapeHue Ha r.r3peqeHneroa,spxy ce6e clr, Ho nopaAl
er'arla:a y.qapexreTo Moxe Aa ce .sBHs npH Apyra AyMa.
a) Crr,racyraHoro onpele;reHHe KbM crulecrBHTeJrHoro e no-cl-rnHoyna-
peHo or caMoro caulecrBxTeJrHo: 6n,t xox.Ilo-cn;rso l3TT,KHaro € li Hapeq-
noro ofipeleJ]eHlre (t<:bM Apyro HaperrHe,uanp.: uuozo do6pe.

298
 6) 3a eguopoguure qacrx B npocro r.r3per{eHxe H 3a eAxopo,qHrire c6qx-
Ht4TerHUH3peqeHrrr Baxn cJre,4HoTo:cHHTaKTHqHaTa eAHOpOAHOCT rr3r.rC(Ba
H e.qHoponHoI.t3T'r,KBaHe, T,e. aKO eaHaTa qacT e [3T:bKHaTa,ApyraTa qacT
cr,u1o rp.a6ra ga 6r,ge u:rrrxara, Hanp.: Afottupaxa ?o sa cnacaHuemo rr
3a BecmHuKa. flplr loclegorarerHo noIqsHeHne B paMXHTe Ha npocroro
HJrHc;roxHoro fi3perreHne qacrrire cbuo rpl6na ga 6rgar egnopogNo u:_
TbKHaTH,T.e. e.qHaI(BO ]l3T:I'KHaTH HJIHHeU3TbKHaTH, HO e B.b3MO)KHO OTKJIO-
HeHr.reor roBa npaBuno. Har:p.: Toaa cmaHa suepa K?,Mnem uaca.l4spast r
KbM nem yaca, Kofrro e B noArlHHHTerHacMr.rcJloBa Bpr,3KaK'bMBqepa! Moxe
.qa ce r.r3Kaxecbc ct{Jrara Ha aqepa nrfi no-c,'Ia6o.
B) Axo oTplruaTeJrHaTa qacTHUae B no3I'rIHt npeA rJIarona, fjraBr{oTo y,qa_
peHHeHopMaJrHO nala Bbpxy rnafona, Ho aKo e npe,4.qpyfa H3peqeHcKaqacT,
rnaBHoro yAapeH[e e Btpxy qacrruara. Hanp: Toi ue ucxa moea He ntoea
ucxa moii. Iloc,re4nnrr clyrafi npegcraar c'bKpareH Eapr{aHTHa KoHcrpyK_
guxra: He X, a (no) Y, T.e. e moaa, a dpyzo (ucxa moi).
Auaaorlrqeu cly.rai nuave B KoHcrpyxuur c Hapeq[ero cauo: Toi ue
vcr^ caMo moaa - Toit He caMo roBa HcKa. floc,re4Hurr np[Mep e ccKpa_
r{erue Ha uzpaza He cauo X, tto u Y, t,e. xe coMo mo6a, uo u dpyzo (ucxa
moir). f naatgoto yAapeHne o6aqe He Moxe Aa 6r,ge utro l]pu rjraroJra, Hriro
npn qacrliuara, Koraro Hapeq[ero r.rMaorpaHxrrfiTeJ,IHo3HaqeH[e. B rona
3HayeHr.ieHapequero BHHar[ npuBnuqa rJraBHoro yAapeHlre. Hanp.: Toit tte
ucxa cauo moaa, T.e. BclrqKo ,qpyro HcKa K caMo roaa He r.rcKa.Brsr,{ox_
HOCTTA AA CCYCI-'IBAH3T'I,KBAHCTO HC3AAHCHMO OT PEMATHqHOCTTA HA OTPI,T.
rlaTejrHaTa qacTr.iqa c'b3AaBa ycnoBHr 3a cMHCJIOBHnpOTHBOnOCTaB' Hr.r.fi
Mexly n3peqeHnr c eAHar(bBJreKcaKaJreH crcras. B creIHHTe H3peqeHr.t,
npo6.levtr c.brqo e B pa3nHqHara ylapenocr Ha Hapeqfiero: Toaa e saxn
cauo 3a ssc (d 3e scu\Ku, tto u sa eac) - Toea rte oaJcu ctlr.o sa eac (u sa
acuurcudpyzu, rto trc sa aac).
r) B urxou cnyqax Mrcroro Ha r;raBHoro yaapeHue e
$uxclpauo u.nll
onpeneneHo or cMl.tc;roBHorHorueHHr Mexay H3peqeHIrara.Hanpnuep s u:-
peqeHlr9KaTo cneaHHTeBbnpocHTejrHoTO3HaqeHHeHa KOHCTpyKTIk sTa u3vc_
xBa eaHo Mrcro Ha Qpa:ororo y,qapeHrle,a 3anoBeaHoro 3HaqcHr.re rr3HcKBa
\pyro:,qa rrc udaa llnan? fla ue nnta haanl ,Qa He ucKaru da me qatcr.r,]
- fia rte ucxaur da me vaxamlt Mscroro ua
Spasonoro yAapeHue naK e
o6yc.noneuo or cMHcJroBonporr.tBonocraBrHe MexAy B,r,npocrrrenHHr.lno.q_
6yAnre:run H3peqer{Hr B cnyqaH xaro cnegnure. fia xe cu uy n gzr.rr'?
fla
rte cu ,vy n daaatl
a) BtnpocurelHuTe MecroHMeHHr{,qyMu, Kaxro l.r AyMr{Te, c;re,{ KoHTo
c T o r ] B b n p o c H T e r H a T a q a c T l u a l , H o p M a n H o n p H B J r H q a Ty A a p e H r . r e T o ,
ganp.: KaKEo ucrcau? llcxalir tu moaa?

299
 HrKoH or nocoqeHHre4oryx Saxropu, otrpeAemu1uMrcroro na Qpa:o-
Boro yaapeHr{e,Morar aa ce rBrr eAHoBpeMeHHo B u:peueunero. B raxrr
c-nyuafiegnn Qaxrop uua no-rorrMa H3TT,KBa Ia ctrnanpeA.qpyrn,Ho ocra-
Halrlre Qaxropu Bce nar He ry6rr cnoco6xocrra cr{ Aa o6yc:rar.arnnroua-
ur,roHHoH3Tt(BaHe,MaKapqe ro ce [potBrBa no-cla6o.
e) KaKToB cr,craBaHa npocroro r{3peqeH[eMrcroro na tfpa:otoro yAa-
penue Moxe ga 6r,ge lexcuxarno, vop$o,rornqHo HJrHcI{HTaKTlrvuo o6yc-
JroBeHo npt-ruxxox QparonaAyMa,TaKar{ B cacraBa Ha croxHoro cr,craBHo
n3perreHte eAHo rr3peqeHr,re
Moxe Aa 6rge tagurxureJlHo no-cl.rJrHor.rltr.t,
HanporuB,3aAbJrxureJrHo no-c:ra6otl3TtKHaroor Apyro. Hanpuuep nogvl.l-
HeHI4Telr3peqeHlnt 3a OTCTbnBaHe,BI'BeneHHCtC CBK)3U,IOM,HLlKOtaHe Ca
H3Tr,KHarlt: VI1tr, rqo.u ucxau. flpntunara 3a HeH3TlKBaHero e B cMr.tcJroBo-
TO npoTrjBonocTaBrHe: aKo c1ro3 lqoi1 BtBex.qa TeMrropaJlHoI,I3peqeHrre, To
rpl6na 4a 6t4e cvnc,roto H3Tl,KHaro, ual.: IIle doida, wo,+rMe usauKaru.
Elnoro nlu Apyroro 3HaqeHHeHa c,blo3a ce pa3no3HaBaHe caMo or uHTo-
Haunrra, Ho n no H36opa Ha f;raro;rHara (lopva: c reMnopaJrHoro cr.r3Haqe-
Hlle c:blo3!T l43I.tcKBa cBl'plIjIeHBHA Ha rJrarojra, T.e. IefrcrBHero BnHarr4ce
npeacTaBr KaTo 3aBlprxeHo, aopH aKo rjrarojrbT e B cefa[Ho BpeMe.
floAqngeuure H3perreHnr, BT,BeAeHH clc caK)3 no el$e ArLt mbi Kamo,
Ire ca 3aa'bJrxnTenHopeMaTHqHr.It{, 3Haq[, peMaTHqHocTTaHa TaKHBar{3pe_
qerlEr ce onpeaejrr caMo oT xejraHueTo Ha foBopeq[r,qa npeAcTaBa eaHo
or cau3peqeHnrra Karo rro-cn;rHo x3TaKHaro (u:rn cr,orrerHo ce ofipeAem
or xourerct:a).
Brgarn ca u3Tl,KHarHnoAqHHeHHTerIpI{qHHHlrr-r3peqeHt,tt, B.bBeAeHI4 c,r,c
c\ro3 3ar4omo L4nAve, Harrp.. Toi tte ese KHuzama, 3atqomo ue uy mpt6eu.
Cr,rqoro Bax:a v 3a noAr{HHeHrrre[3peveHlrq 3a uen.
flar ua cvlrcroso nporHBonocraBrHe ce AaJrxr{ pa3tlpeAereHr{ero Ha H3-
Tr,KHarocrra B n3peqeHnt Karo cneAHr.ire:Toit cnpfl. da z,tela, t.e roii npec_
TaHa Aa rneAa; Toi cnpn da rle,qa, r.e. rofi ce c[pr, 3a Aa rnega.
Karro nogvuHen[Te 3a rrp q{Ha, TaKa r,rnoAquHeHure 3a qeJ] Morar JIa
n:ry6ar HrrroHaur.roHHaracr{ r.r3Tb(Harocr I KoHcrpyKrIHH,ocrroBaBaqH ce
ua orHolrerrHero He X, a Y. Hanp.: Toi tte ese KHuzanta,zauqomouy mpn6ea
nogpa:6Hpa ce a no dpyza npu\nn, r.e. He 3aroBa t sze; Toi trc doiide,
za da me cudu - nogpat6upa ce a c dp),za 4et, r.e. He :aloaa.qoiiAe.
flo4ulueuure u3peqeHn.s3a creneH r{ cneAcrBne c.bulo ca !r[Harr{ peMa-
Tr{qHI.I,Hanp.: Ilapu uqe mu dau, rcotxomo ucKelu. ltyxunm cmape4 ce 3ac_
.A4flmaKa ctpdeuuo, ve rlynama nadxa om ycmdma uy. P ev.aruuun ca u ul-
p e q e H u r r a 3 a H a q n H r . rc p a B H e H [ e : B o i u u 4 u m e c n t m , K a K m o 3 a a b p H a m .
Hanpaeu ?o, KaKmo mpa6ea.
logvuuexllre u3peqeHur 3a BpeMe u Mgcro ca nocrorHHo peMaruqHr.{!
aKo B rJraBHoro r.r3peqeHxeHMa c.borHocureJrHaKaM cbrc3a AyMa: IIle uema

300
 KHU?ama domozaaa, doKozamo ucttaut, domau, doxtdemo ucrcaw. Vtta\e
TaKI4Ba{3peqeHnr Morar Aa 6rlaT pevart,rxfl tr;l.t He.
Ilo-roqso e Aa ce Kaxe, qe KaKTou3peqeHltrra 3a Mrcro H BpeMe, Tar(a l-r
r43peqeELruTa3a cTeneH, cJrencTBlte r{ HaqHH ce peMaTH3I.rpaTHOpMaJIHO,KO_
raTo ce pa3BnBaTHa BTOpOM'CTO B H3Ka3BaHeTO.
flocoqexute cnoBopeAHHoco6enocrn ca BaxHH 3a orrpeAenrHe r.rHa M{c_
TOTO Ha JrOfl.lqecroTo y AapeHve, T.e.cbl!ecTByaa r{3BecTHa3aBr.ICfiMOCT
Mexny nocTaB{HeTo Ha JrorHqecKo ylapeHr{e u nocTorHHaTa peMaTr,rr{HocT
Ha AyMr.r r.r$oprran.
Bcxro peua.rlruHo H3peqeHle o6ave ry6n peMarnqnocrra cH, Kofaro ce
BKJIIOqU B U3Ka3BaHeTO BbB BMeTHaTaIIO3HUttt.
$ 212.,(pyra rpyna npeAcraBrr u3perreHflrra ,xonTo Morar Aa 6.rAar De_
HepeMarHqHu. pevarnquoro nporl{BonocraB, "" np" "1ni, ,
MarnqHli l.r'rlr.r
CT,IIICtHTaKTllqeHTI-inI-IMaCeMaHTIrqHaOCHOBa: nOIqHHeHOn3peqeH[e, Ko_
eTo He e 3aa'bjrxl.rTerHopeMaTnqHo r.tJll.r
HepeMaTuqHo, Ma of paHuqr,rTejrHo
(pecrpuxruruo) 3HaqeH[e, (oraro e peMarxqHo, H HeorpaHnqftTenHo (le_
pecrpnrrnrno), Koraro e HepeMarr.trtHo.
YcrosHttre rr3peqeHur xaro HopMa ca HepeMarfirrHr.tHe3aBrlcr.tMo o.r no_
3urlntra cn. 3aroaa Bcrxa y.qapeHocr Blpxy ycJroBHoH3peqeHr.re ce B.b3npr4_
eMa (aro crleulranHo evQaruvno ycr{JrBaHe.
Pevarll.;uoc.rra Ha eAHo H3perleHxe rto orHolreHlte Ha Apyro B cacraBa
Ha c:IoxHoro nora:sa no-cJa6a 3aBl{cl-tMocror KoHTeKcra B cpaBHeHlie c
peMarHqHocrra npu qacrlrre Ha npocroro cavoctofiHo t-r:peveune.Eguo cr,_
I-r3peqeHteB cJIoxHOTOMOXe Aa Ce npeIIeHH H3IItJIOKaTO[3BecrHo oT KoH-
Te(cra n;lr 3aAaAeHanH$opvaqur caMo aKo H3rIrJror..rJrr{ B aocratbqHo ro-
nrMa cTerreHe noBTopeH[e Ha (a3aHo rrpeau.
Aro :ga,qr,rxurelHoro r..r3Tbr(BaHeua $paroaa EyMa r4nu Qpa:a (panHa Ha
r:peveHne) He ce ocHoBaBaHa cMHcJroBo-cHHTaKTHqHo rrporr{BonocraarHe
c'Lc 3aAbJIxHTeJIHoHelt3TT,KBaHe, H3Tt,KHararaqacr Moxe Aa lary6r caolra
n3Tr,KHarocr rroA,qeficranero xa r. Hap. ,,KoHTpacruo..(rnu lornvecxo) yga_
peH14 e.
$ 213. Y,qapeHlrero ce Hapfirra xoHTpacrHo (u,rx lortvecro). roraro c
Hero ce rj3T.r,KBaerHa qacr BMecro Apyra. Tas ceuanrnra ce c.bnbpxa B
roncrpyxqnara X, a rre )/ KourpacrHoro yAapeHHeorpnva crapa uH$oprua_
1lr.{ru yrBr,pxAaBa eAr.tHcrBeHcMr.tcJroBMoMeHTB LI3Ka3BaHero, Hano.: Tofi
Kyrrrr Krtuza. Tona :uavlr, qe usxofi HanpnMep e nnral (c "araarno a"r"a_
HHe) Aarn luqero (rofi) e l<ytruno KHrrra nJrr.ie 186p.q{Jr, qe rfirlero He e
KynI-InoKHHra.
$ 214. Ocneu npHBeAeHHTecryqalt Ha 3aAlJrxHTeJrHoH3T6KaaHeHa qacr
or u3peqeHr{ero xnn Ha H3peqeHrre,c Koero ce onpe,qeJu vxcroro Ha
$pa_
3OBOTOyAapeHlre B6pxy IyMa HJrx Bbpxy u3pet{eHhe,BtTpe B ,3peqeHaeTo

301
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qe He e 3aa'brxHTenHo. B raKbB cnyqafi H3T't,I(BaHero 3aBficl{ oT HaMepeHIr-
eTo Ha roBopexlus vnv fiTK pa3BsTHeToHa TeKcTa Ir3HcKBaAa,qeHcMIjcJIoB
MoMeHT,ua ce npe1craBn c na6lrrase Ha HeroBara cMHcJIoBaBaxr{ocr B
rercra. Hanp.: Toii npucmuzua Bqepa. Hapeqnero npliAaBa onpeAe;reHocr
B CMr{Cl,JraHa H3peqeHneTo,KoeTo nopaa ToBa He lt3l.lcKBaoco6eHo noA-
qepraBaHe. fonoperuurr o6aqe ncra Ia nocoq[, qe cr'6sruero e craHa;Io
r.{MeHHoBqepa. Tyr nrualre c,ryvail ua KoHTpacrHo (:rornvecxo) y,qapeHne,
3a IOTO fOBOpeUlrrT He r.{CKa na noaqepTae Tot MoMeHT3a cMeTKa Ha Ipyf.
Haucruua B 3aBscnMocr or KonTexcra raKHBa cJryqa[ Morar Aa 6r,gar pe-
3yJrrar or aeiicrBuero H Ha r(onrpacrHoro y.qapeHHe.14HToHarIHoHHoro pa3-
JILtqHeMoxe ,qa He ce npo-ann QoxeruvecKll a llo-f oJltMa cura vlrtr B no-BI-I-
coK MeIoAHqeH BpBX Ha XOHTpaCTHOTO yAapeHHe,aKO KOHTeKCTST 'CHO nO-
Ka3Ba,qe uwave pa6ora c l<oHTpacrHocr'nocraBrHe - Hanpr{Mepaxo usroi
e TBbpAr,!, se mou e nplrcTrrrHan oHr AeH, EyMaTa sttepa B H3peqeHne'ro
Toi npucmuaua Bqepa Moxe ,qa ce 3Kaxe cac crurara cr.rnaH c6c ctuara
MeJroAHqHaBrrcoqr{Ha,KaKBaro ce rBrBa r{ fipn o6nqaiinoro cr,obulnrelro
[ 3 p e r r e H u e ,c K o e r o r . r 3 K a 3 B a M3 ea n p b B n t r r a r r H Q o p v a q r r .
He:a,q slxurerHoro r{3TaKBaHeHa Qpa:oaara AyMa He HaMaJrrBa3Haqlt-
Mocrra lra 3aA'bJrxuTeJrlro r{3T'bKHarHTe Qpa:onn AyMx LI ToBa e ocltoBHara
pa3nHKa Mex,qy He3all'b"qxHTe,r Horo QparoBo yAapeHfie r KoHTpacrrroro
yaapeIIHe.
C orreg ua Ka3aHoro AoryK noHrrnero Opa3a Moxe.Ea ce.qe(bfiHr.rpa [o-
ToqHo raKa: r[pa:ara e cuHTaKTr.{qHa KoHcrpyKuuq c'bc 3aAaAeHopa3npe,t1e-
Jrellue IIa H3Tl,KHarocrra B JIeKcHKaJIHtjre eAxHHllx. CnoveHarara no-paHo
getfuunqlrl, ve rppa:ara e cr,BKynHocr or AyMr, o6eAnsesn c e4Ho {parouo
yAapenue, He rBbpalr, qe Mrcroro ra rfpa:oaoro y4apelrxe Moxe aa 3aBlrcn
or HrKaKBo rrpaB[Jro 3a HeroBoro pa3rrpe.qeneHHe s'la Qparara.
flpr Qpa:ara c noBeqe or e,qHal-l3TbKlraraqacr Moxe Aa ce roBopr,r 3a
rjraBHa H3TT,KHaTa qaCT H_nHfnaBHa peMa: Ts e nocneAHaTa B pear,ruaTaoT
]IBC I{JIH TIOBEqC H3TT,KHATH qACTH.

I{HTOHAIIIIOHHI{ KOHTYPI.I

$ 215. I,l:xogHure noHrrlrr 3a rrpeAcraBrHe Ha HHToHaqtroHHHTe MeJ]o-

a qHr4 (oHTypH ca aBe: H3aHfaHe H cjrrr3aHe Ha ToHa. oT Trx Moxe Aa ce
u3BeAex noH.srr.reropaBeHToH - r(aro Hetl3.[uraHeI.{geclngaue ua rona. Tug
(n's:xog.ru1a),,,cnu:arqa"
TpK rroJoxeHl.rr Ha roHa ce Hapr.r.rar,,BT,3JrH3aqa"
(nu:xo,qrrqa) n ,,parHa" MenoAuxa. Tepvlrxr,r MeJIo.qr.{Ka ce lr3rron3Ba,3a lla
Ce yTOrlHn, qe I-I3AH|aHeTOn,'Iu Cj.IK3aHeTO Ha TOHa B CBUIHOCT IIpeACTaBt
norBa Ha HoB ToH, xoiiro voxe ,qa6r,,qeno-sr.rcoKr.r'lruno-HllctK or npeAnrx-

302
 Hrrr roH ItJrr{paBeHc Hero. Tara pegllqara or ronore o$opvrr eg.Havmr ;;pyra
MenoArrrHa tpurypa unu KoHrypa.
$ 216. Pa:lnxara BbB Brrcoqr,rHaraMexAy nBa roHa ce Hapr{qar{HTepBan.
TovHara pa:luxa MexAy roHoBere (n:uepena a xepuu) He e cbulecrBeHa or
rneAl4qe Ha e3HKa,Tr,fr KaTo pa3nu(ara e I.rHAr.rBr.rAyaJrHa
H 3aBr.rcnor (aqec_
TBoro Ha rJraca Ha roBoperqur. Ero raulo pa3nrxllTe B HHTepBaJrr{Te ce no-
ra:aar no-o6qo Karo pa3:rnKHMexAy BucoqlrHHHpaBHr.rqa.Te vorar ga ce
npe.qcraBrr B LB OopMa Ha nero.rruHxe, Kblero Ha BcrKa Jrr,rHhlce rrpurn.rcBa
HoMep: or I (nucro paruaule) lo 5 (Hafi-sucororo). 3anNcoaHero Ha MeJto-
aHqHaTa KpHBa MOXe Aa He cTaBa 8r,pxy neTojrHHt.teTo,a Ia ce 3anrrcBaT
uanpaBo qu$pr.rre - noa cpHrtKHTe,Haa rrx I{tH Ao r.t3ra3BaHero.Hanor.rveo
H3peqeHnero Toii npucmuzua Moxe Aa ce npe,qcraBr{TaKa:

5
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Melogll.rHara JrHrrHr3a[oqBa Ha cpeIHo BltcoKo paBHrrule,[,r3,qarace HaA

cpelHoTo B yaapeHaTa cp[qKa Ha fJrafoJra u cjl 3a Hr.rcKoB Kpa,{ Ha r..r3Kl3-
BaHeTO.aKOC]>eAITHHM TOrtI(HTe,npeacTaBelIKHa rreTojlHHHeTo.UIe IIOIVTII.tM
HafJre.{HaKapTuHa Ha MeJroIhqHaTaKoHTypa.
$ 217. KoHrypara ce oQopvr or BlcortHHHTe u roHooet.s B yAapeHnre
cpurrKu Ha Sparorrre IyMH B ct qecrBelHre roqr<lt ua
$parara. II]e Hapn_
qaMe ,,rIeHTrp" ua
Qpa:ara y,qapeHara cpllqKa Ha Qpa:ouara AyMa, rroceula
rraBrroro yAapeHue. Torasa cr,uecrneHHTe roqKH Ha
Qpa:ara ca clre.qHKTe:
I ) Haqanoro Ha $parara, 2) .{acrra npe.q rleHrtpa (axo r,raauo.r.oyAapeHrre
H e e B H a q a r o r o ) , 3 ) q e H r r , p l r , 4 ) v a c r r a c r , r e Au e H r t p a . H a i i - q e c r o c e : a -
nHcBaTBUCOqUHItTe Ha TotroBeTecaMo rra ylapeHI{Te cpI{qKfi Ha IIOCOqeHI4Te
tracrl ua
Qpa3ara. Ho aro uexrpa;rHara Qpa:ona gyva e nocJrcaHaBr,Bqpa_
3ara, a yAapeHara cpl.tqKa]re e nocjreAHa, rpr6aa qa ce rlpeAcraBrl roHbr l.t
rroHeHa nocJreAHaTaHeyaapelra cpI-Iqxa,3au]oTo IBrrxeHHeTo Ha MejroafiKa_
ra B Kpaq Ha drpa:ara uva $yHxqr.rona,rHacroilHocr. Tara ve uaii_xparxnar
HaqHH Aa ce 3arru[tlteuHToHaur.ronHor3perreHue.ro Toi npucmuzua e ron.,
3 + 31 (no,'rero vexgy qu$pnre c6orBercrBa Ha rrorrero Mexny
AyMure
n p n n u c a u e ) . f I o - s a r a r r r n l e c e H M a n p e A B u , q( p e A H B c l t q r o M e J ] o A H q H o _
ro orpopvnne Ha $pa:ara.

