En 1991

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training workshop 18-20 February 2008 Brussels
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
Organised by European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre with the support of CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States
Tuesday, February 19 Palais des Acadmies

EN 1991 - Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Baron Lacquet room 9:00-9:10 9:10-9:45 Introduction by chairman Introduction to EN 1991 H. Gulvanessian CEN/TC250 N. Malakatas Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning & Public Works of Greece N. Malakatas Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning & Public Works of Greece P. Formichi University of Pisa S. O. Hansen Svend Ole Hansen ApS M. Holicky Czech Technical University in Prague P. Formichi University of Pisa A. Vrouwenvelder TNO J.-A. Calgaro CGPC, CEN/TC250 Chairman M. Tschumi SBB-CFF-FFS 17:30-18:00 Discussion and close
9:45-10:30
EN 1991-1-1
10:30-11:00 11:00-11:45 11:45-12:45 12:45-14:00 14:00-14:35 14:35-15:10 15:10-15:40 15:40-16:30 16:30-17:30
Coffee EN 1991-1-3 EN 1991-1-4 Lunch EN 1991-1-5 EN 1991-1-6 Coffee EN 1991-1-7 EN 1991-2
All workshop material will be available at http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu
INTRODUCTION TO EN 1991 N. Malakatas Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning & Public Works of Greece
LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES

Structural safety, serviceability and durability Actions on structures Design and detailing
EN 1990
Introduction to EN 1991 (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)

EN 1992 EN 1995
EN 1991
EN 1993 EN 1996
EN 1994 EN 1999
Dr-Ing. Nikolaos E. Malakatas

Head of Department - Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works - GREECE Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1997 EN 1998
Geotechnical and Seismic design
Past and future of the EN 1991 (and the other Eurocodes)

Time Period Phase
Technical preparation under EC Steering Committee ENV (under CEN) Dr Breitschaft (until 1993) Dr Lazenby Prof. Bossenmeyer Dr Menzies
Parts and implementation of EN 1991

Part of Eurocode 1 :
Actions on structures
CEN/TC250 Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1 Chairman
Title (Subject) General actions Densities, selfweight, imposed loads for buildings General actions Actions on structures exposed to fire General actions Snow loads General actions Wind actions General actions Thermal actions General actions Actions during execution General actions Accidental actions Traffic loads on bridges Actions induced by cranes and machinery Silos and tanks
Issued April 2002 November 2002 July 2003 April 2005 November 2003 June 2005 July 2006 September 2003 July 2006 May 2006
EN 1991-1-1 EN 1991-1-2 EN 1991-1-3 EN 1991-1-4 EN 1991-1-5 EN 1991-1-6 EN 1991-1-7 EN 1991-2
1980 s
1990 1998/2000 1998/2000 2007
EN (under CEN) Implementation Maintenance Harmonization Dissemination Further development
Prof. Gulvanessian
2008 - ?
Prof. Calgaro
Dr Malakatas
EN 1991-3 EN 1991-4
Partitioning of the NDPs among the Eurocodes
Types of NDPs in the Eurocodes

Type 1: Value (s) of (a) parameter (s). Type 2: Reference to some set of values table (s). Type 3: Acceptance of the recommended procedure, choice of calculation approach, when alternatives are given, or introduction of a new procedure. Type 4: Country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc.). Type 5: Optional National chart (s) or table (s) of a parameter. Type 6: Diagram (s). Type 7: References to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocodes. Type 8: Decisions on the application of informative annexes. Type 9: Provision of further, more detailed information. Type 10: Reference to information
600
50 1
500
400
400
300
247
200
16 3 10 4
10 0
18
0 Type 1 Type 2 Ty pe 3 Type 4
1
Ty pe 5
15
Type 6
23
29
Ty pe 7
Type 8
T y pe 9
T y p e 10
EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings

Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Classification of actions Section 3 Design situations Section 4 Densities of construction and stored materials Section 5 Self-weight of construction works Section 6 Imposed loads on buildings Annex A (informative) Tables for nominal density of construction materials, and nominal density and angles of repose for stored materials. Annex B (informative) Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks
EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire

Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Structural Fire design procedure Section 3 Thermal actions for temperature analysis Section 4 Mechanical actions for temperature analysis Annex A (informative) Parametric temperature-time curves Annex B (informative) Thermal actions for external members Simplified calculation method Annex C (informative) Localised fires Annex D (informative) Advanced fire models Annex E (informative) Fire load densities Annex F (informative) Equivalent time of fire exposure Annex G (informative) Configuration factor
EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire ( cont.)
EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads
Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Classification of actions Section 3 Design situations Section 4 Snow load on the ground Section 5 Snow load on roofs Section 6 Local effects
EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads (cont.) Annex A (normative) Design situations and load arrangements to be used for different locations Annex B (normative) Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts Annex C (informative) European Ground Snow Load Maps Annex D (informative) Adjustment of the ground snow load according to the return period Annex E (informative) Bulk weight density of snow
EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads (cont.)
EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions
EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions (cont.)
Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Design situations Section 3 Modelling of wind actions Section 4 Wind velocity and velocity pressure Section 5 Wind actions Section 6 Structural factor cs cd Section 7 Pressure and force coefficients Section 8 Wind actions on bridges
EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions (cont.)
EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions (cont.) Annex A (informative) Terrain effects Annex B (informative) Procedure 1 for determining the structural factor cs cd Annex C (informative) Procedure 2 for determining the structural factor cs cd Annex D (informative) cs cd values for different types of structures Annex E (informative) Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities Annex F (informative) Dynamic characteristics of structures
EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Classification of actions Section 3 Design situations Section 4 Representation of actions Section 5 Temperature changes in buildings Section 6 Temperature changes in bridges Section 7 Temperature changes in industrial chimneys, pipelines, silos, tanks and cooling towers
EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions (cont.)
Annex A (normative) Isotherms of national minimum and maximum shade air temperatures. Annex B (normative) Temperature differences for various surfacing depths Annex C (informative) Coefficients of linear expansion Annex D (informative) Temperature profiles in buildings and other construction works
EN 1991-1-6: Actions during execution Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Classification of actions Section 3 Design situations and limit states Section 4 Representation of actions Annex A1 (normative) Supplementary rules for buildings Annex A2 (normative) Supplementary rules for bridges Annex B (informative) Actions on structures during alteration, reconstruction or demolition
EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions

Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Classification of actions Section 3 Design situations Section 4 Impact Section 5 Internal explosions Annex A (informative) Design for consequences of localised failure in buildings from an unspecified cause Annex B (informative) Information on risk assessment Annex C (informative) Dynamic design for impact Annex D (informative) Internal explosions - D.1 : Dust explosions in rooms, vessels and bunkers - D.2 : Natural gas explosions - D.3 : Explosions in road and rail tunnels
EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

Annex A (informative) Models of special vehicles for road bridges Annex B (informative) Fatigue life assessment for road bridges assessment method based on recorded traffic Annex C (normative) Dynamic factors 1 + for real trains Annex D (normative) Basis for the fatigue assessment of railway structures Annex E (informative) Limits of validity of load model HSLM and the selection of the critical universal train from HSLM-A Annex F (informative) Criteria to be satisfied if a dynamic analysis is not required Annex G (informative) Method for determining the combined response of a structure and track to variable actions Annex F (informative) Load models for rail traffic loads in transient design situations
Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Classification of actions Section 3 Design situations Section 4 Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for road bridges Section 5 Actions on footways, cycle tracks and footbridges Section 6 Traffic actions and other actions specifically for railway bridges
EN 1991-3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Actions induced by hoists and cranes on runway beams Section 3 Actions induced by machinery Annex A (normative) Basis of design - Supplementary clauses to EN 1990 for runway beams loaded by cranes Annex B (informative) Guidance for crane classification for fatigue
EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks Forward Section 1 General Section 2 Representation an classification of actions Section 3 Design situations Section 4 Properties of particulate solids Section 5 Loads on the vertical walls of silos Section 6 Loads on silo hoppers and silo bottoms Section 7 Loads on tanks from liquids
EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks (cont.)

Annex A (normative) Basis of design Supplementary paragraphs to EN 1990 for silos and tanks Annex B (normative) Partial factors and combinations of actions on tanks Annex C (informative) Measurements of properties of solids for silo load evaluation Annex D (informative) Evaluation of properties of solids for silo load evaluation Annex E (informative) Values of the properties of particulate solids Annex F (informative) Flow pattern determination Annex G (informative) Alternative rules for pressures in hoppers Annex H (informative) Actions due to dust explosions
EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks (cont.)
Background Documents and other supporting material

Almost all Eurocodes represent the state-of-the-art in the respective scientific and technical field at the time of their drafting The scientific and technical basis of EN 1991 included mainly : - the systematic review of the existing relevant national codes and practices - consideration of relevant international standards (e.g. ISO Standards) or codes (e.g. JCSS Model Codes) - recent (prenormative) research results (e.g. European Snow Map) - calibration of load models based on probabilistic approaches and appropriate measurements (e.g. traffic loads for road bridges)
Background Documents and other supporting material (cont.)

- Well-established relevant international literature Strictly speaking, as Background Documents (BD) are considered all of the aforementioned material that has been taken into account by the relevant Project Team, during the drafting of the Eurocodes. All other relevant material, including literature, workshops and seminars, handbooks, guides and books or articles, are considered to be additional information and supporting material. A typical example are the 5 handbooks prepared in the framework of a Leonardo Da Vinci European Project (Handbook 3 is very closely linked to EN 1991, since it is dedicated to Action Effects on Buildings, and Handbook 4 is dedicated to the Design of Bridges). This material is accessible on the Eurocodes website.
Background Documents and other supporting material (cont.) The uploading of the Background Documents (BD) for EN 1991 is under way by the Secretary of EN/TC250/SC1. Until recently BD have been uploaded for the following Parts of EN 1991 : - EN 1991-1-1 - EN 1991-1-2 - EN 1991-1-3 - EN 1991-1-6 - EN 1991-1-7 and Handbooks 1 to 5 Additional information can also be found in the relevant websites, e.g. http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu, and other links (e.g. NSO et al.)
Present and Future of the EN 1991 Finalising the preparation of some Corrigenda (target date June 2008) Detecting the eventual need for some Amendments (target date June 2009) On national level : Full implementation. Several countries have already issued their national standard EN 1991, but uploading of the NDPs in the ad-hoc data base of JRC Ispra goes on at a slow pace Prospects for the future : - Extending the snow map and other climatic data to cover the new EU Member States - Including eventually the ISO Standards on Waves and Currents and on Atmospheric Icing - Extending the Eurocodes to include glass and FRPs
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
EN 1991-1-1 N. Malakatas Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning & Public Works of Greece
Use of EN 1991-1-1
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings
Dr-Ing. Nikolaos E. Malakatas

Head of Department - Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works - GREECE Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC1
Gives design guidance and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works, including the following aspects : - densities of construction materials and stored materials - self-weight of construction elements, and - imposed loads for buildings Is intended for Clients, Designers, Contractors and Public Authorities Is intended to be used with EN 1990 (Basis of Structural Design), other parts of EN 1991 (Actions) and EN 1992 to EN 1999 (Materials Eurocodes) for the design of structures.
LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES

Structural safety, serviceability and durability Actions on structures Design and detailing
Programme of implementation of EN 1991-1-1
EN 1990
Received positive vote as EN in April 2002

