Slabs:

Serviceability and shear

www.eurocode2.info
Revision history
Date Slide Revision
27/5/08 30 Fire resistance reduce to 60 minutes
27/5/08 51 Graphic split onto 3 slides to make notes clearer
12/6/08 49/50 Swapped order of slides
12/6/08 18 Exp for V
Rd,c
corrected (1/3 made superscript)
25/9/09 54 Note at bottom of slide amended to note that more outer perimeter links required
1/2/10 9 Amends due to Amd 1 of UK NA
1/2/10 26 New slide to include additional punching shear check
1/2/10 31-45 Worked example revised to NA changes
1/2/10 55 Amends to punching shear example due to NA changes
Outline
We will look at the following topics:
Deflection
Control of cracking
Shear for slabs
Punching shear
Detailing
Worked example
Outline
We will look at the following topics:
Deflection
Control of cracking
Shear for slabs
Punching shear
Detailing
Worked example
Deflection Limits
The deflection limits are:
Span/250 under quasi-permanent loads to avoid
impairment of appearance and general utility
Span/500 after construction under the quasi-permanent
loads to avoid damage to adjacent parts of the structure.
Deflection requirements can be satisfied by the following
methods:
Direct calculation (Eurocode 2 methods considered to be
an improvement on BS 8110) See How toDeflection
calculations
Limiting span-to-effective-depth ratios
EC2 Span/effective depth ratios
l/d is the span/depth ratio
K is the factor to take into account the different structural
systems (explained on next slide)

0
is the reference reinforcement ratio = \f
ck
10
-3
is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to
resist the moment due to the design loads (at support for
cantilevers)
is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-
span to resist the moment due to design loads (at support
for cantilevers)
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2
3
0
ck
0
ck
1 2 , 3 5 , 1 11

f f K
d
l
if s
0
(7.16.a)
(

+ =
0
ck
0
ck
'
12
1
'
5 , 1 11

f f K
d
l
if >
0
(7.16.b)
EC2 Span/effective depth
ratios
Structural system K
Simply supported beam, one- or two-way simply
supported slab
1.0
End span of continuous beam or one-way spanning
slab continuous slab or two-way slab over continuous
over one long side
1.3
Interior span of beam or one-way or two-way spanning
slab
1.5
Slab supported without beams (flat slab) (based on
longer span)
1.2
Cantilever 0.4
EC2 Span/effective depth ratios
18.5
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,reqd
/bd)
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
l
/
d
)
This graph has been
produced for K = 1.0
Structural
System
K
Simply
supported
1.0
End span 1.3
Interior Span 1.5
Flat Slab 1.2
Flow Chart
Is basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 >Actual l/d?
Yes
No
Factor F3 accounts for stress in the reinforcement
F3 = A
s,prov
/ A
s,reqd
1.5 (UK NA)
Check complete
Determine basic l/d
Factor F2 for spans supporting brittle partitions > 7m
F
2
= 7/l
eff
Factor F1 for ribbed and waffle slabs only
F
1
= 1 0.1 ((b
f
/b
w
) 1) 0.8
Increase
A
s,prov
or f
ck
No
Outline
We will look at the following topics:
Deflection
Control of cracking
Shear for slabs
Punching shear
Detailing
Worked example
Control of cracking
In Eurocode 2 cracking is controlled in the following ways:
Minimum areas of reinforcement
Crack width limits (Cl. 7.3.1 and National Annex)
These limits can be met by either:
direct calculation (Cl. 7.3.4)
deemed to satisfy rules (Cl. 7.3.3)
Minimum reinforcement area
The minimum area of reinforcement for slabs (and beams)
is given by:
d b
f
d b f
A
t
yk
t ctm
min , s
013 . 0
26 . 0
> >
Crack width limits
Recommended values of w
max
Exposure class RC or unbonded PSC
members
Prestressed
members with
bonded tendons
Quasi-permanent load Frequent load
X0,XC1 0.3* 0.2
XC2,XC3,XC4 0.3
XD1,XD2,XS1,
XS2,XS3
Decompression
* Does not affect durability, may be relaxed where
appearance is not critical (eg use 0.4 mm)
Crack control without
direct calculation
Crack control may be achieved in two ways:
limiting the maximum bar diameter using Table 7.2
limiting the maximum bar spacing using Table 7.3
Maximum bar diameters for
crack control (7.3.3)
0
10
20
30
40
50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Reinforcement stress, o
s
(N/mm
2
)
m
a
x
i
m
u
m

