3 EC4-2 Background Gerhard Hanswille

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany
Workshop on Eurocode 4-2 Composite Bridges Background und Rules Part 1

Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal Germany Consulting Engineers Bochum Germany
1
HRA
Contents
G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany
Introduction Structural analysis for ultimate and serviceability limit states Serviceability limit states Fatigue limit states
EN 1994-2: Design of composite steel and concrete structures Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
General Basis of design Materials Durability Structural analysis Ultimate limit states Serviceability limit state Precast concrete elements in composite bridges Composite plates in bridges
Structural modelling for analysis Structural stability Imperfections Calculation of action effects Classification of cross-section
Beams Resistance of cross-sections of beams Filler beam decks Lateral torsional buckling Transverse forces on webs Shear connection Composite columns and composite compression members 6.8 Fatigue 6.9 Tension members in composite bridges 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 General Stresses Deformation of bridges Cracking of concrete Filler beam decks
Annex C: Headed studs that cause

splitting forces in the direction of the slab thickness
Structural Analysis
Structural analysis for Bridges Methods of global analysis Methods based on elastic analysis
Effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete Effective width of flanges for shear lag Stage and sequence of construction Effects of cracking of concrete Temperature effects of heat of hydration of cement (only for erection stages) Imperfections for frame and bow structures and for isolated composite compression members
Non-linear analysis
Box girders torsional and distorsional warping
qz
eccentric force
qz/2
bending
qz/2
qz/2
torsion
qz/2 h
b
St. Venant torsion
distorsional warping
qz 4
qz 4
qz b 4 h
qz 4
qz b 4 h
qz b 4 h
qz 4
6
Global analysis for box girders
The internal forces of the concrete deck result from the superposition of the internal forces of system A, and the sectional forces of the composite section and the local transverse bending moments of the concrete slab resulting from system B.
System B System A
carriageway slab system for local internal forces grillage model for the box girder with separate beams for bending and warping torsion and St. Venant torsion stiffness
Qi, qi Qi, qi
EJHT G JT (box)
beff JQ,R
EJHT
G JT (box)
EJHT GIT =0
beff
7
Global analysis for bridges with two seperate box girders
The internal forces of the concrete deck result from the superposition of the internal forces of system A, and the sectional forces of the composite section and the local transverse bending moments of the concrete slab resulting from system B
System A
System B
carriageway slab system for local internal forces grillage system for the main girders and the concrete slab
JPl beff
EJHT G JT EJHT G JT
JPl
JQ,R
JQ,R
8
Structural Analysis Shear lag effects in concrete and steel flanges

9
Effective width of concrete flanges
be,2 b0 be,1 x Effective width at mid-span and internal supports: beff= b0 + be,1+be,2 b2 b0 b1 Le effective length End supports: beff= b0 + 1 be,1+2 be,2 i=(0,55+0,025 Le/bi) 1,0
effective width be,i on each side of the concrete slab : be,i= Le/8
10
Effective width of steel flanges acc. to EN 1993-1-5
x
0,02 boi 0,02< 0,70
effective width: be,ff,i= bo,i

verification - value 1,0 sagging bending hogging bending sagging bending hogging bending
= 1 =
= 2 =
1 1 + 6,4 2
be,ff
= o bo / L e
A s,li o = 1 + boi t
As,li
> 0,7
1 1 2 1 + 6,0 + 1,6 2500 1 = 1 = 5,9
= 2 =
1 8,6
all
end support 0 = (0,55 + 0,025 / ) 1, but 0 < 1 cantilever =2 at support and at the end
11
all
Effective width of steel and concrete flanges effective length

Le=0,25 (L1 + L2) fr beff,2 Le=0,85 L1 fr beff,1
Le=2L3 fr beff,2
Le=0,70 L2 fr beff,1
The effective length for the determination of the effective width should be taken as the distance between adjacent points of zero bending moments. Provided adjacent spans do not differ more than 50% and any cantilever span is not larger than half the adjacent span for the effective length the values given in the figure may be used. beff,2
L1
L1/4 L1/2 L1/4 L2/4
L2
L2/2 L2/4
L3
beff,0
beff,1
beff,2
beff,1
12
Effective width
shear lag real stress distribution
max
bei
(y)
bei < 0,2 bi