(Supersedes ENV 1991-2-1 : 1995)
EN 1991
EN 1992 EN 1995
EN 1993 EN 1996
EN 1994 EN 1999
Published by CEN in July 2002 Confirmed in 2007 for a further period of 5 years Implementation on a national level in the Member
EN 1997
EN 1998
Geotechnical and Seismic design
States (National Standard EN 1991-1-1 and National Annex) still in process Withdrawal of conflicting standards probably by 2009/2010
Contents of EN 1991-1-1
Scope of EN 1991-1-1
Foreword Section 1 General Section 2 Classification of Actions Section 3 Design Situations Section 4 Densities of Construction and Stored Materials Section 5 Self-weight of Construction Works Section 6 Imposed Loads on Buildings Annex A (Informative) Tables for Nominal Density of Construction Materials, and Nominal Density and Angles of Repose for Stored Materials Annex B (Informative) Vehicle Barriers and Parapets for Car Parks
Design guidance and actions for the structural design of

buildings and civil engineering works, including:
- densities of construction materials, additional materials for bridges and stored materials (Section 4 & Annex A), - self-weight of construction elements (Section 5), and - imposed loads for building floors and roofs (Section 6), according to category of use : - residential, social, commercial and administration areas; - garage and vehicle traffic areas (for gross vehicle weight < 160 kN); - areas for storage and industrial activity; - roofs; - helicopter landing areas.
Actions on silos and tanks caused by water or other Snow load on roofs is dealt in EN 1991-1-3
materials are dealt in EN 1991-4
Classification of actions
Classification of actions (cont.)
(Reminder from EN 1990)
Variation in time: Permanent, Variable or Accidental Origin: Direct or Indirect Spatial Variation: Fixed or Free Nature and/or structural response: Static or Dynamic
Self-weight of construction works: generally a Permanent Fixed action, however If Variable with time then represented by upper and lower characteristic values, and If Free (e.g. moveable partitions) then treated as an additional imposed load. Ballast and earth loads on roofs/terraces: Permanent with variations in properties (moisture content, depth) during the design life being taken into account.
Classification of actions (cont.)
Design situations Permanent loads
Imposed loads (on buildings) : generally Variable Free actions, however loads resulting from impacts on buildings due to vehicles or accidental loads should be determined from EN 19911-7. Imposed loads for bridges are given in EN 1991-2. Also : Imposed loads generally Quasi-static actions and allow for limited dynamic effects in static structures, if there is no risk of resonance. Actions causing significant acceleration of structural members are classified as Dynamic and need to be considered via a dynamic analysis However for fork-lift trucks and helicopters additional inertial loads from hoisting and take-off/landing are accounted for through a dynamic magnification factor applied to appropriate static load values
The total self-weight of structural and non-structural members is taken as a single action when combinations of actions are being considered Where it is intended to add or remove structural or nonstructural members after construction critical load cases need to be identified and taken into account. Water level is taken into account for relevant design situations, as is the source and moisture content of materials in buildings used for storage purposes.
Design situations Imposed loads
Probabilistic aspects
Where areas are likely to be subjected to different categories of loadings, the critical load case needs to be identified and considered When imposed loads act simultaneously with other variable actions (e.g. wind, snow, cranes or machinery) the total of those imposed loads may be considered as a single action. However, for roofs of buildings, imposed loads should not be considered to act simultaneously with snow loads or wind actions.
Self-weight may be usually determined as a product of the volume and the density, which both as random variables that may be described by normal distributions, with a mean value very close to their nominal value. Imposed loads are usually described by a Gumbel distribution, although Gamma distributions may also be used for the sustained (long-term) loads and exponential distributions for the intermittent (short-term) loads.
Densities of construction and stored materials
Self-weight of construction works
Characteristic values of densities of construction and stored materials should generally be used. (If there is a significant scatter - e.g. due to their source, water content etc. an upper and a lower value should be used). Where only mean values are available, they should be taken as characteristic values in the design. Mean values for a large number of different materials are given in EN 1991-1-1 Annex A. For materials not in Annex A either: - the characteristic value of density needs to be determined in the National Annex, - a reliable direct assessment is carried out (eventually according to EN 1990 Annex D).
Generally represented by a single characteristic value calculated from nominal dimensions, characteristic values of densities and including, where appropriate, ancillary elements, e.g. non-structural elements and fixed services, weight of earth and ballast. Non-structural elements include : - roofing; - surfacing and coverings; - partitions and linings; - hand rails, safety barriers, parapets and curbs; - wall cladding; - suspended ceilings; - thermal insulation; - fixed services
Self-weight of construction works (cont.)
Self-weight of construction works (cont.)
Fixed services include : - equipments for lifts and moving stairways; - heating, ventilating and air conditioning equipment; - electrical equipment; - pipes without their contents; - cable trunking and conduits Loads due to movable partitions are treated as imposed loads, but an equivalent uniformly distributed load may be used.
Additional provisions specific for bridges : For ballast on railway bridges or fill above buried structures the upper and lower characteristic values of densities should be taken into account. The upper and lower characteristic values of the ballast depth should be considered as deviating from the nominal depth by 30% . The upper and lower characteristic values of the thickness due to waterproofing, surfacing and other coatings should be considered as deviating from the nominal value by 20% (if a post-execution coating is included in the nominal value) otherwise +40% and 20%, respectively. The upper and lower characteristic values of the self-weight of cables, pipes and service ducts should be considered as deviating from the mean value by 20% .
Imposed loads on buildings
Representation of actions
Characteristic values of imposed loads for floors and roofs for the following types of occupancy and use: - residential, social, commercial and administration areas - garage and vehicle traffic - areas for storage and industrial activities - roofs - helicopter landing areas - barriers and walls having the function of barriers.
Imposed loads on buildings are those arising from occupancy and the values given include : - normal use by persons; - furniture and moveable objects; - vehicles; - rare events such as concentrations of people and furniture, or the moving or stacking of objects during times of re-organisation and refurbishment Floor and roof areas in buildings are sub-divided into 11 categories according to use; loads specified are represented by uniformly distributed loads (UDL), concentrated loads, line loads or combinations thereof. Heavy equipment (e.g. in communal kitchens, radiology or boiler rooms) are not included in EN 19911-1. (To be agreed with the Client and/or the relevant Authority).
Categories of use Main Categories of Use :

C ateg o ry A
Residential, social, commercial and administration areas

T ab le 6.1 C ateg o ries o f u se
S p ec ific u se A reas fo r dom estic an d residentia l activities O ffice are as A reas w here pe ople m ay co ngre gate (w ith the exceptio n of area s d efined und er category A , B a nd D 1 )) C 1: A reas w ith tables, etc e.g. areas in schoo ls, cafes, restaurants, dining h alls, read ing room s, recep tions C 2: A reas w ith fixed s eats, e.g. areas in churches, the atres or cinem as, confere nce room s , lecture ha lls, ass em bly ha lls, w aiting room s, railw ay w aiting room s. C 3: A reas w itho ut obs tac les for m oving people, e .g. a rea s in m use um s, exh ibition room s, etc. an d a ccess areas in public an d ad m inistration b uildings, hotels, hosp itals, railw ay station forecourts C 4:A re as w ith p ossible physical activities, e.g. da nce halls , gym nastic room s, stages . C 5:A re as susce ptible to large crow ds, e.g . in buildings fo r public events like conc ert h alls, sports halls inc luding stands, te rraces and ac cess areas and railw ay platform s. D S hop pin g a reas D 1: A reas in g eneral retail s hops D 2: A reas in departm ent sto res. A ttentio n is draw n to 6.3.1.1(2), in particular for C 4 and C 5. S ee E N 1990 w hen dyna m ic effects need to b e con sid ered . F or C ategory E , see Table 6.3 N O T E 1. D ep ending on their an ticipated uses, a rea s likely to be categorised as C 2, C 3, C 4 m ay be categorised as C 5 b y d ecision of th e c lient a nd/o r N ationa l annex.
1)
E xam ple R oo m s in residential bu ildings and hou ses; be droo m s and w ards in hospitals; be droo m s in hote ls and hoste ls kitchens and toilets.
Residential, social, commercial and administration areas - 4 categories (A, B, C and D) Areas for storage and industrial activities - 2 categories (E1 and E2) Garages and vehicle traffic (excluding bridges) - 2 categories (F and G) Roofs - 3 categories (H, I and K)
B C
Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings

Table 6.2 Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings Qk Categories of loaded areas qk 2 [kN/m ] [kN] Category A - Floors 2,0 to 3,0 1,5 to 2,0 - Stairs 2,0 to 4,0 2,0 to 4,0 - Balconies 2,5 to 4,0 2,0 to 3,0 Category B Category C - C1 - C2 - C3 - C4 - C5 Category D -D1 -D2 2,0 to 3,0 2,0 to 3,0 3,0 to 4,0 3,0 to 5,0 4,5 to 5,0 5,0 to 7,5 4,0 to 5,0 4,0 to 5,0 1, 5 to 4,5 3,0 to 4,0 2,5 to 7,0 (4,0) 4,0 to 7,0 3,5 to 7,0 3,5 to 4,5 3,5 to 7,0 (4,0) 3,5 to 7,0
Additional loading from movable partitions
Provided that a floor allows a lateral distribution of loads, the self-weight of movable partitions may be taken into account by a uniformly distributed load qk which should be added to the imposed loads of floors obtained from Table 6.2 (Cat. A to D). This load depends on the self-weight of the movable partitions, as follows :
- self-weight < 1 kN/m, qk = 0,5 kN/m2 - 1 kN/m < self-weight < 2 kN/m, qk = 0,8 kN/m2 - 2 kN/m < self-weight < 3 kN/m, qk = 1,2 kN/m2
NOTE: Where a range is given in this table, the value may be set by the National annex. The recommended values, intended for separate application, are underlined. qk is intended for the determination of general effects and Qk for local effects. The National annex may define different conditions of use of this Table.
Load arrangements
Load arrangements (cont.)
Floors, beams and roofs Mid span bending moment of a floor structure
Chess board arrangement
Simplification in EN 1991-1-1
For the design of a floor structure within one storey or a roof, the imposed load shall be applied as a free action at the most unfavourable part of the influence area. Effect of actions that cannot exist simultaneously should not be considered together (EN 1990). For the design of a column loaded from several storeys, load assumed to be distributed uniformly. For local verification concentrated load Qk acting alone should be considered. Reduction factors A (for floors, beams and roofs) and n (for columns and walls) may be applied, but factors and n should not be considered together. .
Reduction factors n and A
Factors i (Reminder from EN 1990) Actions Imposed Cat. A, B Imposed Cat. C, D Imposed Cat. E Snow Wind Temperature
n =
n
n) ( n) 2 ( n0,8 ) 0.8 1
2 + (n 2)0 A 5 , A = 0 + 0 n 7 A
A
CEN, DE FR (C, D)
A) 1
0
0,7 0,7 1,0 0,5-0,7 0,6 0,6
1
0,5 0,7 0,9 0,2-0,5 0,2 0,5
2
0,3 0,6 0,8 0,0-0,2 0,0 0,0
UK FI
0,90.9
N( A)
0,90.9
N1( A) )
0,80.8 R (C, D) 0,70.7 R (A, B) CEN DE (A, B)