b
a
r

d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r

(
m
m
)
w
k
=0.3 mm
w
k
=0.2 mm
w
k
= 0.4
Maximum bar spacings for
crack control (7.3.3)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
150 200 250 300 350 400
stress in reinforcement (MPa)
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

b
a
r

s
p
a
c
i
n
g

(
m
m
)
w
k
= 0.4
w
k
= 0.3
w
k
= 0.2
Outline
We will look at the following topics:
Deflection
Control of cracking
Shear for slabs
Punching shear
Detailing
Worked example
Shear in slabs
Most slabs do not require shear
reinforcement
Check V
Ed
< V
Rd,c
Where V
Rd,c
is shear resistance of
members without reinforcement
v
Rd,c
= 0.12 k (100
I
f
ck
)
1/3
0.035 k
1.5
f
ck
0.5
Where V
Ed
> V
Rd,c,
shear reinforcement is required
and the strut inclination method
should be used
Outline
We will look at the following topics:
Deflection
Control of cracking
Shear for slabs
Punching shear
Detailing
Worked example
Punching shear
Punching shear does not use Strut inclination method and is
similar to BS 8110 methods
The basic control perimeter is set at 2d from the loaded area
The shape of control perimeters have rounded corners
bz
by
2d
2d
2d
2d
u1
u1
u1
For structures where:
lateral stability does not
depend on frame action
adjacent spans do not
differ by more than 25%
the approximate values for
| shown may be used:
Punching shear (2)
The applied shear stress should be taken as:
v
Ed
= | V
Ed
/u
i
d where | =1 + k(M
Ed
/V
Ed
)u
1
/W
1
For a rectangular internal column
with biaxial bending the following
simplification may be used:
| = 1 + 1.8{(e
y
/b
z
)
2
+ (e
z
/b
y
)
2
}
0.5
where b
y
and b
z
are the dimensions
of the control perimeter
For other situations there is plenty of guidance on
determining | given in Cl 6.4.3 of the Code.
Where the simplified arrangement is not applicable then | can be
calculated
c1
c2
2d
2d
y
z
Punching shear (3)
kd
Outer control
perimeter
Outer perimeter of shear
reinforcement
1.5d (2d if > 2d from
column)
0.75d
0.5d
A
A
Section A - A
0.75d
0.5d
Outer control
perimeter
kd
Punching shear reinforcement (1)
The outer control perimeter at
which shear reinforcement is
not required, should be
calculated from:
u
out,ef
= V
Ed
/ (v
Rd,c
d)
The outermost perimeter of
shear reinforcement should
be placed at a distance not
greater than kd (k = 1.5d)
within the outer control
perimeter.
Punching shear reinforcement (2)
1,5d
2d
d
d
> 2d
1,5d
uout
uout,ef
Where proprietary systems are used the control perimeter at which
shear reinforcement is not required, u
out
or u
out,ef
(see Figure) should
be calculated from the following expression:
u
out,ef
= V
Ed
/ (v
Rd,c
d)
Where shear reinforcement is required it should be calculated in
accordance with the following expression:
v
Rd,cs
= 0.75 v
Rd,c
+ 1.5 (d/s
r
) A
sw
f
ywd,ef
(1/(u
1
d)) sino
A
sw
= area of one perimeter of shear reinforcement around the col.
(Outside U
1
, A
sw
should be calculated for each perimeter)
s
r
= radial spacing of layers of shear reinforcement
o = angle of the shear reinforcement to the plane of the slab
f
ywd,ef
= effective design strength of the punching shear reinforcement,
= 250 + 0,25 d s f
ywd
(MPa.)
d = mean effective depth of the slabs (mm)
V
v v
u d
Ed
Ed Rd,max
0
|
= s
= 0,5 v f
cd
Max. shear stress at column face,
Punching shear reinforcement (3)
Check v
Ed
2 v
Rdc
at control perimeter
Note: UK NA says first control perimeter, but the paper* on
which this guidance is based says basic control perimeter
The minimum area of a link leg (or equivalent), A
sw,min
, is
given by the following expression:
A
sw,min
(1.5 sino + coso)/(s
r
s
t
) > (0,08 \(f
ck
))/f
yk
*FRASER, AS & JONES, AEK. Effectiveness of punching shear