( y ) = max y 1 b i
4
max
max
5 bei
beff
stresses taking into account the effective width
y bei R
bi
The flexibility of steel or concrete flanges affected by shear in their plane (shear lag) shall be used either by rigorous analysis, or by using an effective width be.
max
(y)
bei 0,2 bi
b R = 1,25 ei 0,2 max bi y ( y ) = R + [max R ] 1 bi
4
y bi
13
Distribution of stresses in the concrete flange due to prestressing by tendons and taking into account shear lag effects
strains in the concrete slab o Po
deformation of concrete slab and steel girder without shear connection
S R
concrete slab and steel girder with shear connectors
stresses
14
Structural Analysis Creep and shrinkage of concrete

15
Creep and shrinkage
c(t)
strain
total strain:
cc(t,to) Creep c,o (to) elastic strain c,s(t) Shrinkage

c(t) to
c Ec time t
c ( t ) = cs ( t ) + co ( t o ) + cc ( t, t o )
cs co cc
Shrinkage strain elastic strain
strain due to creep

cc ( t, t 0 ) = co ( t o ) ( t, t o )
stress
time t
strains due to creep:

c ( t, t o ) = co ( t o ) + co ( t o ) ( t, t o ) c ( t, t o ) = c ( t o ) ( t ) ( t, t o ) + c o Ecm ( t o ) Ec
(t,to)
Ecm (to) J(t,to)
creep coefficient permanent compressive stress tangent modulus of elasticity at the age of 28 days Secant modulus at the age t=to creep function
c ( t, t o ) = c ( t o ) J( t, t o )
creep - function:
J( t, t o ) = ( t, t o ) 1 + Ecm ( t o ) Ec
16
Creep coefficient (t,to)

( t, t o ) = c ( t, t o )
c(t,to)
Basic value of the creep coefficient:
o = RH ( fcm ) ( t o )
Influence of the relative humidity RH with RH in [%]:
function for the temporal developing

0,3
( t t o ) / t1 c ( t, t o ) = H + ( t t o ) / t1 18 RH h + 250 3 H = 150 1+ 1,2 RHo ho

H 1500 3
1RH / RHo RH = 1+ 1 2 3 0,1 h / h o 1

Influence of concrete compressive strength 5,3 ( fcm ) = fcm / fcmo Influence of age at loading with to in days: 1 ( t o ) = 0,1 + [t o / t1] 0,2
Cement CEM 32,5 -1 CEM 32,5R and 42,5 0 CEM 42,5R and 52,5 1
17
3,5 fcmo i = fcm
ni
mit n1 = 0,7 , n2 = 0,2 , n3 = 0,5
RHo= 100% h1= 100mm t1=1day fcm0= 10 N/mm2
Effective age at loading: 9 + 1 0,5 days t o,eff = t o 1,2 2 + (t o t1 )
Effects of creep of concrete

Initial sectional forces Mc,o
primary effects
redistribution of the sectional forces due to creep -Mc,r Nc,r ML Mst,o Nst,o Mst,r -Nst,r
-zi,c zi,st
-Nc,o
ast
The effects of shrinkage and creep of concrete and non-uniform changes of temperature result in internal forces in cross sections, and curvatures and longitudinal strains in members; the effects that occur in statically determinate structures, and in statically indeterminate structures when compatibility of the deformations is not considered, shall be classified as primary effects.
18
Primary and secondary effects of creep and shrinkage - Classification
Bending Moments t=0
ML= MP
+
ML= MPT
secondary effects due to creep
In statically indeterminate structures the primary effects of shrinkage, creep and temperature are associated with additional action effects, such that the total effects are compatible; these shall be classified as secondary effects and shall be considered as indirect actions.
Johnson, R.P. , Hanswille, G.: Eurocode 4-2: Effects of Creep and Shrinkage in Composite Bridges, The Structural Engineer 8/1998
19
Modular ratios taking into account effects of creep
centroidal axis of the concrete section
zis,L
ast
-zic,L zist,L
zc zi,L zst
centroidal axis of the transformed composite section centroidal axis of the steel section (structural steel and reinforcement)
Modular ratios:
nL = no [ 1+ L ( t, t o ) ]
no =
Ea Ecm
creep multiplier =0 P=1,10 S=0,55 D=1,50 PT=0,55
20
action short term loading permanent action not changing in time shrinkage prestressing by controlled imposed deformations time-dependent action effects
Structural Analysis Effects of Cracking of concrete
21
Effects of cracking of concrete and tension stiffening of concrete between cracks