40 A
FR
n) 0,7 0.7 n1) 0.6 ( n) 0,6
R (C, D) UK FR (A, B) R (A, B)

2 2
A) A)
1( A) 2( A0,6 ) 0.6
DE (C, D) A [m2]
0,50.5
n
66
8 8 10 10
44
0,50.5
20
20
30
30
40
50
50
60
60
Reduction factor A for floors A (m2) A (EN 1991-1-1 with o = 0,7) A (EN 1991-1-1 with o = 1,0)
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Reduction factor n for columns

A (EN 1991-1-1 with o = 0,7) 1,00 1,00 0,90 0,85 0,82 0,80 0,79 0,78 0,77 0,76
40 80 120 160 240
0,75 0,63 0,59 0,56 0,54
0,96 0,84 0,80 0,78 0,76
Imposed loads on floors due to storage
Actions induced by forklifts

Forklifts and transport vehicles
Forklifts are classified into 6 classes via their hoisting capacity,

Table 6.3 Categories of storage and industrial use Category Specific Use E1 Areas susceptible to accumulation of goods, including access areas E2 Industrial use Table 6.4 Imposed loads on floors due to storage Categories of loaded areas qk Example Areas for storage use including storage of books and other documents
which is reflected in other characteristics such as weight and plan dimensions.
For each class, a static axle load is defined which is then
[kN/m ]
Qk [kN]
increased by a dynamic (multiplication) factor dependent on whether the forklift has solid ( = 2,00)or pneumatic ( = 1,40) tyres. That factor is intended to account for the inertial effects caused by acceleration and deceleration of the hoisted load. by rails, the actions need to be determined from the pattern of the vehicles wheel loads. The static value of those wheel loads is determined from permanent weights and pay loads and the spectra of loads should be used to define appropriate combination factors and fatigue loads.
Category E1 7,5 7,0 NOTE The values may be changed if necessary according to the usage (see Table 6.3 and Annex A) for the particular project or by the National annex. qk is intended for the determination of general effects and Qk for local effects. The National annex may define different conditions of use of Table 6.4.
Where transport vehicles move on floors, either freely or guided
Actions induced by forklifts
Garages and vehicle traffic areas

Table 6.8 Imposed loads on garages and vehicle traffic areas Categories of traffic areas Category F Gross vehicle weight: 30kN Category G 30kN < gross vehicle weight 160 kN qk [kN/m2] qk 5,0 Qk [kN] Qk Qk
NOTE 1 For category F qk may be selected within the range 1,5 to 2,5 kN/m2 and Qk may be selected within the range 10 to 20 kN. NOTE 2 For category G, Qk may be selected within the range 40 to 90 kN NOTE 3 Where a range of values are given in Notes 1 & 2, the value may be set by the National annex. The recommended values are underlined.
accessible to fire engines)
Category F (e.g. garages, parking areas, parking halls) Category G (e.g. access routes, delivery zones, zones
Categorization of roofs
Imposed loads on roofs of Cat. H

Table 6.10 Imposed loads on roofs of category H
Categories of loaded area (of a roof) :
Roof Category H
Category H Accessible for normal maintenance and repair only Category I Accessible with occupancy according to categories A to G Category K Accessible for special services e.g. helicopter landing areas
qk [kN/m2] qk
Qk [kN] Qk
NOTE 1 For category H qk may be selected within the range 0,0 to 1,0 kN/m2 and Qk may be selected within the range 0,9 to 1,5 kN. Where a range is given the values may be set by the National Annex. The recommended values are: qk = 0,4 kN/m2, Qk = 1,0kN NOTE 2 qk may be varied by the National Annex dependent upon the roof slope NOTE 3 qk may be assumed to act on an area A which may be set by the National Annex. The recommended value for A is 10m2, within the range of zero to the whole area of the roof. NOTE 4 See also 3.3.2 (1)
account uncontrolled accumulations of construction materials that may occur during maintenance Separate verifications to be performed for Qk and qk , acting independently
The minimum values given in Table 6.10 do not take into
Imposed loads on roofs of Cat. K for helicopters

Table 6.11 Imposed loads on roofs of category K for helicopters
Class of Helicopter Take-off load Q of helicopter Take-off load Qk Dimension of the loaded area (m x m)
Category A
Horizontal loads on partition walls and parapets

Table 6.12 Horizontal loads on partition walls and parapets Loaded areas qk [kN/m] qk qk qk qk qk See Annex B
Category B and C1 Categories C2 to C4 and D Category C5 Category E
HC1 HC2
Q 20 kN 20 kN < Q 60 kN
Qk = 20 kN Qk = 60 kN
0,2 x 0,2 0,3 x 0,3
Category F
Category G See Annex B NOTE 1 For categories A,B and C1, qk may be selected within the range 0,2 to 1,0 (0,5) NOTE 2 For categories C2 to C4 and D qk may be selected within the range 0,8 kN/m to -1,0 kN/m
The
NOTE 3 For category C5, qk may be selected within the range 3,0 kN/m to 5,0 kN/m NOTE 4 For category E qk may be selected within the range 0,8 kN/m to 2,0 kN/m. For areas of category E the horizontal loads depend on the occupancy. Therefore the value of qk is defined as a minimum value and should be checked for the specific occupancy. NOTE 5 Where a range of values is given in Notes 1, 2, 3 and 4, the value may be set by the National Annex. The recommended value is underlined. NOTE 6 The National Annex may prescribe additional point loads Qk and/or hard or soft body impact specification for analytical or experimental verification.
dynamic factor to be applied to the take-off load Qk to take account of impact effects may be taken as = 1,40
Annex A (informative) : Nominal densities and angles of repose
Annex B (informative) : Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks The force in kN acting on 1,5 m of a barrier : F = 0,5 m v2 / (c + b) [kN]
c b
m v
200 the deformation of the vehicle (mm) F [kN] c=50 mm the deformation of the barrier (mm) 100 c=100 mm the gross mass of the c=200 mm vehicle (kg)
Table A.1 - Construction materials-concrete and mortar Table A.2 - Construction materials-masonry Table A.3 - Construction materials-wood Table A.4 - Construction materials-metals Table A.5 - Construction materials- other materials Table A.6 - Bridge materials Table A.7 - Stored materials - building and construction Table A.8 - Stored products agricultural Table A.9 - Stored products - foodstuffs Table A.10 - Stored products - liquids Table A.11 - Stored products - solid fuels Table A.12 - Stored products - industrial and general
the velocity of the vehicle (m/s)
100
200
For vehicles < 2500 kg: m = 1500 kg, v = 4,5 m/s, c = 100 mm
Backgound Documents and other supporting material
Message for the near future
A more general reference to Background Documents (BD) and related supporting material has been included and presented in the Introduction to EN 1991. The BD on the imposed loads on floors and roofs is already uploaded on the relevant website. Handbook 3 (Action Effects for Buildings) and Handbook 4 (Design of Bridges) of the Leonardo Da Vinci Pilot Project for the Development of Skills Facilitating the Implementation of Structural Eurocodes are considerd to be an appropriate first approach for the deeper understanding of EN 1991. Since a few years various books are being available (e.g. the Thomas Telford collection of Guides)
Please try on a national level to finalise and issue the National Annex and upload the NDPs in the ad-hoc data base of JRC Ispra (if not already done so)
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
EN 1991-1-3 P. Formichi University of Pisa
EUROCODES Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1
EUROCODES
Scope of the presentation

2
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-3 General actions Snow Loads
Description of EN 1991-1-3 Eurocode 1: Part 1-3: Snow Loads Background research for snow maps for Europe,
Paolo Formichi Department of Structural Engineering University of Pisa - Italy
Accidental (exceptional) loads, Shape Coefficients, Combination Factors, etc. Examples
Paolo Formichi, University of Pisa Italy
EUROCODES
Background research
3
EUROCODES
Background research
4
The research results are contained in two final reports. Many clauses of EN 1991-1-3 are based on the results of a research work, carried out between 1996 and 1999, under a contract specific to this Eurocode, to DGIII/D3 of the European Commission. They were identified four main research items: study of the European ground snow loads map investigation and treatment of exceptional snow loads study of conversion factors from ground to roof loads definition of ULS and SLS combination factors for snow loads.
http://www2.ing.unipi.it/dis/snowloads/
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-3 Field of application

5
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-3 Field of application

6
EN 1991-1-3 provides guidance for the determination of the snow load to be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works for sites at altitudes under 1500m. In the case of altitudes above 1500m advice may be found in the appropriate National Annex.
EN 1991-1-3 does not give guidance on the following specialist aspects of snow loading: impact loads due to snow sliding off or falling from a higher roof; additional wind loads resulting from changes in shape or size of the roof profile due to presence of snow or to the accretion of ice; loads in areas where snow is present all the year; loads due to ice; lateral loading due to snow (e.g. lateral loads due to dirfts); snow loads on bridges
EUROCODES
Contents of EN 1991-1-3
7
EUROCODES
8
Foreword Section 1: General Section 2: Classification of actions Section 3: Design situations Section 4: Snow load on the ground Section 5: Snow load on roofs Section 6: Local effects ANNEX A: Design situations and load arrangements to be used for different locations ANNEX B: Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts ANNEX C: European Ground Snow Load Maps ANNEX D: Adjustment of the ground snow load according to return period ANNEX E: Bulk weight density of snow
Actions due to snow are classified, in accordance with EN 1990, as: Variable: action for which the variation in magnitude with time is neither negligible nor monotonic Fixed: action that has a fixed distribution and position over the structure. Static: action that does not cause significant acceleration of the structure or structural members
EUROCODES
9
EUROCODES
Definition of Exceptional snow load on the ground

10
For particular conditions may be treated as accidental actions: action, usually of short duration but of significant magnitude, that is unlikely to occur on a given structure during the design working life
Exceptional snow load on the ground load of the snow layer on the ground resulting from a snow fall which has an exceptionally infrequent likelihood of occurring
Exceptional snow load on the ground
Exceptional snow drifts
EUROCODES

11
EUROCODES

12
In some regions, particularly southern Europe, isolated very heavy snow falls have been observed resulting in snow loads which are significantly larger than those that normally occur. Including these snowfalls with the more regular snow events for the lengths of records available may significantly disturb the statistical processing of more regular snowfalls.
The National Annex should specify the geographical locations where exceptional ground snow loads are likely to occur.
?
When the maximum ground snow load is to be considered as exceptional?
Gumbel probability paper: Pistoia (IT) N of recorded years = 51 N of no snowy winters = 26

0.79 1.00
sm = Max. snow Load = 1.30 kN/m2 50yrs load incl. Max Load = 1.00 kN/m2 sk = 50yrs load excluded Max Load = 0.79 kN/m2 k = sm/sk = 1,65
If the ratio of the largest load value to the characteristic load determined without the inclusion of that value is greater than 1.5 then the largest value should be treated as an exceptional value
According to this definition over 2600 weather stations from 18 CEN countries (1997), in 159 they were registered exceptional ground snow loads.
EUROCODES
Definition of Exceptional snow drift