303
 Cr,r.nacuo c ycraHoBeHr.{Te crruecrBeHr.r roqKn Ha rfpa:ara MeJro,qfir(ara
ce fipe.qcraEr c'bc creaHHre .[HQepeHufianHHnptI3Hauu:
a) orHo reHue Ha BHcoqriHHHTepaBHr.rqaHa HaqaJrHarayAapeHa cpnqxa
unr{ Ha Kpas Ha Opa3ara KT,MpaBHurqero Ha cpuqKara, nocerqa $pa:oooro
nJrHKOHTpaCTHOTO yAapeHHe;
6) nocoxa Ha npoMrHa Ha roHa B xpa.e ua Qpa:ara;
n) ne.nnvlrua Ha uHTepBar'rHTe;
r) pa:npegerexne Ha HHcKrre H BrrcoKXTeroHoBe 868 $pa:ara;
A) xaparoep (crpsvHocr) Ha crH3aHero or Br{coKHKbM HHcKr.r roHoBe r4
o6paruo;
e) 6poi Ha B63Jlu3an[tra ttbM Bxcox roHoBe B egxa Qpaaa.

KOHTYPII HA OPA3OBATA II3TT,KHATOCT

I. Eduofipasoeuuspeqevun

$ 218 B eluo$pa3oBHre H3Ka3BaHHrce cpeular cneAHr.rreocHoBHHTr{no-

B e H r r r o H a u r i o H r Hx o r r y p r . r l a r e e l r t l a r n v u x H 3 K a 3 B a H f i f l .
$ 219.'fun l. frasrrara H3T'r,KHara qacr ce n3(a3Ba HaAcpeAHo Bncororo
paBHnule (+3), HeusrbxnarHre qacrr.r npeA UeHTGpace H3Ka3BarHa cpe.qHo
paBHtrtqe (3), a u:xa:aauero B Kpar Ha cneA rleHTpaJrHHTe qacrt cr[ra Ao
Intcxo panuuule( I ). CruecrseHoro ryK e, qe HrrrepBar,r'r,T MexAy yAaperrara
cpl.rqKarra fr'raBHaTarr3Tl,KHaTaqacT H Kpar Ha rr3Ka3BaHeTo e yBenl.rqeH,T.e.
pa3lrr,rrara e rroBeqe or eAHo paBHlrqe. Ho aKo yAapeHara cpnqra Ha rIeHT-
paJrHara qacr e H rroc;reAHaHa r.r3xa3Banero,rrefiHxrr roH He cill3a Ha paB-
nuule l, a ocraBa BucoKo, Karo ce nplr.qBrxBa HaAoJryctc cla6o yA,r,JrxaBa-
ue (rrucarrgo).
HeyAapenure cplruxn o6urroneHo He ca no-Bl{coKH or npeAurxHnre, Ho
He Morar Ia 6r,Aar Asa flarn no-]rucKlt or rrpelurxHara y,qapena,aKo yAape-
naTa fle e nocreaHaTa yAapelra cp[rrKa Ha rr3(a3BaHeTo.
Egnaxno H3Tl,KHarlrre $paronu ,qyMh prAxo ce npeacraBrr c eAHaKB[
Bl.rcortr.rHu, T.e. paBHa MeroAr.r(a. EAHaxallre roHoge o6nruogeHo ce pa3no-
Ao6sgar c He3Haqt-rTe.]rHr tponerlr.rHu pa3ruqltr.
$ 220. Trn 2. Bropunr rHrt ce pa3"]rnqaBaor nGpBl{ no BltcorrltHHoro
c ' h o r H o [ r e H r ] e M e x A y q e H T p a n H a r a r n p e A r l e H T p a J r H a r a( u e r : r . l x n a r a )
,racr. ,{oraro B nbpBxr rurr rIeHTLp}T He e no-HI.Icr,Kor roHaJrHocrra Ha
npeAxollHoro nore, BrB BTopr,trrfin roil e no-sr,tc'lx. Tat no-sracxa roual-
riocr e cBbp3aHa c BucoKoro Haqa;ro Ha Qpa:ara. Taxa o6rqara nocoKa Ha
ToHoBere e clr,nanoBn,qHa or 4 xr,v 1. Hanpnvep c:reAHoro u3peqeH[e
Moxe Aa ce lr3Kaxe raxa. Padouup omnycHa nzdume ua xoun 4 4 3 21.

304
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Mox(e.(ace,Brr
caMo Ha rpaHHrlaTaMexAy rJtaBHaTarr3TbKHaTar{acT r.t
creABallaTa He}r3_
TbKHaraqacr. Bucovnxuoro paBHntrte HaueHT6pane e SuxcnpaHo_ crulec_
TBeHoe ctorxorrenr{ero c npe,qxo,qHfire
Qpa:oat.qyMH,Koero e Qopva ua
cHeMalre(ueyrpa:rn:npane)Ha u:rr,xnarocrra Ha qacr. B pe_
UeHTpanHara
3ynTaTHa TOBaqrJIoTOrr3Ka3BaHe ce B63npHeMaKaTOI.r3Tl,KHaTOnopa.q[
TOHOBUTE RUCOqNH B TIPCAIIEHTPAJIHATAqACT,
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_ Ho rropa,ql4
o6qara c.ruaaqa rHHrrr Mofar aa ce oKaxar H He3Haqr{TeJrH.
,'o-BHCOK, OT
cneABaIaTa yaapeHacpnqKaB eaHaH cblua,uvMa.
$ 2 2 1 . T r l 3 . X a p a x r e p n : x p ua " . " . u " a o * o H a q a n oc l c s n e A B a u l o
H3_
,qrrraHe HaroHa, r.e. xpafiroro u:AHraHee xapaKTepHa qepra Harperu, Tr.rn_
KpailHoro H3AltraHeMoxe na ce npe,qxoxrao'1,onoron"u
poaHaMeJIoAr{Ka
I-tJIfiOT He3HaqHTeJIHH IIOBHIIaBaHI{' BrB BCrKa
cpHqKa ao Kpafi.
Tprre roHrypu Morarna a" npagaruur,,u*u,

TtIn I Tln 2 Tfin 3

C roHrypnt rrnose I r.r2 cs rrsxa3sar raKTo

npocrl.t, TaKa r.rcJroxHr4c B _
o 6 q n r e r lr l.t H3peqeHu.a.Tyr l-rru:ar r"n"*n "ro*n" nrpeqeHXr, KoHTo
ce H3(a3Bar Karo eAHa
Qpa:a, r.e. c e.q[H rJIaBeHBhcoqr.{HeHrpr,x. Ho aro-
pAsT "tufi e HeBb3MOXeH,aKO BTOpOTOI{3peqeHre
B c,r,cTaBaHa CJIOXHOTO e
3a;lbJrxr{TeJrHoH3TbKHaro, rr,fi xaro BToplirr
rr.rn e cpeAcrBo 3a HeyrpaJrn_
3(paHe Ha 3TbKBaHeTo.Hanpnvep axo [3peqeHr.rero
II{e omudeut, ior4o^o
me Kattam 6r,Ae r.r3xa3aHoKaro e,qHa
Spa:a, rr He Moxe 4a ce o$opvu no
rnn 2. Ho ntpaNtr rttn He e 3aAr,JrxlrreJIeH
3a cnHTaKTHqHHTe Tr_lrIoBe,
roHTo
rl3rlcKBar KpaiHara noAquHeHa vacr ga
6tge Hea3TbxHara. Hanp.: Vmpe
moi L4e3aMuHe, upj4 zo Ka nm _ r.r3peqeHr.rero
Moxe Aa 6r,ge otpopueuo no
rrl,pBr.irnnH no BTopr.lr THn.
$ 222. flpu B b:rn p o c r r e,r H k r e fi3peqeule ce Heyrpanv3upa
rrporrlBonocraBrHero Mex,qy r(oHTypeHrurt I
n 2, rli raro ABara rlna ryK
ce a3KlrloqBar B3arMHo. flpuvlruara 3a roBa
e Mrcroro Ha Btlpocr,rre;rHara
ayMa rrJrr.iIyMaTa,3a KO'TO Ce nHTa, KOHTOBHHarn llpuBllrqar
yaapeHl.reTo
r.rc roBa BucorrlHHrrr nprx. Axo BbnpocnTenHara
MecroHMeHHa AyMa unw
cborBerHo nyMara' KbM Kotro ce orHact qacrurfara
ru, e HaqaJrHa3a Ir3Ka3-
BaHero, To 3aAr,JIxr{TeJrHo ce o$opvr no BTopr{.f,THn, a aKo He e a Haqa:roro
no rrtpBur rnn. Tarosa e noJroxeHl.rero H
Koraro r,rMaeaHopoAHr.rqacru
Ha 3per{eHnero. Hatp.: Kuuzamu h,tu nuovomo
4e uemeu? _ no rl-ln 2.

t0.fprHfr. u cbrt,6!n. er. iDo..,x\]

305
 Br,npoclrrenrnre lt3peqeHlr c qacruqara uaau s xpaitnano:uqul o6tr-
HoBeHoce oQopvrr no n,t,pBr.rrttoHTypeHrnn, no rpafinara yAapeHacpt-rr.rKa
Ha HAJ'ut
fiMA rro-Buco( ToH oT npeAr{rxHaTaHey.qapeHa, Ho He e no_Br{coKa
U3T6KHATA qACT.
OT TOHA HA NOCJIEJIHATA
Kpafiuoro r.l3AuraHe,xapaKTepHo 3a rr.rn 3, ce ua6lrcgara B HencJrHHH3-
peqeHr.ir, cbcTorulH ce caMo oT eaHa AyMa llopaar.rlr3nycKaHe Ha BGnpoc[_
TeJrHara Mecrol{MeHHa EyMa Hnv H Ha rJraroJra. Hanplrvep, aKo oqa(BaMe
HrKofr ,qa HH 1oHece KHHra, MoxeM Aa ro 3anHTaMe:Kuuzama? I23 (u:tu
234). Vnorpe6ara Ha rperrrr KoHrypeH rurr 3aBHcHor KoHTeKcrno-cr.rrya-
TIBHn ycJoBu.s. To; Moxe Aa ce rBr.r He caMo B Hen.bJrHr.{ H3peqeHgr, Ho }.r
npn nbJrHli H3peqeHr.irB cl.ITyarllrr Ha locerlaHe. Hanptvep, aKo HcKar or
Hac Aa no3HaeM c KaxBo u1e Hu r3HeHa,qar,MoxeM Aa tlu.ralle: Hauepu,t cu
uu xrn,loeeme? c xpaiiHo r.r3,qnraHe Ha y,qapeHaracpnqKa nnu c;reA He,rB
nocneaHaTa ayMa.
<DyurqNoHa,rHaracrofiHocr xa rnn 3;rNvu Hafi-go6pe B lrporuBonocra-
BrHr,rror cJreAHr.r t ana: A B acrco! ? A Bacxo? Pa:,ru,lHara McJron[Ka noKa3-
Ba t-tcHII'laKTr{rIHoropa3nHqHeB lBere I-I3(a3BaHfit:B rl6pBHt clyvafi u:rar-
BaHero rMa cJn{3arrlairlrHtrr (Tr.{[ 2) c arcox Bpt x H cllnHo y,qapeHr.te[px
q a c r r . r u a r ad H T o r a B a u v e r o e o 6 p r u e H r i e i B . r , Bs r o p a r c , r y v a f K o H T y p a r a
e at3-rrrr3aua l, nafi-Hucrunr 'toH uoxe ga 6rqe [pH ]lar{arHI-i,c.bro3urroraBa
uMero He e o6pr,uleule.
$ 2 2 3 . l 4 u r o u a u u o H H o r o o Q o p v r n e H a r r o A 6 y I f l T e r r H r , rr e t r 3 p c _
qeHur He ce pa3nHqaBanpHHrIr.rnHo or ot!oplrrHero Ha Bbnpocr.rre:rHlrre 3_
p e q e n l , r r , T ' b i i K a r o r n p u n o a 6 y ! l r r e n H x t ' e H 3 p e q e H f i r t 4H . r . o H a u r r{ roHn r r
Bpbx e npeAcKa3yeM Br'3 ocloBa Ha 3a!b,!xr.rre jrHara rrorBa Ha (rpa:onoro
yAapeHHeB orrpeaeneHo Mrcro Ha Spa:ara - o6nxnogeso nplr 3anoBenHara
{ropva ua rJraroJra.14 ryx urpasr ponr cMr.lcJroBr.r [porr.rBorrocraBrHr..r,Karo
c;reAHoro: Btes su ua,trco! I4:xararro rro BTopHr run, T.e. c Bl4coKoHaqaro,
H3peqeHHeronMa HeyrpaJrHo,HopManHo 38yqeHe. Ho c nrpaxl rrrrr c Me-
noAr.rqeHBp.bx rrpn y,qapenara cpuqxa Ha .uarKo _ Ha6rqraHero oqeBr.rnHo
IIpOMeHt CMHCbJIaHa I-l3Ka3BaHeTO.
S 2 2 4 . B r ' 3 K J r u r l a r e n H l , tT e [ 3 p e q e H n r c e o r r u q a B a r o r B a n p o _
cLtTeJIIIt{Te, KOtaTOABaTaTIlna fi3peqeH].tt!{MaTe.qHaKbB cI{HTaKTLiqeH H IeK-
cxKaJreHcrpoex. Hanpuvep u3peqeHuero Ko:txo cu,ttta e 1ypnmu qe rl3ro_
Bapr c BHcoK Bp.bx h c y.qapefiHenpH Br,npoc{TeJrHaTaayMa Ko,,tko,KofaTo
e B'blpocuTenHo, Ho c BHcoKBpr,x H c y,uapeHr.re npfi cJreABauo,ro[p]rnafa_
TeJrHo,Koraro e Bb3Klrrrlare;rHo r.r3perreHue. Tona pa:lpe4elen[e He e 3a-
A'bJu(ureirHo,Ho Bce nax cMrHara Ha rur cborHo[reHHr foBoplt:a ela$aruu-
Hocr Ha rr3Ka3BaHero.Hanplrvep Bb3x;rnuareJrHoro r{3Ka3BaHcHa cG roro
[3peqeH[e c Haii-BHcoKBpr,x npH KoJtKoce canpoBox.qa t' cT,c cHJrHoy,(ape_
Hne rrprr creABa[]oro npriJ'rarareJHo,c Koero ce ocbrlecrBrBa enr$a:ara.

306
 t r 4 r r e n n z r ex3peqeHrrr noBTaprT r.rHToHauHoHHaTa
cr.rcTeMaHa nBy-
cbcTaBHHTe, a ao r o j r r M a c T e n e HT o B a B a x r i I { 3 a a y M r { T e - r.r3pe-
qeHI-t_s.

2. Mnozofipaeotu uspeteHua

$ 225. B paMKrrre Ha npocroro H3peqeHnecbulecrByBar rpr4 cryr{ar Ha

3agr;rxr.{TerHo orAeJrrHe Ha (bpa3r.r:
a) npu cr,KpaulaBaHeHa H3peqeHuxvpe: o6oco6raaHe, B pe3yJrrar Ha Ko-
eTo ce nonyqaBa npocTo r{3peqeHr4e;
6) npu onpegereHr.r BrlAoBeeAHopoIHr.{qacrn - npll carp:axrlre 6etcr,-
K)3HOITJII-|CBlp3aHr.rTeCbC C't,K)3A VjJ*l HO;
r) npu ar,aexgare Ha BMerHarH nJrl, [pHcreAHHeHl t{acrH B cr,craBa Ha
npocToTo rr3peqeHHe.
B pavrnre Ha croxHoro tr3peqeHHeu3peqeHcxure rpaHrrqt-lMexny cr,c-
TaBruIHTero lpocrn H3peqexxr Morar ra 6r,gar I Qpa:oat rpaHHrln, Ho r.JMa
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ce oc'bruecrBrBa H cJroxHoro H3peqeHHeBrHarH ce r{3Ka3BaKaro egHa Qpa:a,
Koraro cblo3'br e MapKHpaHcbro3, KotTo nopall, ceMaHTHqHorrporr{Bonoc-
TaBrrre BbBcxAa BHHarll HepeMaru'lHo (Heurr.srrraro) x3KasBaHe,uanp.: Il[e
3Qmgop, npo s0pe4a, ulo.M ucKaw.
,{ocrarrrHo, Ho Hc Heo6xognvo ycnoBr.re:la$oHerr.rvuo peaJru3HpaHeHa
Qpa:ara s 6r,,rrapcrur e3ltK e ray3ara. Opa:ara a 6r,,rrapcxlla e3HK ce or-
nerq npear.r Bcuq(o Me-qo,r'lHr{Ho - qpe3 pea_qr.{3HpaHe Ha onpe,qereHa Meno-
A H q r r aK o H T y p a .
3a rpaa rra xoHTypara rra Herrocr'relHaraSpa:a naxt roBa, Koero e ycra-
rroBerror.i 3a.qpyfu e3riur.tH KoeTo ce Hapr{qa ,,npofpe.q[eHTeH 3aBT,prxl,K...
llporpegneHrrnrr 3aBbptxlK cxrHanH3upa, .{e 0pa3ara He e llocnenrra, H ce
k3pa3.f,Bac Bb3jrH3alleHa MeJrOAr{KaTa Ha HeyAapeHr,rTe cpHrrKl4crea nocle.q_
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K p a r H e c n n 3 a H a H n c x o p a B r r H q e l . H e n u c x o r o c n r r 3 a H ee c b u l e c r B e H u r r
rrpu3naKna rrexpaiiHara Qpa:a n 6r,lrapcKKq e3nK, xofiro ce laraa s pa:nuu-
Hr RapIlaHTIt- Bb3Jrlt3aHe,paBeH ToH HnH caMO HaCOqBaHeK,l'M HHCKOTO
paBHurue, 6e:.qa ce crura,qo uero. Morar.qa ce orAeJrrr rptl ocHoBHtlT[rra
r1ofpeaHeHTHr.r KonTypH.
$ 226. Tun 4. 9eror,prurr xoHrypeH rlrn e nogo6eu Ha rrbpBur ,3arrIoro
3aIIOqBaOT CpeAHOBHCOKO paBHHUIeC6C Cne.qBanlolI3AHfaHe fi oJIH3aHe,HO
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oQopva c Bb3Jrr.r3aHe ua roHa (nporpeqneurno), r.e. $pa:ara ce oSopv.n c
rBe BTr3Jtv3aHrflua roHa. Hait-uucxusr lou npegll xpaiiuoro B63JrH3aHeMo-
Ne 1a 6rge B rrocJrelHara y,qapeHacpx.rKa Ha $pa:ara r.rJrr{ upcau He{, T.e

307
Bl,3JIrr3aHerOMOXe,Ea 3arroqHeOT nOCJreAHarayaapeHa cpuq(4, c (oeTo ce
BHaCr ro-foIqMa r.r3TrKHaTocTHa n3pa3a.
qerBbprHr rHn npn nernt rl.rll r.rMacaMo
$ 227. Tnn 5. 3a par-nura or
eAHOB!3Jr 3aHe- A Xpar. TOnrr e Hai-Hric'l'K B nocneAHara yAapeHacpHqKa,
aKo cJreaBaTHey,[apeHn,unH B npennocneAHara, aKo nocJlealrara e y,qapeHa.
Tor rnn npegaaa Heyrpatnl,t orIIo[IeHI4t IIo It3T'bxHarocr, 3aroBa I,ITy( IrMa
BApUAHT}j,
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npH yaapeHara cplrqKa Ha npeanocne,qHara {pa:ora ayMa, r.e. KpafiHoro
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Hero 3anoqHe HanpaBo or yllapeHara cpHt{Ka6e3 npe]Ixox.u,auo ro c;rrr3arre
Ha roHa. Torana rourypara Sopva,rxo cbBnaaa c KoHTypara or run 3, no
r.rMaapyra rpyHxqn.a.
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HaqaJro,Ho 3aBapuBa c Bt3JrH3aHe B c'brrnocr npencraBt rou6unaulr or
BToplrr n qerBbprx.s Atu rerrr. rr,tn. Koxrypara HMa e,[HH pt,qKo cpeuaH
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B a p f i a H T c B H C O KH
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TAn 4 Trrt 5 Tsn 6

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q a c r H c r r p x q a c r n a{ r o p v a H a r J r a f o ; r aa, c r u l o r a r a p a 3 r r rr i p e H l r
9acrH rra H3peqeHtteToc Har{aJIHLnotcHeHHt Ha cbuecTBHTeJIHoTo.
Tprre ve.no4nvnu KoHTypl, Ha Henoc;re.qHaraQpa:a vorar 4a ce n3BeAar
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B 6r,,rrapcrrl e:nr rcrxa Qpara, xo.rro e o6oco6eHa '{acr Irru cco6urr.rrerHo
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B HenocJIe,qHLITe u3peqeHl-lt B ctcraBa Ha c:roxHoro or BI-I,qa: Mptxaaue ce,
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308
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a, cps.:Iladxa
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KOHcTpyKuxt{
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qul o6nxHosenoce H3Ka3Bar rro3r.1-
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309
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TaKaBano31lufit.
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par B no-HucKa roHaJrHocToT ToHanHocrra Ha npeaHrxHaTaspa3a. flo-o6qo
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Trn Ha e.qHopoaHureqacrr.r (u:peuenua). I'Ixave ra:aHo, H36tfBa ce HHroHa-
urroHHI.ItTnapanenrr3bM, al(o ToH He e noqKpeneH or cl,IHTaKTHrIeH uapare-
lu:r,u (n neeutparltuuo n:xa:aane).
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dpyza npuuutru; ... a za dpyeo. C gpyrn Ayvn, ynorpe6ara Ha nporpeal.reH-
THa KOHTypaB TaKHBa$OpValUO 3aBbptlleHll ]I3peqeHHt e Ha MTCTOTOCH,
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3a IOTOI-t3peqeHHeTO Ha KOH-
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KOHTYPI,I HA EMOATI{qHATA I{3TbKHATOCT

$ 230. EvQa:a nln evQarnrxa H3r'r,KHarocr (ygapeHocr) e BctKo ycIIJI-

BaHeHa yaapeHrjero - cu,'rHorr3Tl,KBaHeua egua Qpa:ona IyMa (=eM(barlrq-
llo Hjrr.rJrofHqecKoyAapeHlre) uIn ycl'tteHo H3Tl'KBaHena qr.nara tppa:a.
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KOHrpacrnara y.qapeHocr ce [porBrBa o6nKroreno no gsa
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310
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ce r43Aufa
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:auloro 6nxve nonyqHJrrjrpyra (oHTypa. Taxa H:xa:saHer
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Hanp.raxa:3 3 42.
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cpnqKaHe ocraBa Ha
BrrcoKopaBHulue,a ce crpeMn rr,v rpafiuoro HrlcKopaBHI.Irq€.
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ca npr,rQparonoro yga_