c(x)
Ns
Nsy
mean strain sm
c(x) s(x)
s,2
s = s,r
Nsm Ns,cr fully cracked section
c(x) s(x) Ns
s,2 = s2 Es
s,r
Ns
sr,1
A B
sr,2
C
sm,y
sy
sm
fct Ec
s,r
s(x) c(x) x
stage A: stage B: stage C:
uncracked section initial crack formation stabilised crack formation
22
Influence of tension stiffening of concrete on stresses in reinforcement (stabilised crack formation)

Ns zs a za Ms0 Ma Na M a - sm
equilibrium:
Ma = M Ns a
Na = Ns
compatibility:
mean strain in the concrete slab:
sm = a + a
Ns a2 M a Ns sm + + = Ea A a Ea A a Ea Ja
mean strain in the concrete slab:
s =
fct,eff s E s
= 0,4
s = A s / A c
s,2 s,m
s= s,r s c
fct,eff Ns sm = s2 s = Es A s s E s
23
Redistribution of sectional forces due to tension stiffening

Fully cracked section
tension stiffening
Ns,2
-zst,s
Nts + =
Ns -Ms -Ma -Na -MEd
-Ms,2 -Ma,2 -Na,2
zst
zst,a
Nts a -Nts
Ns st =
A st Jst A a Ja
Nts =
Nts
fct,eff A s s st
Sectional forces:
Ns Ns
A s zst,s Ns = Ns2 + Nts = MEd + Nts Jst J Ms = MEd s Jst A a zst,a Nts Jst J Ma = Ma2 + Nts a = MEd a + Nts a Jst Na = Na2 Nts = MEd
Ns,2 MEd M
24
Influence of tension stiffening on flexural stiffness
Ns -Ms zst a -Ma -Na
sm
Curvature:
-M
a
k
Effective flexural stiffness: = -
EJ
Ea J1
EaJ2,ts EaJ1
EaJ2
Ea J2,ts EaJ2
M
MR MRn
Ea J1 uncracked section Ea J2 fully cracked section Ea J2,ts effective flexural stiffness taking into account tension stiffening of concrete
25
Redistribution of bending moments due to cracking of concrete
Bergische Universitt Wuppertal Fachgebiet Stahlbau und Verbundkonstruktionen Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Hanswille Vorlesung Verbundbrckenbau
cracked concrete
Ea J1
EaJ1
Lcr,ts lcr +
EaJ2,ts
EaJ2
EaJ
Ea J1
Bending moments calculated with the stiffness of the uncracked section Ea J2,ts EaJ2 EaJ1 EaJ2,ts
Redistribution of bending moments due to cracking
flexural stiffness of the uncracked section flexural stiffness of the cracked section taking into account tension stiffening of concrete flexural stiffness of the cracked section
15-26
EaJ2
Global analysis different methods in EN 1994-2 for the effects of cracking of concrete
Methods
non-linear calculation taking into account the non-linear behaviour of materials, sequence of construction, flexibility of shear connection, creep and shrinkage and effects of tension stiffening of concrete between cracks
simplified methods based on elastic theory direct determination of the cracked regions (Method I)
calculation with defined regions of cracking of concrete (Method II)
27
Effects of cracking of concrete Method I
EstJ1 uncracked flexural stiffness EstJ2 cracked flexural stiffness
Determination of internal forces by uncracked analysis for the characteristic combination. L2 Determination of the cracked regions with the extreme fibre concrete tensile stress c,max= 2,0 fct,m. Reduction of flexural stiffness to EaJ2 in the cracked regions. New structural analysis for the new distribution of flexural stiffness.
L1
L1,cr
L2,cr
EaJ1
EaJ2
EaJ1
M Redistribution of bending moments due to cracking

uncracked analysis cracked analysis
28
Effects of cracking of concrete simplified methods

