Application Engineering Bulletin

Subject

Natural Gas Fuel Performance Specification (Wide Range Fuel Capable)

This AEB is for the following applications: X Automotive Industrial Power Generation

Date August, 2001 Engine Models included: B5.9G+, C8.3G+ Fuel Systems included:

Page 1

AEB Number 79.02

This takes Cummins Engineering Standard 14608 revision 000 for publication as an AEB.

Author: Yiping Zhuang

Cummins, Inc., Columbus, Indiana 47201

Form 5745-0281

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

1. Scope
1.1. This specification covers natural gas fuel requirements for automotive spark ignited natural gas engines. 1.2. This specification is only applicable to engines with "Plus Technology" and approved ratings that are wide range fuel capable. "Plus Technology" includes knock sensing and control, and Cummins CORE hardware based control architecture (currently CM-556B ECM). 1.3. This specification applies to fuel as it is delivered to the engine regardless of whether its origin was liquid or gaseous. 1.4. Land fill gas and gas with chlorine additives are not permitted.

2. Applicable Documents
Applicable documents listed below may be obtained from the responsive organizations listed in CES 10054, Standards Organizations Addresses. a. ASTM D 1945, Analysis of Natural Gas by Gas Chromatography b. ASTM D 2650, Chemical Composition of Gases by Mass Spectrometry c. ASTM D 3588, Calculating Heat Value, Compressibility Factor, and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Gaseous Fuels d. CES 10054, Standards Organizations Addresses e. CES 10056, Glossary f. SAE 922359, Effect of Gas Composition on Octane Number of Natural Gas Fuels g. Title 17 CCR 94112 Method 16 Sulfur (Air Resources Board, State of California)

3. Definitions
Terms used in this standard that have a general definition for usage in Cummins Engineering Standards are defined in CES 10056, Glossary.

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 1 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

3.1. Reactive Hydrogen to Carbon Ratio Reactive hydrogen to carbon ratio is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms in one mole of fuel divided by the number of carbon atoms in one mole of fuel. Carbon present in the diluents (example carbon dioxide) is not used in this calculation. 3.2. Mass Percent Mass Percent is defined as the molecular weight of each component times the volume percent of that component divided by the molecular weight of the mixture. 3.3. Motor Octane Number Motor Octane Number is defined as a method for rating fuels and their resistance to denotation. There are two reference fuels that all fuels are compared too. The reference fuels are Iso-octane (100) as the high reference and n-heptane (0) as the low reference fuel. Octane number can be an excess of 100 and in this case tetraethyl lead is mixed with Iso-octane to create reference fuels with higher octane numbers. 3.4. Methane Number Methane number is defined as a scale to calculate knock potential of natural gas in a spark ignited engine, relative to the reference fuels. Since methane has an octane number of 140, the octane scale could not be used and a correlation relating octane number to methane number was developed. The reference fuels for methane number are methane as the high reference fuel (100) and hydrogen as the low reference fuel (0).

4. Specification
4.1. Significance and Use This specification covers natural gas fuels for use in automotive spark ignited natural gas engines. The requirements apply to the fuel as it is delivered to the engine. 4.2. Chemical Composition Chemical composition shall be determined using the test method in Table 1: Chemical Composition on page 3.

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 2 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

Table 1: Chemical Composition Components Methane Ethane Propane C4 and Higher CO2 + N2 Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide Oxygen Sulfur (1) Test Method ASTM D 1945 ASTM D 1945 ASTM D 1945 ASTM D 1945 ASTM D 1945 ASTM D 2650 ASTM D 2650 ASTM D 1945 Title 17 CCR Section 94112 Method 16

Note (1): Sulfur requirement is weight percent. Title 17 CCR Section 94112 Method 16, is a test method for determining emissions of total reduced sulfur set fourth in the Air Resources Boards Method 16 (State of California).

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 3 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

4.3. Physical Properties 4.3.1. Methane Number Methane Number shall not be below 65, when determined in accordance with the following equations. a. Reactive Hydrogen to Carbon Ratio (only use reactive hydro-carbons, see Section 3.1. Reactive Hydrogen to Carbon Ratio on page 2) n Volume % of Component i -------------------------------------------------------------- xNumber of Hydrogen Atoms in Componenti 100 H ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Reactive --- = i = 1 n Volume % of Component i C -------------------------------------------------------------- xNumber of Carbon Atoms in Component i 100
i=1

Where: n = total number of reactive hydro-carbons (methane, ethane, propane, etc.) b. Calculate the Octane Number Motor Octane Number = -406.14 + (508.04y) + (-173.55y2) + (20.17y3) Where: H y = Reactive --C c. Convert Motor Octane Number to Methane Number Methane Number = (1.624xMotor Octane Number) - 119.1 Note: Calculations for methane number are based on equations in SAE 922359.