311
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313
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314
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a He rrxHara nHcMeHa $opva, cpr. uanp. Vutnu lllerccnup (aur.n.
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Montpell ier), auec M o x n etu e,,Uueep noo,r (anr,r. Liverpool), gaec,rluetp - (
nyt, Martxecmep (anr,r. Manchester), aHec MaHyecmbp,Xepuauu (weu.
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( n p e n n v u o r p r q x n ) g o O c a o 6 o x g e H r e r or r p e : 1 8 7 8 r . c e y n o r p e 6 r u a r l r
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no B3eMaBplx, MaKapqe B HrKoHClryqal,ereMerrTlrHa TpaHcrHTepaulirTa
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e3rrK,KoHToB MHHaJrorolepr,uKo ca 6ula ar,:npueMaHltB 6r,lrapcrlr ne
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Il roaa orHoueHne 6op6ara Mexny no-craprrre tfopvu, c6.qlpxaulr{ e;re-
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316
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cnel [x, v, nr, 4x];, nanp,2{to,t (BepH) ($p. Iules), )Krotueu (Copet) ($p.
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Ha cblsrracHa, nalp. "Ayetp ($p. Louvre), Capmtp ($p. Sartre), fpeuo6z,,r
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Hocr, Harrp.A:r$peg nso Mnce (Ha Qpexcxuc gre [s] Musset). Ho n cry-
qaure, Koraro1nofinute cr,rlracHnB c'r,orBerHnqqyxA e3HKce rr3roBap.sr
Karo Al,rrH,3a npenoplqBaHee re aa ce flpeaaBaru Ha 6brrapcKu Karo
,qaofixu,Hanprvep B MHoro HTaJrr{aHc(n n apa6crr uvena. Ooseruquara
cucreMa ua 6rrrapcxur KHr.rxoBeH e3HK aonyc(a y orpe6ara ua geofiuu
cr,rJracHrl(varap n caMo Ha rpaHuuaraMex,{y l,rop<pelrnre) H ToBacb3.qaBa
BT,3MoxHocrr 6r,rrapcxur e3lrK,qace 3ana3rr HroaHcr,rre Ha optlruHaJlHr,Itr
e3rrx,Koero se e 6e: :saqesue. B c'lulnocr asofiHrlcr,uacHr.rca 3ana3eHlr r.{
o xaxon 6r,lrapcx[ []\{eHaor rypcxr, [por.r3xoA,uanp. Mo,ttoe, Tentatoa.
Vasosgasero Ba rracnure o6aqene e npenopaqfiTenHo rlraBHonopagnSan-
Ta, qe no .{6-nx}rrra6r,rrapcxure rJracHH3aeMarcperHo nonoxeHfieMexry
,qbjrflrre Il KparKHTernacl[{, cperqaHr.r I e3firllt c 'qIJI)KI{Ha (roaurrrer),
Harrp. qeuKn, c:roBaruxH, ct,p6oxrpnarcxu, yHrapcKnn gp. Taxa qe, aro yA-
n o n v 6 y r r e u o c l , o r B e r H a r a ! b i t r a r J r a c H aB e . q H oq e t t l K or { M e , H a n p .
Ndmcovir, uue re 6uxve ce npr6rnNulur MHoroAo oprlrxHarrroro 3ByqeHe
IIa roBa HMe,.trii raro rqe yAbxxraMfJacHara MHoro noBeqeor Heo6xo4l-
voro. I43r;Itoqelr.IeB ToBao'ruoulellneMoxe Aa ce npaBnrlo orHouleHneHa
Abllrara rlacua [u], xorro Ha 6r,,rrapcxllMoxe Aa ce rpaHcrpn6lrpaa [l'z'irl,
nanp.,(uitt (aHr,r. Dean), ,Auitds(aurtrr.Leads) n.qp.
3. Heo6xoItuvo e s xore6,lnsr{re cJryqar4 /'la ce flocor{Bau M.ficroro aH
yAapeHl.rc'r'o B cl,orBerHoro uMe, xoero ce rpaHcrplr6npa.Toea 6fi cnoMor-
rralroAa ce r:6elrre rrerrparH,rrroro aKrleHTyBaHe or poAa aa Bixmop IOeo
zr.t.Burcmip K)ei.
4. IIpn rparrcrpunurrra e ueo6xolllvo na ce crra3BarH HsxonrpaMarnq-
ur npaaHra,rrii Karo Bcr,rrlHoc r ce rpalrcxpn6Hparor.{eJrHuAyM,a HecaMo
3ByKocLqeraHur.Tosa ce orrracr ria rlbpBoMrcro Ao rpaMarr.tqHfirpoA. Be-
qe ce cMtTa 3a oTxHBtJIa IIpaKTHKaTaxeHcKHTeJIHqHIIItMeHa,3aBT,pIXBaUILt
uil cr,fJracHa,ga ce ,,no6t ,rrapaear", xarlo ce npu6aat xr,u rrx r,racHara [a],
aanp.,llertusa, Atta, Posa, )Kepeesa zr'.l.,Qeuus, Arr, Pot, )Kepaes. B no-uo-
BllTe npeBoau TaxuBa HMeIta 3aabprxBaT Ha c'r,fJlacHa KaTo B opI{fnItaJIH t
e:rx. Baxes BLnpoc cr,ulo e ,qa ce tsbBe,qeeAHaKBocr rrpu npeAaBaHero Ha
qneHyBaHHTevyx,qu co6craeHu HMerra.y Hac e Ha,'roxeHarrpaKTuKara ra-
q n e H ,H a [ p . B H a 3 B a -
K H B aH M e H ag a c e r p a H c x p n 6 n p a r 6 e : o n p e A e n r { T e n e H
rrrrra Ha reorparpcxu o6extu Teusa (The Temse), Poua (Le Rh6ne), Xc-
oap (Le Flavre), Kaipo (El-Kahira), Ottm (Oltll) H ap.; B r.rMeHaraHa Bec-
rsur\u . K).uatturre (L'Umanitc), Moud (Le Monde), Tai,vc (The Times) u

318
 Ap. B roBa orHorxeHneHeyMecrHoH3KJrroqeHte npaB.grHrKoHHa3BaHIar Ha
apa6cKr Becrnuqfi n o6ruecrtesx opranr{3aqr.ru, KoHToce rpaHcrpz6upar
na 6:lnrapcxu cLc 3ana3eHolrpeAenr.rreneH qneH,Harrp.Ha aJrx(lrpcxr{r Bec-
ruux Et Mydcrcaxud, xaupcrut A,t fynxypun, naJrecrr.{HcKara opraHr{3aqr.t{
An @amax,B gyxa ua orAaBHaHaJroxeHara rrpaKTr{Ka y Hace raKxBaHa3Ba-
HraflAa ce rpaHcxpu6upar 6e: onpege:rureleHqjreH.
5, BaNsa oco6esocr ua rpancrpu6xpanero Ha c;roxHl.rrer{ c,r,craBHr.rre
reorpaQcxrl rMeHa B 6rlrapcru.a e3HKor poAa sa Puo de )Kaueipo, IIIeap-
4sand p p. e, qe re ce npeAaBarna 6rlrapcxl.r cJtfiTor.rJtn par4eleuo c,ro6_
p a 3 H o c H a q H H aH a r { 3 r r H c B a H e r rol M B q y x l u g e z u x : M o u n e , t u e( . $ p .
M o n t p e l l i e r ) , I l l e a p 4 e a t d ( n e v . S c h w a r z w a l d . ) , M o u m e e u o e o\ L l c l .
Montevideo), Hn fropx (aHr,r. New York), Eyetoc Aipec (ucn. Buenos
Aires), Prlo de )Katteipo (nopr. Rio de Janeiro). Tpr6la qa ce .qo6asu,qe
c LeaLtHfiTeJIHn qepTHrlu MexAy c,LcTaBXrTe Ha CJIOXHHHMeHa He Ce nliutaT:
Exc au flpoeauc (rlp. Aix-en-Pro vence),Ai,1 tg loec (aHr.n.Isle of Dogs),
Puo Epaao iet Hopme (ucn. Rio Bravo del Norte), y+mep de -tluudeu(uev.
Unter den Linden). Cpetuc:rosHrtrec;ryxe6Ht gyr..rn npearo3r.r,ct ro3r.r,
qJIeHOBe n Ip., - B [,3J .I3aIIIH B CACTaBa Ha TaKHBa qyXAL IlMeIIa,
Ce nfilllatT
c varxa 6yraa: IIIap,l dt o I-oLt(tbp.Charlesde Gaulle), Eduoudo de Auu.tuc
( n r . E d m o n d od e A m i c i s ) , , A e o r r c p dd
o e B u n q u ( u r . L e o n a r d od a V i n c i ) ,
Vrtmepdert Jlutdert (teu. Unter den Linden). Koraro o6aqe npeg cryNe6_
Hara,rlyMaHeca ynorpe6euHApyl-Hcr,craBKuHa[Mero, T-ace rrI-rtrte c rJraBHa
6yxaa.1\t o ['o'r, ,\e Auuuuc.

'TPAHCTI.ITE
PAqIT' HA qYXAI,I NMEHA

$ 235. IIpu [peAaBaHero Ha qyxln co6crseHu Nrlrenan 6,rrrr.apcKu, e3[K

cenpnlrarar(n:qrroHlHqacrr.iqrro)ntr.nxone,leveuTlrrrarpaHcJrr.rre-
p a u l-, r 'r a. Tosa rB,rreHuece xa6,rrc1ana B cJ,reIHfiTec;ryqat-l:
L f l p n r p a 4 H q r z o H n oH a c l r e , q e H nH a 3 B a H H so r r n n a H a J l o t t t ) o u ( a t r t .
London), Bawurtzmou (aur.,r. Wachington), Ox.,raxoua (anr,r. Oklahoma),
Peitt (veu. Rhein) u ap. Koraro BJrH3aB r c l c r a B a H a H a 3 B a H n ,H a r r p l . { M e p
Ha BecrHr.ru[, nolo6rrz tiMerra ce fiolrarar Ha rpaHcrpu6np aae, uar.p. JIt u_
dt u uuzasuu (aur,r. London Magasine), Hoie paiuurue
4arimylt? (He:v.
Neue rheinische Zeitung); cpz. u Btorcp 4aimyue (nev. Wiener Zeitung),
so Buena, Exo doo llapu (tlp. Echo de Paris), no llapux n yp.
2. B rveHa or pycKr.r e3KK! Koriro ce [urrrar na 6t,rrapcrt, 6e: aa ce
o r p a 3 r B a c n e q n Q u v H o r o 3 a p y c K u e 3 r r K , , a x a r r e , , cnM e K q a B a H c . rr.roa c , r , r ; r a c -
Hure rrpe.q[e] u [n], natp. Jlo,+rortocoe,a we,tlauauocae, urlepuottmoa, a ne
Jltepuattmaa, Mocxaa, aue Macxee, Bopoueuc, aue Bapoutetc. Ta:u npax-
THKa e C llbnra TpalHuxr B MHHaJTOTOCe npfiXafa H B lpyf e3[rrll,I.

319
 3. Vrpanncru n c-rroBaulKrr HMeHa,ctgr,pxaqu 6yxBocrqerarvgTaoa, aa,
ee, ue (ct oraerno ov, av, ev, iv), npu Konro cr,r;Iacnara [n] (v) ce e BoKa-
Jrn3upaJra s [y] (u), ce nr4lrar Ha 6r,,rrapcxuKaro B H3xoAHHre3r,rr,Harrp.
yxp. C etezuaoe, Illeaueurco,,[oacreuxo (r:roeop Cetezuaoy, Illeyuetrco,
,Qol,tretmo),c.rroBarr.PreSov,Bardejov, Liptov (x:ronop llperuoy, Eafide-
tio1t,,aunmoy) ce npe,qaBarHa 6r,,rrapcxrl c'borBerHo xalo Cettesutoe, IIIec-
,teuxo,,(oetcerrxo, flpeuoa, Eapdeioe, ,Iunmoe. flo ro:N uaqns ce 3ana3Ba
earrHcTBo B npe,[aBaHeTo Ha aHaJror[r{HHTe cTpyKTypr.r Ha HMeHaTa B r]oco-
qeHHTeqyxAr.re3nuu fi B 6r,rrapcxux e3Hl<.Cr,c cr,ulara rleJrcaqeraHnrra
[oy, ay, ey] (or lo-craplr [or, aa, er]) a 6e,ropycxnrrMeHace npe,r(aBar Ha
6rlrapcru c [or, an, en] (xe ce orpa:ana a 6e,ropycxoro,,axaxe"):Bopouxoa
(6e,ropyc.B ap arrc oy), f a aputn x (6e,ropyc.I-uvpu tn x), I{)pvan xoe (6eto-
pyc. Iop.unxay\ n ap.
4. B cr,r,racuec [pHHugrrHTe Harpaucn[Tepaqlrrra 3Byr{Hr.rre n 6e::nyv-
Hllre ct'rJIacHHB qyxAure uMetlilce 3ana3BarHa 6'b,'IfapcKH IIenpoMeHeHIt
He3aBHcr.tMo or r.r3roBopa HM B cr,oraerHur tryx,[ e3HK.Hanpnuep ua 6r.n-
rapcKr.ice nnue Batieaud (Heu. Wergand) c [.q] Haxpar,3ut(tpui (weu.
Siegfried) - c [r] a nlpaara cpnrrxaH c [,q]HaKpar,Edyapd (avrt. Edward),
I{,tod (rpp. Claude) rz ap. (Koraro B raKllBacnyqar.{HrKor.tc'r,rracrruHe ce
r'r3roBaprrrroorAenuo,eArlaraor rtx ce l{3nycxa- HarrptiMepnwwe ce XyLtt-
6 o t n t ( n e u . I l u m b o l d t ) , B y u m ( l e u . W u n d t ) , I I L u u m ( l a e v ' .S c h m i d t ) ( H o
Illuud - nev'. Schmid) u r.n. Ilpr.r,lararerHrre or raKxBaHa3BaHl.rr ca cbor-
teruo Xyn6ot m oo, Byrtmoa.)
5. Cr,r;racrrara[p] ce lr:nucsa ua 6r,,rrapcrt e3HXH B c;ryqarire,Koralo
qyx,qo HMe Tr Unrl Ce 3aMeHr C Apyf 3Byr( r.r]rrr.t
B C T,OTBCTHOTO n'bK ce ,rnof -
,rr,ula" r He ce npon3Hacr, cpy,.,Lltx:opdt<(aHr,r. George, n:r. dzc : dz),
Xto6z,pm(aur,r. Hubert u:r. 'hju : bat), Paimep (rreM. Reiter, r.{3r.raita),
Er,oprt(tssz.Bjiirn, r: r. ba:n) l-lgp. IIo raxrr HarrKH
ce u:6lrsa npera,rerro.ro
oTAaJIeqaBaHe oT opnf HHana.
6. hacnara [a] a aur-rnicrr, Korro B Heyaapelrarro3uufirce npor3Hacfl
xaro [r], Ha 6'l,rrapcrr ce npeAaBao6uxrroserrone c 6yxaara a, a c [a], r'ril
Karo B clrrlara [o3r.ru]ir6rlrapcrara r,racxa [a] ce peAyur.rpaxrv [r,], r.e.
u3roBapr ce npu6;ru:ure,rHoxaro [r], uanp.,[ttconamal (aHrrr.Jonathan),
Edyupd (aurn. Edward), Putapd (anrn. Richard), Ocrcap(aurr Oscar). flo-
Ao6Hoe no:roxeHueron c npeAaBaHero Ha nopryraJrcKxTerracnr.r[a] n [o],
Kouro B HeyAapeHo rroroxeHnece peAyunparcr,orBerHortna [r] n [y] -rufi
raro a 6r:rrapcxnr e3HKe HanKuecbulara rro rtrn peAyKrlr.rr, ne e ueo6xo-
InMo nopryrancrnre Hey,qapeHl.r r,racxu [a] u [o] la ce npegaaar ua 6rn-
rapcrr clorBerHo c [r,] r [y]: $opvure 6paza u 6pazt (lopr. Braga), [Iop-
mo u llopmv (nopr. Porto, r.r3r.Portu) ue ce npor{erarHa6l.nrapcru no egun
u cr,ul HaqHH(u.nunpu6ln:lrrelrHo no eAHHn cr,rq uavlru), He3aBr.rcHMo or
320
 roBa, AarH ca HanncaHnc [a] r.r.iruc [r], c:rorneruo c [o] unu c [y] uarpal.
(Cpr. u QpeHcrr.rreuMeHaor rrn a ua @paxcoa($p. Frangois),I1oamue ($p.
Poitier), rorro Ha 6r,lrapcxlt ce npeAaBarc [o] (or gusronra [oi], a xe c
tvl.
B raKriBa cnyqau 3ana3BaHero Ha 6yxaara, xorro Surypapa n B opnru-
Harat e 3a npelnoquTaHe, Tbi Karo no ro3t HaqHHce gana:sa n:secrHa 6rH_
3ocr MexAy ABere $opMH Ha cborBeHoro Ha3BaHHe.B rosa orHorueuue Hq-
KOUaBTOpHnpOrBqBaTrroHrKOfa npecTapaBaHer{ yBneqeHrre,raTo ce cTpe_
Mer (r,M xpafiHa ,,rfoneru:auxs" sa qyx/:Ioro nve (ynorpe6rnar HanpnMep
rfopvn raro Puurpd, Puy de )I{aueitpyu 4p.
B n:6poenure cryqau ce Ha6.nrcqataB3arrMorrpoHHKBaHe Ha rpaHcKplin-
uHoHHrrn rpacJrHTepauHoHHr{ ereMeHTnnpn npeAaBaHero ua vyxgure co6_
crBeHu HMeHaHa obnrapcKH,T.e. cayeraBaHeHa eJreMeHTI.t Ha rpaHcKpHn-
uurra c ereMeHTHHa rpaHcnHTepaqxrra.(CtulecrByBar n .Epyruno4o6nl
cnyqan, KoHToryK HrMa ga nocovaave.) flpu Nvenara or cr,raBsHcKHTe e3r..t_
rlh 3ana3BaHeroHa ereMeHTr{or rpaHcnr4Tepaqur (npn npeganaHerorlM Ha
6r:rrapcxu) o6nxHoseHoce o6yclarl u or o6ulnre t,tcropr{qecKrl Hn[ Mop-
rlevulr oco6euoctu Ha 6's,trapcxlre3t.rK
K Ha cborBerHI.ITe
r{3xoAHr.r
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(bopMnr.rnt-l
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tlMeHaTa oT HccJIaBqHcKHTe e3HUH3alra3BaHeTOHa TpaHCnHTeparIHoHH[Te
ejreMeHTr.r ce abnxlr lpeAx BcHqKoHa cTpeMexa Ia ce 3ana3HH3BeCTHa MOp_
rpolorlrvHa u rpaQnvHa 6:rn:ocr Mexly nMeHara B Il3xoAHH.,{ erux H s 6,r,r-
f apcI(I.t.
flxec y nac ce BoAlr rBbp,qe oxrrBeHa rroJreMH(aB neqara, cB.bp3aHarraB-
Ho c npeAaBaHero ua 6r,.nrapcxn e3r.ixHa HrKon aHr,rlrficrn uvena (npeAHMHo
tia [o-r3BecrHll ,']HqHocra r rpa4oae). OcnosHa npxqHHa 3a ra3u noJIeMHKa
e reHAeHur{rra HtKor,r HMeHa, xouro ca HaroxeHr.r r 6r,,rrapcxu c
OopMa,
ycraHoBcHa Bb3 ocHoBa Ha rpacJrr{Tepauxrra, Aa 6b.qar npeo6pa:enn crr_
JracHoc npHHur.in[Te Ha TpaHcKpr.rlrlHrTa.
<Darllr, qe uaft-vHoro ce cnopH oxono rpaHcKpHnqr.rrra Ha slxon co6c_
TBeHr{HMeHa or asrrrficxs (a He Hanpnvep or {rpeHcru x,rn neucrt) ue e
cny.raeH. flpuunrrara 3a no-MaJrKoro xo_re6asxe npH npelaBaHero na tfpen-
cKHTer.rHeMcKHTeII-iqHH r-rMeHace xplte B paHHoTo B.b3HHKBaHe Ha npeBoll_t
or re3n e3HuH HanpaBo or opltruHana N, pa:6lrpa ce, B rrpaB[nHara opneH_
TaUrrr Ha npeBoAaqrrre Kr,M cpaBHHTe.,irHo rotrHo rpaHcKplr6npaue Ha HMeHa-
ra. flpero4lrre or anr,rnficxn a HrKoH.qpyrlr e3HuH,HanpHMepcKaH,qHHaBc-
KhTe, B rrpoa:bnxeHue Ha nb.rrbf nepno,u ce H3Br,prxBaxanpeAr.rMHoqpe3 pyc_
rfi egHK.3arosa Bbpxy [peAaBaHero Ha r{MeHara or re3r{ e3hqn no ro;rrMa
creneH e HaroxHir cgofi orneqar6x pycKurr HaqHHHa rpaHcKpu6npane, rofr-
'ro e cro6pa:eH cbc 3ByxoBXTe
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21. fptE r! E tup.6ur. -,4bn-rri
321
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Ap. r, B MuHanoroHeptaKoraKHBaHa3BaHI,It ca 6uru aaevanuMexaHI.rqecKI.I
or pycxu B cbrqut H:tu nogo6ex BH.[,a He cflopeA npox3HoIxeHI.Iero ]IM B
aur;rnficxnxegnr. Kaxro or6err:axve, r 6t,rrapcxnlt e3HK cbrrecrByBa trc-
TopfitrecKuo6ocHoaaHnpoqec 3a QoHeruvno npeo6pa:rnaue Ha qyxalITe
co6crBeHr.r HMeHacbo6pa3HocI'c 3aKoHltreHa npaxrlrqecKararpaHcKplln-
wa v Ha 6r,:rrapcxlrx KHr.ixoBeH H3roBop.Tosa AogexAa.qonotBa B e3ltKo-
Bara npaKTrrKa Ha no-HoBHSopun, cr'o6pa:eHHB no-roJItMacreneHc I,I3ro-
Bopa B n3xoAHrrqesux. Taxa gnec n 6r,:rrapcxlIHapeAc rlo-crapl.ITe$opMI4
Eafipou (anr n Byron), Batmep Cxor (aur,'r.Walter), Hcat<Hnmou (aurt.
IsaacNewton), ,{ap euu (anrn Darwin), cDotxuep(auu. Faulkner), BerllH-
rroH (aHrn. Wellington), JloH.qoxgepu (anr:r. Londonderry) n.qp. ce noeBn-
xa u tfopvu Ka'roEaipbH, Votmtp Cxor, Auaz'x Hnmou, @o'trcut'p(u tDorc-
ut p), Yetuuzmut, Jluxdoudepu,KoHToBce IIoBeqec€ HaJrarar.Korato no-
go6no "geQouern:upaHe"ce rrpHnaraKbMrMeHa,BeqeycraHoBeHLI{ notly-
n' pLr3rpaHrcpeA oor{ecrBeHocrra c e,uHaQopva (xorro cb.qBpxanoBeqe
eJreMeHTH Ha rpaHc;rnTepauxr).SoHert.IqHtlTe npoMeH!{c'l,3raBarcMyule-
Hllr B apa3HqrunpoKnTe cpegu. Ero iaxlo npaBlnHo e craHoBlruero, qe B
TaK[Bacnyqaurp.abra,qace npo.aBrBa yMepeHocrH treHMeHaraHaH3BecrHU
ruriHocru u Ha reorpaQcxlr o6exru, xan,'reu[ oraaBHas 6r,,rrapcrnr e:nx,
Herpr6ra ga ce npeo6pa:raar c,sriracHoc npnHqr{[tlTeHarpaHcKpHnrrt-rrra.
B c H q x uH o s o s r , s n p n e M a H
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y[orpe6a Ha seo6uqafinuH Henpr{BHqHr.r:a 6r,rrapcrnr e3trK3ByKocr,trera-
Hur u 6yrnoc'ruerarur (cpr. Har'p.fonybpdu, aHr.n.Galsworthy) n atnperr
qe, oT Apyfa cTpaHa,ToBaB HrKor{c,lyqaHcr,taaaa.qaoiittl{6r,,'rrapcrnc'r-
orBercrBur Ha eaHar{ cl,ula qyxaa Qopva, Hanp.feopz Cmefeucon (anr:n.
George Stephenson),- orxpnrare-rrrr Ha napHara Maurr{Ha w ,Qttopdtt
Cmuez'ttcz,tt I-lMeHa HarxcbBpeMeHHkr(,
$ 236. Bupocrr:a n:6op vexgy rpaHcKp_r{nqr{r H rr p e B o a Haqyxanre
co6crseHr.rr{MeHa,Kaxro eeqe or6e,rs:axve, e perreH B noJr3aHa rpaHc(-
prrnrlurra. flpea Br,:paxgauero, nr,K H no-K6cHo,noHrKora npeBece uMar'l
n npeBoAtT cpB. Harrp.3ar:raBl{eroHa rroBecrra Ha EepHapI€HAbo CeH
flnep "flaaer n Buprunu.a" (ua $p. Paul et Virginie), ycraHoBeHoy Hac c
raxana Qopva oqe or A. lpauurcxu. lxec o6ave Hlrxoi ne 6lr npeAanHanp.
QpeHcroro ulr.e)Kopte u,r'u alarx ,{rcopd rc c f eopzu. T onace orHacr KaKTo
go co6crnenure nnqHu H reorpaQcrri HMeHa,TaKaH.qo Ha3BaHHtra Ha Bec-
THrrulr 'lr ,Epyrlr nepuonuqHn r.r3.qaHr.rr. flsue ce Hanp. (O,+taHume,Taiuc,
Becmfatuute pyxdutay, ,(lcyuxypuem u Ep.,{nec npenogtr ce npu.nara(xa-
rnaBHO npr
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322
 uocru Pu,tapd Jltecxomo ctpqe, Ilunuu Ktcu, i[oau Eesseunu u gp. Tazu
npar(TuKaB c:bnlHocre MexAyHapolHa.Hanpuuep HMero Ha avrnsitcxux
rpa:l lVoau Eesseuxu (ua anu. Joan Lacklend) u fy"*, "" npeaavatrIoana
Eese"uetanufi,Ha QpeHcKlrJeansansTerre, ua sevcrt Johannohne Land I
np. Ho u ryK JrnncBanocJrenoBare;rHocr (Hanp.HMero Ha rDpudpuxEap6a_
poca He ce peBexAarDpudpuxVepaeuama6pada). Tyx e yMecrHo
Aa Ao_
rr6;rHr.tM,qe HMeHaraJlndosuK u Xexpux Karo xMeHaHa peAr.rqa
Speucru
xpa:rea 6rlrapcrlr (x r pycrn ) e3ux He ca Br,3npfierltc
Qpeucxoro av npo-
- c.borseruo JIyu u AHpu, - Bl peKuse nMenara
r.r3Ho[reHr.re HaApyrn Qpeu-
cxu xpate - IIyu @u,tunu JIyu Hanoteox ca npoHHKHaJrr.t y nac c Qpencxlr
Ir3roBop.,{urara Tpa.qnugra ynorpe6ara Ha [ocoqeHnTenveHa o6aqe ue
n03BoJrrBa re,qa 6r,nar renr,pBarrpoMeHrHr.r. B no_pegxt cnyya14rrpeBe)KAa_
ue ce Ha6-nrogana u npu HrKou reorpa$cxn ntrr Apyrv o6exru, Hanp. Iloc
lo6pa rndexda (npeeoaHa aurluficroro Cape ofCood Hope), Aifietoea-
ma Kynu, Tpuynfianuama apKa fl Ep..{Hec o6ave reorpaQcxure Ha3BaHws,
Kor,rrocera HaBlru3arB e3r{KaHr{,He ce npeBexAar.B c.lulHocr npeBexAa-
rreToB TaKlIBaCJryqauno [p]rHuHn e H3OCTaBeHO TBl,pAeoTAaBHa Aa ClI
crroMnrfMza uueuara Puo ia )Kaxeipo, Eyeuoc Aipec, puo Heepo, tnoulap,
Emoar s Ilapxx l.tgp., ronro suxofi Hace e onrra,q Aa HaJroxutsHa[r].rqe3r4K
xaro .flrryapcxamapexa, ,Qo6rp erzdyx, Vepuama pexa, nnor\a!\ 3eesdu.
S 237. B no-rpyra cBerJrr.rHa crou Bbnpocbr 3a npeBex.qaHero Ha qyxnfi
co6crgeHlrLMeHaB HrKoHxyAoxecrBeHrnpoH3Be,qeHr,r,{ B cryqaHTe,Koraro
HMeHaraHa nepcoHaxacac cBorra BrrpeurHa
Qopva lrrpaxr xapal(Tepr.r3l_
paqa QyHxqr.rr.flox.rxora s raxt-rBa cnyqah (r.nannonpr_rnpeBoA]tor craBrH_
cKu e3urln) ce AonycKa3aMeHrHeHa qyxAoro co6crseHo r.tM€c.bccru;luc_
Tr.tqHoeKBr{BaJreHTeH HeroB[peBoA, Hanp. B npeeoAaHa poMaHa..Cnsr.r{roa
TpyA" or Cr. Xepovcrlr uuero 3anunatcKl cnonyqrKBoe npeAa,{eHo Karo
3arcon'tatcxu.IIo-necuo u lo-qecro ce rrpHJrara npeBoAHanpr{Kopr{}r trpo3-
BHrqa,Hanp.[po3Br.tlero Ha repoHHrra sa Monacas Boule de suifor eguo_
vMeHHLrs poMaHcnonyrrJrrBoe npeBe,qeHo xaro ,Uoenamamonrca,peAosuo
ce rrpeBexAarr.lHH,qrjaHcrrl nMeHanpo3BHula,uanp.I-otnuama ueuxa, .nut_
zama pbKa, Cueun coxo,t r.rgp. Ho lt B xy.qoxecrBeHararlHTeparypaHaAAe_
JlrBarpaHcKplrnuvxra,a He npeBo,qbr.[uec xanp. npo3Bl{uleroHa repo{ Ha
MoracaH Ee,t Auu BetreHe ce npeAaBaxaro Xy6aeutrcun npulmer, KaKTo
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B eAltHor rrrpBrrre npeBoA[ Ha poMaHana 6r,:rrapcrn. B no-panHu,renpe-
Boar,rHa poMaHa"ClrsfiHa:opa', or [xer Jlounon npo3BuureroHa f.t]aBHr,r.,t
repofi 6eue npeAaaeHorrbKKaro C,ttuuu4emoqtu Cuniua sopa, B Hosr4Te
u3raHus ro npaBunHoe ocraBeHoEz,puuxz leitaia, *uro no! JrfiHrue Aa_
Aena norcHr.trerua 6e,rexxa, B (orro fiMero e npeBeneHosa 6.llraDcru.
flpeeogr,r Ha rMeHara I rax:lr cnyvaii ce 3arpyAHrBa" or
Sopua,rHn npu_
quHrl,Hanp.Ha3BaHr.tr xaro Clz,uuutleut*t Cuniua 3opa 3ByqarrBtpAe He_