Method II: Cracked analysis
L1
0,15 L1
L2
0,15 L2
EaJ1
EaJ2 MII
Lmin / Lmax 0,6
For continuous composite beams with the concrete flanges above the steel section and not prestressed, including beams in frames that resist horizontal forces by bracing, the following simplified method may be used. Where all the ratios of the length of adjacent continuous spans (shorter / longer) between supports are at least 0.6, the effect of cracking may be taken into account by using the flexural stiffness Ea I2 over 15% of the span on each side of each internal support, and as the uncracked values Ea I1 elsewhere.
29
Structural Analysis Effects from sequence of construction
30
Influence of sequence of construction
casting in several stages
Ja Jv
casting with temporary props
dead weight of concrete, G for wet concrete and formwork formwork and G for wet concrete (1kN/m3)
FH
31
Effects of sequence of construction
A
unpropped construction
B
propped construction
C
propped construction and jacking of props
bending moments Ma applied on the steel section bending moments Mc applied on the composite section total bending moment MEd= Ma +Mc
gl2/8
Ma
Ma=0
Ma
Mc=0
Mc
Mc= gl2/8
Ma
gl2/8
+
distribution of stresses
+
32
Influence of sequence of construction on the resistance to bending
M Mpl,Rd Mel,C Mel,B Mel,A A Mpla,Rd Ma moment-curvature relation C B Mpl,Rd
The moment curvature relation shows that the sequence of construction has no influence on the bending resistance in case of cross-sections in Class 1 or 2. Therefore for these Classes the influence of sequence of construction can be neglected for verifications in ultimate limit states. For cross-sections in class 3 and 4 with elastic behaviour in ultimate limit states the effects of sequence of construction must be taken into account. For verifications in serviceability limit states the effects of sequence of construction must be taken into account for all Classes.
33
Influence of sequence of casting in several stages
1 28,50
45 55 10 20
70 30 40
70
70 50
70 690 60 70
70 80
70 90
70
55 45 3,80
100 110 120
70,0 7,5 7,5 3 x 15,0 17,5 7,5
70,0 3 x 15,0 17,5 7,5 3 x 15,0
Method I
10 11
12
Method II
12
10
11
Method III
12
11 10
9
34
Influence of sequence of casting in several stages bending moments acting on the composite section
My= -105,3 My= -103,2 My= -107,5
Method I
-
My= -31,9
My= -43,7 -
My= -31,9
My= -45,4 +
Method II
+ My= 27,2
+ My= 28,1 My= 25,6
My= -32,5 + My= 26,5 + My= 27,3
My= -33,5 + My= 25,4
Method III
[My in MNm]
35
Structural Analysis Effects from hydration of cement
36
Primary effects due temperature caused by hydration of cement

Tmax Tc T
I temperature of concrete
sectional forces
McH NcH co cu
Tc2 Tc1
II III IV
V
stresses due to restraining of deformations
A A J 2 NcH = NH 1 c,o c,o zic,o McH = MH c,o A ,io Ji,o Ji,o
model for the calculation of primary effects

Stage I: Casting of concrete and compacting
Stage II: Development of temperature due to hydration with plastic strains. Stage III: With increasing values of the modulus of elasticity compressive stresses develop which are reduced by relaxation of the young concrete Stage IV: Cooling of concrete and reduction of compressive stresses Stage V : Further cooling of concrete and development of tensile stresses until cracking occurs
NH
-NH -zic,o
MH -NH
B
MH = NH zic,o
NH = H Ecm A c
37
Primary and secondary temperature effects due to hydration of cement

Primary effects: Mc,H c,H -
-zic,o zist,o zi,o
Nc,H Mst,H -Nst,H
Free strain due to temperature effects caused by hydration of cement: H = T T

H
NH
-NH zic,o
MH
-NH
Secondary effects: The primary effects cause secondary effects in statically indeterminate structures. In case of single span bridges erected by propped construction the secondary effects influence also the pre-cambering of the structure.
NH = H Ecm A c MH = NH zic,o
The strain H is related to the modulus elasticity of concrete Ecm at an age of 28 days. According to EN 1994-2, for simplification a different temperature T = 200C between steel and concrete (concrete cooler) may be assumed.
38
FH
Strain H due to temperature effects caused by hydration of cement