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 4 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

4.3.2. Lower Heating Value (LHV) Lower heating value shall not be below 18,800 (BTU/lbm) when determined in accordance with the following equations. a. Calculate the molecular weight of the fuel. Molecular weight of a gas mixture is the sum of the molecular weight of each component times the volume percent of that component divided by 100. n Molecular Weight of Component i Volume Percent i Molecular Weight of Mixture = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100
i= 1

b. Calculate the Mass Percent The mass percent is the percentage of each component in the mixture divided by mass. Molecular Weight of Component x Volume Percent Mass Percent = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Molecular Weight of Mixture c. Calculate Lower Heating Value n Mass Percent of Component i LHV of Mixture (kJ/kg) = -------------------------------------------------------------------- LHV of Component i 100
i=1

d. Convert Lower Heating Value from kJ/kg to BTU/lbm BTU kJ LHV ----------- = LHV ----- 2.324444 lbm kg

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 5 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

4.4. Mechanical Requirements There are no mechanical property requirements. 4.5. Sulfur Content The maximum allowable sulfur content shall be no greater than 0.001 % weight. 4.6. Additional Requirements The fuel shall not contain water, dust, sand, dirt, oils, or any other substance/component in an amount that is detrimental to the operation of the engine.

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 6 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

Appendix A: Methane Number Calculation - Example Table A1: Example - EPA Certication Fuel Component Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Nitrogen Formula CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 N2 Volume Percent 90.204 4.033 1.759 0.008 0.01 3.986 Molecular Weight 16.044 30.07 44.097 58.12 72.0 28.013 LHV (kJ/kg) 50,016 47,489 46,357 45,742 45,355 0.00

A1. Methane Number

H (0.90204x4)+(0.04033x6)+(0.01759x8)+(0.00008x10)+(0.0001x12) -----------------------------------Reactive --- = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (0.90204x1)+(0.04033x2)+(0.01759x3)+(0.00008x4)+(0.0001x5) C H Reactive --- = 3.8535 C

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 7 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

Appendix A: Methane Number Calculation - Example (Continued) Motor Octane Number = -406.14+(508.04x3.8535)+(-173.55x3.85352)+(20.17x3.85353) Motor Octane Number = 128.64 Methane Number = (1.624x128.64)-119.1 Methane Number = 89.82

A2. Lower Heating Value

Molecular Weight of Mixture = (0.90204x16.044)+(0.04033x30.070)+(0.01759x44.097)+ (0.00008x58.12)+(0.0001x72.0)+(0.03986x28.013) Molecular Weight of Mixture = 17.59 Table A2: Mass Percent Component Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Nitrogen Volume Percent 90.204 4.033 1.759 0.008 0.01 3.986 Molecular Weight 16.044 30.07 44.097 58.12 72 28.013 Mass Percent (%) 82.29 6.90 4.41 0.03 0.04 6.34

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 8 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

Appendix A: Methane Number Calculation - Example (Continued) Table A3: Lower Heating Value of Mixture (kJ/kg) Component Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Nitrogen Mass Fraction 82.29 6.90 4.41 0.03 0.04 6.34 LHV (kJ/kg) 50,016 47,489 46,357 45,742 45,355 0 Calculation (kJ/kg) 41158.17 3276.74 2044.34 13.72 18.14 0

Lower Heating Value (kJ/kg) = Sum of Calculation = 46,511.11 Lower Heating Value (BTU/lbm) = 46,511.11 2.324444 = 20,009.56

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 9 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.

Engineering Standards
Name Identifier

FUEL,NATURAL GAS (WIDE RANGE) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION (INTERFACE)

Engineering Standard Number

14608

Appendix A: Methane Number Calculation - Example (Continued) Table A4: Data for Typical Natural Gas Components Component Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Formula CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 CO2 N2 O2 CO H2 Molecular Weight 16.04 30.07 44.09 58.12 72.15 86.17 100.2 114.22 44.01 28.01 32.00 28.01 2.016 LHV (kJ/kg) 50,016 47,489 46,357 45,742 45,355 45,105 44,926 44,791 0 0 0 0 0

Current Release Number

Std. Revision Level

012021-048

000

Page 10 of 10

CUMMINS CONFIDENTIAL This document (and the information shown thereon) is CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY and shall not be disclosed to others in hard copy or electronic form, reproduced by any means, or used for any purpose without written consent of Cummins, Inc.