323
o6lrqafino Karo M'bxKH co6crseHx I,IMeHa.[IpaKTnKara Ha qacrl,IqHo o66n-
raprBaHe Ha ra(riBa uMeHa e HenpaBHnHa(Hanp. HcrIaHcKoroc06cTBeHo nMe
Xuueculao de llapanu,tn, BTopara qacr Ha Koero e npo3BHUIe fi o3HaqaBa
'ppa6x' -
lpa6umetnm - or r.rcnaHc(r4rr:raro:r pillar e np€.qageHoB eA H
npeBo,qKaro Xrdecu,tuo de Hazpu6u,too).
B'ra spr:xa c yBerlrrlaBaHero Ha npeBoaHara nllTeparypa or e3I.IqI'ITe Ha
HrKOn HOBOOCBO6OgeHU HapOgr, a Cb IO lt nplr npeBexaaHero Ha JII.ITepary-
pa Ha MHofoe3r{qHHa'bpxaBlt BaxeH Bbnpoc e.qa ce onpe.qenHToqHo KaK6B
e e3HKbr rr3TorIHuKHa aaAeHoro rryx,uo I.IMe,3a Aa Moxe,qa ce Bb3rlpou38eAe
Hafi-ro.rHo HeroBrrrr 3ByKoBcrcraB B c6orBerHIrt oplrrI.IHaJIeH e3Hr. BaxHo
e ga ce u:6epe BHnMareJIHoH caMntr o6eKT Ha rpaHcKpurluut, t'rii xaro
cnyqar.rre Ha npefiMeHyBaHeHa reofpaQcl(H o6exrl He ca peaKH.
$ 238. flpelaeaxero Ha HrKoH co6crBeHH nHqI{I,IH reorpaQcKI.I LIMeHaor
craBqHcKH npor.r3xoace orjrHqaBa c H3BecrHnoco6eHocrl.t, c86p3aHI.rc Mop-
(ro:roruvnoro otfopv.rHe Ha r{MeHara. Tesn oco6eHocrn, Konro ca B fiporll-
Bopeqne c trpnHuHnHTeHa npaKTHqecKararpaHcKp!InI{Ht, ce,qr'.nxar ua 6,rlt-
3ocrra rra 6r,rrapcxn.a l,tnpyrl.{Te craBtHcKIr e:xqr. I-lanpnuep pycKHTe 0a-
MHJrHr.rr.rMeHaHa -cKui, -ttt'ti, -rtui, KoHTo no npo[3xoA ca npfinararerHl,
ce npucnoco6rnar xrv voptlo,rorHrrHara cflcreMa Ha 6r,nrapcKI.{r e3t-tK,K6-
Aero cborBerHure rrpHJrararenltH3aBr'ptlrBar ua [n], a He Ha [-Hii] Eeturt-
cxu, Vatixoscxu, Eydaouu, Ifodzopttu (pyc. Ee,,turrcxufi,'IaiKoscKui,
Eydewnti, Ilodeopuufr). Ta:N npaxruxa oraaBHa e ycraHoBeHa B HauJHt
e:rr. T.scxo cBT,p3aHc ro3n Blnpoc e B'bnpoc'br:a rpaucxpn6npaHero Ha
pycKHTe xencrn Savn,rxu HMeHa or rltna Ha Kpyncrcan, Bpeecxut. 3a Ea
6r,Aev noc:re,qorare,run, 6n rpr6sa,lo.qa [ [reM Te3r.rnMeHa ua 6r,:rrapcrn
6 e : p y c x o r o K p a e c n o B u e [ r ] : r q o v n 3 r r y c K a M e[ f i ] o r H a c r a s x a ' r a r K u i ,
rpa6aa,4a r:nycrreM H cl,orBercrBarloro Ha [fi] oroHrarne -,r or HacraBKara
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no-6:rnlrn Ao oprrf HHaJrHr,rre pycnr Qopun. Toga ao ro.nqva creneH ce AG,r-
Nn na $arra, qe c orna,qaHero Ha -l1 B TaKKBaHMeHace fionyrraBa rro-roJrsMo
or[areqaBane or opr]rr.rHanHHro6nrrK (B cpaBHeHHec [MeHara Ha -cKuit) -
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Mil t"'raBHc3auloTo B cnyqar ce 3arra3BaeaHHcTBoB npe.qaBaHeToHa Mbx-
K[nTeH xeHcK[Te Savrrnu r{MeHaor ro3n Tlln: O. Koweeoi, f. Eepzeeoi,
6. Iloteaoii (xrlero lfi] He Moxe 1a ornague) w E. Routeean.
He:asucuvo or $axra, qe nptr npe.qaBaHeroHa pycKHTe $avlunra uvena
st -crcui ulu na -uui, -Huu li4l orna,qa, npaBl.tnHoe pycKl.rre JII{qHHI.tMeHa
or rr.rna Ha IOpufi ga 6lgar npegaaaxn Ha 6b,'Irapcxu a nenpovenen sug (c
[h] Ha rpar) Iopui, I-eopzuu, I4uoxexmui, Bdcunui.3a pa:rura or HaIIrIr-
re Savu:rHn BMeHaHa -cru (xouro n 6rrrapcxu ca BHHaTI{6e: [fi] na xpa.r),
HrKorr.lrHqHHr,rMeHaor rocorreHuq rnn (yALnxeHrl c [i1] ca npuc'ru1lr u ua

324
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ru (Memodui, Eamuuui, Ilaucui, CoQpouui), Ho noHrKoralr Karo r.rMeHa
Ha HarrrucbBpeMeHHHrlH, nar:p.Eezeuufi.
B ctcrasHlt reorpa$cxlr r.lMeHa or c:raBrHcKr.r npolt3xoA,r.r3rpaAeHr.r or
npxJralarerHu r.tor pa:6upaeuH Hapr{rlarer,rHrl c6rrIecrBHTeJrHu, n6pBara
vacr (npn:rarare;ruoro)cr,rqoce npncnoco6xnaxtu rraopSonornqHara cr{c_
TeMa Ha 6r,lrapcxr e3rrK,a BTopara uacr (ctrqecrrxre.nnoro), aKo He ce
no(puBa I.r3UtJro c1,cc borBerHara6.r,rrapcxagyva, ce npeBex.qafi ce trl.rrte
c MaJrKa6yxra - uanp. fycuucxo esepo (pyc. fycuucxoe Otepo), Ilutrcr<u
6tama (pyc. Iluucxue Eotoma), Cetp,ruunu n,tartuuu(csp6oxrpz. Ceptutu_
xe ntauuue), Eeru eodu (cr,p6oxr,pr.Eere eode) u gp.
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n o a J r e x a r H a r p a H c x p u 6 H p a H e . T o t a c a n p e . q r {B c r a q K o
uMeHaraHa H.qKorrx poKo H3BecrHxreorpaQcrx n nonxrnqecxu o6errn
(crorlrrlH, roJreMtrrpa,qoBe,lapxaBltt o6lacrt a 4p.) x npol-rtsoaHuTe or
rrx npxrrararerrHll nanp. flapux ($p. Paris), puu (ur. Roma\, Bueua
( u a v . W i e n ) , K o n e u x a z e u( g a r . K j 6 b e n h a v n ) ,A t e t u n ( a n u . E n g l a n d ) ,
@part4utt(Sp. France),Eaaapun (Henr.Bayern), napu)tcKu,plt.ucKu, euno_
tumaHcKu lr gp. Te:u hMeHa,r(olrro no eIHa nJrr{Ipyra nptlqfiHaornaBHaca
rraB:re3rnB HauJure3nKr..rMeHHo c raKaBaSopva (Ha:aaHuero puu ce ynor-
pe6laa oule a crapo6r,.lrapcxN),ce or,ruvasar or opHrr.rHanHHTe Ha3BaHr.rq.
Hlron asroplr ll3ra3Bar MHeHHe! qe raKr.rBa KMeHarrocrerreHHo rp.n6ra ga
6r,.qarnpoveueHu u cr,o6pa:euu c opnrr{HanHrTe.Teopernvecrr re3n aB_
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nporpecHBHl.r rrpnHrrnnH Ha rpaHcxpunqlrrra fia HMeuara.[a ce vuc:rr o6a-
qe 3a HrKaKBa
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rrMeHaTa Ha cToJrHUr..t H Ar,pxaBHH Ha rrpor.t3BoAHHTe OTTrX, e HepearHcTr.rq-
Ho n npaxr['recKr{ HeocaulecrBnuo.Te:x HMeHar{ 3aHanpeArqe ocraHar
TaKr,rBa B Halrrr e3r.tx.rlo orsonesue Ha rro-K3aecrHllreorpa$crn o6erra
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( u c n . B a r c e l o n a )B
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Batettcu.n,Ondypac.He e Hes!:voxHo i.rfiMeHaraHaApyrHqyxIH rpaAoBe,
Karo Hanp.Kncmettdcrca,la ce cr,o6pa:.rrc npor.r3HorxeHuero B oplirr{Ha;r-
HVnse3vKs csrytat Koucmau4a(pyu. Constanla).B oule no-ro,rrrraa crerreH
TOBa Ce OTHaCt 3a uMeHaTa Ha no_Ma-[KH r.t c pefr{oHanHo 3HaqeHHe qyxll4
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6r.nrapcrt xrn qyxA npor.t3xog
a cr,cegnana p Er,:rrapnnrepnr.oplrr, Kolro
ce yflorpebrBar no rpaAHrIHror 6r,:rrapcxoro HacereHue:Boden (ro, Ede-

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TPAHCJIHTEPAUHC HA EbITAPCKI{ IIMEHA C JIATI{HI'{UA

npn npegaBaHeroHaqyxAn co6-

$ 239. Ilpo6nevu cl,urecrByBarHecaMo
crBeHr HMeHaHa 66nrapcKi, Ho H npH o6parHHt npouec [peAaBaHeroHa
6'llrapcrn co6crBeHHuMeHaHa qyxAI.Ie3nux c JIarHHIlqa'
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cro6pa:uo c rpaQHqHureH 3ByKoBI{Te ocoOeuocrn Ha c'borBerHuqe3nr'
H a n p n v e p v M e " r oP a \ e a c e n f i r r I e u l e( u c e n u n e ) R a c h e v , R a t c h e v '
Ratschev,Racheff, Ratchef, Ratschefn r'H. (Hai-vuoro pa3JII{q!{tI{ Henoc-
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fi,
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Ha pa3JInqHH AoxyMeHTlII{ HaAnllcxiB n'breBoa[Te;Il't, reorpaQcrn xapru u
qyx,[eHuH,
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ua 6rlrapcxure co6crBeHu HMeHa c narI.IHHua,npe3 1956 r' BtpxoBHutr
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r t H r f i p a B o r H c e Hp e q H r i KH a 6 r , , l r a p c x n r e r l , t x ) .
flpu o6c:sxgaHero Ha rlpoeKra (npegn yra'rpxgananero vy) ce.EHcI(yrx-
pa[e oco6eHo MHoro B't,pxy BT,rlpoca,nanr flpe.qaBaHerona 6'slrapcxnre
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nu, n.nu 6'llrapcKuTe HMeHarpt6Ba aa ce rpaHcKpu6l'Ipar' Karo
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6urapcxnar rpaBonl.ic He e tloueruveu, r.e aaJIIIaa ce n Irre Petrof, Zifkof,
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(n Zheravna),fropdauxuuo- Jordankino, Xpu"^ou _'Hr\"roun op.
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IIIICMO I{ I{3TOBOP. TIPABOTIIIC II NPABOTOBOP

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npeAcTaBeHao MoMeHTa Ha c}'3aaBaHeHa o6ul KHltxoBeH e3I,lKoT Tepl{To-
pHanHlrTe ct,t .4I.IaJIeKTH.
Ilpanonxct,r e Haf-TtcHo cB6p3aH c rllrcMoro, T.e. nxcMeHocrra, Ho He
MOXe,{a Ce OTT,X,qeCTBrBa C serO. fllrCVOTOUJ]HrrHcMeHocrTaca cncTeMara
or rpaQuuur 3Hauu, c Kouro pa3noJrara AaAeH e3I.rKH KoHTo ce H3rIoJI3Bar
3a nHcMeHo npe,qaBaHeHa ycrHH r.r3Ka3BaltHt,a npaBonHcbr e cyMa, cbBKyII-
HOCTOT CGOTBeTCTBH' MeXAy e,{I-IHHqHITTe qacTn Ha yCTHaTaIt Ha
CSCTaBHI-{
IIHCMeHaTapeq.
Illrcvo.to e npeaHa3HaqeHo3a 3pr{TenHo npe,qaBaHeHa peqra,3aroBa e
nafi-rxcuo cBT,p3aHoc Her, Ho re He e caMara peq, T6f Karo cnyxH npeALrM-
HO KaTO,,Cpe,4CTBO 3a npoeKTr{paHeHa peqTa oT e,qHanJIocKocTHa B'b3npl.{-
eMaHeB apyfa". Ta:Ir cvqHa xa nnocxoc'r'Tanpl{ Bb3npueMaue Ha pet{TaAaBa
ocHoBaHr.re Aa ce roBopH 3aABe QopMr.rHa e3lrKa y c r H a H rr r..rc M e-
H a, orJruqaBaurn ce crc cBor{ cnequSNvun oco6eHocrn, Ho o6c,'ryxBar(x
eAHaKBO e a p e q e B o T oo 6 u l y B a H e .
n p O U e C r { TH
fh.lclleHocrra rrMa orpoMHo 3Hai{eHHeH He3aMeHuMapont B KynrypHlrt
xllBor r.rB xynrypHoro pa3BHTr{eHa BceKHHapor. ToBa oflpeAent I{ It3BtH-
pe,uHoBaxHara potr Ha npaBonHca, c noMoulTa Ha KoiTo ce nocTHra eAt{ -
crBo r.rycraHoBeHocT B nl{cMeHara peq H ce ocfiryprBa HefiHoro rrpaB[JrHo
u 6rp:o rr:npxeMaHe. flpaBonsctT pbKoBoax ycnoB[rra, nplr Kor.rronpo-
THqa rrxcMeHoro o6qysaxe B paMKHTeHa onpeneneH e3I.rKI{ Ha onpe,{eJlex
Kore(rHB. Bclrqro rosa 06ycnaBr couHaJIHaraQynrqnx ua npanonrca. Toi
e corIHarHo B'b3npr{eTcne,q HayqHo ycTaHoE{BaHeHa HefoBrrTeocHoBHr no-
ueJ'II{ e npeAHa3HaqeH3a MacoBo I{3noJI3BaHe.
roxeHrrr, r{Ma rrpar(Tr,rqecKa

328
ToBa oOycnaBr Haruqfiero B npaBonHcHara crrcreMa Ha noJroxeHr{r, Kor.rro
ca rr3BecTHooTKJlolleHlieoT cTpofo HayqHr.ITenpHHqun , 3a aa ce ynecH[
MacoBara rrpaKTrrKa.Tara xanpxvep 6rrrapcxurr KHHxoBeH npaBonr{c ce
orJruqaBa clulecrBeHo o't Qonernvuara rpaHcKpnnr.(Hr,Korro He e npt,lc[o-
co6eHa H nopanu ToBa e HenpurogHa 3a rleJr[Te na o6qyrauero lr3B6H cpe-
AHTe Ha cfleunarno o6yueurre I<r,Mrrpx:raraHero r.rcneqfiarficr. Cpa. nan-
puMep pa3lrwKara Mexny [arpn'i,] H sbpsfl, [r'yrj'u] u mnmnx. ll1r'ara
crpyKTypa ua Qoneruvnara rpaHcKpHnUur e nonqnHeHa Ha n3yqaBaHero Ha
3ByKoBHccrpoex Ha peura. Karo cpe.qcrBo 3a nncMeHa $nxcaqux Ha peqra
e rro3Hara H crenorpaQurra, xorro ocnryprBa 6r,p:xna npIa nucaHe, Ho He
e yAo6Ha 3a qereHe 6e: cneqna.nno o6yueuae.
flopa,4u rora, qe npaBonucrr o6cryxBa uenrrr Hapoa H orpa3rBa eAnHc-
TBoro Ha o6rqlr.s xHuxoseu e:ux, roi go6nsa ycrofivnBocr. flpaBonr4cHr.rre
rore6aHus H HeycraHoBeHocru npHqHHrBar ycnoxHeHlrfl r.rcMyuleHrrr B lltc-
venoro o6llynaHe.
$ 241. flparonucrr e rrcHo cBr,p3aH c npaBoroBopa. Cr,crasHrlre ere-
MeHTUHa e:lrxa o6aqe ca 3ByKoBere, a ue rpaQnvHnre cpeAcrBa (nanpnvep
6yxanre), c (onro re ce lpe,qaBar HJ]r.ro6o3Ha.raBar.Ero :au{o ynorpe6ara
Ha rparfnvnure :Haqn (6yrrr.rre) rpr6aa ga ce prKoBoArl npq(o Hrl{ KocBeHo
or 3ByKoBaraAeficrsurerxocr Ha e3HKa.Br,: ocHosa Ha roBa npaBorruc6T c
Hai-TrcHo cBrp3aH c npaBotoBopa, T,e. c ycraHoneHlrt KHr.{xoBeHH3roBop,
rT fi xaro 3aeAHoc Hero orpa3rBa ABere ocHoBHHQopun Ha cauecrByBarre
Ha Bce(u (Hr.rxoBeH e3HK ycrHara r.r[xcMeHara. Karo ce s:eva npeIBnA
BpL3Kara Mex.qy ycrHa H nr.rcMelrapeL{!BaxHo e aa ce or6enexn 3HaqeH}rero
Ha rrpaBonuca x Ha npaBoroBopa Karo cficreMr,ror npaB[Jra, xouro o6c.nyx-
Bar eAHHHaraKoMyHr{KauHrqpe3 ABere $opvlr ll npexoqa or eAHara cncre-
Ma KrM Apyrara. C rosa ce ycraHoBrBa n cpaBHHTenHopanHocroftutarr xa-
paKTep Ha ycrrara n rrucMeHara pev (pecnexrrano Ha npaBonnca H rrpaBo-
roBopa) Ha B3ar.rMoBpr,3Kara H 83auMo3aBncHMocrra MexAy rrx. B uaqal-
HI.tt cH nepuo.q nrcMoro e Hai-rgcxo cBl,p3aHo c ycrHara pev. flo-xr,cHo
o6a'ie ro pa3rxlrp.flBacaoure rpyHxqr.ruxaro cpeacrao ta o6ulyaaue uexgy
xopara r.i go6uaa penNqa cBoiicrBa, Kor.{Tofo orJrr{qaBar or ycrHara peq.
flpe.qu nclrtxo roBa e yJrecHeHaraBa3MoxHocr Aa ce npxnafar e3HKoBlrTe
HopMtr B nncMeHara Qopva Ha peqra B cpaBHeHHec foBopHara rrpaKTHKa.
3arosa s cr,BpeMeHHaraKHlrxoBHoe3HKoBa npa(Tr{Ka nHcMeHara $opva na
06 lyBaHe e MHoro no-eAHHHa r.i n cMeHr.rrr BH,qHa e3HKoBllre (bopMr.rce
ocb3HaBa oT no-lxHpoKIrTe cpe.4l{KaTo ocHoBeH,
Tlil xaro npaaonlrctT e nrcMeHa Qxrcaunr Ha peqra. HeroBHTeocHoBHr{
noroxeHlis 3aBtcrr or oco6exocrure Ha u3roBopa, BB3npHer xaro o6lla
KHHxoBHanpaKTHKa.Ero :aulo npaBHJrHaraHayqHo-TeoperI.rrIHa rlocraHoB-
Ka Ha B3arrMooTHolxeHHeTo Mex!y IIpaBonHcH npaBoroBop e cneAHaTa:npe-