0,40 0,35 0,00
Effective plate thickness
1/
0,20 0,40 0,60
0,35 0,25
ho
2 Ac [m] Uc Resistance to heat transmission ho =

1 d K = i m W i
Volumetrical heat transmission of cement
Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Date of concreting Hydration strain H [10-5] (t=5d) -12 -24 -36 -48 -60
qv = Z H1 [(kJ / m ) 10 ]
20
s
50 65 80 110 5,0
Cross-section properties
qv
2,0
3,0
s=
4,0
Jio no [m] A c zic,o
no =
Ea Ecm
39
Example for the primary effects due to temperature caused by hydration of cement
28,5 m
Cement: CEM II 32,5 Content of cement: 370 kg/m3

3,80
Time of casting Hydration heat H1 [J/g] Volumetrical heat transmission of cement

qv [kJ/m3 103 ]
casting of concrete in summer period 120 qv= 45 -20 10-5 0,90 1,60 200 qv= 75
casting of concrete in winter period 120 qv= 45 200 qv= 75
Hydration strain H [oo/o] Stress at the top surface of the concrete slab [N/mm2] Stress at the bottom surface of the concrete slab [N/mm2]
-32 10-5 -6 10-5 -12 10-5 1,44 2,50 0,28 0,48 0,56 0,90
40
Serviceability limit states
41
Serviceability limit states
Serviceability limit states Limitation of stresses crack width control Limitation of deflections web breathing
42
Serviceability limit state Limitation of crack width
43
Control of cracking
General considerations minimum reinforcement

If crack width control is required, a minimum amount of bonded reinforcement is required to control cracking in areas where tension due to restraint and/or direct loading is expected. The amount may be estimated from equilibrium between the tensile force in concrete just before cracking and the tensile force in the reinforcement at yielding or at a lower stress if necessary to limit the crack width. According to Eurocode 4-2 the minimum reinforcement should be placed, where under the characteristic combination of actions stresses in concrete are tensile.
control of cracking due to direct loading

Where at least the minimum reinforcement is provided, the limitation of crack width for direct loading may generally be achieved by limiting bar spacing or bar diameters. Maximum bar spacing and maximum bar diameter depend on the stress s in the reinforcement and the design crack width.
44
Cracking of concrete introduction length

w Ns s c Les Les
s s s,1
Ns
Change of stresses in reinforcement due to cracking:
s = s s,1 =
s 1+ s no
Equilibrium in longitudinal direction:
L es Us sm = s A s d2 s L es ds sm = s 4
introduction length LEs
s =
c,1
As Ac Es Ec
L es
Les
c,1 s,1
Les
-perimeter of the bar -cross-section area -reinforcement ratio -mean bond strength
d 1 = s s 4 sm 1+ no s
crack width
no =
Les
sm s,2 Us As s sm
w = 2 L es (sm cm )
45
Determination of initial crack width

w Ns Ns
crack width
w = 2 L es (sm cm )
s,m = s,2 s,cr
c,m = cr s,m cm = (1 ) s,2
L es = s ds 1 4 sm 1+ no s
c,m
s,m s(x) c(x) Les
s,2 s,cr cr
Les
s s,m s
sm 1,8 fctm
s s
s,1 c,1
(1 ) 2 ds 1 s w= 2 sm E s 1+ no s
2 ds s 6 fct,m E s
Les
Les x
with = 0,6 for short term loading und = 0,4 for long term loading
46
Maximum bar diameters acc. to EC4
s [N/mm2] 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 450
maximum bar diameter d for s wk= 0,4 40 32 20 16 12 10 8 6 wk= 0,3 32 25 16 12 10 8 6 5 wk= 0,2 25 16 12 8 6 5 4 -
Crack width w:
(1 ) 2 ds 1 s w= 2 sm E s 1+ no s 2 ds s 6 fct,m E s
Maximum bar diameter for a required crack width w:
ds = w
2 sm Es ( 1+ no s ) 2 (1 ) s
With sm= 1,8 fct,mo and the reference value for the mean tensile strength of concrete fctm,o= 2,9 N/mm2 follows:
d* s d* s
= 0,4
for long term loading and repeated loading
3,6 fctm,o E s ( 1+ no s ) = wk 2 (1 ) s w k fctm,o E s 6 2 s