13
EUROCODES
Design Situations
14
Exceptional snow drift load arrangement which describes the load of the snow layer on the roof resulting from a snow deposition pattern which has an exceptionally infrequent likelihood of occurring These load arrangements (treated in Annex B of EN 1991-1-3) may result from wind redistribution of snow deposited during single snow events. Localised snow concentrations may develop at obstructions and abrupt changes in height, leaving other areas of the roof virtually clear of snow.
Different climatic conditions will give rise to different design situations. The four following possibilities are identified:
- Case A: normal case (non exceptional falls and drifts) - Case B1: exceptional falls and non exceptional drifts - Case B2: non exceptional falls and exceptional drifts - Case B3: exceptional falls and drifts.
The national competent Authority may choose in the National Annex the case applicable to particular locations for their own territory.
EUROCODES
Design Situations
15
EUROCODES
Snow load on the ground

16
Section 4 of EN 1991-1-3 Snow load on the ground
Accidental: refers only to exceptional conditions Persistent: Conditions of normal use Transient: temporary conditions (e.g. execution or repair)
EUROCODES

17
EUROCODES

18
The snow load on the roof is derived from the snow load on the ground, multiplying by appropriate conversion factors (shape, thermal and exposure coefficients).
sk is intended as the upper value of a random variable, for which a given statistical distribution function applies, with the annual probability of exceedence set to 0,02 (i.e. a probability of not being exceeded on the unfavourable side during a reference period of 50 years). For locations where exceptional ground snow loads are recorded, these value must be excluded from the data sample of the random variable. The exceptional values may be considered outside the statistical methods. The characteristic ground snow loads (sk) are given by the National Annex for each CEN country.
EUROCODES

19
EUROCODES

20
Needs for harmonization Development of European ground snow load map Inconsistencies at borders between existing national maps; Different procedures for measuring snow load (mainly ground snow data): snow depths + density conversion, water equivalent measures, direct load measures; Different approaches for statistical data analysis (Gumbel, Weibull, Log-normal distributions).
For maps in Annex C of EN 1991-1-3 the following common approach has been followed: Statistical analysis of yearly maxima, using the Gumbel Type I CDF (best fitting in the majority of data points); LSM for the calculation of the best fitting regression curve; Both zero and non zero values have been analysed according to the mixed distribution approach ; Approximately 2600 weather stations consistently analysed; Regionalization of CEN area (18 countries 1997) into 10 climatic regions; Smoothing of maps across borderlines between neighbouring climatic regions (buffer zones 100 km).
!
The research developed a consistent approach Produced regional maps (Annex C of EN 1991-1-3)
Snow load with Altitude relationship Zone numbers & altitude functions Geographical boundaries
EUROCODES

21
EUROCODES

22
10 European regions, with homogeneous climatic features
Alpine Region Snow load at sea level (France, Italy, Austria, Germany and Switzerland)
EUROCODES

23
EUROCODES

24
Alpine Region Snow load at sea level

Zone 4 Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
z = Zone number given on the map A = site altitude above Sea Level [m]
Paolo Formichi, University of Pisa Italy Paolo Formichi, University of Pisa Italy
EUROCODES

25
EUROCODES
Snow load on the ground - Example

26
Zone 1 Alp. Zone 1 Med.
Italian ground Snow load Map: - 4 different zones (3 Med. + 1 Alpine) - Administrative boundaries (110 provinces) - 4 Altitude correlation functions
Zone 2
12.00
10.00 Ground Snow Load kN/m2 Zone 1 alp Zone 1 med Zone 2 Zone 3
Example of calculation of ground snow load at a given location: Inputs: - zone n. 3 - altitude = 600m a.s.l.
8.00
6.00
4.00
Zone 3
Map for Mediterranean region Annex C EN 1991-1-3 (geographical boundaries)
2.00
Italian National Annex (administrative boundaries)

0.00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Altitude [m]
sk = 1,30 kN/m2
EUROCODES
Other representative values of ground snow loads

27
EUROCODES

28
Combination value 0 sk
Frequent value 1 sk The frequent value 1sk is chosen so that the time it is exceeded is 0,10 of the reference period.
Eq. 6.10 EN 1990
j 1
G, j
Gk, j "+" P P"+" Q,1Qk,1"+" Q,i 0,i Qk,i

i >1
G
j 1
k, j
"+" P"+" 1,1Qk,1"+" 2,iQk,i

i >1
Eq. 6.15b EN 1990
The combination factor 0 is applied to the snow load effect when the dominating load effect is due to some other external load, such as wind. Based upon the available data 0 values were calculated through the Borges-Castanheta method.
Quasi-permanent value 2 sk The quasi-permanent value 2sk (used for the calculation of long-term effects) is usually chosen so that the proportion of the time it is exceeded is 0,50 of the reference period.
G
j 1
k, j
"+" P"+" 2,iQk,i

i >1
Eq. 6.16b EN 1990
1 and 2 values were calculated from daily data series available at 59 weather stations
representative of all 10 different climatic regions.
EUROCODES

29
EUROCODES
Treatment of exceptional loads on the ground

30
Maps given in National Annexes are determined without taking into account exceptional falls
?
How to determine design values for accidental ground snow loads? For locations where exceptional loads may occur (National Annex), the ground snow load may be treated as accidental action with the value: sAd = Cesl sk Where: Cesl (set by the National Annex) - recommended value = 2,0 sk = characteristic ground snow load at the site considered
G
j 1
k, j
"+" P"+" A d "+" ( 1,1 or 2,1 ) Qk,1"+" 2,iQk,i

i >1
Eq. 6.11b EN 1990
EUROCODES
Snow load on roofs

31
EUROCODES
Snow load on roofs

32
Section 5 of EN 1991-1-3 Snow load on roofs
The snow the snow layers on a roof can have many different shapes depending on roofs characteristics: its shape; its thermal properties; the roughness of its surface; the amount of heat generated under the roof; the proximity of nearby buildings; the surrounding terrain; the local meteorological climate, in particular its windiness, temperature variations, and likelihood of precipitation (either as rain or as snow).
EUROCODES
Snow load on roofs Load arrangements

33
EUROCODES

34
In absence of wind, or with very low wind velocities (<2 m/s) snow deposits on the roof in a balanced way and generally a uniform cover is formed
With wind speeds in the range of 4 to 5 m/s, much of the snow is deposited in areas of aerodynamic shade
UNDRIFTED LOAD ARRANGEMENT
DRIFTED SNOW LOAD ARRANGEMENT

Aerodynamic shade
wind
wind
Model in wind tunnel wind velocity of 4m/s

EUROCODES

35
EUROCODES

36
For situations where the wind velocity increases above 4 5 m/s snow particles can be picked up from the snow cover and redeposited on the lee sides, or on lower roofs in the lee side, or behind obstructions on the roof.
EXCEPTIONAL DRIFTS In maritime climates (e.g. UK and Eire), where snow usually melts and clears between the individual weather systems and where moderate to high wind speeds occur during the individual weather system, the amount of the drifted load is considered to be of a high magnitude compared to the ground snow load, and the drifted snow is considered an exceptional load and treated as an accidental load using the accidental design situation (Annex B of EN 1991-13).
DRIFTED SNOW LOAD ARRANGEMENT
wind
wind
Model in wind tunnel for multi - pitched roof wind velocity > 5 m/s
Model in wind tunnel for multi - pitched roof wind velocity > 5 m/s
EUROCODES
Snow load on roofs

37
EUROCODES

38
Snow load on the roof (s) is determined converting the characteristic ground snow load into an undrifted or drifted roof load for persistent/transient and, where required by the National Annex, accidental design situations by the use of: an appropriate shape coefficient which depends on the shape of the roof; considering the influence of thermal effects from inside the building and the terrain around the building.
For the persistent / transient design situations i.e. no exceptional snow falls or drifts:
s = i Ce Ct sk
(5.1 EN 1991-1-3)
For the accidental design situations, where exceptional ground snow load is the accidental action:
s = i Ce Ct sAd
(5.2 EN 1991-1-3)
For the accidental design situations where exceptional snow drift is the accidental action and where Annex B applies:
s = i sk
(5.3 EN 1991-1-3)
EUROCODES
Snow load on roofs Shape coefficients

39
EUROCODES

40
EN 1991-1-3 gives shape coefficients for the following types of roofs (non exceptional drifted cases):
Annex B of EN 1991-1-3 gives shape coefficients for the following types of roofs (exceptional drifted cases):
Multi-span
Monopitch
Pitched
Cylindrical
Roofs abutting and close to taller construction works Multi-span

Roofs abutting and close to taller construction works
Drifting at projections, obstructions and parapets
EUROCODES

41
EUROCODES

42
Values for shape coefficients i given in EN 1991-1-3 are calibrated on a wide experimental campaign, both in situ and in wind tunnel.
Roof abutting and close to taller construction works

s is for snow falling from the higher roof (>15) w is the snow shape coefficient due to wind: w= (b1+b2)/2h < h /sk = 2 kN/m3 0.8 < w < 4 ls = 2h 5m < ls < 15m
10,00 9,00 8,00
1,49
1,92
Average = 1,67
30
7,00
wind
6,00
5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 h [m]
b1 = 8,0 m b2 = 10,0 m sk = 0,8 kN/m2
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
Multi-span drifted case
EUROCODES
Snow load on roofs Exposure coefficient

43
EUROCODES
Snow load on roofs Exposure coefficient

44
A coefficient (Ce) defining the reduction or increase of snow load on a roof of an unheated building, as a fraction of the characteristic snow load on the ground. The choice for Ce should consider the future development around the site. Ce should be taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified for different topographies. The National Annex may give the values of Ce for different topographies, recommended values are given.
Windswept topography, where (Ce = 0,8 ) are flat unobstructed areas exposed on all sides without, or little shelter afforded by terrain, higher construction works or trees. Normal topography, where (Ce = 1,0 ) areas where there is no significant removal of snow by wind on construction work, because of terrain, other construction works or trees. Sheltered topography, where (Ce = 1,2 ) areas in which the construction work being considered is considerably lower than the surrounding terrain or surrounded by high trees and/or surrounded by higher construction works.
EUROCODES
Snow load on roofs Thermal coefficient

45
EUROCODES
Snow load on roofs Example (1)

46
Multi-span roof in Sweden
The thermal coefficient Ct is used to account for the reduction of snow loads on roofs with high thermal transmittance (> 1 W/m2K), in particular for some glass covered roofs, because of melting caused by heat loss. For all other cases: Ct = 1,0 Further guidance may be obtained from ISO 4355
40
30
Properties of the building: Location: Sweden - Snow load zone 2, alt. 300 m a.s.l. Normal conditions: no exceptional falls, no exceptional drifts Building surroundings: normal Ce = 1,0 Effective heat insulation applied to roof: Ct = 1,0
EUROCODES

47
EUROCODES

48
Altitude relationship for Sweden:
A sk = 0,790 Z + 0,375 + 336
Determination of shape coefficients: Undrifted load arrangement: Case (i) 1 Drifted load arrangement: Case (ii) 1, 2
2.0 1.6
where: Z is the Zone Number & A is the altitude
Zone 2 A = 300 m
2 1
0 15 30 45 60
1.0 0.8
Characteristic ground snow load at the site: sk = 0,790 x 2 + 0,375 + 300/336 = 2,85 kN/m2
1 = 40 1 (1 ) = 0,53 2 = 30 1 ( 2 ) = 0,80 + 2 = 1 = 35 2 = 1,60