329
An Aa ce roBopn 3a npaBorrnc, Tp.soBaIa ce roBopr{ :a npanororop. Tona Hlr
npeAna3Ba oT HenpaBHJTHOTO CXBarqaHeB rrrrcMeHaTaQoprraana e3rrr(aaa
BUX(AaMeHerOBaTaocHoBa, MaKap qe B pe,{HrIacnyqafi, KoraTo ce onpeAen,
nncMeHara <popva ua eAHa,qyMa, c roBa ce y3aKoHtBa u Hefinrlqt npaBoro_
BOp, Harrp. qeoHb}tt, a He geoHalc,
3nyrorara cr{creMa xaro o6err Ha orpaxeHue e BHHaTHno-cjroxHa or
cr,orBercrBarrlara i rparluuecxa clIcreMa, 3aroBa MexAy e,qHaran apyrara
He Moxe Aa ce ycraHoBl, Trx,EecrBo, n.bJrHoctorBercrsue. Tosa onpeAeJn
Ha-rtnqueroHa rBT,pae pasnoo6pasnu B3aHMoorHou]eHr.re MexAy rrx, Kouro
HaMHpar orpaxeHxe B npaBonnca. flparonucr,r or BpeMe Ha BpeMe ce r.r3_
MeHq, 3a ga ce npn6luxn B rpaHfiqlTe Ha HyxHoro u B63MoxHoro Kt,M 3By-
KoBara clrcreMa Ha e3HKa, no rofr xe cnyxfl erfiHcrBexo la
Qr.rrcaqn.aHa
38yKoBere H Ha rexHr{Te BaprraHTH,a orpa3cBa npeAHMHooco6enocrn, xor.t_
To HMar QonoloruuHa u,rn voprf oHo,roruqua crofinocr, l,tJrxu3MeHeHllr,
Hacrbrrr.t;rHB e3uKoBara cxcreMa c nogo6ua croixoct.
Ta:n cnequQnxa Ha npaBonHcHara cHcreMa e HerrocpeAcrBjHo cB.bp3aHa
He caMo cbc 3ByKoBara,Ho r..tc rpaMarnqHara cncreMa Ha e3h(a. Ero:auo
He e B63MoxHo,qa ce ctcraBr rpaMarr.I(a Ha entlH e3r.tx,6e: Aa ce vcraHoBrr
npe.qfi BcxqKo HrKa('LB npaBonr.icHa To3r.re3HI(.
$ 242. Bpt:rara H crorBercrBuero Mex.qy 3ByKoBan rpadruvna cr.rcreua,
Mexly npaBofoBop x npaBonHc ce xpenH He Ha cTaTHqHO,a Ha lrrHaMnqHo
paBHoBecne.3syrorara cHcreMa Ha e3HKaHenpeKtcHaro ce pa3BuBattl3Me_
nr. Ilpaaonucuara (rpaQNvuara) cucreMa, xolro rpa6aa ga rHacl ycroii.rr.t_
Bocr H ycraHoBeHocr B nltcMeHoro o6ulynaHe, ce crpeMn KbM crarnr{Hocr,
rrocTogHcTBo3a cpaBHHTenHOno_a6J'Ibrnepfioa, 3a.qa He BHaC' CMyrrIeH]r,
B rrr..rcMeHara npa(TnKa c qecrH cMeHHHa ocHoBara Ha rrncMeHoro o6ulyna-
He. 3arosa no Haqaro [paBonr{cHara crcreMa e KoHcepBarHBHa,rr o6urno_
BeHo r.r3ocraBaxaro rpaQn.rHa $opva or HarrpeArratx, Bet{e B pa3BflTuero
clr e:ux. Tri xaro npaBonlrct r He rpr6ra na ce orKbcBa or e3HKa,roero 6n
aoBeto B ra3BecTHH Cnyqalr Io HenpeoAoJIHMonpOTHBOpeqHe MexAy e3xK t
npaBonucHa cHcreMa, npu6.rrra ce !o npaBonr.rcHonpeycrpoficrBo. flpaao_
rrr4cHoro lpeycrpoicrno o6aqe e ue,recr,o6pa:to cavo (oraro ce nopo,qlt
nponacr Mex.qy QoHororNvno u vopQotroJroruqHo H3MeHeHllcB e3r.rKa,or_
pa3eHo qpe3 HecaorBercrBarrlr.rMy no xayecrBo rparfuvnn:naqu. Tora ne-
cboTBeTcTBr4e nopax.qa pelHua Tpy,qHocTfi,eaHa oT KoHTOe HcB.b3MOXHOCT_
ra ga 6rge cL3Aa.qeHanpaBonr.rcHacHcreMa, Korro Aa 6tge ctporo loruvec_
Kr.rr43Ir,pxaHa, BrjHarrj nocj]enoBaTejrHa,HacorreHaenHar(BoH KbM t,lCTOpH_
qecKara npaBr.rnHocr,r, Kr'M caBpeMeunara npaKTr,rKa,
Tosa ce orHacs cavo
go oco6enocrt, xapaKTepr.r3r.rpauH KHrrxoBHoe3rrKoBara crcreMaJ a He r{ ,uo
oco6eHocru, cneqlrQu.rHn 3a .[Ha;rexrHl H3roBopHl.torK;roHeHr.r,I,rHec,ror_
BercrBu.s cnprMo ycraHoBeHara KHuxoBHa cr{creMa. Tegll rpyauocrtl ca xa_

330
 paKTepHr,3a BcnrIKHnpaBonHcHHCHCTeMIi,B TOBaqHcJlo n
3a HarxH, npaBo_
nuc. Hanlnso 3anoBolrnreJrHoro pa3perrreHneHa BcHr{KltnpaBorrucHlt
Blln_
pocH e rpynHa, noqru Heocr,qecrBHMa 3aAaqa.flpaeonucHara
cncreMa no3_
HaBa caMo r.r3MeHeHrjr,u3Br,pttlBaHnno cb3HaTeJIeHnbT, t.IB
TOBaOTHOlxe-
HHe Ce OTJIITqaBa OT e3HKOBaTaCI{CTeMa,H3MeHeHII{TaB KOtrTOCTaBaTIIO
crllxneH, Hecb3HarereH HaqHH, 3aroBa He Morar
Aa 6.bAar HanpaBJrrBaHr.{.
Ho rrfi raro npaBonHclr fi e3rrrbr o6pa:yrar egnHcrBo, 3arrloro
npoMeHr.rre
s e:ura rp.n6na paHo lrrH KbcHo Aa ce orpa3rr B npaBonfica,
roii lroxe ga
6rne Hanpae.nltau u cr,o6pasxeaH c e3HKoBoro parnnrne. flocoveHoro
Han-
paBneHrree B ocHoBaTa Ha npaBonrrcHaTaTeoplr' H noJ
rTHKa.
$ 243. llpu pa3perxaBaHero na npo6levt, cB,r,p3aHHc H€ctorBercrBrn
MexAy e3HKoBaH npaBonxcHa c[creMa, y{acrBar cr,o6paxeulta
or pa3nrl-
qeH xapaKTep IIHCMeHae3HKOBaTpaarrr.l[r,
cTeneH Ha pa3BrrTneHa e3rrKo_
BaTa L [paBonncHaTa TeopHr, crcTorHl.Ie Ha xHr.txoBHH.f, e3[K H Ha yCTHaTa
KHnxoBHoe3nKoBanparruKa. B pa:tnrlrero Ha 6r,.lrapcxltl
rrpaBonHc oco_
6ena pol.a ca nfpanu nucMeHara rpan[rlr4n r.rct,crorH'ero
Ha KfinxoBH',
e3r.rKB MoMeHTa, Koraro ce H3rpax,qa npaBonrcHara My
cl.rcreMa. Ko,txoro
H CBAp3aHHna ca e3r.tKoBaTa cHcTeMa H npaBonr.rcGTnoMexay cH, Te HMaT
oTHOCsTeJrHa CaMOCTO'TeJrHocT, KO.f,TO
Ce OTKpHBaHanpr.rMepa6B BL3MO){(-
HOCTTa3a He3aBr.tcHMo pa3BHTtreHa e3[Ka crrprMo cccTo{H[eTO Ha n[cMe_
Iiara QopMa' or eAHa crpaHa, H' or Apyra B HanpaBnqBauraraH ycraHoBg-
BarlaTa ponr Ha npaBonHcHr.rTeHopMr.l,KorrTo ce npeBp.brqaT
H B e3HKOBH
HopMr.rB e.qI-lH paHeHcraAyi or rr3rpaxAaHero Ha onpe.qeneHKHHxoBerr
e3r.rx.
Or rpeta crpaHa, npaBonltcHrire HopMH B pe3ynrar or
BJrHrHHeroHa cnjrHa
TpaAI4LtIroHHa nHcMeHa $opva vorar .qa llMaT cHJrHo3aAapxau]a pon.,{
npH
ycraHoBtBaHe Ha crorBercrBIle MexAy cr,crotHHe
Ha e3[(oBara clicreMa I-.I
xapaKTep Ha orpa3.f,Baurararo rpa$nvHa cr.rcreMa.flocoqenure
oco6esocrlr
ca I-lfpanH cbr].lecTBeHaponr npl-| H3rpaxAaHe Ha npaBorrrrcHara
cncTeMa Ha
crBpeMeHHlr 6t,rrapcrr xHHxoBeH e3r.lKor Haqa;roro
lra l9 8., Koraro 3a-
noqBa r{HTeH3HBHo H3rpax.qaHexa Hoao6l,rrapcxH, KHfixoaeH e3HK,
Ao npa-
B o n r c H a r a p e Q o p M ao r 1 9 4 5 r .

PA3BOR HA BT,JITAPCKUq IIPABOIINC

$ 244, flopa4u oco6ennre HcropHqecKH u o64ecrneno_ryJ,rrypHr.rycJro-

Brrt no BpeMe Ha Br,spaxgaHero, KoraTo ce noJIafaT
ocHoBHTeHa ccBpeMeH_
uuat. 6r,lrapcxu KHHxoBeH e3rrKH ce H3rpaxAa B
ocHoBHr.rnHHHu Karo 06_
[IoHarlrroHaJrHanpaKTnt<a,nbpBoHaqanHoroil e xsrpageu
B cBorra rrrrcMeHa
eopMa qpe3 ruxxornara geiHocr Ha t<ynrypHnre gefiqu npe3 Mr{HaJrH,BeK.
Ero-:aqo xapaKTepHr.r3a oQopMrHero My ca npelrrMHo
rrpaBorrurcHrrre
npo6revru tlpe3 MuHanoro crorerHe, a He ycraHoB{BaHero
Ha cAriHeHr.r3ro-

3 3l
 BOp BI)3 OCHOBa Ha npaKTuKaTaB ro8opHTe, 3atefHajrH B OCHOBaTa Ha AHeU-
Hr.r.tull KHr,rxoBen e:Nx. B ro3r{ Hat{aJreHeran nopa.Etl Jrr{nca Ha urJtocrua
KHlr)KoBHarrprreMcrBeHocr vexgy crapo6r,,rrapcKr.rIr nooo6slrapcrn e:lrr
x nopa.qn KaqecrBeHa npoMtHa ua uoao6urrapcKara rpaMarltqHa crrcreMa
no orHoueHtte Ha crapobrrrapcKara He e 6 jro s'bgr,4oxHoaa ce rocraBrr
MaKCI-IMaJIHII LI3UCKBaHHq 3a CI,CTOtHI-IeTO Ha npaBOfOBOpanopaAH foJI_trMo-
To AlaaJ]eKTHo pa:gpo6.nenxe na 6r,:rrapcxara e314KoBa repr.rropHc. HaroNrl_
TerHocrra or ycKopeHo r.t3rpaxgaHe Ha o6rq KHHxoBeHe3r.rK3a MHoro Kbc
I|cTopr{qecKItnepnoA He e rro3BoJtnJra npaKTllqecI(uAa ce oc,I'u.lecTBI,I eAHHHa
o6rqouaquoxa.nua e3HKoBanpaKTHKas o6racrra Ha ycrHoro o6rqyaane, ro_
eTo aa noctyxu KaTo ecTecTBeHaocHoBa 3a r,r3rpaxAaHeBbpxy HefoBr.{Te
npr.tHrlanr.i Ha rrpaBonHcHaracucreMa. Ero :aqo npaBnJrHorr.bpBoHaqaJlroe
6r.uo npeqeHeHo, tte Kr,M eAuHeHH3foBop Moxe Aa ce npeMuHe c rroMorqra
Ha noBceMecTHoBr,3npHeTHr.rnpxraf aHH npaBonHcHr.{ HopMr.t,T.e. npaBonr{_
clT Aa cJlyxn KaTOpefyJraTop 3a ycTaHoBrBaHeHa ear.rHHaI-I3foBopHa Hop_
va. [Ipe: To3H nepltoA npaBorrucHara cHcreMa ce lt3rpaxAa rpe.{HMHo c or_
JreA KbM npaBoroBopHo ycTaHoBrBaHeHa KHI'XOBHIu e3rrK,a He K'r,MycTa_
HoBrBaHe ta cneqr.rQuvnll oco6eHocrn lra nlrcMoro. flpaaorrucHo.npanoro-
a o p H r 4 T en p o b l e u u H a K H K x < o B H HHTr { e 3 H K o c r a B a r n p e o 6 , r a , 4 a a a u 1 :ra
A'bJrroBpeMe, a B H'KOU C,I>ulecTaeHr noroxeHHq ca xapaKTepHr..t rr 3a AHeut_
rIHt HH KHI-txoBeHe3HK. B ctulHocr rloqrn BcltrlKl_tnpaBorlltcHH
AtlcKycl{u
Aocera ca 6naalu npegu:rlrxaHn or xole6aHnr u neycroivusocr n o6uloHa_
uxoHanHnt KHlrxoBeH fi3roBop.AKo ce lpocneA[ HcropHqra Ha rrpaBorr[c_
ulrre 6op6n H npo6,revt, ule ce BHAH,qe re ca cBbp3aur.{,[r,pBo, c ycraHo-
BtBaHe ocHoBaTaHa KHl.txoRHoe3HXOBaTa CITCTeMa l-',BTOpO,KaTOIIOCJ]eAHIIa
or roBa - c e[Htr t4cartlH Blnpocu or caMoro c r,3Aaeanexa nono6r.nrapcxna
Krrr,rxoBeHe3Hr(rrpe3 M[Ha,qoTo cTo]'reTue,Ta r.{Ao aHec, [pql(o cB,r,p3aHr{ c
H 3 f O B O pqaK a H e , r J I a f o J I H r . { O K O H q a H v . f l , l J r € H H I _ t
rf o p v H.
$ 245. Cpanuure,rNo
6r,p:oro rlt,rcMeHo
(r npaaonucuo)
n3rpaxAaHe
Ha
tI08cl6r,rrapcKHr (HHxoBeH e3KX e !o forrMa crerleH yJIecHeHoor ct JIHoro
BJtHsHveHa crapo6'r,rrapcxara r(ynrypHa H KHxxoBHa rpaAar{hr, Ha qepKoB_
HocJIaBrHcKllH pycKr.tr.r3ToyHHuu.Kr,v rosa ce Hacr,rarBaT lr gpyrlr r.l:gefic_
TBH', KaTO TIOJIHTT-rgeCKr-r,cTo[aHcKH, B pe3ynTaT oT KoeTo npaBonHcHaTa
cr{cTeMa ce r.r3rpax.{a B cJroxHaTa cr4Tyat\ut Ha BaTpelxHoe3rrKoB[ H B6HtrJ_
Hoe3lrKoBl.r Qaxropr.r. Morqnoro BJllrqHHexa crapo6r:rrapcKat.a rpaAr,rUH,l,r
lra HefrHoro no-Kr,cHo npoAaJIxeHHe Karo qepKoBHocnaBrHcKarpaAxrlfi, no_
paxnar ecrecrBeH crpeMex KaM crra3BaHexa nefinnte nparonHcHr{ npr.rHIltl_
nu npa o$opvrue Ha uono6tlrapcl<lr.s KHHxoBeHesux. Trfi raro crBpeMeH_
nr.ar 6r,lrapcru KHuxoBeH e3HKe rr3rpaAeHBbpxy ocHoBara Ha )KHBaraHa-
poIHa peq, npeTspnrna B rlpoA6nxeHr{e Ha BeKoBeTep.,r3KaKaqecTBeHanpo-

332
 MqHa,np raraHero Ha crapo6l,rrapcKara HJrHqepKoBrrocJraBrHcKara rpa_
$nra rlu:a B n3BecrHuno;toxeHllr B oco6eno ocrpo nporrlBopeqnec oco_
benocrure xa uono6r,:rrapcKarae3lrxoBacr{creMaH c xapaxrepa Ha HaJro_
x(eHaraqpe3 KHr.txoBHararrpaKTHKa nper Br:paxgauero u r.l:6pauannoc_
JIENCTBIIE KATO H3XOIHA 3A KHHXOBHH.g E3HK AUAJIEKTHA OCHOBA HA CbBDEMCH.
ur.ra6r,.nrapcxurHr.txoBeH e3ux.Tora l-ruenuonporr.lBopeqt.re Mexny e3uKoBa
cucreMa H npnnaraHu rpa$nvux cpencrBaKaro ocHoBaHa r(HIrxoBeH npa_
BorrnccL3AaBacroxHara t-tnporsBopeqHBaHcropn, ua cr,rpeureuHnl6,r,r_
rapcKI.,KHT.|XOBeH npaBonuc.
$ 2 4 6 . C : r e g r . t 3 r H 3 a H e rHoa , , p u 6 u n l 6 y x n a p . .o r I I . E e p o n ( 1 S 2 4 )A o
1945 r., xoraro ce H3Btprxn nocJre,qHara rrpaBonxcHa pe$opva, c,r,craBar
na 6yxsenara Hll crcreMa ce e cMeH.sJr.qeBer nbrr,r,Karo ce xapaKTepr.r3npa
c roBa, qe HJrnce yBennqaB a, Hnv ce HaMaJ.rrBa 6porr ua 6yrarre. flpoc,re-
AeH B xpoHororrlqeHpe.q,roii ce gauxl no cJteAH!tlt uaquu: 27, 26, 40, 37,
32, 33, 26, 29, 30. llpwunnara 3a ra3r{ HepaBHoMepHocr ce AaJrxr{r.rJrfi Ha
H3HcKBaHero,4a ce cna3BaroqHo crapo6r,,rrapcxara(n vepxoeHoclaBrHcKa_
Ta) Tpa,[t-rUl,lr, nnu Ha yMepeHoro lr lacrr,nsaHer ulnr sa c.rp€Mexa
.qa ce
cBeaeTr ao MHrrrrMyM, a B Hsl(OltcryrraK lI,IIa ce cI(LcaperJrr.rTenHo c Her.
PovaHruqsoro orHouteHr.te rrv crapo6r,rrapcKara rpaAuut{, H Henpa_
aHJttroToB'L3np[eMaHeHa llpaaon'IcH'lTe npoMeHLtKaTOe3KKOBLt npoMeH[ e
nonpetltrJlo 3a Jllnro ra ce rocrHrre Ma(cI{MaJIHonpr6,ruxaraue rra
Ha[Iut
r r p a B o n H ca o e 3 u x o B a r a c H c r e M a . ( ! l : r e c r H o e , q e a x o c e [ p o M e H ,
rrpaBo_
n cbTt He ce [poMerrr I-,Ie3KXRT!MaKap rrpaBorrllcr,T He oTpa3rBa
Aa rrac[BHo
AaAeHa cHcreMa, a yqacrBa Aeiixo R Heiuoro HjrpaxAaHe, KaKaBToe cJ,ry-
qatr c r.r3rpaxAaHero Ha cr,BpeMerrHrr 6r,,rrapcxH
KHKxoBeH e:nr. 3arosa
trpaBorrHc'brHe 6rra ga cKoBaBapa3BHT]IeroHa KHfixoBHlrl err.rr.)
!opt aro
ce cfipeM caMo Ha rrpaBolnc]rrire pe$opnru cleg oQuqralro.r.o
l1.bpxaBHo
y c r a H o B r B a H eH a o 6 q n p a a o r u c c , , y n r r n a r r e : a s c e o 6 u l o n p a r o n u c a u u e , ,
Ha T, !{aarrven, H3aa,[eHo npe: 1899 r., qe tsrrr.rM, qe cJreA Haclbrrr{r,rara
r3Becrrra cra6Hln:aqnl B pe3ynrar or ny6,rxxyaaHero ua VnrrsaHero,
ca
H3B'bpmeHHorre rpn npaBorucrru perfopvn, cr,o6paxeHnrra
3a (or.rro He
BuHar[ ca 6nrr es]rxosl. flporpecuaHara lpaBon[cHa pedropua
ua Cr.
Ovapvelcxr.t or l92l r. e fiocnelBaHa or KoHcepBarnB[rarape(lopva
ua Ar.
L{anxos or 1923 r,, :a na 6r,ge orHoBo 3aMerreHaor rrporpecHBxara pe$opr..ra
npe: I 945 r. Br,a np r,:xa c roBa ce o[pe.qer,r,noJ,roxHTe]THara H orDr.ruarer-
Hara cou[aJrHa Qyuxqnr Ha npaBonHca. lpyro.rve fiorneAHaro,
aKo flpaBo_
n14C'bT na3l] IZ3BeCTHa CaMOCTOTTeIHOCT nO OTHOIIIetIlleHa IroJI[{THqecKaTa
crpyKTypa x xapalffep Ha o6utecr8oro, cavoro o6urecrso o.r.aenq
rorrMo
BHIIMaHI-ieHa npaBonncHaTa cricTeMa, nopaax KoeTo B He' qecTo
HaMItpaT
orpax(eHue pa3nrqHu ocHoBHH cxBarUaHltr, cB,t,p3aHt,t c o6ulure HayqHu H
xAefrHo-nonl-lrHqecKHno3l-rul.tH Ha BpeMero ll c npHHrII.IrIHr.rre cxBafi]aHl,t,Ha

333
 pa3nnqur,(ynrypHr{ n o6ulectaenx reqeHu.rr.
flopagu roaa B r.tcroplttra Ha
Harxur npaBonrrc,xaKTor.rB HcTopl.ItTaHa BceKr.r
npaBorrxc,ca nMaJrHHe-
MaJrKa poJtgu4efino-nonuruvecKHH HayqHo-Mnpor:regnu y6exgeHHqHa or-
gerulr o6ulecraeHnrpynx u gefiqu npn o$opMrHe Ha orAenHnnpaBonltcHu
B'T,3f JIEIH V'f E\EHI/U.