reinforcement to EN 1992-1-1:2004. The Structural Engineer ,19 May 2009.
Punching shear reinforcement (4)
Outline
We will look at the following topics:
Deflection
Control of cracking
Shear for slabs
Punching shear
Detailing
Worked example
Where partial fixity exists, not taken into account in design:
Internal supports: A
s,top
> 0,25A
s
for M
max
in adjacent span
End supports: A
s,top
> 0,15A
s
for M
max
in adjacent span
This top reinforcement should extend > 0,2 adjacent span
> 2h
h
Reinforcement at free edges should include u bars and
longitudinal bars
Slabs
At internal columns 0,5A
t
should be placed in a
width = 0.125 panel width.
At least two bottom bars should pass through internal
columns in each orthogonal directions.
Design reinforcement at edge and corner reinforcement
should be placed within the b
e
cz
cy
y
be = cz + y
A
cz
cy
y
A
be = z + y/2
z
A
Flat slabs
Outline
We will look at the following topics:
Deflection
Control of cracking
Shear for slabs
Punching shear
Detailing
Worked example
Worked example
Determine the cover, check the deflection and crack widths in the
end bay using simplified rules for a 225mm thick slab. Also
check the shear strength of the slab.
Assume the following:
Area of steel required at ULS for both hogging and sagging
moments is 987 mm
2
/m
f
ck
= 30 MPa.
G
= 1.25
The required fire resistance is 90 minutes
Shear force = 61.4 kN/m width
Open plan office
One way spanning slab
7000 7000 7000 7000
G
k
= 5.7 kN/m
2
, Q
k
= 4.5 kN/m
2
(office loading)
Solution
The minimum cover is based on 3 criteria:
1. Durability
2. Fire
3. Bond
Cover for durability 50 years
Table A.4 BS 8500
Fire
Table 5.8 EN 1992-1-2
Cover
4.4.1 EN 1992-1-1
a > 30 mm c
nom
> c
min
+ A
c,dev
Part 1-2, Fire Part 1-1
Durabilty
C
min,dur
= 15 mm
Bond
C
min.b
> |. Assume 20 dia. bar C
min.b
= 20 mm
Allowance in design for deviations
A
c,dev
= 5 mm (Assume a quality control system in place)
Conclusion
Use c
nom
= 20 + 5 = 25 mm and check bars are not greater than 20 mm dia.
Check axis distance
a = 25 + 20 / 2 = 35 > 30 OK
Effective depth
d = 225 - 25 - 10 = 190 mm
Deflection
7.4.2 EN 1992-1-1
Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 > actual l/d
1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = A
s,req
/bd = 987 x 100/(1000 x 190)
= 0.52%
Basic span-to-depth ratios
(for simply supported condition)
19.7
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,reqd
/bd)
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
l
/
d
)
This graph has been
produced for K = 1.0
Structural
System
K
Simply
supported
1.0
End span 1.3
Interior Span 1.5
Flat Slab 1.2
Deflection
7.4.2 EN 1992-1-1
Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 > actual l/d
1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = A
s,req
/bd = 987 x 100/(1000 x 190) = 0.52%
From graph basic l/d = 19.7 x 1.3 = 25.6 (K = 1.3 for end span condition)
2. Determine Factor F1
F1 = 1.0
3. Determine Factor F2
F2 = 1.0
For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange
breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the values of l/d
given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 0,8.
For beams and slabs with spans exceeding 7 m,
which support partitions liable to be damaged by
excessive deflections, the values of l/d given by
Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 7 / l
eff
(l
eff
in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
Note: flat slabs (spans exceeding 8.5m),
Deflection
7.4.2 EN 1992-1-1
4. Determine Factor F3
A
s,req
= 987 mm
2
(ULS), assume we require H20 @ 200 c/c (1570 mm
2
)
to control deflection
F3 = A
s,prov
/ A
s,req
= 1570 / 987 = 1.59 1.5
25.6 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.5 > 7000 / 190
38.4 > 36.8
Cracking
Action
0