2
()
EUROCODES

49
EUROCODES
Local Effects
50
sk = 2,85 kN/m2 s = Ct Ce i sk
1 = 40 1 (1 ) = 0,53 2 = 30 1 ( 2 ) = 0,80 + 2 = 1 = 35 2 = 1,60
2
Case (i)
2,28 kN/m2 1,51 kN/m2 2,28 kN/m2
1,51 kN/m2 4,56 kN/m2
In addition to snow deposition patterns adopted for the global verification of the building, local verifications have to be performed for specific structural elements of the roof or roofs parts. Section 6 of EN 1991-1-3 gives the forces to be considered for the verification of: drifting at projections and obstructions; the edge of the roof; snow fences.
()
Case (ii)
2,28 kN/m2 1,51 kN/m2
Combination coefficients Climatic region: Finland, Iceland, Norway Sweden:
0 = 0,70 1 = 0,50 2 = 0,20
40
30
The National Annex may be specify condition of use of this part or different procedures to calculate the forces.
EUROCODES
Local Effects
51
EUROCODES
Annexes
52
Drifting at projections and obstructions

1 = 0,8 2 = h/sk
Normative Annexes
Annex A Design situations and load arrangements to be used for different locations
where 0,8 2 2,0 = 2 kN/m3 (weight density of snow) ls = 2h 5 ls 15 m
Snow overhanging the edge of a roof

(recommended for sites above 800 m a.s.l.)
se=k s2 / where
Annex B Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts
= 3 kN/m3 k = 3 /d < d (National Annex)

d is in meters
EUROCODES
Annexes
53
EUROCODES
Further developments
54
Informative Annexes
Annex C European Ground snow load maps
Majority produced during European Research project
Research needs for further developments

1. Examine National Annex maps with the maps of Annex C of EN 1991-1-3 as a first step to obtain a harmonised snow map of Europe by ensuring consistency at borders; 2. Enlargement of the European ground snow load map to cover all the 29 Member States of the EU and EFTA; 3. Influence of roof dimensions on roof shape coefficients 4. Snow loading on glass structures; 5. Freezing/melting effects.
Annex D Adjustment of ground snow load for return period

Expression for data which follow a Gumbel probability distribution
Annex E Densities of snow

Indicative density values for snow on the ground
EUROCODES
55
Thank you for your attention

EN 1991-1-4 S. O. Hansen Svend Ole Hansen ApS
EUROCODES
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures logo

1
Your
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-4:2005 Contents
2
1. General 2. Design situations
EN 1991-1-4:2005 Wind actions
3. Modelling of wind actions 4. Wind velocity and velocity pressure 5. Wind actions 6. Structural factor 7. Pressure and force coefficients 8. Wind actions on bridges
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-4:2005 Contents
3
EUROCODES
Section 1 General 1.1 Scope

4
Annex
A. Terrain effects B. Procedure 1 for determining the structural factor C. Procedure 2 for determining the structural factor D. Structural factors for different types of structures E. Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities F. Dynamic characteristics of structures (3) This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on land-based structures, their components and appendages (2) This Part is applicable to: - Buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m - Bridges having no span greater than 200 m, provided that they satisfy the criteria for dynamic response
EUROCODES
Section 1 General 1.1 Scope

5
EUROCODES
Section 2 Design situations

6
Draft corrigendum to EN 1991-1-4:2005 22 January 2008

(11) Guyed masts and lattice towers are treated in EN 1993-3-1 and lighting columns in EN 40 (12) This part does not give guidance on the following aspects: - torsional vibrations, e.g. tall buildings with a central core - bridge deck vibrations from transverse wind turbulence - wind actions on cable supported bridges - vibrations where more than the fundamental mode needs to be considered
(1)P The relevant wind actions shall be determined for each design situation identified in accordance with EN 1990, 3.2.
(2) Traffic, snow and ice
(3) Execution
(4) Where in design windows and doors are assumed to be shut under storm conditions, the effect of these being open should be treated as an accidental design situation
EUROCODES
Section 3 Modelling of wind actions

7
EUROCODES
Section 4 Wind vel. and vel. pres. - 4.2 Basic values

8
3.1 Nature 3.2 Representations of wind actions 3.3 Classification of wind actions (1) Unless otherwise specified, wind actions should be classified as variable fixed actions 3.4 Characteristic values (1) Note: All coefficients or models, to derive wind actions from basic values, are chosen so that the probability of the calculated wind actions does not exceed the probability of these basic values 3.5 Models
vb
cdir cseason vb,0
EUROCODES
Section 4 Wind vel. and vel. pres. - 4.2 Basic values

9
EUROCODES
Norway: Basic wind velocity. NS 3491-4:2002

10
ENV 1991-2-4:1995
EUROCODES
UK: Basic wind velocity. BS 6399-2:1997

11
EUROCODES
Faroe Islands extreme winds

12
EUROCODES
Faroe Islands extreme winds

13
EUROCODES
Faroe Islands measuring stations

14
Vindklima i Danmark og i udlandet
29
EUROCODES
Faroe Islands - Glyvursnes

15
EUROCODES
Faroe Islands basic wind velocities

16
Vindklima i Danmark og i udlandet
37
EUROCODES
Italy - Messina
17
EUROCODES
Southerly winds at Messina bridge deck height

18
EUROCODES
Basis for updated European wind map?

19
EUROCODES
Climatological changes?
20
ENV 1991-2-4:1995
EUROCODES
Influence of terrain - measured wind velocities

21
EUROCODES
Section 4.3 Mean wind

22
v m ( z ) c r ( z ) co ( z ) vb
EUROCODES
Section 4.3.2 Terrain roughness

23
EUROCODES
Terrain categories and terrain parameters

24
cr ( z ) k r ln( z / z0 )
0 , 07
kr
0,19
z0 z0, II
z0, II
0,05 m
EUROCODES
Annex A: Terrain category I and II

25
EUROCODES
Annex A: Terrain category III and IV

26
EUROCODES
Annex A: Terrain category 0 coastal area

27
EUROCODES
Coastal area exposed to the open sea

28
EUROCODES
Figure 4.1 - Assessment of terrain roughness

29
EUROCODES
A.2 Transition between roughness categories

30
EUROCODES
A.2 Transition between roughness categories

31
EUROCODES
A.3 Terrain orography. Figure A.1

32
Procedure 1 If the structure is situated near a change of terrain roughness at a distance: - less than 2 km from the smoother category 0 - less than 1 km from the smoother categories I to III the smoother terrain category in the upwind direction should be used. Small areas (less than 10% of the area under consideration) with deviating roughness may be ignored.
EUROCODES
Section 4.4 Wind turbulence. Turbulence intensity

33
EUROCODES
Section 4.5 Peak velocity pressure, peak velocity

34
I v ( z)
1 kI co ln( z / z0 )
q p ( z ) (1 7 I v ( z ))
1 2
2 vm ( z )
v p ( z)
1 7 I v ( z ) vm ( z )
EUROCODES
Measured wind velocities

35
EUROCODES
Section 5 Wind actions 5.1 General

36
EUROCODES
Section 5.2 Wind pressure on surfaces

37
EUROCODES
Figure 5.1 Pressure on surfaces

38
we
wi
q p ( ze ) c pe
q p ( zi ) c pi
EUROCODES
Section 7.2 Pressure coeff. for buildings. Figure 7.2

39
EUROCODES
Section 7.2.2 Vertical walls. Figure 7.5

40
EUROCODES
Section 7.2.2 Vertical walls. Table 7.1

41
EUROCODES
Section 7.2.5 Duopitch roofs. Figure 7.8

42
EUROCODES
Section 7.2.5 Duopitch roofs. Table 7.4a

43
EUROCODES
Section 5.3 Wind forces

44
Fw
cs cd c f q p ( ze ) Aref
EUROCODES
Section 6 Structural factor

45
EUROCODES
Annex D Structural factor

46
6.2 Determination of structural factor The structural factor may be taken as 1 for a) buildings with a height less than 15 m b) facade and roof elements having a natural frequency greater than 5 Hz c) framed buildings which have structural walls and which are less than 100 m high and whose height is less than 4 times the in-wind depth d) chimneys with circular cross-sections whose height is less than 60 m and 6,5 times the diameter
EUROCODES

47
EUROCODES

48
EUROCODES

49
EUROCODES

50
EUROCODES
Section 6 Structural factor. Figure 6.1

51
EUROCODES
Section 6.3 Detailed procedure

52
c s cd
1 2 k p I v ( zs )
B2
R2
1 7 I v ( zs ) 1 7 I v ( zs ) B 2 1 7 I v ( zs ) 1 2 k p I v ( zs ) 1 7 I v ( zs ) B2 B2 R2
cs
cd
EUROCODES
Backgrund turbulence and resonance turbulence

53
EUROCODES
Wind vortices versus structural size

54
EUROCODES
Procedure 1 (dotted line) versus theory (solid line)

55
EUROCODES
Procedure 2 (dotted line) versus theory (solid line)

56
EUROCODES
Structural factor. Procedure 1 or 2?

57
EUROCODES
Annex E Vortex shedding

58
Procedure 2 has a more accurate representation of the theoretical background compared to procedure 1
Chimneys
Bridges
EUROCODES
Annex E Vortex shedding. Bending vibrations

59
EUROCODES
Annex E Vortex sheding. Ovalling vibrations

60
EUROCODES
Annex E Vortex shedding. Critical wind velocity

61
EUROCODES
Vortex shedding. Chimneys

62
vcrit ,i
b ni , y St b ni ,o 2 St
vcrit ,i
EUROCODES
Vortex shdding. Chimneys

63
EUROCODES
Approach 1 versus approach 2

64
Approach 1: Vortex-resonance model Approach 2: Spectral model Turbulence is an active parameter only in approach 2 E1.5.1 General (3) Approach 2 allows for the consideration of different turbulence intensities, which may differ due to meteorological conditions. For regions where it is likely that it may become very cold and stratified flow condition may occur (e.g. in coastal areas in Northern Europe), approach 2 may be used.
EUROCODES
Vortex shedding. Bridge cross section

65
EUROCODES
Vortex shedding. Bridge cross section. Approach 1

66
EUROCODES
Vortex shedding. Bridge cross section. Approach 2

67
EUROCODES
Vortex shedding. Approach 1 or 2?

68
Approach 2 has a more accurate representation of the physical phenomenon compared to approach 1
EN 1991-1-5 M. Holicky Czech Technical University in Prague
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal Actions

Milan Holick and Jana Markov, Czech Technical University in Prague DAV 2003-11, Conversion of ENV 1991-2-5 (23 NDP) General Classification of actions Design situations Representation of actions Temperature changes in buildings Temperature changes in bridges Temperature changes in industrial chimneys, pipelines, etc. Annexes A Isotherm of national temperatures (normative) B Temperature differences in bridges decks (normative) C Coefficients of linear expansions (informative) D Temperature effects in buildings (informative)
PPT file include 24 basic slides and additional (informative) slides.
Background documents
- Background Document of New European Code for Thermal Actions, Report No. 6, Pisa, Italy, 1999. - Luca Sanpaolesi, Stefano Colombini, Thermal Actions on Buildings, Department of Structural Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy, Chapter 4 of Handbook 3, Leonardo da Vinci project CZ/02/B/F/PP-134007, 2004. - EN ISO 6946, Building components and building elements Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Calculation methods, 1996. - EN ISO 13370, Thermal performance of buildings Heat transfer via the ground Calculation methods, 1998. - ISO Technical Report 9492, Bases for Design of Structures Temperature Climatic Actions, 1987. - Emerson, M., TRRL Report 696, Bridge temperatures estimated from shade temperatures, UK, 1976. - JCSS, Probabilistic Model Code, http://www.jcss.ethz.ch/, Zurich.
19.2.2008 Eurocodes: Background and Applications 2
Collapse of the terminal E2 in Paris
Scheme of the collapse
19.2.2008
Eurocodes: Background and Applications
Progressive weakening partly due to cracking during cycles of differential 19.2.2008 Eurocodes: Background and 4 thermal movements between concrete shell and curved steel member. Applications
Bridge in transient design situation
Basic principles and rules