47
Determination of the cracking moment Mcr and the normal force of the concrete slab in the stage of initial cracking
cracking moment Mcr
Mc+s c MR
cracking moment Mcr:

c + c, = fct,eff = k1 fctm no Ji,o Mcr = [fct,eff c, ] zic,o + hc / 2
Mcr = [fct,eff c, ] no Ji,o zic,o (1+ hc /(2 zic,o )
hc
zic,o zio zi,st
Nc+s ast
primary effects due to shrinkage
sectional normal force of the concrete slab: A z + A s zis Ncr = MR co i,co + Nc + s, Jio
c
Mc, Nc,
Ncr =
cracking moment
A c ( fct,eff c, ) (1+ s no ) + Nc + s, 1+ hc /(2 zic,o )

shrinkage
A (1+ s no ) Nc + s, c c, 1+ hc /(2 zic,o ) 1 Ncr = A c fct,eff (1 + s n0 ) + 1 + hc /(2 zic,o ) A c fct,eff (1 + s n0 )
48
Simplified solution for the cracking moment and the normal force in the concrete slab
cracking moment Mcr
Mc+s c MR
simplified solution for the normal force in the concrete slab:
hc
-zic,o zio zi,st
Nc+s ast
Ncr A c fctm k1 k 2 k c
k1 = 0,8
primary effects due to shrinkage

Mc+s, Nc+s, c
k2= 0,9
coefficient taking into account the effect of non-uniform self-equilibrating stresses coefficient taking into account the slip effects of shear connection
kc =
1 + 0,3 1,0 hc 1+ 2 zic,o
cracking moment
shrinkage
49
Crack width for stabilised crack formation
w Ns
w = sr,max (sm cm )
the maximum crack spacing sr,max in the stage of stabilised crack formation is twice the introduction length Les s(x)- c(x)
s,2 = s Es
s(x)
fct Ec
c(x) sr,max= 2 Les sr,min= Les
fctm ds f A L es = ctm c = Us sm s 4 sm
maximum crack width
= 0,6
for short term loading
= 0,4 for long term loading and repeated loading
f d f w = ctm s s ctm (1 + no s ) 2 sm s Es s E s
sm 1,8 fctm
50
Control of cracking due to direct loading Verification by limiting bar spacing or bar diameter Ac As
-zst,s fully cracked tension stiffening
Ns,2 -Ms,2 a
Nts
Ns -Ms
zst zst,a Aa
za
+
-Ma,2 -Na,2
Nts a -Nts
=
-Ma -Na
-MEd
The calculation of stresses is based on the mean strain in the concrete slab. The factor results from the mean value of crack spacing. With srm 2/3 sr,max results 2/3 0,6 = 0,4
stresses in reinforcement = s,2 + ts taking into account tension s fct,eff MEd stiffening for the bending s = z st,s + moment MEd of the quasi J2 s st permanent combination: A J As st = 2 2 s = = 0,4 A a Ja Ac
51
The bar diameter or the bar spacing has to be limited
Maximum bar diameters and maximum bar spacing for high bond bars acc. to EC4 Table 1: Maximum bar diameter
s [N/mm2] 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 450 maximum bar diameterds for wk= 0,4 40 32 20 16 12 10 8 6 wk= 0,3 32 25 16 12 10 8 6 5 wk= 0,2 25 16 12 8 6 5 4
Table 2: Maximum bar spacing

s [N/mm2] 160 200 240 280 320 360 maximum bar spacing in [mm] for wk= 0,4 300 300 250 200 150 100 wk= 0,3 300 250 200 150 100 50 wk= 0,2 200 150 100 50 -
52
Serviceability limit state Limitation of stresses
53
Limitation of Stresses c
MEd
shear lag; creep and shrinkage of concrete cracking of concrete and tension stiffening of concrete; sequence of construction;
- +
a
+
s
MEd
increased flexibility resulting from significant incomplete interaction due to slip of shear connection; inelastic behaviour of steel and reinforcement, if any; torsional and distorsional warping, if any.
combination structural steel reinforcement concrete headed studs characteristic characteristic characteristic characteristic
stress limit Ed ka fyk Ed ks fsk Ed kc fck PEd ks PRd
recommended values ki ka = 1,00 ks = 0,80 kc= 0,60 ks = 0,75