1

2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential
Category B : office areas
Category C : congregation areas
Category D : shopping areas
Category E : storage areas
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
Category F : traffic area,
s
30 kN
Category G : traffic area, 30160 kN
Category H : roofs
0.7
0.7
0
0.7
0.5
0
0.6
0.3
0
Snow load: H
s
1000 m a.s.l.
0.5 0,2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0,2 0
Determination of steel stress
222
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
U
n
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

o
s
u
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
= 5.7/4.5 = 1.27
Crack widths
7.3.3 EN 1992-1-1
From graph o
su
= 222
o
s
= (o
su
A
s,req
) / (o A
s,prov
)
o
s
= (222 x 987) / (1.0 x 1570)
= 139 MPa
Design meets both criteria
Maximum bar size or spacing to limit
crack width
Steel
stress
(
s
) MPa
w
max
= 0.3 mm
Maximum
bar size
(mm)
OR
Maximum
bar spacing
(mm)
160 32 300
200 25 250
240 16 200
280 12 150
320 10 100
360 8 50
Shear
6.2.2 EN 1992-1-1
Applied shear stress, v
Ed
= 61.4 x 1000/(1000 x 190) = 0.32 MPa
% reinforcement = 1570 x 100/(1000 x 190) = 0.83%
Shear resistance v
Rd,c
=
Shear
6.2.2 EN 1992-1-1
Table 6: v
Rd,c
resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa
A
s
(bd) %
Effective depth, d (mm)
s200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.36
0.50 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45
0.75 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51
1.00 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57
1.25 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61
1.50 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.65
1.75 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68
2.00 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71
2.50 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71
k 2.00 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.67 1.63 1.58 1.52
Table derived from: v
Rd,c
= 0.12 k (100
I
f
ck
)
(1/3)
0.035 k
1.5
f
ck
0.5
where k = 1 + (200/d) 2 and
I
= A
s
/(bd) 0.02
Note: This table has been prepared for f
ck
= 30. Where
I
exceed 0.40% the following factors may be used:
f
ck
25 28 32 35 40 45 50
factor 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19
Shear & distribution steel
Applied shear stress, v
Ed
= 61.4 x 1000/(1000 x 190) = 0.32 MPa
% reinforcement = 1570 x 100/(1000 x 190) = 0.83%
Shear resistance v
Rd,c
= 0.68 MPa
v
Ed
< v
Rd,c
OK
Distribution reinforcement (9.3.1.1 EN 1992-1-2)
Not less than 20% of the principal reinforcement, and:
Max spacing 3.5h 450 mm or
Max spacing 3.0h 400 mm for concentrated load
Punching shear example
Worked example - punching shear
6.4.1 EN 1992-1-1
1
2
3
Worked example - punching shear
6.4.1 EN 1992-1-1
An internal 400 mm square column supports a 300 mm thick slab
The ULS reaction is 1042 kN
Cover: 30 mm
Flexural reinforcement: H20s@125 in y-direction (T1)
H25s@150 in z-direction (T2)
Determine the punching shear requirements
Solution
Assume | = 1.15
V
Ed,eff
= 1.15 1042 = 1199 kN
Shear stress at face of column
Mean value of effective depth
d
y
= 300 30 20 25/2 = 237.5
d
z
= 300 30 20/2 = 260
d
eff
= (237.5 + 260)/2 = 249 mm
Length column perimeter
u
0
= 4 400 = 1600 mm
Shear stress
v
Ed
= | V
Ed
/(u
0
d)
= 1199000/ (1600 249) = 3.01 MPa
Shear resistance
v
Rd,max
= 0.5 v f
cd
= 5.28 MPa
v
Ed
< v
Rd,max
OK
3. 68
4. 50
4. 98
5. 28
5. 58
6. 02
6. 72
7. 38
8. 00
Punching shear reinforcement (1)
Find position of outer control perimeter (i.e. where v
Ed
= v
Rd,c
)
Determine v
Rd,c