- temperature changes are considered as variable and indirect actions - characteristic values have probability of being exceeded 0,02 by annual extremes (return period of 50 years) - the maximum and minimum shade air temperature measured by thermometers in a Stevenson Screen by the National Meteorological Service of each Member State - thermal actions shall be considered for both persistent and transient design situations - in special cases temperature changes in accidental design situations should be also verified
19.2.2008
19.2.2008
An example: map of maximum temperatures in CR

Maximum shade air temperatures of being exceeded by annual extremes with the probability of 0,02.
Tmin = 32,1 C Tmax = 40,0 C mean T = 37,4 C
32,1 to 34 C 34,1 to 36 C 36,1 to 38 C 38,1 to 40 C
Temperature changes in buildings

Thermal actions on buildings shall be considered when ultimate or serviceability limit state s may be affected.
Effect of thermal actions may be influenced by nearby buildings, the use of different materials, structural shape and detailing. Three basic components are usually considered: - a uniform component Tu Tu = T T0 - temperature difference TM - temperature differences of different structural parts Tp
Inner temperatures in buildings

Season summer winter Temperature Tin in 0C T1 (20 C) T2 (25 C) summer Season
Outer temperatures Tout

Relative absorptivity
0,5 bright light surface 0,7 light coloured surface 0,9 dark surface
Temperature Tout in 0C Tmax + T3 Tmax + T4 Tmax + T5 Tmin
winter Recommended inner temperatures in the Czech National Annex - summer 25 C - winter 20 C N, E, N-E 0 C 2 C 4 C
Recommended values: T3 T4 T5
S, W, S-W and H 18 C 30 C 42 C
Uniform design temperatures in a building

An thermally unprotected steel structure SN 73 1401: TN = 60 C Te,min = -30 C Te,max = 30 C
An example of a fixed member

TNd=(4410)1,5=51 C
q [kN/m]
TNd = 60 1,2 = 72 C
SN P ENV 1991-2-5: TN = 61 C Te,min = -24 C Te,max = 37 C Material Concrete Steel
19.2.2008
TNd = 61 1,4 = 85 C
SN EN 1991-1-5: in Prague for dark surface and North-East
Strain Young Linear modulus expansion T10-6C-1 T 10-3 E MPa 10 12 0,51 0,61 30 000 200 000
Stress
T MPa
15 122
12
TN = 76 C Te,min = -32 C Te,max = 40 + T5= 44 C TNd = 76 1,5 = 114 C

A uniform temperature component

- National maps of isotherms Tmax, Tmin - Effective temperatures in bridges graphical tools Maximum and minimum effective temperatures T TN,con = T0 - Te,min TN,exp = Te,max - T0 The total range TN = Te,max - Te,min
Annex D: temperatures in buildings

Temperatures
T (x ) = Tin
R( x ) (Tin Tout ) Rtot

[m2K/W]
30 C 20 10 0 10 20
Tin
inner surface
outer surface
T(x) Tout
Thermal resistance
Rtot = Rin +
i
i
hi
+ Rout
R( x ) = Rin +
i
hi
where [W/(mK)] is thermal conductivity A frame under a uniform component and different support conditions
19.2.2008 14
Three layers wall - graphical method
Three layers wall EXCEL sheet

Layer
Input temperatures
0 1 2 3 4
Ti= 20 To= -20 Heat flow Q= Transfer coef. Thermal conduct. Thickness Resistance Temperatures 2 W/m /C W/m/C m C Material Inside 20 Surface 9 0,111 18,075 Gypsum 0,16 0,013 0,081 16,668 Insulation 0,025 0,05 2,000 -17,979 Brick 1,5 0,1 0,067 -19,134 Outside 20 0,050 -20,000 The total resistance of wall Rtot = 2,309
25 20 15 10 5 0 -0,05 -5 0 -10 -15 -20 -25
17,323
Graph x
temp -0,02 20,000 0 18,075 0,013 16,668 0,063 -17,979 0,163 -19,134 0,183 Eurocodes: Background and -20,000
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
19.2.2008
15
19.2.2008
16
Applications
Temperature changes in bridges

Three types of bridge superstructures are considered
1. Steel deck 2. Composite deck 3. Concrete deck steel box girder steel truss or plate girder concrete slab concrete beam concrete box girder
Uniform effective temperatures

maximum Te,max Te,min
70 60 50 40
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Type 1 Te, max = Tmax + 16 C Te, min = Tmin 3 C 30 Type 2 Te, max = Tmax + 4,5C for 30 C Tmax 50 C Te, min = Tmin + 4,5 C for 50 C Tmin 0 C 20 Type 3 Type 3 Te, max = Tmax + 1,5 C T min Typee,2 = Tmin + 8 C
10 0
Type 1
Basic temperature components

a uniform component vertical temperature differences horizontal temperature differences approach 1 - linear approach 2 - non-linear
minimum
-10 -20 -30 -40 -50 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40
Tmax Tmin
Approach 1: linear vertical differences

TM,heat (oC) TM,cool (oC)
Approach 2: non-linear vertical difference

Type 1 (steel)
Type 1, steel Type 2, composite Type 3, concrete box girder beam slab
18 15
13 18
10 15 15
5 8 8
Thickness of surfacing considered by reduction coefficient ksur.
Approach 2: non-linear vertical differences

Type 2 (composite)
Temperature differences
(a) heating
T1 T2
Approach 2: non-linear vertical differences

Type 3 (concrete)
(b) cooling
T1 h1 h
Normal procedure surfacing 100 mm h
h1
h2
h1 = 0,6h h2 = 0,4 m T2 h m 0,2 0,3 T1 C 13 16 T2 C 4 4 h T1 m C 0,2 3,5 0,3 5,0 T2 C 8 8
h2
surfacing 100 mm h Simplified procedure
T1
T1
T1 = 10 C
T1 = 10 C
Type 2 Concrete deck on steel box, truss or plate girders
Temperature changes in industrial structures
Concluding remarks
Temperature effects may be in some cases significant and shall be considered in structural design. The outer temperatures of a structure depend on absorptivity and orientation of the surface. A uniform temperature component may be derived using national maps of isotherms.
TN 90 15C
(a) Uniform component
(b) Stepped component
For bridges the relationship is given for specification of uniform (effective) temperature component. Two approaches for vertical temperature profile in bridges are given: either linear or non-linear profile should be used.
outer face warmer TM inner face warmer
(c) Linear component
TM
For industrial structures uniform, linear and stepped components are considered; technological temperatures in accordance of design specifications.
An example: map of minimum temperatures in CR

Minimum shade air temperatures of being exceeded by annual extremes with the probability of 0,02.
Tmin = 35,2 C Tmax = 28,1 C mean T = 31,3 C
Linear expansion coefficients

Material
28,1 to 30 C 30,1 to 32 C 32,1 to 34 C 34,1 to 36 C
T ( 10-6 C-1)
24 16 12 10 7 6-10 5 30-70
26
Aluminium, aluminium alloys Stainless Steel Structural steel Concrete (except as specified below) Concrete with light aggregates Masonry Timber, along grain
19.2.2008
Timber, across grain Eurocodes: Background and

Applications
Constituent components of a temperature profile

a) a uniform component Tu b) a linear component about z-z, TMy (in the direction of axis y) c) a linear component about y-y-, TMz (in the direction of axis z) d) a non-linear component TE
Transient design situations

Return periods R for the characteristic values Qk
Nominal period t t 3 days 3 days < t 3 months 3 months < t 1 year t > 1 year Return period R 2 years 5 years 10 years 50 years p = 0,5 p = 0,2 p = 0,1 p = 0,02
Tmax,p = Tmax {k1 k2 ln [ ln (1 p)]} Tmin,p = Tmin {k3 + k4 ln [ ln (1 p)]} The coefficients k1 to k4 are given in EN 1991-1-5.
Reduction coefficients k for different return periods R

The characteristic value Qk for return period R
Qk,R = k Qk,50 Return period R 2 years 5 years 10 years 50 years
19.2.2008
A uniform temperature component

ENV 1991-2-5: -24C, 37 C; in EN 1991-1-5, Prague -32 C, 40C
Prestressed concrete bridge

SN 73 6203: TN = 55 C SN P ENV 1991-2-5: TN = 55 C SN EN 1991-1-5: TN = 66 C
Te,min = -20 C Te,min = -16 C Te,min = -24 C Te,max = 35 C Te,max = 39 C Te,max = 42 C
0,5 0,2 0,1 0,02
Reduction coefficient k for vb,R Tmax,R Tmin,R sn,R snow wind 0,8 0,45 0,64 0,77 0,86 0,63 0,75 0,85 0,91 1 0,74 1 0,83 1 0,90 1
29
Composite bridge
SN 73 6203: TN = 65 C SN P ENV 1991-2-5: TN = 62 C SN EN 1991-1-5: TN = 73 C
Te,min = -25 C Te,min = -20 C Te,min = -28 C Te,max = 40 C Te,max = 42 C Te,max = 45 C
An example of temperature effectsAn example of temperature profile

ekanice, Czech Republic Summer
Winter Typical section

Load combinations in accordance EN

EN
Expr. 6.10 6.10 6.10a 6.10b 6.10b
Main
Alternative load combinations in accordance with EN

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 T2E T2N K 2E K 2N CZ 6Q 6T 6a 6bQ 6bT
Support section M [MNm] -36,26 -32,67 -27,88 -28,92 -25,32 Support section [MPa] Q T Q T 1,23 0,85 0,34 0,45 0,069
Midspan section [MPa] -8,89 -8,27 -7,44 -7,62 -6,99
hor
dol
M [MNm] 34,97 34,65 27,61 30,6 30,28
[MPa] -6,21 -6,18 -5,44 -5,75 -5,72
hor
dol [MPa]
3,54 3,48 2,27 2,78 2,73
SN
M [MNm] -32,85
Mid-span section
[MPa] 0,32
hor
[MPa] -8,48 32,93
dol
M [MNm]
hor [MPa]
-5,83
dol [MPa]
2,99
Bending moments at mid-span sections T2 and K2 for linear (E) and non-linear (N) temperatures.
Simultaneous temperature components

TM, heat (or TM, cool) + N TN,exp (or TM, con)
An example of a fixed member

TNd = 76 1,5 = 114 C
q [kN/m]
M TM, heat (or TM, cool) +TN, exp (or TN, con)
Coefficients: Concrete: T = 10 10-6 C-1 Linear expansion for T = 10 10-6 C-1 Temperature strain T = 10 10-6 114 = 1,14 10-3 Young modulus for concrete member, E 30 000 MPa Stress T = E T = 1,14 10-3 30 000 = 34 MPa Structural steel: T = 12 10-6 C-1, E 200 000 MPa T = 12 10-6 114 = 1,37 10-3 T = E T = 1,40 10-3 200 000 = 274 MPa
M = 0,75
N = 0,35
- Difference in uniform components of different members - Differences of temperatures of bridge piers
EN 1991-1-6 P. Formichi University of Pisa

EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Contents
2
Foreword
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-6 General actions Actions during execution
Paolo Formichi Department of Structural Engineering University of Pisa - Italy
Section 1 General
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Scope Normative references Assumptions Distinction between principles and application rules Terms and definitions Symbols
Section 2 Classification of Actions Section 3 Design situations and limit states

3.1 3.2 3.3 General - identification of design situations Ultimate limit states Serviceability limit states
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Contents
3
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Annexes
4
Section 4 Representation of actions

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 General Actions on structural and non structural members during handling Geotechnical Actions Actions due to prestresssing Predeformations Temperature, shrinkage, hydration effects Wind Actions Snow Loads Actions caused by water Actions due to atmospheric icing Construction loads Accidental Actions Seismic Actions
Annex A1
(Normative) Supplementary rules for buildings
Annexe A2 (Normative) Supplementary rules for bridges Annexe B (Informative) Actions on structures during alteration, reconstruction or demolition
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Scope
5
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Design Situations and limit states

6
EN 1991-1-6 gives principles and general rules for the determination of actions to be taken into account during the execution of buildings and civil engineering works. It may also be used as guidance for the determination of actions to be taken into account during: - structural alterations - reconstruction - partial or full demolition. It also gives rules for the determination of actions to be used for the design of auxiliary construction works (falsework, scaffolding, propping systems, cofferdam, bracing), needed for the execution phases.
During execution the following design situations will be taken into account as appropriate: Transient Accidental Seismic
Any selected design situation will be in accordance with the execution process anticipated in the design, and with any revision occurred.
EUROCODES

7
EUROCODES

8
Any selected transient design situation be associated with a nominal duration equal to, or greater than the anticipated duration of the stage of execution under consideration. The design situations should take into account the likelihood for any corresponding return periods of variable actions (e.g. climatic actions). The return periods for the assessment of characteristic values of variable actions during execution may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project. Recommended return periods of climatic actions are given, depending on the nominal duration of the relevant design situation.
Nominal duration of the execution phase
Return period (years)
A minimum wind velocity during execution may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project. The recommended basic value for durations of up to 3 months is 20m/s in accordance with EN 1991-1-4: Wind Actions. Relationships between characteristic values and return period for climatic actions are given in the appropriate Parts of EN 1991.
EUROCODES

9
EUROCODES

10
Example: Snow loads according to return period [Annex D of EN 1991-1-3]

If the available data show that the annual maximum snow load can be assumed to follow a Gumbel probability distribution, then the relationship between the characteristic value of the snow load on the ground and the snow load on the ground for a mean recurrence interval of n years is given by:
6 [ln( ln(1 Pn )) + 0,57722] 1 V sn = sk (1 + 2,5923V )
Snow loads according to return period [EN 1991-1-3]

1.00 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.70
V = 0.2 V = 0.6
sn/sk
0.60 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.20 0
sk Pn V
is the characteristic snow load on the ground (with a return period of 50 years) is the annual probability of exceedence (approx. = 1/n) is the coefficient of variation of annual max. snow loads
10 10
15 15
20 20
25 25
30 30
35 35
40 40
45 45
50 50
Return period (years)

EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Ultimate Limit States

11
EUROCODES

12
Ultimate limit states need to be verified for all selected transient, accidental and seismic design situations as appropriate during execution in accordance with EN 1990. The combinations of actions for accidental design situations can either include the accidental action explicitly or refer to a situation after an accidental event. Generally, accidental design situations refer to exceptional conditions applicable to the structure or its exposure, such as: impact, local failure and subsequent progressive collapse, fall of structural or non-structural parts, and, in the case of buildings, abnormal concentrations of building equipment and/or building materials, water accumulation on steel roofs, fire, etc.
The verifications of the structure should take into account the appropriate geometry and resistance of the partially completed structure corresponding to the selected design situations.
Geometry of the partially completed resisting structure

Resistance of the lower floor, which has not necessarily attained its full strength.
EUROCODES

13
EUROCODES

14
geometry
resistance
Ultimate limit states of STR/GEO - Fundamental combination for transient design situations.
Expression (6.10) EN 1990
j 1
G, j
Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,1Qk ,1"+" Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i

i >1
Expressions (6.10a) and (6.10b) EN 1990

1987 Bridgeport Connecticut (US) Inadequate temporary connections + instability of steel members (*) 1973 - Baileys Crossroad Fairfax (US) Construction of a 26-story building. Concrete was being placed at the 24th floor and shoring was simultaneously being removed at the 22nd floor cast two weeks before. Insufficient shear resistance of concrete slabs caused progressive collapse (*)
G , j Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,i 0 ,i Qk ,i j 1 i 1 j G , j Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,1Qk ,1 "+" Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i i >1 j 1

0,85 1,00
(*) K. Carper Beware of vulnerabilities during construction Construction and equipment, 3/2004
EUROCODES

15
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Serviceability Limit States

16
Accidental design situation Expression (6.11b) EN 1990
G
j 1
k, j
"+" P"+" Ad "+" ( 1,1 or 2,1 )Qk ,1"+" 2,iQk ,i

i >1
The SLS for the selected design situations during execution needs to be verified, as appropriate, in accordance with EN 1990. The criteria associated with the SLS during execution should take into account the requirements for the completed structure. Operations which can cause excessive cracking and/or early deflection during execution and which may adversely affect the durability, fitness for use and/or aesthetic appearance in the final stage has to be avoided.
Seismic design situation Expression (6.12b) EN 1990
G
j 1
k, j
"+" P"+" AEd "+" 2,i Qk ,i

i >1
EUROCODES

17
EUROCODES

18
SLS: combinations of actions. SLS: actions The combinations of actions should be established in accordance with EN 1990. In general, the relevant combinations of actions for transient design situations during execution are: the characteristic combination the quasi-permanent combination Characteristic combination (irreversible SLS)
G
j 1
k, j
"+" P"+" Qk ,1 "+" 0 ,i Qk ,i

i >1
Quasi-permanent combination (reversible SLS)
G
j 1
k, j
"+" P"+" 2 ,i Qk ,i
i 1
EUROCODES
Classification & representation of actions

19
EUROCODES
Classification & representation of actions

20
Actions during execution are classified in accordance with EN 1990, and may include: those actions that are not construction loads; and construction loads Both types of actions are classified (tables 2.1 and 2.2) depending on: Variation in time (permanent, variable, accidental) Origin (direct, indirect) Spatial variation (fixed, free) Nature (static, dynamic)
EUROCODES
Construction Loads
21
EUROCODES
Classification of Construction Loads

22
Construction loads Qc may be represented in the appropriate design situations (see EN 1990), either, as one single variable action, or where appropriate different types of construction loads may be grouped and applied as a single variable action. Single and/or a grouping of construction loads should be considered to act simultaneously with non construction loads as appropriate.
Construction loads Qc are classified as variable actions

Constr. Load
Qca Qcb Qcc Qcd
Qca Qcb Qcc Qcd Qce Qcf
Qce Qcf
6 different sources
Where Construction Loads are classified as fixed, they should be defined tolerances for possible deviation from the theoretical position. Where Construction Loads are classified as free, they should be defined limits of the area where they should be moved or positioned.
EUROCODES
Representation of Construction Loads

23
EUROCODES

24
Construction loads Qca Personnel and hand tools Working personnel, staff and visitors, possibly with hand tools or other small site equipment.
Construction loads Qca Personnel and hand tools The recommended value has been derived from investigations on construction sites(*), with regard to the following stages of construction: 1. before pouring of concrete slab; 2. after pouring of concrete slab, during the preparation of the next floor.
Measurement grid size [m2] 2,32 5,95 9,25 20,90 37,16 Mean Load [kN/m2] 0,31 0,30 0,29 0,30 0,28 10% fractile Load [kN/m2] 1,08 0,92 0,80 0,73 0,72 1% fractile Load [kN/m2] 2,93 2,00 2,18 1,58 1,43 0,5% fractile Load [kN/m2] 3,34 2,39 2,68 1,94 1,46
Modelled as a uniformly distributed load qca and applied as to obtain the most unfavourable effects. The recommended value is : qca,k = 1,0 kN/m2
As an example: the 5% fractile value for the 9,25 m2, is 1,23 kN/m2 (Gumbel distribution of the random variable is assumed).
(*) Cast-in-place Concrete in Tall Building Design and Construction Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Committee 21 D. Mc Graw-Hill Inc. 1991 Chapter 2: Construction loads.
EUROCODES

25
EUROCODES

26
Construction loads Qcb Storage of movable items e.g.: 1. Building and construction materials, precast elements; 2. Equipment.
Construction loads Qcc Non-permanent equipment in position for use: Static (e.g. formwork panels, scaffolding, falsework, machinery, containers) During movement (e.g. travelling forms launching griders and nose, counterweights)
Modelled as a free action and represented by a UDL qcb and a concentrated load Fcb For bridges, the following values are recommended minimum values: qcb,k = 0,2 kN/m2 Fcb,k = 100 kN Paolo Formichi, University of Pisa Italy
Unless more accurate information is available, they may be modelled by a uniformly distributed load with a recommended minimum characteristic value of qcc,k = 0,5 kN/m2
EUROCODES

27
EUROCODES

28
Construction loads Qcd Movable heavy machinery and equipment usually wheeled or tracked e.g.:
Cranes, lifts, vehicles, lift trucks, power installations, jacks, heavy lifting devices.
Construction loads Qce Accumulation of waste materials e.g.:

surplus construction materials excavated soil or demolition materials.
When not defined in the project specification, information for the determination of actions may be found in: - EN 1991-2 for actions due to vehicles - EN 1991-3 for actions due to cranes. Paolo Formichi, University of Pisa Italy
These loads are taken into account by considering possible mass effects on horizontal, inclined and vertical elements (such as walls). These loads may vary significantly, and over short time periods, depending on types of materials, climatic conditions, build-up and clearance rates.
EUROCODES

29
EUROCODES

30
Construction loads Qcf Loads from part of structure in a temporary state before the final design actions take effect e.g. loads
from lifting operations.
Construction loads during the casting of concrete (4.11.2) Actions to be taken into account simultaneously during the casting of concrete may include: - working personnel with small site equipment (Qca); - formwork and loadbearing members (Qcc);
Taken into account and modelled according to the planned execution sequences, including the consequences of those sequences (e.g. loads and reverse load effects due to particular processes of construction, such as assemblage).
- the weight of fresh concrete (which is one example of Qcf), as appropriate.