$ 247. Trfi xaro npaBonHcHara cHcreMaHaaareHe3lrr ce r.r:rpaxgao6ur-

HoBeHoBr,pxy ocHoBaraua rpaQuvHa(a:6yvua) cucreMa, ocHoBHoH3ncx-
nauenpu oQopvrHero HanpaBorrt-rca e reqHoro H cr,pa3MepHo caorHorr]eur.re
MexAy 3ByKoBara(Qonevuara) ct-rcreMarra e3HI<a r{ r{3noJI3BaHero:a or6e-
rr3BaHero H chcreMa or rparluvuH :aaqa (6yrsr.r).C.loruourenuerouexgy
Qouevu u 6yrcn x:rpaxnar ocHoBHr.rre noJlox€Hr{rHa ncexv npasonuc.Oo-
HerrrqHara([o-ToqHo QoHevnara) n rpa$uvnara c[creMa safi-qecro se ce
rroKpHBaT eAHac apyra, KoeTonpeArr3Bn(Ba HrKor.{HerrocJreAoBaTeJrHocTr.t,
a raKa cbulo lplr6xrnaueto Ao r.r3BecrHr.r KoMnpoMncr.r n yc,rotnocrt. Crt-
peMeHHara6bnrapcKa 3ByKoBacucreMa crA.bpxa 45 $oueun, a a:6yxara
Hr.ice cr,crou or 30 6yxseHn:Haxa. lo,T.rr,{oropa3Jrntrne Mex.qyABerecr{c-
TeMHce nrJrxr.lHaroBa, qe nopaxn cpaBHnrerHoroJreMHr6pofi ua na,rara,r_
lrlrTecT,rJracrrH (c MaJK rj3K,qloqeHr.{r Ha BceKnTBbpAcrrJraceH3ByKHMa
cborBereri MeK)He e HMaro Bt 3MoxHocr, a H nparT[qecxu 6n 6n.nogeocr-
rrlecrBHMo,aKo perrrHM,qa npeHe6perxev3arpyAHeHr.rrra npr.r3ayqaBaHero
n yrorpe6ara, ga ce cr,3Aa,qe cneunaneHrpaSnvev:Har ra BceKr{naJraraJreH
:syr. Ero 3aulo 3a re3n no;roxeHrrre B63nplero KoMrrpoMHcHo pa3peue-
HHe,Koero B peAr.rqa cnyrra[ HMaAocra ycnoBeuxapaKTep.Tara uanpnuep
MeKocr Ha cr,rracHa, Koraro rr ce HaMxpatrpel rnacHa [a] ulr.r [y], ce or_
6 e r q : s a c 6 y r a n r e t u n ( 6 n t , I t p a , . t n m = [ 6 ' a l ] , [ a ' a p a ] ,[ , r ' y t ] ) , r . e . e
Te3r.r cJryqaHce x3rron3Barrpa$uvxlt rnaqn, Kol.{To Hece caorHactr c roqHo
3ByKoBoct orBercrBxe B e3rrKa.Merocr na cbrnacHaranpeAr,racna [o] nrr
ce o3HaqaBa c noMotrlraHa 3HaKab (ne bo, utoQt,op)= [IIdn'o], [ruoS,dp]).
Byxnnre fl A n o6a\e Hv,ar A Epyrw rpaSuvulr crofisocrn. Te osHaqasar
cr,qeraHuera[fa] l [iiy] H ycnoBHoMexocr Ha cbr;racH]rrenpeg rnacHa[r]
B rraro:rHHTe o x o H q a H r r : a I n I I c n p e x e H n eu a I r u q e e g r . r H c r B e H q noc r o
u 3lrqe MHoxecrBeHoquc.rroB ceraruHoBpeMe,Koraro ca rron yAapeHl.re,
a cr,ulo raKa H r.lracHara[r,] c-neaMeKacarracHa rrpu ttbrHara r,rKparKara
vlenua rlopwa Ha crruecrBuTe;rH[Teor M,r,xKr..r pop,(n6urca, npdeuxa, zo-
p n , ? o p f l m , K o u t m , K o H n= [ f i d 6 t : r x a ] , [ f t y p a d v r a ] , I r o p , i , ] , [ r o p ' i ; r ] ,
[xdH'rr], [xdu'r,j. Bt:voxHocrra c eAHXr{ carrlH rpaQu,rw 3Harlr{,qa ce
or6erqssar pa3:rr.lqHr.r no 3ByKoBacroiinocr $ono.noruvHlru vopQonono-
fuqHl{ tBneHl-t.g ce Ab.rlxH Ha tcHo pa3rpaHuqeHlrTe IIo3LIU} {, Ilpl.t KOr.rToce
rBrBar re3r,t 6yrnenu :naqu (rau, xrlero ce or6ert:sa fioraqux, He Moxe
Aa ce rBn MeKocr Ha npeAXoAHa cbrnacHa), rr Ha rcHo gr.rQepeHqr.rpauure
rpaMaruqHrz Kareropl.tu, npH xonro r HanpuMep cborBercrBa ua r:racHa
[a]
334
 HJrr.iHa tJracHa [t,] cren MeKa cbr;racHa, Tbi Karo regu croftnocrrl crulo He
MOfaT Aa Ce IOrB.rT eAHOBpeMeHHO X Ha eAHOU Cblqo MrcTo.
Octen negocrnra na rpa$uvnu 3Haqr.{npaBon[cxu npo6leur Moxe
Aa
npenr{3BnKau n3Jrr.itl6K'tr or rpaQxuur.r 3HarI[, h3pa3.{BaI ce B ToBa, tre Ha
eAHa 3ByKoBacroiHocr c,r,orBercrBar noBeqe or eAHH3HaK,Aro 6yreenara
cucreMa canbpxa noBeqe nucMeHH 3HarIn, orKoJrKoro ca:ryrorere (Qor:e-
unre) e e:lrra, cb3aaAeH xaro KHr.txoBHacr.rcreMa,ToBa npear.{3Br.rKBa cepu_
o3Hr.l,rloHrKof a Aocra rexKH, npaBorrurcHxnpo6,relr,rx.flpn nogo6nn c.nyvar.r
B 3aAaqr.rreHa npaBonrrca BJrH3aHe caMo rpuxara 3a roqHo or6erqteaHe ua
KHH)r(oBHoe3uKoBara 3ByKoBa cHcreMa cr,c cborBerHr.r rparfrlvnu 3Haur.ror
a:6y,rnara crrcreMa, Ho n rpuxhre Aa ce HaMepr,rHa Bcrxa or r.r3JrulllHrjre
6yxolz urcro B rrrrcMeHara crrcreMa. Tarls 6erxe cryqarr ao rroc;re.qHara
npaeontcHa peQopva c 6yxanre a n R, lrcroptlqecxtr HacneAHr4rll{ I 6r,lrap-
cxara aa6yxa Ha or,qetHr..t:ayrorI-I ctoiiHocrH, KoI.!ToB e3HKoBoro pa3BrrTrre
IIOCTeTTeHHO CA Ce 3a]'Ijl{L4JtIir4 L'3paB[Ltnlll TaKa, qe npecTaBaT Aa LiMaT pa3-
rruHa $ouevHa crofiHocr, a Karo pe3ynrar or roBa 3ary6nar e3r.rKoBorocr.r
3HaqeHuen nplrgo6uaar caMo orexH.fiBaulo npaKT[Kara qrrc.t.o[paBonHcHo
npr.lJroxeHt,te.O6:rexqasaHero Ha rpa$nvuara Hlt cI{creMa cJIeI npeMaxBaHe
Ha 6yrsara x gonptlHece 3a no-paqrroHaJrHoroH B ctorBercrBxe c pea;rHara
e3r.lKoBaAeficrBr.rreJrrrocrctorHacsHe MexAy 3ByKoBacacreMa H a:6yvHa
cI{cTeMa.
$ 248, flpaaonucHrlre B.bnpoc{ 863HHKBaro6nxHoseHo Karo noclrerkua
or pa3Brrrnero Ha e3\tra. Bcnxa npatonucxa cncreva o6aqe 11Ma.[BecrDaHh
r.rcTopr.rqecKa ar(TyaJrHoc6BpeMeHHa.
14cropuvecxara crpaHa Ha npaBonr{ca H3rcHrBa ycnoBr{fra u o6cro.atel_
crBara, npH Koxro ce oQopvl xaro cr,BKynHocr or npaBHJrarrpaBonrrcHara
cucreMa Ha AaAeHKHr.rxoBeHe3l-rr<. rIo Heo6xogxlvrocr rs o6xaarua ocHoBHX-
Te noJtoxeHlit, Blpxy KoIrTo e H3fpaneH KHHXOBHI{.'{T e3HK, eTanHTe,KOI{TO
c'bnpoBoxlaT TOBaLr3fpaxaaHe,
Arryalno cr,BpeMeHHaracrpaHa Ha npaBongca ce orHacn
ao .uBrlxeHlt,
B rrpaBonHcHaTacHcTeMaKaTOOTpaxeHl'e Ha pa3Br.rBauIaTa ce, ,r{HHaMI-lqHaTa
ctBpeMeHHa KHHxoBHoe3r_.tKoBa npaKTr.tKa.Ero:au1o npt,t peuJaBaHeHa rlpa-
BorrlrcHldBbnpocH e HyxHo ocHoBHo aa ce o3HaBaT3aKOHOMepHocTHTe B
pa3BI{THeTO Ha CbBpeMeHHHre3I_tX, xaKTo x IHerllHoTo My c6cTorHHe Ha ear{a
e a r.rH rr a e3rnKoBacr.icTeMa,MaKap qe ce HaMrrpaa HenpeK6cHaTo
aBl.rxe_
Hne. HyxHo e cbulo raxa,(a ce ri3ru3a or npaBr.rltHorrpnHllgngo orHo[teHr{e
cnprvo npo6:revure Ha npaBorrl-lca,OHoaa, Koero c.r,3.qaBa pa3rlrqt.r.{B cxBa_
IlaHHtTa 3a npaBorrHcaAopH ri Mexny creu[arrrcT[Te, e pa3llfiqueTo B oc_
HoBHI{Te,npr.rHrIHnHHTe rro;roxeHnt! or r(or.rroce rp6rBa. IIpu qa,rocruoro
r.I3fpaxAaHeHa enHa IIpaBOnI_iCHa CHCTeMa,Te3II pa3nHqr_{,u Bcr_ryKIl BI,uoBe
AOnyCTIjMLlOTHO IeHHt B OCHOBHI,ITe u3XO/]HI.{
IlpXHIIHnHI.I
IIOJloXcHr.Ir,KOr_i_

335
 TO 3ar.sfaT B npaBonucHaTa cl.rcTeMaKaTo caBKy[HocT oT npaBr{Jla3a
fpa_
Qnvno npe.qaaaneHa or,qeJrHHTe ereMeHTH Ha peqra, o6t-rxHoseHoce rpyIru-
p a r B T p H o c H o B H l rr p a B o n u c H n r r p u u u H r r a : o n e r t - r q e H ,
$ M op $ o_
Jro I v q e n (ullr er H M oJr o r Hrt e n) n lt c rop I,tqe!- K r.L

II PAB O UI{ C HI' JIPII HUI{NU

$ 249 Oonernven rrpHHutrn, llpauonnc, H3rpaaeH aa Soaeruveu nplrn_

qllr, It3HcKBarpaQuvunre :saUx (6yxtnre) ga ce ynorpe6rraT
TotrHo cno_
pen npor.r3HotrreHnero, T.e. cnopen npHHIIr{na,,nnuru, xarro roropuu... To:u
rrpr.rHrlHle ocHoBeH3a 3ByKoBoro nHcMo, KaKBoro e 6.l,rrapcroro,
rr,il raro
n p e A c r a B n r B a " , r o r n q e c x a r a o c H o B a H a B c j l ( o 3 B y K o B on n c v o , , .
Cnopeg
tr3ucKBaurllra Ha ro3n nphHulrn ue 6n rpr6aa,ro ga ctlrlecrByBar cjlyqar,
B
Konro c eAHa 6yraa ga ce or6e,rsgsar H.,{KoJlKo 3ByKa, Koero 03HatiaBa Ha
rlpa(THKa, qe BctKa 6yrna rpr6ra la cborBercrBa Ha roqHo oupeAeneua
3By_
xosa croilHocr u.qa nopaxAa e.qHo3Haqr{Hlt acoqnarrrr,rHa ra3r.tcrorltocr.
Tara dtonetlrvlllrr npuHut{rt Ha;rara nocrr.rraHero Ha rlbJrHo norpuTr{e
Mex(Ay 3Byr( N 6yxna, rrfi raro BceKH3ByK 3a,qt:rxr.rre:rHorpr6aa
1a ce or_
6err:sa cavo c elHa 6yrsa. flpaeva ce, qe nplr ca3laBaHerorra Bcrxa
rlnc-
MeHa cltcreMa ce rp:brBa [MeHno or
$ouerxvHn.a npHHIItan,rr,ii xaro onpe_
.qe,rtIIeTOna rpaSHvHnre 3Harlu ce H3BrpuBa cr,re,[3anO3HaEaHeTo r u3rc-
nrBallero Ha 3ByKoBara clicreMa. Taxa e craga:ro flpt cr,3.qatsaHero
Ha cra_
po6r,lrapcrara a:6yra N rra crapo6r,,rrapcKara rrrrcMeHocr.
Ilo rarro 6e or6e,rs:aHo a $ 242, crorncrcrBuero MexAy 3ByKoBe
H 6yK_
BH! MeXAy H3fOBOpX npaBonxc ce KpenH Ha.qtlHaMr.rqHo paBHoBecr{e,fipx
KOeTOMeX(Aye.qHallcTopHqecKHHaC-ne!eHau 3axpeneHanucMeHa
Tpaar.trlH'l
l,IrienpeKbcHaTopa38rBaIrla ce e3HKoBaCHCTeMacrlea BpeMe HacT.LrIBa
lrpo_
Tr'rBopeer.re - H3roBopj,T ce npoMeHr, pa3BltBa
ce, a 6yraeutrc 3Har]]1,Kor.tro
ce H3noJI3BaT,OCTaBaTCITUJHTe '{ He ca B cbcTorHHe Aa oTpa3rT CGIIIeCTBe_
Irr.rre(poHoJ'roruqHH (cMr.rcroBo :Havlrvr.r) u3MeHer{slra 3ByKoBr.r,c,r,craB tr B
3ByKoBtlq crpoex Ha e3r,rKoBHTe eJreMeHT{.Koraro cr,:galol.o se flporuBo_
peque ce oc,r,3HaeKaTo cepHo3Hanpeq(a 3a IlpaBI,IJIHO H HOpManHorrHcMeHo
o6rqynaHe, HacTbnBa MoMeHT!B KoiTo ce npHcr.brrBaK.bMycraHoB{BaHe
Ha
IIpaBI.IJIHO HJILIKbM Bb3CTaHOB'BaHe tra HapyueHoTo cToTHOlUeHr.{e MexAy
3ByKoBe ll 6yran, utregeuo B 3aroHoMepHocr, Korro craBa ocHoBa
3a rrpa_
Borruclra pe$opva, H Ha npaBormctrn, nplHurrn B
AaAeHlt, naovenr. Toqso
rarrs 6e cv ct ,1r,r ua peQopuara or 1945 r. EasH or xonxperHure
u aKToBe
3a cna3Bafie Ha (boHerr..r.rnnrrrplrHrlnn 6e nperrlaxaaxero Ha KpaecJToBHHTe
epole (:t n t), xouro HrMaxa pearHa :syxola croiHocr r,ro.l.pa3rBaxa
rpa-
AzrlrroHHr.r(ncroprvecxn) [paBonrcHrr noJroxeHrr, (cpu. Hoxl,, yqI.rrelrl,
npon3HacrH[ Horll, yqHTen, npH Koero ce qyBaT TpH r.rujecT
3ByKa, a ce Irn_
336
 rrrar qernpH n ceAeM 6yxrenn:naxa). flo4o6en xapaKrep uMa r.rorcrpaHr-
BaHero c6c crqara peQopva Ha t (rr, e-gaofiuo), nprrexaBarrlo
ABorKa
sryxoaa crofinocr (na e n ua.l), xoxro 6e npanonucxo orpa3ena, 3a
Aa or_
foBapr ToqHo Ha Bb3rrpHeToToKHUXoBHO[pon3Ho[reHne, H3BeCTHO
KaTO
npaBuno Ha npoMeHJrItBoro,c. fIo ro:t.r uaqnx 6e Bb3craHoBeHopaaHoBecr.r_
eTo Mex(Ay xlrHxoBHo npoH3HollleHne Lr KHnxoBeH npaBonhc, T.e.
npaBoro_
roprr 6e per.naveHTHpaH E no npaBorrficeH Haqr{H x craHa 3altJrxrrreneH
3a
Bcr.rqKrr,xoero 6e HeBb3MoxHo c u3roBopHo negurfepenqnpauara
6yraa *.
Vznuzaixt't or llocraHoBKlrre Ha KHItxoBHoe3nKoBara cucr€Ma,
MoxeM lra
KaxeM, qe r rosu clyvafi 6e,qaaen npeBec Ha
$oxerxvnnx npxHrlun Ha paB-
HHnIeTOHa KHH)I(OBHUT e3r.rK,MaKap qe,BJTeHHeTOHe e lrpeacTaBeHoB Ha_
nl>JIHoaHa.loruqeH EHAB TepnTopnaJrHrTefoBopl{, Ha ocHoBaTa
Ha KoHTOCe
e n3rpaAnJr clBpeMeHHl.trr 6r,rrapcrn KHHxoBeHe3HK,Ho Karo
rrxHa Haa-
AHaJTeKTHa clrcreMa, a He xaro r.exno 6yxaa.nno xonne. C npeMaxBaHero
Ha
* npaaonncnuar Banpoc craHa H npaBoroBopeH HJIr no-ToqHo nDaBonHcHo_
npaBoroBopeH.
$ 250.3a 4a 6rne cna:eHo K;racuqecKoro Ha{a;ro Ha Qoxernvunr npun_
qun u Ha $oHernr{Horo nHcMo, HyxHr.rca.qBerraBHH
npe.qnocraaxn: 1) fltn-
Ho cBBnaAaHe Ha KoJrr.iqecrBoroxa rpa$x,rxxre 3Haur c KoJrrrr{ecrBoro
Ha
$oHelrxara cHcreMa. A rona u1e peqe, rre nplr Bcrl(a 3HaqHMa3Byr(oBanpo_
MrHa ce HaJlara caorBerHa npoMrna r.r r 6yxaeuax cacraB,3a
ra ce na3u
nocrorHHo r{ HeHapyueno caorHo[reHrrero MexAy 3ByK n 6yraa.
2) Hant sr_
Ho r.t3rpaAeH,eAlrHeHH gceo6rqo cna3eH npaBonHc. Herr:uoxnoctra
ra ce
cna3n n6pBoTo ycJIoBHenopaaH H3nOr3BaHeTOHa HCTOpnq€cKu
HacJreaeHa
byrreHa cucreMa H nopaAu ueqelecr,o6pa:nocrra or qecTa rrpoMrHa Ha
6 y x n e u n r c r c r a B , K a K T o y n p a K T H q e c K HH e o c 6 r r - ( e c r B H M o r o
H3roBopHo
e,qHHcrBo(6n.no nopaqu HacJre,qeHH u Heonpe!ereHr, .qHaJIeKTHH HaBr.rqn,6fi-
no nopa.qu HrKor,rrrHAr.rBItAyaJrHr{ H3roBopHI.{oco6eHocru), HaJraraH3BecrHH
KOMnpOMHCX r,rnOnycraHe Ha HrKOI{ycJtoBHocTH,KOIiTOHapyrxaBaT rlrjroc-
THoro H noc;leroBaretHoro npnraraHe xa
Soueruvuxr npunqun. 3a rora
AONPIIHAC'TI-IHCKOI,IHCPABHOMEPH,I, HOIONYCTT-lMH I,I3fOBOPHI,I OTKJIOHCHIi,t
oT Br,3rlprreToToKHnXOBHOnpor,r3HolreHHe,pa3J]rqHo 3acTrrreHfi
B roBop-
Hara npaKTr.rraHa orAenHH nHqa, quero npaBorrucHo orpaxeHrre
6u gorelo
ao ABorKa nucMeHa npaKTHKa.Taxa uanpnuep e H3BecrHo, qe qneHyBaH[Te
cr"nlecrBrrre:rHHor xeHc(r.t pon, raro padocmma, nporemma,
de cmoumet-
nocmmu, pearttocmma, ca cr,c 3ana3eH,ceH rJracex na xpaeclotuoro
[a],
HaMHpauIo ce l]on y.qapeHr.le,KoeTo e HopMaTHBHOnpaBoroBopHo
rrojroxe_
nue. Hantrno HeAonycrHMI.rca o6aqe *u*ro npo"rnorueHr{ero,
TaKa H npa_
Bonlrcr,r Ha cr'uloro oKoHqaHHeKaro qucro no o6rcuetlero
[r,], Ha roBa
rBJreHHeuMa Beqe Apyf Bt.r!.
2l rperrb h op.6ur. o fbr-xri
337
 lI rara cnen eauH nbpBoHaqaneHeran, ltoraro rtpuJlaraHero ua QoHeruv-
Hrrr lp]tHqrrn e ecrecrBeHo u 3aKoHoMepHotBJIeHI{e,no-KbcHo rofr 3alroqBa
aa ce HapyrxaBa no npuqliHu, 3a KoHTocraHa ryMa no-rope. Eto :au1o gnec
HanaJrHo$oneruveu npaBonrrc, T.e. aa ce nnule roqHo raKa, KaKToce toBo-
pr, He e Bb3MoxHo aa cL lecrByBa H He clnlecrByBa.
He e nocne-
flpu raxur cnyqalt B 6r,:rrapcrux npaBonlrc He e cna3eH HJII.T
AOBaTeJTHO rrpoKapaHQoneruunnxr npnHqHn:
l. flpu or6enarnaHero Ha MeKocrra Ha carJIacHIlTeHe ct'c cneqfiaJlHl{3a
rxx 6yruenu 3Harra,a c 6yKlnre r v p Karo 3aMecrHltuu Ha fJracHlt 3ByKoBe
[a] u [y] r noroxeHne crrea MeKacrrnacHa: 6nta, tn6oa= [6'nra], [l'y6dn].
2. flpu yc.norHoro r{3nor3BaHe Ha 6yKBnre u rr a Karo 3HaIlI.IHa onpe,4e-
neHl.r3ByKOBe3a O3HaqaBaHeHa.qpyffi 3ByKOBeB H{Kot{ noJloxeHut, KaKTo
HanpuMep B rJraro;rHr{re oKoHqaHr{r: eopfl, eemd = [rop'i;], [veri'].
3. IIpn ynorpe6ara Ha eaHa 6yxoa:a o3HaqaBaHeHa rpyna or 3ByKoBe
(n, n, ,1 : fia, fiy, wm) u npn ynorpe6ara Ha rpyfla 6yxnn sa o3HaqaBaHeHa
e.qHH3ByK (dcr u dz = v, s).
4. flpu xeor6err3Baue Ha HopMarl.rBHoro o6e33By{aBaHe Ha 3ByqHrrre
c'LrJlacHr.r npoMeHI{ npH cI'fJIacHnTe:
B r(par Ha ayMr{Te H Ha acHMl,IJIaIIuoHHtl
uoJtc, MaKap qe ce npoH3Hacr luowf, norcpue,noKpusKa, npou:Hacrun Inor-
puQ, noxpufxa]. B re:n cryqax rIpaBontlc]r e ernMo;Ioruven (voptpo.no-
ruveH), rrfi Karo ce ptKoBoAn or $oxo,rorN.*rn u uopQono.norlrqnrr, a He
or tf oHeruvnu oco6eHocrn.
5. flpu Heor6elr3BaHe Ha AonycrHMara KHHxoBHapeAyKIII{t Ha ul4polcr-
Te rJracHH[a, e, o] r HeyaapeHo noJroxeHr.IeKrM caorBerHlrre recHu rracHLI
lt , u, yf (se,texo, ztaaa, ltouto).
6. flpn ynorpe6a xa 6yraara b, xocro HcMa peanHa 3ByKoBacroiisocr, a
ce H3rroJr3Ba 3a o3HaqaBaHeHa MeKHcrrlracHll rrpe.qr:racHa lol (Kotao).
Aro npeqexuu xapaKTepa Ha cryqa[Te, rrpr.IKoHTo c'tnpetuenun.rr 6r,,'r-
rapcKr.rKHr.rxoBeHrrpaBonuc ce orKJ'roHraaor soHerHtrHl.rcfipr.rHqun,ue yc-
TaHoBHM,qe B no-ro-rltMa creneH HapyueHHero ce,qaJIxH Ha oco6enocrn lI
Heaocralbqn Ha H3nor3BaHara rpaQuvecra cncreMa (r. l, 2, 3, 6) u ve car'.ro
MaJrKaqacr :ac.srar seo16e,rr3aHu BaptlaHTHr.r croiiaocru (no:nquonuu rlll
rov6uxaropnr) Ha oraeJrHr{3ByKoBec vucro $ouernveH xapaKTep (r.4, 5).
Tora noxa:sa, qe B HaulHt npaBonuc e 3ana3eHao I-.I3BecrHa creneH llcropl4-
qecKH'T rrpxHr.(Iin.