l
= (
y
x
z
) = (0.008 x 0.011) = 0.0093 = 0.93%
d
eff
= 249 mm
v
Rd,c
= 0.70 MPa
Length of outer control perimeter
u
out
= | V
Ed
/(v
Rd,c
d)
= 1199000/(0.70 x 249)
= 6879 mm
Distance from column face
= (u
out
4h)/2t
= (6879 4 x 400)/2t
= 840 mm
Distance of outer links from column
= 840 (1.5 x 249) = 467 mm
Punching shear reinforcement (2)
Shear reinforcement at basic control perimeter, u
1
Position of perimeter - 2d from face of column
u
1
= 4 x 400 + 2t (2 x 249)
= 4729 mm
v
Ed
= 1199000/(4729 x 249)
= 1.02 MPa
Check v
Ed
2v
Rdc
; 1.02 < 2 x 0.70 < 1.40
f
ywd,ef
= 250 + 0.25 d s f
ywd
= 250 + 0.25 x 249
= 312 < 435 MPa
s
r
= 0.75 249 = 187 mm
say 175mm
A
sw
= (v
Ed
0.75 v
Rd,c
) s
r
u
1
/(1.5 f
ywd,ef
)
A
sw
= (1.02 0.75 x 0.70) x 175 x 4729/(1.5 312) = 875 mm
2
/perimeter
No. of 10 mm link legs per perimeter required
= 875/78.5 = 11.1 (Say 12)
Punching shear reinforcement (3)
Outer control
perimeter,
u
out
= 6879 mm
Summary
Basic control perimeter,
u
1
= 4729 mm
1.5d
s 0.75d
0.5d
s 1.5d (2d if > 2d
from col.)
125
Punching shear reinforcement (3)
Outer control
perimeter,
u
out
= 6879 mm
Summary
Basic control perimeter,
u
1
= 4729 mm
1.5d
s 0.75d
0.5d
s 1.5d (2d if > 2d
from col.)
498
840
374
s 186
s 374
125
Punching shear reinforcement (3)
Outer control
perimeter,
u
out
= 6879 mm
Summary
Basic control perimeter,
u
1
= 4729 mm
s
t
= 4729/12
= 394 mm
Increase number
of links
498
840
374
s 186
475
300
125
s 374
Punching shear reinforcement (3)
Summary
475
300
125
Minimum required steel shown - more steel may be
detailed to rationalise layout of links
Punching shear reinforcement (3)
Check minimum requirements
A
sw,min
> (0.08 s
r
s
t
\f
ck
)/1.5f
yk
s
t
= 4534/12 = 378
A
sw,min
= 0.08 175 378 \30 /(1.5 500) = 39 mm
2
/leg
A
sw,prov
= 78.5 mm
2
/leg > 39 mm
2
/leg OK