54
Ultimate limit state Fatigue resistance of headed studs
55
Fatigue failure of headed studs

concrete flange in compression
P
Type A
P d2 / 4
Type B
concrete flange in tension

P
concrete flange in tension

Type C
concrete flange in compression
Verification for headed studs acc. to EC4

log c
m2=5 c=80 N/mm2 106 Stress range in the steel flange m1=3 1,0
F,f E c / v,fat
0,3
Interaction for flanges in tension
Nc=2
log N
0,3
1,0
F,f E c / a,fat
Stress range in the shank of the stud
E,2 = v
v = v,1 v,2 v,3 v,4
log c
c = 90 N/mm2 m=8
e,2 = a a = 1 2 3 4 max
F,fat E,2 c v,fat F,fat E,2 c a,fat
log N
Nc=2 106
F,fat E,2 F,fat E,2 + 1,3 c / v,fat c / a,fat
Fatigue strength curve for headed studs

F,f E,2 1,0 c / Mf ,v max PEd 0,75 PRd
P P N
R (log) N/mm2
1000
Test evaluation: m=8,658 Eurocode 4: m=8
100
5%-Fractile
10
R = C N
104 105
1 NC m
ck=90 N/mm2 N (log) 106 Nc=2 106 107
Headed studs Decrease of static strength due to cyclic preloading

Slip
R, E
Ultimate limit state
R, E
number of cycles N R resistance
fatigue
Action effects Design life
td
Design life
tm
Headed studs - test programm

Series 1 2 3 4 P/Pu,o 0,20 0,20 0,25 0,25 Pu,0.3N Pmax/Pu,o number 0,45 0,70 0,45 0,70 12 12 12 12
P Pmin
f
Pu,0
static strength u,0 Pmax fatigue strength P
P
Pu,0
N
static P strength with cyclic u,0 preloading
Pu,0.8N
Pmax Pmin 0 0.3 Nf
Pu,N
Pu,N
N
0.7Nf Nf
Ni
P u(N)
Number of load cycles to failure influences of loading parameters

Nf : number of load cycles to failure in a force-controlled push-out fatigue test
Nf,t
1 Pmax Pu,0
108
with lateral restraint without lateral restraint
theoretical model
N f = 10
P 0.5 P K1 K 2 max Pu,0
107 26 tests 106
105
K1 = 0,1267 K2 = 0,1344 K1 = 0,1483 K2 = 0,1680
with without lateral restraint
104 104
105
106
107
108
Nf,e
experimental results
Reduction of static strength due to cyclic preloading

Series
Pu / Pu,o
1
Pu,o
Pmax
Pu,o
Nf
6.2x106 1,2x106 5.2x106 3,5x106
0.20 0.25 0.25 0.20
0.44 0.71 0.44 0.71
1.0 0.8 1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

Short time test
P P
Pmax Pu,0 u,O Pu Pu
3 4
P 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8 1.0

N / Nf
Tests with cyclic preloading
Fatigue tests
Damage accumulation - tests series