$ 251. I4cmopuuecKu npuHqun. Br,:npuerara ynorpe6a na lyxyure n, n

x 4 oT fjrear.{nle Ha r.rcTopHtrecxHr rrpfiHrIHrr HflMa Harrt,jrHo KaTeropI{qeH xa-
parrep, rrfi Karo re, 06[10 B3ero, npeAaBar BrpHo H3roBopa H He Morar aa
r.rMarB e.qHon cr,nlo nonoxeHre pa3nr{qHrl:ayrosn crofiHocrrl. B AHeuHr.{,
6rlrapcxlr npaBonfic He Moxe Aa ce foBopu, qe HcropfiqecKrrsr nplrHrlnn e
3acrbneH B qucr Br.r.q Aoplr r.rB or,qeJrHHc:ryran. I,Isno:rsoaHero Ha 6yralrre
338
 a r,rr B oKoHtraHusra za I Jrurle eArrHcrBeno qrlcJro
H 3 lnqe unoxecrneno
ttrrc;lo B cerarrrHo BpeMe Ha
rnaroJrnre or I u II cnpexenlle, MaKap I.,
Aa fiMa
n3BecTHa Bpt3Ka c ycTaHoBeHaTpaAHr.(Hr,He
Moxe Aa ce cMrTa KaTO3aC_
TbnBaHe Ha ncToprrqecKr_t npuHrlun, 3aTOBace Bb3npHeMaKaTOnpl,tHrlr.rrr
3a
ycJroBHoo6o:HaqagaHe. Cna:en ucropaveCKI.I
npI.iHUI{nlrMa roraBa, Kofaro
Mex.qy npox3HotrreHr.reTo H nr.rcMoTo ctuecTByBa
nsJIHO rrJrr.troJrrMo rrDo-
TliBopeqHe, Ab:bJrxauto ce Ha n3noJnBaHero Ha rpaAHqrrorrna apaon*Hu
c"a_
TeMa HJrHHa TpaAr.ru}toHeHnpaBonHc 3a e,qHa
HanpeaHaJla a pa3Br.ITXeTOCI,
n3roBopHa rrpaKTI,IKa. B taxusa cnyqafi nucMeHH{T Bt{A Ha e3HKOBr{Te
ere-
MeIrrL orpa3tBa onpeneneHo ucropHqecxo
cr,crorHr{e Ha T€3r.reJreMeHTrr.
TaKBB xapaxTep B Haurn, npaBon c
lo 1945 r. HMaue ynorpebara na 6yr-
Br.rre,8, * H Ha KpaecroBHrrre epoBe.
$ 252.Moprloloruven lerruolorfi.reu) nptrRun[.Karro seqeoerrre
locoqeHo, Hcroprrra Ha npaBorrHcHl.t.a rr,npoc a 6rlrapcKtu KHrrxoBeHe3nK
orpa3rBa lbpceHero Ha roquu lr npaBl{nHr.tHayqHr{,
rrpx roaa o6ave o6u1ec_
TBeHOOCl,3HaTr.t npHHIIrrnH 3a l{3fpaxaaHe ,ra ".ruperenHora
flpaBonr{cHa
c[creMa rro HatrHH,xofiro qa npeAcraB.,rroqHo
l-rJ]HcpaBHu,renHorogHo or_
paxeHne ra $oue M HH, cacraB Ha xoao6r,,rraicrnx (Hr.rxoBeH
e3r{K.
I'IvenHo cr,o6paxeHrrra ga ce nocrlrrHe MaKct,tMaJIHo
c,r,ortscrcrBI{eMexay
rpaQzvua r $oxevua c creMa B e3lrKaorpaH[qaBar
rr6JrHo.l.o[puJraraae Ha
Qouerlrunur npr.tHrlHn.Tofi ce ctqerasa B noaxoa.trruptflporoprlHr.r
c Apyr,
ocHoBeH 3a cbBpeMeHHH, 6r,,rrapcxn KHrrxoBeH
"rr*, nprnq"n, KaK,r,BToe
M o p Q o r o r u q H H r r, Hap{qaH orqe
e r r,rM o r o r l.r q e H.
Cr,ulHocrt.a Ha ro3H npHHuHn ce 3aKJrK)qaBa
a egHoo6paoxoro [paBorrr.tc_
Ho npe.qaBaHeHa oraeJrHHTeuopQo:rornvnn
ereMeHTn, Ha cJreMeHTI{TeHa
e3xKa - KOpeH,npelcTaBKa. HacTaBKa,oKoHqaHHe,_
3a.qa ce oTI(poI,Iq)oHo-
JrorliqHara r.rMopOoHonorsqHara crpyKTypa
Ha AyMHTe 6e: orneg na
THqHUTenpoMeHIt, KOr_rTO eoue_
npeacTaBrT aapIlaHTll Ha fJIacHHTefi cBfJIacHLITe
3ByKOBe,notaBrrrlu ce B rroTol(a Ha roBopr.rMaTa
Deq.
Karo npe.qara B HeH3MeHeH"r4 pur,o"rnrr"
crpoexHu eJleMeHTr Ha ay-
vlre, vopQo:rorHqHH.sr npriHur{n.BJru3a
c6ulo B nporHBopeqre c r.r3roBopar
noHexe lpaBorructr He nperaBa
Qoueruvurlre npoMeHH, Ha Kor.rroce noA-
Jrarar re3u eJreMeHTHB pa3rr.rqHr.rre
$opvt ua e.qHa I{ cr,rrla AyMa r{JrH Ha
HeiiHrrre npox3BoAHr.t(pod, uzr.
[por), podoee, podxuucrcu, podcmseH, H3r.
[pdrcraeH].) flpnraranero Ha ro3H npHHrIHn Hrpae BaxHa po,rr
:a no-6tp_
3OTOCMr.tcjroBoBb3nprreMaHeHa rrHcMeHaTapa",
,u o"urru"uHeTo Ha po,qc-
TBEHIITCBPb3KIi MEX,qY OTACJIHHTC
IYV.II IINH MEX,qY {ACTIITE HA .qYMXTE.
Mex4y gpyroro roi c-rryxx r.r Karo BaxHo
KocBeHo cpeAcrao 3a e3r.rxoBo
orpaMorrBaHe, T1,ii l(aro ce oc
rencro,,
B'cHaBpa3Ka
-"J;"j",:,";iJ.##ffi,"ffiT:';"XI#;
vopQonoru.r. Ero :a4o ro3i.rnpnrrrtunnpl.qaBa
Ha npaBon,ca crpoeH x rr3_

339
 - Ha
a6pxaH xapal(Tep, noHexe e 3acT6neH B cTporo onpeaeJIeHI'Ino3}lu[]I
rpaHrrrrara Ha 3HaqIrMIt qacru or ayMara I.IJII{s HefiHl'll a6co,rroreu rpafi

Qtod, pod-cmao).
He e rpyauo.qa ce cxBaHe KaKBo6H ce rIoJIyqHJIo,axo MopQoJloruqHl.{tr
npaBo[r4cen npl,IHufin ce orpaHI.IqH3HaqHTerHo 3a cMerra na $ouernvxur'
3a,qa ce rurrre, KaKTo ce roBopn. e HyxHo ocBeH o6lq t,reanHeH ]I3roBop It
orpoMHo KOJIITqeCTBO rpaonqHH 3Haulr, cbulo L yMeHne TGHKOna Ce pa3nu-
qaBar BcrrqKH3ByKOBI.Ipa3HOBt.qHOCTI{ Ha yCTHaTapeq s cSoTBerHs Ha npo-
H3Hocr{Mr{Te:nyrore 6yrrexn 3HalIH, Kollro ga ce ynorpe6xaar npaBHJIHo.
Beg resu ycloBut BceKII,KofiTo nH[Ie, IlI1ensule raKa, KaKTorofr npol'I3Racn.
KOeTO B peAHUa cnyqalt rqe loBeae ,[o noJIoxeHHeTo eAHH H C'bnII.l AyMI'I'
HanrrcaHHor pa3rlrqHl nHua, oTtuqaBaulfi ce no npoH3HoueHlie' Aa ce oxa-
xar pa3rr.rrrHna nlrcMeHara cx $opva. Toraaa nparonuctr u1e eary6lr co-
cH KOMyH[KaTHBHa$ynXqnr ]r ue ce npeB'bpHeB I'IHAI' IBI'IAyatHa
ur.iaJrHaTa
nHcMeHa npaKTHKa.C eaHa,qyva, MopoonorHqHHtr npaBonficeH IIpI.lHuHn
npeAna3Ba oT rpa(buqecKa nrcTpoTa l'i HeyaoocTBa H B CefaulHl,tt eTan oT
c'bcTorHgeTo Ha npaBoroBopa cJIyxI.I KaTo perynaTop Ha KHHxoBHI{Ten3fO-
B O p H HH O p M n .
$ 253. Brnpexlr nocne,qoBarerHoro npHJIaraHe Ha MopQoJrornqHll.fl
rrpr,rHuHnB noJroxeHHtra, xoHTo 6txa ()16ert3aHH, Ha pe.qI-|qaMecra clBpe-
MeHHrrrr npaBonuc,qaBa npeBec xa Qoxerlvxur, c Koero c€ yJIecH{Ba nuc-
MeHaTa rrpaKTIrKa.TaKHBa ca onpocTtBaHl.ttTa npw HuruKa, oaoruKa' cz'pqe'
6bcmaHue BM. ,,HHnll(a", ,,OBOIrIXa",,,CrpAUe", ,,BA3CTaHHe"H Ap.
B apyru cJlyqau nbK nocneAoBareJlHoro cna3BaHe Ha [3[cKBaHI{f,Ta Ha
MopOonorrrqHHt npHHIIlln orpaHltqaBa orpa3tBaHero B nHcMeHara npa(TuKa
HA uRreHUA, OTAaBHa HaJIOXeHI.tB H3rOBOpa I'I CIe,qOBaTenHo nonaAalrlt'l B
o6cera Ha Qoueruvxnr npHHIIHn,t<ofiToue o6neK'{u nporl'tBopeqt-reroMex-
-yaaM' lrpr'tKouro
Ay n3roBop H rlpaBonnc. Tarnga ca rraro;IHTe c HacraBKa
y,[apeHHero naAa Bbpxy ocHoBara, a He Bbpxy HacraBKara H npeAI'r3BH(Ba
pe.qyqHpaHeHa HacraBKara, Halilp.deicmey6a,u, xsr. [gdftcrnaV.), xouauiy-
aat, n3r. [xovdugeav], caudemencmsyearr, H3r, [cBI.tAdTe ]],crRav'l,4yqcm-
aysaM, n3r. [vj'acreyrar'a] x gP.
floAo6uo nporlrBopeque cr'IqecrByBa H MexAy r:Iaro;rtl, KoHTo orol{qa-
BaT Ut -y6A , u cloTBeTcTBauJH Ha Tqx eIHoKopeHHI.l oTfIaroJIHI'I C'bIIIeCT-
BriTerHr.r Ha -Hue, B'"3flpueTH y Hac oT pyc(H e3IrK H nOpaAI'I ToBa 3ana3IrJII.I
xapaKTepa Ha pycxara rraroJ'rHa HacraBKa -oa (.-oeamt) sv. 6r':rrapcxoto
-ye- (-yeau) noaecmaoaaHue BM. ,,noBecrByBauue", o1pazoeanue Rv. "06-
pa:yuanue" n gp. IIpu re3H cnyqaH He craBa,qyMa 3a HarpanBarllo ce npo-
Tr.tBopeqHeMexAy fi3roBop H npaBonllc, a 3a npl{Bex.qaHeB cborBercrBl{e
Ha npaBonrrca Mex,{y H3xo.qHHTerJlaroJIHHQOpVl.tl.t orroBapqu[Te Ha r.sx
npou:oo,qxu tfoplrn.

340
 Ilparonzcr,r e cucreMa, B Koqro BuHarn ca Bt3MoxHI{ n AonycrHMr.rr,r3_
BecTHn ycloBHocTn, Ho cltqo TaKa H HyXHH KOpeKrIr{, 3auloTo ce no.qaaBa
cpaBHr.rrenHoJreKorro c63nare;reH 116THa HopMarHBHo(6e: rona Aa 3Haqr.t
lpolr:soluo) ypexAaHe. Taxa s nocoqeHr.ITecryqav e HarrbJtxoB!3MoxHo H
qenecro6pa:uo Aa ce BHecar xeo6xoguunre npoMeHH, 3a
aa ce nocrl.Irne
crpofHocr, nocJreAoBareJrr{ocr H JrofHqHocr, MarcHMaJrHogo6:rtxanaue
Mexly rr3foBop H flpaBonr{c Il cK'LcBaHec HeHyxHa rpaa t]uq, o
le floBeqe
qe rr Konrrpa qyx,[ MoAer, MaKap rofr
Ia Bc3Bparqa rro oKoJreHnrt g 6r,.n-
rapcKur e3r.IKcrapo6 bnrapc(l.r c,roooo6pa:wnareJIeH TI.Itr.
3arona, xorat:o ce r(a3Ba,qe trpaBonHcHaracHcreva rpr6aa ga ce crpeMr{
Kr,M npeaeJHa cHcTeMHocTH nOCJteAOBaTeJTHOCT,
HMaTCe IIpe,qBr.rnn cryqau
KATO IIOCOTIEHI'TC.

$ 254. IIpx (aKBfi cnyqau crBpeMeHHxrr 6urapcru npaBonuc noqr.rBa

Br,pxy rrpnnaraHero ua vopQo.nort,tqHr.rrnpnHrlun. O6o6qeno, ToBa ca H.fi_
KotKo ocHoBHHnoJroxeHr.lr, ronro o6aqe o6xraular roJreMl.rcJroBHr.r rDvrrfi
t,t ocrroBHHrpaMaruqHu (areropnl. B :asncuN,roct or xapar(Tepa *u anyor_
HTe MOXeM .qapa3lenuM Te3I.rocHoEHr.tnonoxeHl.rr c ofJrea KrM crra3BaHeTo
Ha Qono:roratnara rcHora Ha 3ByKoBr.trcrpoex Ha AyMHTe He3aBr.rcHMo or
Qoueruvxure npoMeHlr B Hero, Atnxaulll ce ua {ouernvHoro o6rprxeane
Ha BCeKHOTAeneH3ByK, OT eAHa CTpaHa,n, oT Apyra _ c ofnea K6M OTpa3r_
aane ua Soneuxure npoMeHH B 3aBncr.tMocror rpaMarnqHhre H3MeHeHK-n
Ha AyMr{Te, KoHTo c!3AaBar r. Hap. npaBonHcHo_rpaMarnqHHnpo6levt,t.
l. Kr,v nrprnr clyvai cnanar lpaBonlcno Heorpa3qBaHtlTeH3MeHeHtu
Ha 3ByqHgTectrnacHH B KpaecnoBll€To,KaKTOr.{aCHMI.InaTIHOHHUTe IIDOMeH}.t
g rrx (sx. g 250, 4).
Tyr rpr6ra ga ce orHece H npaBonrrcHoro or6ers:saHe Ha cbr;IacHr.r,Ko_
r.rro B HsKoH QoHerlrutu ycnoBlr (styxocr,verauxr, crpyrrBarre Ha cbfrac_
HH) He ce npox3Hacrr, Ho ce r3nr.rcBar, 3a,qa ce 3ana3r.teArrHc.l.BoroHa
Mop-
$eur.rre u,qa ce orKpon vop0evxNlr crpoex Ha,qyMHTe, Karo Hanp. ?op_
docm, utadocm, c,tadocm, demcmeo, aecmHuK, uocm, padocmua,
Haspe_
, u e u u a ( u z r o n a p r H r . rn o - q e c r o K a r o r o p A o c , M r a , q o s , c J r a I o
c.
.{e rIK H,B e c H H KtM o c, p aAo c H a, H a B p e v e aa).
2. Kr,v npaaonucHo-rpaMarr,t.{HnTe,BJIeHru crraAar B lo_rorcMara
cr..t
qacr cJryqar{TeHa npoMeHnnBo ,r, rr,fi xaro peAyBaHero
nle ce ulzt putsa
uaI-qecro npu Qopvure 3a MHoxecrBeHo qrrcJroHa rrptiJrarareJrHtrH rrpu_
qacTHr, rrpu qJreHyBaHeTo Ha Hrr(oHcrulecTBllTenHn oT Ml,XKr.tpoa, npH qne-
HyBaHero Ha npHJrararerHHTe, rrpH
Qopvure 3a MHoxecrBeHo qlrcno Ha Hr-
Kot{ cr'nlecrBuTerwu, Ha p. eonnu zo.teau, 6n,t _ 6etu, euon,t _ auoetu,
Yemg,l - ueme/'Iu, 3acM,H _ 3ACnteHU,cann _ ceembm, 201.aM ?\nen4unm -
zo.4eMufl,3acM.flH- 3ACMeHUnm_ 3ac.t4e ufl, s.flmbp, sempoae, canm _
cae_
ntoae n np.

341
 Ha no4o6uo peAyBaHeAo rortMa crerreHca [oArrrrHeHn H nporuBonoc-
TaBtnlitra MexAy HecBrpueHu H cBlp[IeHr.rrraroJrHn Qopvu or rvrra ./tn?aM
,leeHa,nocttzou - nocezHa,cndau cedxa, ca.smKaM- caemHau Ap.
flpanonucno-rpaMarHqHoe H or6eJrr3BaHerona rfopvure 3a MHoxecr-
BeHoqr.rcJoHapa3JrHarHv ryMH c Iu] c:re,urracHa, MaKapr{3roBopLrsafi-vec-
ro na e c [fi], uanp. zepou (u:sr. [repdfl], uyseu (u:r. [vy:ifi], cnyqaume
(n:r. [cr]uafirel).
Cna:sauero Ha mopQo.norxvuurnpuHur{flB rrocJrenHr.tre cnyqau r.rMa3a
rlen eaHHHoTorrpe,qaBaHe Ha oKoHqaHrreTo 3a MHoxecTBeHo tlncIo Ha pa3-
JIl.rqHt{Te KaTeropHuAyMH,a ctIlIo TaKaoTcTpaHqBaHeTo Ha 863MOXHOCTTa
3a cMecBaHeHa OopMHTer egricraeno fi B MHoxecrBeHoyl{cJro,aKo ce
cna:u Qonernvulqr npHHrIHn(cpz, xoi eAHHcrBeHo rillcJroH eBeHTyanHo
vroxec'rseno vncro).
Kru npanonncxo-rpaMarH{HXTe rBreH}rr crraaar{ npaaonr.!cHoro npaBH-
.noaa ynorpe6a Ha rrb;reHH xparbx qreH npll ctuIecrBHTeJrHI4Te or MT,xKn
po,[ B 3aBt.lcnMocr or cHHTaxrI.rriHara ynorpe6a Ha ctqecrBHTensoro. Pa:-
JrnqaBaHero ua cy6exruara x o6extnara $yHrqnr Ha c burecrBureJrHuTe or
M'bx(H poa c vopQo,rornvHncpeAcrBa rfopvara Ha i{JreHHara uoptf eva -
e eAHoorexHrBaulo lrucMeHaranpaKTHXa npaBorrl.tcHo npaBnJro. To se calro
BnH3aB npoTHBOpeqHe c roBopHMaTa peq H He e npeAcTaBeHo B To3HBHAB
HfiToe,urHor 6rrrapcxnre .qnarexrx, Ho e ll orpaHHqeHo caMo np]r c'burec-
TBHTeJrHrrre or MT,xKHpo,q.llpu cr,rqecrarreJlHHTe or xeHcKHn cpe,qeH po.q
pa3npeAen.sHero Ha crHTaxrHqHr.rre $yHxqnn ce oc'brrecrBrBa c noMoulTa
caMo Ha e,qHaqJreuxaQoplra,6et rosa Aa BHacrHrKaKBaBuAnMHcMyrreHfit
r r r p y A H o c r u B p e q e B a r an p a K T x K aE. r , , r r a p c r t n r e 3 H Ke a H a J r H T H r IreoH
cTpoex u 3aToBanocorreHoTonpaBHno[poTr.tBopeqH fi Ha rpaMaTI.rrIHaTa
cucreMa Ha e3HKaHli, KoiTo e cb3,qajrB63MoxHocr3a pa3Jr[qaBaHe Ha cHH-
TaKTntrHnre QynrqnH no Apyr Har{r.rH - cnoBopeaeHHJII{r{HToHarrHoHeH, - a
He qpe3 H3xycrBeulr$opva:rnn 6e,re:n.

