INTRODUCTION

Since time immemorial, human beings have strived to lessen their hard work. We the humans have always tried to put our mind into the things and alter it the way so it will be easier for us to survive. This desire for do some new has lead to many new adventures.many new aspects of life has been discovered and the search is still continued. And in the feildof this search onlythe new era that is leading its way towards changing the world is Robotics.

WHAT IS ROBOTICS??
The question that normally arises in mind when we hear about a word Is what does that means? The same would be the case with Robotics. Usually Robotics being the new and exciting thing around people would surely clainm to know about it, but those km\knowledge is quiet limited.

The exact definition for the word robotics could be:Robotics is the study of design, construction and application of robots. This definition tends to the knowledge that the branch Robotics is solely concerned about ROBOTS. And it explains that the branch is solely made with the efforts of electronics, electrical, computer science and mechanical engineering.

ASIMOVS LAWS OF ROBOTICS

Just like how humans have to abide a iven set of rules. Asimov, in 1942 gave a set of rules to be followed by robots. 1) A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2) A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders will conflict with the first law. 3) A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection wont conflict with the first or second law.

WHAT IS ROBOT??
A Robot is multifunctional, reprogrammable manipulator designed to move material, pars, tools or specialized devices through various programmed motions for performance of variety of tasks. In simpler words we can say that, Robot is an automatic device that performs the functions usually ascribed for humans or a machine in the form of a human. The term ROBOT is coined from the Czech word robota meaning forced labour, or, compulsory service, or from the word robotnik meaning serf. This word was first used in the 1920s play Rossums Universal Robots, which was written by Czech writer Karel Capek.

HISTORY OF ROBOTS
Now it could be easily believed that the existence of robots s something tend to known

as new. For instance we could like to consider robots to be a modern world thing. But, in actual practice, history has it in evidence that robot like creatures have existed for a long time now. Let us consider ancient times for example. It is known to be found in the inscriptions of ancient Greek poet Homer , that their used to be maidens made of gold in the ancient time, used to serve, and were made by Hepaistos, Greek God of metal smiths. Also the Jewish legends describe the, so called, magical workers, known as golems, which were casted out of clay and brought to life by spoken charms or spells. But the above said stories are just to be considered as fantasies as no seen proof of these incidents have been found. But in actual practice, Leonardo Da Vinchi, the famous painter, had drawn the plans of an mechanical man in 1495. But the real humanoids were only possible in after 1948. the first humanoid Elsie and Elmer were made in 1948.

FIRST COMMERCIAL ROBOTS

First few real commercial robots were only possible in 1950s and 1960s after the invention of transistors and integrated circuits. The first commercial robot was made in 1951 and was named to be unimate. The function of unimate was to move the hot metal pieces and stack them into one so as to avoid the waste handling. Since, it was dangerous for a human to handle those hot pieces hence use of unimate brought life to a new Era that we now know as Robotics.

ROBOTS IN FICTION/MOVIES
Since after R. U. R robots have been seen in many movies and fictions. Robby the robot was the first robot to be seen I an Hollywood movie. Shows like Lost in space, forbidden planet also featured Robots.

TYPES OF ROBOTS
Robots could be classified on three bases. On the basis of designing. 2) On the basis of purpose. 3) On the basis of hardware.
1)

1) ON THE BASIS OF DESIGNING:On this base robots could be divided into two parts i) Manual Robots:This kind of robots are the general usage robots. These robots do not contain any features of computer programming and are generally manhandled for the performance or completion of any task. For example, a general robot toy for a kid which says some words when a button is pressed needs not to be programmed and just does the task when is given command y the button press event. Autonomous Robots:These are special type of robots that are pre programmed using computer programming language via a multi processor chip to perform any task. The manufacturing of this type of

ii)

robots require the knowledge of special type of branch called Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that deals with writing computer programs that are used to solve problems creatively. The manufacturing of autonomous robots is what has led the way to allow the robots to think on their own. 2) On the basis of Purpose:On this base robots could be divided into generally four parts:i) Industrial Robots:These types of robots are what solely manufactured for the purpose to be used in industries. These robots are used in industries for various purposes like material handling, welding, inspection, improving productivity, and for laboratory applications.

ii)

Mobile Robots:These are the types of robots that has the ability to move form one place to another in order to accomplish the given task. These are made with wheels or tracks, hence, giving the ability of motion. In 1979, a accident happened in USA in nuclear lant, which led to leakage of radioactive material. Hence a special type of robot teleoperator was designed for handling radioactive materials. These are the robots that are being used for the purpose of education. For example:- Robolab, Lego and Robocup Soccer

iii) Educational robots:-

iv) Domestic Robots:These are the types of robots that are designed to perform various household tasks. And also the modern type of toys programmed to perform various tasks like talking, walking etc. 3) On the basis of hardware:-

On this basis robots could be divided into two parts i) Adaptive Robots:These are the types of robot that has the hardware installed so that they could sense their environment and hence alter their task on that basis. ii) Non adaptive Robots:These are the types of robots that have no way to sense the environment and hence keep working in the same manner in any kind of environment.