P Pu
P P
Influence of sequence of loading and damage accumulation
D 1
3 2 1
time t
Hanswille, G., Porsch, M., stndag, C.: Resistance of headed studs subjected to fatigue loading, Part I Experimental study, Part II: Analytical study, Journal of Constructural Steel Research, April 2007.
Lifetime prediction according to Palmgren and Miner
Nfe [x 106] 7 6 5 test results 4 3 2 1 0 4 1 2 5 6 7 0 3 lifetime prediction according to Palmgren-Miner (linear damage accumulation)
64
Ni ! N = 1.0 fi
Ni
= Nft =
fi
1 Ni
Nft [x 106]
New damage accumulation hypothesis
Pu,N / Pu,0
D=
1.0 0.8 0.6
Pmax,1 / Pu,0
A 1 B
N1 N + nf,1 + 2 1 Nf,1 Nf,2
C 2 D
P / Pu,0 P / Pu,0 Pmax,2 / Pu,0 Pmax,1 / Pu,0
0.4 0.2 0.0 N1 /Nf,1
nf,1
N2 /Nf,2 Ni /Nf,i
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
65
Evaluation of the tests with multiple blocks of loading with the new damage accumulation hypothesis
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0
Nfe [x 106]
Ni D= + nf,i 1 Nf,i N
(1)
7 6 5 4
fe
[x 106]
(3) (3) (4) (2) (1)
(3)
3 2 Nft [x 106] 1 0 0 1 4 2 5 6 3 lifetime prediction single test values 7

66
Nft [x 106]
4 2 5 6 7 3 lifetime prediction mean values of each test series 1
Workshop on Eurocode 4-2: Composite Bridges
Thank you very much for your attention
67

3 EC4-2 Background Gerhard Hanswille

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3 EC4-2 Background Gerhard Hanswille

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G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.

Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Workshop on Eurocode 4-2 Composite Bridges Background und Rules Part 1

Annex C: Headed studs that cause

Box girders torsional and distorsional warping

Global analysis for box girders

Global analysis for bridges with two seperate box girders

Structural Analysis Shear lag effects in concrete and steel flanges

Effective width of concrete flanges

Effective width of steel flanges acc. to EN 1993-1-5

effective width: be,ff,i= bo,i

1 1 2 1 + 6,0 + 1,6 2500 1 = 1 = 5,9

Effective width of steel and concrete flanges effective length

bei < 0,2 bi

stresses taking into account the effective width

concrete slab and steel girder with shear connectors

Structural Analysis Creep and shrinkage of concrete

Creep and shrinkage

cc(t,to) Creep c,o (to) elastic strain c,s(t) Shrinkage

Shrinkage strain elastic strain

strain due to creep

strains due to creep:

Ecm (to) J(t,to)

Creep coefficient (t,to)

Basic value of the creep coefficient:

function for the temporal developing

( t t o ) / t1 c ( t, t o ) = H + ( t t o ) / t1 18 RH h + 250 3 H = 150 1+ 1,2 RHo ho

1RH / RHo RH = 1+ 1 2 3 0,1 h / h o 1

3,5 fcmo i = fcm

mit n1 = 0,7 , n2 = 0,2 , n3 = 0,5

RHo= 100% h1= 100mm t1=1day fcm0= 10 N/mm2

Effective age at loading: 9 + 1 0,5 days t o,eff = t o 1,2 2 + (t o t1 )

Effects of creep of concrete

Primary and secondary effects of creep and shrinkage - Classification

Bending Moments t=0

secondary effects due to creep

Modular ratios taking into account effects of creep

centroidal axis of the concrete section

Structural Analysis Effects of Cracking of concrete

Effects of cracking of concrete and tension stiffening of concrete between cracks

stage A: stage B: stage C:

uncracked section initial crack formation stabilised crack formation

Influence of tension stiffening of concrete on stresses in reinforcement (stabilised crack formation)

mean strain in the concrete slab:

Redistribution of sectional forces due to tension stiffening

Ns -Ms -Ma -Na -MEd

-Ms,2 -Ma,2 -Na,2

Influence of tension stiffening on flexural stiffness

Ns -Ms zst a -Ma -Na

Redistribution of bending moments due to cracking of concrete

Redistribution of bending moments due to cracking

calculation with defined regions of cracking of concrete (Method II)

Effects of cracking of concrete Method I

EstJ1 uncracked flexural stiffness EstJ2 cracked flexural stiffness

M Redistribution of bending moments due to cracking

Effects of cracking of concrete simplified methods

Lmin / Lmax 0,6

Structural Analysis Effects from sequence of construction

Influence of sequence of construction

casting in several stages

Effects of sequence of construction

Influence of sequence of construction on the resistance to bending

M Mpl,Rd Mel,C Mel,B Mel,A A Mpla,Rd Ma moment-curvature relation C B Mpl,Rd

Influence of sequence of casting in several stages