OTHOIIIEHI,IE ME)KAY NPABOIIIIC N NPABOTOBOP

$ 255, nporHBopeqne MexAy npaBonuc H H3roBop HMa H, KaKToce cno-

MeHaBa B $ 250,2, nplr npeAaBaHero Ha y.qapeHrire rJrarolru oKoHqanrlr B
cera rHo BpeMe I rrrqe eAr,tucrBeHoqsclo r 3 rfirle MHoxecrBeHo qr{c;ro B
I u II cnpexeHue H Ha y,qapeHr.rreq:reHHHrlopvr sa c6rrlecrBllreJrHt,tTeor
Mrxxn pog (zopi, uemd, zpadin, epadd). B yaapeno norroxeHue [paBoro-
Bopar n3lrcxBa b-useosop, KofrTo npaBonncHo ce npeAaBa ycnoBHo c 6yran-
Te a vnn.n \-am, -frm) B 3aBHcr.tMocT
oT xapaKTepaHa npeAxo.qHaTacbftacHa
TB\p\a ultu tuera. 3a ycraHoBrBaHero h noAlbpxaHero Ha ro3lt yc:roBeH
npaBonr{c oT 3HaqeHneca HrKoJrKoocHoBaHr.rc:

342
 1. @oxerr.rqgoroIl3pa3tBaHeHa fraroJlHrrre I{ qJreHrrureoKoHqauu, ope_
qa cepto3Hl.tcnbHK}lnopaan TpyaHocT'ra ce o3EaqaBa
Ia MeKacbrlacHa
npeg [r], rrfi raro e HerrpueMrnBoAa ce ].r3noJr3Bar crqeraHnrra [fir] unu
[lr] cle4 n3ocraBeHlil B Kpar Ha v.HHanr4a Bex rpaAHrII.roHeH 3HaKEB.
2. Vznucaarero Ha yAapeHnero rJrafoJrHr{n qJreHHH oKoHraHrl, c -a yt _n
HaMr.rpa onopa npr cryt{ar.rTe,KoraToyaapeHHeTo na,qaHa BbTpetl]Hacp}rq-
xa. Toraaa cnopeg QoHeruvHHTe 3ar(oHH Ha 6r.nrapcrnr e3HKHeyAapeHnre
[a] u ['a] nortMnrBar B nocoxa rlr,r [r]: ninua, niutam, eoadpn,eoadpsm,
nttdua,xdux. Taxa ve nporunopeqlreMexAy npaBonr{cH H3roBop[pr.rrrx
He
ce noJrytlaBa.3a ga ce cna3u eaHHHoo3naqaBaHe na nocovexnre rfoplru,
Bb3npne:roce e eAHaKBoronv 6yxreno npeAcraBrHe.Tara ce t:6xraa
ney_
go6nara u 3arpyAHtBarrlanpaKTHKa ra ce npelaBar tro pa3JrItyeH HaqhHy.{a-
peHlteTol,|HeylapeHnTe rJIaroJIH}-l H qJreHHH OKOHqaHr.r,sB rpaHuqlITeHaeaHo
H cr,uo cnpexeHre H Ha eAHarpyna ctrr1ecrBrilenun.. ,temi no n uta.
3. Btsnpueruar npaBon[c Ha rraronHnTe oKoHqaHH,tr:parHrna I
n II
c[pexeHxe B ceraulHo BpeMec oKoHqaHLIrra Ha rjlaroJrnre (n 3 rxue vHo-
xecrBeHo vucno) or III cnpexeuue, roero e xafi_xusoro n Nafi-npo4yrua_
Horo 6tlrapcro cnpexenHe, cKayaA4, cKa\am, daean, daeam.IIo rogn sa_
trnHce ct3aaBa earrHHanpaBonHcHacr.rcreMa
Harprme 6r,.nrapcxr.tcnpexeHur.
$ 256, Brnpocure, cBtp3aH c $oxeruvHnre l-trpaMarxqHrrreoco6eHoc-
Tu Ha KHLtxoBHHfl e3HK,ca ocHoBHll3a npaBonnca.flpn pa:peruananeronv
AOfonrMa cTeneHce fi3llu3aoT np aKTIKATa HA}lVBaTa KHl'XOBHa peq, KorTo
rpt6aa ga orpa3sBacncreMnrre oco6esocru Ha KHlrxoBHH,
e3rK, a He pa3-
JItlqHHAxaJIeKTHtr BIllrtHuAr{Jlr.r
Her{3xrBeHI{ uecrsr oco6enocrr{H ra na3n
r.r3BecTHn Bpb3KI,c ycTaHoBeHaTa Tpa.qrruHr,pr3I(oTocK.6cBaHe c Ko.,ITo
nJrH
qyBcTBI.tTe.,IHaTa it npourHa clulo Moxe Aa npe.qH3BuKa cMyxleHHr.tscB
Bpb3Kac re3rl rpu oco6euocru, or KoHTopeAoBHonpoH3TKqaT
rrpaBonrrcHn
npo6leuu, rpa6oa ga ce or6e.nexar cre,rIHHTe:
l. flo,q gru.rHne Ha H3roBopa Ha xoMnaKTHXrpynn HocureJrn
ua 6t:rrao-
cKrrt e3uK Hanoclte,{T,xBCenoBeqe ce pa3lxHprBa H3fo"op",
"u o*o**u"raro
:a I luue unoxecrBeHo qncro Ha rJraroJrnTeor I n II cnpexeafie
B ceratrtno
BpeMe KaTo -n4e RM. -M _ nuute e, ueme$e, ?osopu.i.te
BM, n t1 lx e M, q e _
T e M , r o B o p u M . f l o x p a f i v u c r o A u a J r e ( T H o r oB J T H I H H e
TyK ce Kpne x
crpeMex crulo 3a H3paBHrBaHeno oKoHqaHr{,Ha rpHTe
6r,lrapcrn cnpex(e-
HLtx,T't ir Karo roBa oKoHqaHlree nptcbrllo na Hafi-xHsoro
III cnpexeuae
cxauaue, daeaue.
2. flpx4tpxanero KaM H3LtcKBaHr.trra Ha cHcreMHr{re oco6eHocrH Ha rHH_
xoBHHq e3uK Tpr6aa ga Havepn no_rceH r{3pa3npH T. Hap. gy6.nerxu
(npaaonucur u N:rooopHr). Oco6eno nuno*rr"n"o Qopvlr
,oou ce ornu"" ,u guofi_
un $opuN, xouro ca pe3yJrrar or HcTopnqecKHHee,qHaKBn pa3BoHHr,r reHAeH_
qli[ll nJI]t Ha ArrateKTHt BnugHtrs: ruena H
utbna, teadeu u xt dett, cepeder u

343
c6bpde4 )Ke,tesua u )Rernsua u np. ,{y6,rernure $opr.au He Morar Aa ce
orcrpaHsBar, Koraro orpa3rBar caBpeMeHH[pa3BonHHTeHAeHIIIIH B KHr,t-
xoBHr{r e3r{K,KaKBaToe HanPnMePKoHKypeHu{tTaMexAy rrplljlafaTeJrHxTe
Ha -uveHv - 4ecKu:zpa^tamulteHH zpa 4amuuecKu, arce6puueuu alee6pu-
vecKu.
$ 257. Er;rrapcrrrrr KHHxoBeH npaBonucAHece ycranoBenn cra6u:ren
B ocHoBHr{Te cH rrpu;roxeHHrB pe3ynrar or 6,raronptz.nraoroctqeraBaHeHa
Qoneruvnur l,l Mop0onorHqHr-rrrrprHuKrr.
He e qe.recro6pa3Ho B HeroBara
crrcreMaAa ce BHacrrcr,u1ecrBeHlHnli xopeHHnIl3MeHeHHt, rr,ft raro npo6-
IeMUTe B CbBpeMeHHaTa HI-le3HKOBa npaKTHKa He CaTOJIKOBa npaBonncHr.r,
KOJTKOTO
npaBOfOBOpHr.rB nOCTnraHeTO Ha BI.tCOKaKHIIXOBHOe3TTKOBa
KynTy-
pa. flpoMenu H npeycrpoficrBoHa npaBonr{cHara
cr{creMaMorar Aa ce flpa-
Ha ntKon qacrHHBbrrpoct,t
Bnr no orHotueHt,te (raro nanpuuep ycraHoBrBa-
HeTOHa CnpexeHHeTo Ha urarotn oT TH a mpenepfr,-eut ru -uu, npaBo-
nuca I{ H3roBopa Ha HtKoLt cJIoxH[ AyMH, KaTo HflKo/tKokpame v]ltl lleKo./t-
KoKpameH, npeMaxBaHero Ha cHHTaKTHrIHoronpaBr.rno:a ynorpe6ara ua
nr,neH H KparbK qneH npn ctulecrBlTerHnTe or MaxKI{ pog r.rHrxou gpyru).
$ 258. flparonncHara cncreMa Ha 6tnrapcKnfi e3HKc6Al,pxa n npo6le-
MH, KoHTo ca cBap3aHll cr,c cneunQnrxtre oco6eHocra sa nrcvoro. Ero
3aulo rr cL ctyxl.t x crc cpeAcrBa, Kor.{ToHe ca cB r,p3aHHc t{3foBopa. Tarffsa
ca HanpnMep ynorpe6ara Ha f-rraBHH6yran, c.nrroro 9r pa3AenHoro nficaHe
Ha AyMure, nyHKTyaux.gran ynorpe6ara Ha npenHHarenHHTe3HaIIH,npeHa-
crHeTo Ha qacTH oT ,4yMI.tH ap
Hsxon or or6e,r.rtaHrte npaBonHcHHoco6eHocrx, Kor.tronocoqBaMe (a-
ro cnequQnvur 3a nHcMeHara peq, cburo ca cB6p3aHHc xnBara, roBopr.{Ma
peq, Ho 3a pa3nrrKaoT cnyqaHTe, pa3fneAaHHno-fope, H3noI3BaHLtTe3Haqlt
cnyxar.[o rortMa crerreH Karo 3aMecrHlrrll Ha peAuqa oco6enocru xa yc-
THara peq r.r3aroBa qecro ca aocra yc:roBHr. Te He ce orHactr,qo cMHcJro-
BaTa cTpaHa Ha eIHHr.ruHTeHa peqTa H He ca cBSp3aHRc npaBoroBopa, a ce
a3rroJr3Bar,3a.qa noAnoMarar rcHoro r.{npaBKnHoro paS6HpaHeHa Harrnca-
HOTO.

344
 CbA:L'PXAHI4E

flpearoeop 3
Yson 5
$ l-5
flpegver ua <pouernrara . . 5
f l p a a o r o r o p H a H o p M a $6 . . . . . . . . 9
Hopva ranpon3nocrrreJrHlr BapI4aHrH $7 . . . . . . ll
I4:roaopnu (nponsHocrre:rur) cu.noae $ 8-10 . 13
ErcnepuuexrarHfi MeroArlorr Qouernrara $ l l . 15
O o s e r u q n a r p a H c r p l r n u x t$ 1 2 . . . . 18
fracHn . 2 1
K . n a c n Q u x a q nHr a r n a c H n r e$ l 3 - 1 6 . . 2 1
I-.nacwnno1 yaapeHt,te . 2 6
IIpe.qur r,racxr . 2 6
fracxa [n] $ 17 . 2 6
f , r a c H a[ e ] $ l 8 . 2 1
3agHn xe:ra6na:rHU rJracHu . 2 9
f , r a c n a[ a ] $ l 9 . 2 9
fracxa [t] S 20 . 3 0
3a.qxula6ua.nHr r;racHH . 3l
f n a c r a[ o ] $ 2 1 . . . . .)l

I-nacHa[y] $ 22 . . . 33
f ,racun 6er yrapeHr{e . 3 5
Pe4yxqrr $ 23-24 . . 35
Crenel sa pe,qyr(urrrra5 25-26 . . 3 7
HeyaapeHar:racna [a] S 27-30 . . 3 8
Hey,uaperlar:racHa[r,] $ 3l-32 . . 4 2
Heygapeuauacua [o] $ 33 34 . . 4 5
HeyAapeHar:racxa [y] $ 35 . 4 8
HeyAapenar.nacxa[e] $ 36 . . 5 0
I{eyaapeHarracua [u] $ 37 . 5 2
Crrlac ulr . 5 4
K:racnQnraqnr Ha c brr'racHHTe . 5 4
flpunqnnu ua r:racHQuraqnara$ 38 . 5 4
KracuQuxaqur no Mscro xa yvrexexne $ 39 . 5 4
345
I K.nacuSnxaquxno Haq[H Ha yqreHeHne$ 40 . 5 6
Illyrroou clrJracHlr- 3ByqHfiu 6e::nyvnx $ 4l . . . . . 5 9
CoHopxu ctr;racnx $ 42 . . . 6 0
flalararxu (uexu) crrlacuu $ 43-45 . . 6 1
fla.naralnu cbrrracHritu], tfl $ 46 . . . . . 6 4
Ilatar anuza1ut Ha carnacHl{Te npe,q
npeAHurernacxu [e] ll [x] $ 47 . 6 5
AprurylaquouHo H axycrrqHo onlrcaHHeHa cr,fnacHHTe . 6 6
flperpagun c r,rJracHH . 6 6
Cr,r.lacHu[n, 6] g a8 . o o
fla:rara.lgucarrracuu[n',6']$ 49 . . . . . . . . . 6 8
Ctrracus [r, g] $ 50 . 7 0
I l a n a r a , ' rcHt rnr r a c H[ [r ' , t ' ] $ 5 l . . . . . . . . . 7I
Cr,r:racxn[r',r']$ 52 . . . . . 7 2
A . r o $ o n [nx ' , r ' ] $ 5 3 . . . . . 74
f l a r a r a l u ct l r r a c H [l r ' , r ' ] $ 5 4 . . . . . . . . . 75
flpoxogHlr crrJracHH . 7 7
C:,r,racHn[0. al $ 5 5 . 7 7
f l a - n a r a l xc nb r r r a c Ht Qu ' , s ' l$ 5 6 . . . . . . . . . 7 9
Cruacnn [c, :] g 57 . 8 0
I l a l a r a l n cu l r r r a c H[ cH' , : ' ] $ 5 8 . . . . . . . . . 8 2
C:lrlacxn [ru, x] $ 59 . 8 3
Cr,r,racsa[x] $ 60 . . 8 6
AroQou [x'] g 6l . 8 7
fla.nara.nsacrrrracHa [x'] $ 62 . 8 8
flperpa.uuo-npoxoAHH carracHH . 88
C r , r : : a c u n [ u , , u : ]$ 6 3 . . . . . 8 8
I l a l a r a l s a c a r r a c H a[ q ' ] $ 6 4 . 9 0
C r r r a c u H [ q , a x ] $6 5 . . . . . 9l
Couopun crrJracHl-r . 9 3
Haga,rullcr,rJracHH [u, H] $ 66 . 9 3
f l a r a r a . n u n c a r r a c H H [ v ' , s ' $] 6 7 . . . . . . . . . 9 6
fIraeHH crrracHN [p, r] $ 68 . . . . . 9 7
Cr,r,racxatpl $ 69 . . 9 7
Ila,rara.nnac.brrracHatp'] $20 . . 9 9
Ctr.nacsa ["'r]$ 7l . 100
AnoQoH ["r'] g 72 t0l
fla;laralna cr,rracna [,r'] $ 73 t02
I"rrafis[i] $ 74 . . 102
346
Ooueuna clrcreMa Ha KHuxoBHItt 6:r.nrapcru e3I.Ilt 105
O6rqa xapaxrepr.rcrura$ 75 105
Cucreua Ha rJlacI{HTeQoueuu 107
Bpofi na rrlacHure Qoxer',rn$ 76 . . 107
,[,rQepeHuna,r au npu3HauHHa rJIacHnreQoHelun 108
Heyrpa.rHsaqrr Ha nporHBonocraBtHerono npH3HaKa
orBopeHocr-3arBopeHocr(rovnaxrnocr-au$y:xocr) $ 7 8 . . . . 1 0 9
Cncreva Ha carJIacHI{Te Qouevn . . . . 1 1 2
Bpofi ua cbrJracHnTe $ouer''rH$ 79 . . . .. . ll2
,[uQepenuxarnHnPH3HaqL$ 80 . . .. . 113
Jloxarsu npn3Hallt $ 8l . . . .. . 113
Mogaruu nplr3Haqn $ 82-89 . . . . . ll5
C r , o r u o c u r e . n n(nr o p e . n a r n r n un) p u 3 H a l l t$t 9 0 . . . . . . .. . ll8
K o p e r a u n xn o 3 B y q H o c 6 r e : : l y v H o c r$ 9 l . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8
flo:uqnu Ha Qouevuo trporllnocraBtHe no
3ByqHocr 6e:eayvHocr $ 92 . . . . . 1 2 0
fIo:'rulrq Ha HeyrpanH3aqlrtHa rtporxBonocraBtHero
no oeyuHocr-6e33ByqHocr $ 93 . . . . . . 120
Kope.raqx.rno MeKocr-rBrplocr $ 94 . . . . 1 2 2
fIosfiuHu Ha (toxevno nporHBonocraBtHe
ro Mexocr retpaocr $ 95
flo:ltqnl Ha Heyrpars3aul.ltHa nporl'IBorIocraBtHero
no Mexocr rBtpaocr S 96 . . . t25
Oouerva[fi]$98... r27
BapxaHrtrna [il] $ 99 t27
IIo:lrur.rr.t Ha ynorpe6a ua [fi] $ 100 128
V1soeriHcbrJlacHn$ l0l . . t29
Cr,qeraeuocr LI3ByKoBllnpoMeHH t 3t
.Il,ucrpu6yulrrII crrreraeMocr Ha rJlacHure$ 102 . . . . . t3t
f.nauru s crr.reraHne c rJIacHH$ 103 . , 132
llpoverllI Ha rracHHTe B cbqeraHue cac cl,rracHu $ 104 106 135
IlpoveHu Ha TJIacIIHTeB cbqeraHue c rjIacHH 139
BvrxsaHe Ha [fi] (fioraqna) $ 107 . 139
llanagane Ha rJIacHH(e:rnrr.rr)S 108 . . 140
Hecplruroreopxn rraoru (xoHconaHrlr:aunr)$ 109 141
, I | r c r p r 6 y u u r u c a q e r a e M o c rH a c l r J I a c H H TQ e onelrN 142
Cr,r;racug B caqeraHae c rJIacHl, $ 110 . . t42
flpoveulr Ha carracHure B c't,qeraHHe c rracHH.
A r o l ' a o A a q n$sl l l . . . . . . _ 1 4 5
Cr,r.nacuuB cl,qeraHneclc cl,r,qacHl$ 112 . . . . . . . . 1 4 6
347
 C:sqeranN.ror ABerB6pAlt csfracHrl B Haqa;roro
HaAyMara$113.. . t47
Cr,qerannq or rBt pAI-tI,IMexHcr,fJIacHI-{B Harlaroro
HaAyMara$114.. . 149
C r q e r a n l r .ogr . q B ec l f J r a c H xB ( p a . fH, ag y v a r a $ l l 5 . . . . . . l5l
CrqeraHuq or rpH cbrnacHu B Haqanoron Kpat
HaAyMara$l16.. . t54
CrqeraHr.r.E or cr,rJracHH B cpe.qxcnoBHe
( u u r e p r o r a , r H an o s n q u . a$) l l 7 . . . 155
flpoveun Ha cbrJracHHTe B cr,qeraHHecbc cbr;racBrr$ I l8 . . . r57
Ynogo6rnaHeno:oyvnocr-6el3ByqHo1 c r1$9 . . . . . . . . 1 5 8
MexgycrorHo ynogo6.esane$ 120 . . . 158
Vnogo6reane rro Mrcro Ha apurxy,raqrlrra $ l2l . 160
Pa:no4o6aaaxe(Incnvn.naqnr) $ 122 . . . 16l
Hana.qaxeHa c6r,racHH(elu:tr) S 123 . . . 162
Bvlxtaue Ha r:racHr.{ lt cr,r:racHx(eneHre:a) $ t24 . . . . . 1 6 3
Cpnvxa . 165
AprHxynaqnonxo-axycrHqHuxapaxreptacrr.rKr.{ Ha cpnvrara $ 125 t65
Crpyrrypa ua 6r,:rrapcxaracpnvxa $ 126 . . . . t66
f l p o v e H n B 3 B y K o B Hcrt c r a a H a c p H q x a r a$ 1 2 7 . . . 168
f p a u n q r H a c p u q x a r a( c p u v x o g e . n e u x $e )1 2 8 . . 168
VaapeHue . rll
Crusocr Ha yAapeHr.rero $ 129 . . . t1l
(DoHerllHa xapaKTepHcrrrKa Ha 6l,rrapcroro
y a a p e l r n e{ 1 3 0 1 3 3 . t73
O y H r q u Hx a y A a p e r r r e r o$ 1 3 4 . . 176
Mqcro rra y.qapexxeroB lyMara $ 135 . , . t78
fIoAsHxHo yAapeHHenpu tfopvoo6pa:yBaHero . t80
C r u l e c r n r r e , r u Hu r r a e H$a 1 3 6 - 1 3 9 . 180
Ilpnlarare;rxN rvena $ 140 . 185
9Nc.rrrrelsu uveHa $ l4r . 186
Mecroljvenrlq $ 142 . . . 186
f,rarorr $ 143 144 . 187
flogerxHo yAapeHrenpu c.noaoo6parysanero$ 145-146 . . . . . 188
^(yvr.r6e: y1apeHHe . 192
Arqeurua AyMa $ 147 . t92
Enxlutuxu n 6r-nrapcrxr e:ax $ 148 . 193
flpox.nurnrr a 6r,lrapcxur e:xx $ 149 . 195
[yr.au c gne yAape]rHt . 198
B p o l i r . r p a g a u u rH ay l a p e H n r r aB l y M a r a $ 1 5 0 . . . . . . . . 198
348
 , [ y u u c r r a r n o u B T o p o c r e n e H Hyoa a p e H u e$ 1 5 1 . . . 203
,(yMu c.ure rraBHn yAapeHur$ 152 . 206
V g a p e u uH e ac l x p a r e H u rcen o x H uA y M H$ 1 5 3 . . . . . . 210
[ywr.r u rfopvlr c ,qBorKoylapenue 2t1
Ilpuvrull 3a u3MeHeHI{e lt xole6anne
H a y a a p e H l r e r o$ 1 5 4 - 1 5 7 2tl
Arueurxz ay6lrerx $ 156-157 216
P e a y r a u eu a S o x e v u 2t9
A.noQouuou $ouelrxo peayBaHe$ 158 . . 2t9
3 e y x o s l rn p o M e H n$ 1 5 9 . 221
3syxosn:axosuQ 160. . . . 224
T n n o n e$ o n e v n H e a y B a H a Q
p r 1 6I . . 224
<DoneruqHo o6yc:roseHnpeAyBaHI.rs 230
Pegysarre H a 3 B y q H rx, r6 e : : n y u H r c b r . l r a c H$n 1 6 2 - 1 6 4 . . . 230
MexgycronHo peayBaHeHa 3ByqHI.r u 6e::ayvulr
c r , r - r a c HSr 1 6 5 - 1 6 7 235
Pe,qyaaHe Ha MeKlrH TBapar.r cr,rJracHr$ 168- 169 239
Pe,qynauet'al - te] (flper,rac Ha npoMeHrrr.lBo r) $ 170 174 242
-
P e 4 y r a u e[ a ] [ e ] S 1 7 5 1 7 6 250
P e l y a a a e[ o ] - [ e ] | 1 7 1 - 1 7 9 252
t. el - o $ 180 .
P e . u . y a a r[ e 256
Peayoaw [ rel - o $ l 8 l . . . 251
P e , l y e a u lee l - , $ 1 8 2 . . . 260
P e . q y a a Hl re, e ) - a n p r .cr , r o n d 6 p a : y a a n e$r o1 8 3 . . . , 263
Pe2lyaaue[tp, r,r] - [pr, .nt] $ I 84 - I 89 264
P e q y a a r r e f -f "i ]$ 1 9 0 . . . 210
P e 4 y s a l e[ c l - " $ l s l . 2 1|
14cropruecx r pcayBaHHt 212
PegynaHe H ar J r a c H H B x o p e H a$ 1 9 2 1 9 4 212
P e s y n a n e[ r , r , x ] - [v, x, ut] $ 195-197 211
P e . q y r a H[ex , r , x ] - [u, :, c] $ 198 199 282
Pesyrane [c, :] - [ur, x] $ 200 285
P e 4 y u a r[eu - . , 1 $ 2 0 1 . . . 281
Pe,4yaaue[cr, :r - uL xA] $ 202 . . . 289
Pesyrane [r, l] - [ur, xs] g 203 290
P e a y a a n e[ c r - L r r ] $ 2 0 4 . 292
P e g y n a n e [ 6 , n , n , v-] [ 6 r , n , r , n , r , v , r$] 2 0 5 . . . . , . . 293
Peayaauelsl-"$206 . 294
P e . u y n a H[ re. a l - o $ 2 0 7 . . 294
l 4 l r o u a u u sS 2 0 8 . . 295
EreveHrH Ha r.rHroHaurr.sra $ 209 . . 295
349
 Opa:oao y,qapeHr.re, noHrrue:a Qpa:a $ 210 . .
291
M.scro Ha Qpa:onoro y,uapeHne 2Il_214
S 297
IrlnrouaquouHlrKoHTypr,S 215_217
302
Kourypu Ha $pa:onara r.i3T.r,KHarocr
304
l. EgHoSpa:onurr3peqeHu,S Zlg 224
304
2. MuoroQpa:orli E3per{eHruS 225_229
307
KoHrypu na elrtlaruvnara H3T6KHarocr 230. . .
$ , . . 310
l . M o g a . n n o - e v o u [ o H axnoHHr T . ry p H2 3 1 . . . . . . .
$ 312
2. Moga.nnaynorpe6a Ha HeMoaanHr.t xonrypn $ 232
_ 313
Tpaucxpnnqnr H u3roBop Ha qyx.qr.rre"o6"rg"un ,rr"Ha
r 6r,lrapcxul e3HK
315
T p a n c r p r . r n ru. rr p. rasH c n r . r r e p a u2 un l . . . . . . . . . . . .
$ 315
IIparr.la3aTpaHcKpI,null'HaqyX.qnxrr,reuas234..
3t7
r paHcJrr{repaqur Ha qyxAl rvena g 235_23g
3t9
TpaHc:rurepaqn.rHa 6rlrapcxn nMeHac narr.rHnqa
_ $ 239 . . 326
DlnrapcI(u KHHXOBeH npaBorIuc
328
I l n c v o x H 3 r o B o pf.l p a n o n n cr n p a B o r o B o p
i240-243... . 328
Pa:sofi ua 6rlrapcrt.a lpaBonr{c 244 Z4g
S 331
Ilpaaon u cHl.rtrplrHrIHn ll
336
@oHerrrqeH nphHurn S 249 250
336
I4cropnvecrn npr.lHurrr$ 251 . .
338
Mop(to.lorrveu (ernvo.nornveu) nplrHqrn 252
S 254 . 339
O r s o u r e H t eM e x l y n p a B o n u cx f i p a B o r o B o p 2 5 5 _ 2 5 g
6 342

350
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