COMPONENTS OF ROBOTS
The formation of an robot requires the deep consideration of following components 1) Structure 2) Power Source 3) Actuation 4) Manipulation 5) Locomotion 1) Structure:The structure of robot is what is considered to be the outline of its complete designing. The structure of a robot is usually

mechanical and can be called a kinematic chain. The chain is formed with its links (like bones), its actuators (its muscles), and muscles which can allow one or more degrees of freedom. 2) Power Source:Now one thing that is essential for any automatic thing to run is a power source. Many type of power sources could be used in a robots. The typical power requirement ranges from 3V to 24V DC. 220V AC supply must be modified to suit the needs of our machine. Batteries could also be used to run robots. 3) Actuation:Actuators are like the muscles of robots that are used to convert stored energy into motion. The most popular actuators are electric motors. The general type of motors could be used for this are i) DC Motors ii) Stepper Motors iii) Servo Motors i) DC Motors:-

ii)

These are the type of motors that uses DC energy (Direct Current Power). The important features of this type of motor are that it can run in both direction and that the speed of these types of motors is controllable. Stepper Motors:These type of motors are used where there is requirement of measured motions like hand ad leg motions. The most important feature of this type of motor is that it can be held at any particular position of shaft at any angle. These types of motors are ideal for autonomous robots requiring higher precision. These are the special type of motor that has the ability to supply feedback. These are used in closed loop control system where work is the control variable. In these motors an integral

iii) Servo Motors:-

feedback device (resolver) or devices(encoder and tachometer) are either incorporated within the servo motor or are remotely mounted, often on load itself. 4) Manipulation:Robots which must work in the real world require some way to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect. Thus the 'hands' of a robot are often referred to as end effectors, while the arm is referred to as a manipulator. Some manipulators are: i. Mechanical Grippers ii. Vacuum Grippers iii. General purpose effectors 5) Locomotion:The term locomotion stands for movement. That is, the portion where a robot is brought to motion is locomotion. Different types of drives could be used for this purpose like o Differential drive o Car type o Skid steer drive o Synchronous drive o Pivot drive o Articulated drive

PURPOSE OF ROBOTS
1) Robots have the ability to work 24*7 which is humanly impossible. Hence these are helpful for us. 2) Robots never get sick or tired. Neither do they need any kind of break or vacation. 3) Robots can be used for the performance of tasks that are considered dangerous for humans or in the environment that is considered dangerous for humans to work in. 4) Robots can operate a device at much higher precision than the humans can do. 5) If seen in a long term thing, robots could be cheaper than our conventional sources. 6) They could do repetitive task easily which is quiet hard for humans. 7) They are much more accurate and efficient thatn humans.

USES OF ROBOTS
todays time in various places .

The robots are being widely used in

Exploration:1) Robots are being used for space missions recently. In this way it is less dangerous and more accurate for us to explore the details of space. 2) Robots have been sent for the exploration of Antarctica. Since it would have practically been impossible for humans to survive their hence robots are the best supplements. 3) Robots are also being used to explore volcanoes and under water events so that t get better details about inner earth. 4) Mini Andros is used be bomb squad across the country to locate and dispose the bombs. About three feet long, Mini andros looks something like a small armoured tank wit eight wheels on four legs that extend for climbing of stairs Medical science:Since a long time robots are being used in medical for purposes like surgical assistants. Due to their better accuracy and precision, they prove a better option for that place.

Factories:Robots are being used widely in factories and industries for many jobs like moving things from one place to another. Or assembling various parts etc.

ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS
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2) 3) 4) 5)

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They have brought a revolution in medical science and health care system. They have brought new and wide scopes in Training and Education. They are a good help in Nuclear industry. They are being used tremendously in sports activities. They play the role of efficient assistance in the field of Research and Development Sciences. They can also handle household activities very well.

FUTURE ASPECTS

The scientists are constantly trying to make a robot that could have feelings like human beings. That could cry, be angered, or be happy, just like us. The task is to make a universal robot that can perform any task. Robots that are feasible enough to do almost anything that could be done by humans. Although we are still far off from that, but maybe, with the constant efforts and practice , that could be brought to life.

CONCLUSION