EUROCODES

31
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Accidental Actions

32
Qca, Qcc and Qcf may be given in the National Annex. Recommended values for fresh concrete (Qcf) may be taken from Table 4.2 and EN 1991-1-1, Table A.1. Other values may have to be defined, for example, when using self-levelling concrete or pre-cast products.
Accidental actions such as impact from construction vehicles, cranes, building equipment or materials in transit (e.g. skip of fresh concrete), and/or local failure of final or temporary supports, including dynamic effects, that may result in collapse of load-bearing structural members, shall be taken into account, where relevant. Abnormal concentrations of building equipment and/or building materials on load-bearing structural members should also be taken into account Dynamic effects may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project. The recommended value of the dynamic amplification factor is 2. In specific cases a dynamic analysis is needed.
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Seismic Actions

33
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Annex A1 (normative)

34
Supplementary rules for buildings Representative values of the variable action due to construction loads may be set by the National Annex, within a recommended range of 0 = 0,6 to 1,0. The recommended value of 0 is 1,0. The minimum recommended value of 2 is 0,2 and it is further recommended that values below 0,2 are not selected For the verification of serviceability limit states, the combinations of actions to be taken into account should be the characteristic and the quasi-permanent combinations.
Seismic actions should be determined according to EN 1998, taking into account the reference period of the considered transient situation. The design values of ground acceleration and the importance factor I may be defined in the National Annex or for the individual project.
EUROCODES

35
EUROCODES

36
Supplementary rules for bridges

For the incremental launching of bridges the design values for vertical deflections may be found in the National Annex. The recommended values are: a) 10 mm longitudinally for one bearing, the other bearings being assumed to be at the theoretical level; b) 2,5 mm in the transverse direction for one bearing, the other bearings being assumed to be at the theoretical level.
Supplementary rules for bridges Construction Loads

For the incremental launching of bridges horizontal forces due to friction effects should be determined, and applied between the bridge structure, the bearings and the supporting structures, with dynamic action effects taken into account where appropriate. It is recommended that the design value of the total horizontal friction forces should be not less than 10 % of the vertical loads, and should be determined to give the least favourable effects. The horizontal friction forces at every pier should be determined with the appropriate friction coefficients, min and max (defined in the National Annex). Unless more accurate values are available from tests for movements on very low friction surfaces (e.g. PTFE) the recommended values are : min = 0 max = 0,04
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-6: Annex B (informative)

37
EUROCODES
38
Actions on structures during alteration, reconstruction or demolition

The actual performance of structures affected by deterioration should be taken into account in the verification of the stages for reconstruction or demolition. The investigation of structural conditions to enable the identification of the load-bearing capacity of the structure and to prevent unpredictable behaviour during reconstruction or demolition should be undertaken. The reliability for the remaining structure or parts of the structure under reconstruction, partial or full demolition should be consistent with that considered in the Eurocodes for completed structures or parts of structures.
EN 1991-1-7 A. Vrouwenvelder TNO
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
EN 1991-1-7 Eurocode 1 Accidental Actions
EN 1990 Section 2.1 Basic Requirements (4)P A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like - explosion - impact and - consequences of human errors to an extent disproportionate to the original cause Note: Further information is given in EN 1991-1-7
Ton Vrouwenvelder TNO Bouw / TU Delft
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
EN 1990 guidance:
reducing hazards low sensitive structural form survival of local damage sufficient warning at collapse tying members
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Eurocode EN 1991-1-7
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. General Classification Design situations Impact Explosions
World Trade Center USA, 2001
Annexes A. Design for localised failure B. Risk analysis C. Dynamics D. Explosions
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
4. Impact
8
Type of road
Vehicle type Truck Truck Truck Truck Passenger car
Fd,x [kN] 1000 750 500 150 50
3 Design strategies
Motorway Country roads Urban area Parking place Parking place

EUROCODES
Annex C: force model

10
Annex B: scenario model
2500
F[kN]
2000
1500
upper lower theorie
1000
500
0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
E [kNm]
F=v(km) model en experiment


3000
force [kN]
Table 4.2.1: Data for probabilistic collision force calculation

2500
variable n T b v a m k
designation number of lorries/day reference time accident rate width of a vehicle angle of collision course vehicle velocity deceleration vehicle mass vehicle stiffness
type deterministic deterministic deterministic deterministic rayleigh lognormal lognormal normal deterministic
mean 5000 100 years 10-10 m -1 2.50 m 10o 80 km/hr 4 m 2/s 20 ton 300 kN/m
stand dev 10o 10 km/hr 1.3 m/s2 12 ton 0 1000 500 1500 2000
eq 4.3.7
distance [m] 10 20 30 40 50
Life time exceedence probability: 10-3
EUROCODES
Design example: bridge column in motorway

13
EUROCODES
14
Bending moment:
x H Fdy a b h y
Mdx =
a( H a ) Fdx H
1.25 (5.00 1.25) 1000 = 940 kNm 5.00
Resistance:
b h H fy fc width thickness column height yield stress steel concrete strength reinforcement ratio 0.50 m 1.00 m 5m 300 MPa 50 MPa 0.01
MRdx = 0.8 h2 b fy = 0.8 0.01 1.002 0.50 300 000 = 1200 kNm > 940 kNm
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
15
16
INTERNAL NATURAL GAS EXPLOSIONS 5 + Annex D:

gas explosions in buildings gas explosions in tunnels dust explosions The design pressure is the maximum of: p d = 3 + pv pd = 3 + 0.5 pv+0,04/(Av/V)2 pd = nominal equivalent static pressure [kN/m2] Av = area of venting components [m2] V = volume of room [m3] Validity: V < 1000 m3 ; 0,05 m-1 < Av / V < 0,15 m-1 Annex B: load duration = 0.2 s
EUROCODES
Design Example: Compartment in a multi story building

17
EUROCODES
18
explosion pressure: pEd = 3 + pv/2 + 0,04/(Av/V)2 = 3 + 1.5 + 0.04 / 0.1442 = 6.5 kN/m2 self weight = 3.0 kN/m2 live load
B=8m
H = 3m
pd
= 2.0 kN/m2
Design load combination (bottom floor): Compartment: 3 x 8 x 14 m Two glass walls (pv =3 kN/m2) and two concrete walls pda = pSW + pE + 1LL pLL = 3.00 + 6.50 + 0.5*2.00 = 10.50 kN/m2
EUROCODES
Dynamic increase in load carrying capacity

19
EUROCODES
20
d = 1 +
t
p SW p Rd
2 u max g ( t )2
Be careful for upper floors and columns
= 0.2 s = load duration g = 10 m/s2 umax = 0.20 m = midspan deflection at collapse psw = 3,0 kN/m2 and pRd =7.7 kN/m2
P sw
d = [1 +
3 7 .7
2 * 0 . 20 10 ( 0 . 2 ) 2
pE
] = 1.6
pREd = d pRd = 1.6 * 7.7 = 12.5 kN/m2 > 10.5 kN/m2 Conclusion: bottom floor system okay
edge column B
centre column
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
21
22
BLEVE in een overkluizing

Y X
Y Z X
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
23
24
Annex A: Classification of buildings

Consequences class class 1 Example structures low rise buildings where only few people are present
class 2, lower group most buildings up to 4 stories class 2, upper group most buildings up to 15 stories
.1E-1 .9E-2 .8E-2 .7E-2 .6E-2 .5E-2 .4E-2 .3E-2 .2E-2 .1E-2 0
class 3
high rise building, grand stands etc.
Y Z X
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
25
26
Annex A: What to do
s=4m
Class 2a (lower group)

s=4m interne trekbandTi alle liggers kunnen worden ontworpen om als trekband te dienen omtrek trekband Tp
Class 1 Class 2, Lower Group Frames Class 2, Lower group Wall structures Class 2, Upper Group
No special considerations
L=5m
Horizontal ties in floors Full cellular shapes Floor to wall anchoring. Horizontal ties and effective vertical ties OR limited damage on notional removal OR special design of key elements Risk analysis and/or advanced mechanical analysis recommended
interne trekband Ti
Class 3
randkolom
EUROCODES
Class 2a (lower group)

27
EUROCODES
Background horizontal typings

28
s=4m
s=4m interne trekband 212
L=5m
total load on center column R = (gk + qk) L s = p L s

omtrek trekband 212
s
interne trekband 212
Ti = 0,8 s L p
Ti
Ti
randkolom
Ti
Ti= 0.8 (gk+ qk)sL = 0.8{3+0.5*3}x4x5=88 kN>75 kN FeB 500: A = 202 mm2 or 2 12mm
middenkolom
EUROCODES
Background typing forces

29
EUROCODES
30
Ti = 0.75 p s L Equilibirum for = (s+L)/6

drukkrachten
tre kk ra ch te n
Suggestion: design corner column as a key element.
verplaatsing
X R
X Ti
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
31
32
Example structure, Class 2, Upper Group, Framed L =7.2 m, s =6 m, qk=gk=4 kN/m2, =1.0
Example structure Internal horizontal tie force Ti = 0.8 (gk + qk) s L = 0.8 {4+4} (6 x 7.2) = 276 kN FeB 500: A = 550 mm2 or 2 18 mm.
internal ties
perimeter tie L
Vertical tying force: Ti = (gk + qk) s L = {4+4} (6 x 7.2) = 350 kN FeB 500: A = 700 mm2 or 3 18 mm.
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Class 2 higher class walls

34
33

1,2 m z interne trekband Ti
Tyings Horizontal: Ti = Ft (gk + qk) /7,5 z/5 kN/m > Ft Periphery: Tp = Ft Vertical: T = 34 A / 8000 (H/t) in N > 100 kN/m
omtrek trekband Tp interne trekband Ti
Ft ns z A H t
= 20 + 4ns kN/m < 60 kN/m = number of storeys = span = horizontal cross section of wall [mm] = free storey height = wall thickness
dragende wand
EUROCODES

35
EUROCODES
36
Effect of tyings in walls

Design Example: L = 7,2 m, H = 2,8 m en t = 250 mm T = 347200250/8000 (2800/250) = = 960 10 N = 960 kN > 720 kN maximal distance 5 m maximal distance from edge: 2.5 m Result: 2 tyings of 480 kN
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
class 3: Risk analysis

38
37
Definition of scope and limitations
Effect of vertical tyings

gaping
Guidance can be found in Annex B:
Qualitative Risk analysis hazard identification hazard scenarios description of consequences definition of measures
Reconsideration of scope and assumptions
Quantitative Risk Analyisis inventory of uncertainties modelling of uncertatinties probabilistic calculations quantification of consequences calculation of risks
Risk management risk acceptance criteria decision on measures
Presentation
EUROCODES

39 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 40
Risk Analysis Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier (1980)
Office building Zwolle (The Netherlands) London Eye
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
hazards
42
41
Earthquake
Vandalism Demonstrations Terrorist attack Internal explosion External explosion Internal fire External fire Impact by vehicle etc Mining subsidence Environmental attack Design error Material error Construction error User error Lack of maintenance
Points of attention in risk analysis

list of hazards irregular structural shapes new construction types or materials number of potential casualties strategic role (lifelines)
Landslide Tornado Avalanche Rock fall High groundwater Flood Volcano eruption
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
43
44
Step 1
Identifical and modelling of relevant accidental hazards
Step 2
Assessment of damage states to structure from different hazards
Step 3
Assessment of the performance of the damaged structure
Risk calculation:
Step 1: identification of hazard Hi Step 2: damage Dj at given hazard Step 3: structural behavour Sk and cpmsequences C(Sk)
Risk = p ( H i ) p ( D j H i ) p ( S k D j )C ( S k )
Assessment of the probability of occurence of different hazards with different intensities Assessment of the probability of different states of damage and corresponding consequences for given hazards Assessment of the probability of inadequate performance(s) of the damaged structure together with the corresponding consequence(s)
Take sum over all hazards and damage types
EUROCODES
Conclusions
45
EUROCODES
46
EN 1991-1-7: valuable document, but not a masterpiece of European harmonisation
Relevant Background Documents

ISO-documents
Reasons: large prior differences member state autonomy in safety matters legal status different in every country
COST actions C28 and TU0601 Background document for the ENV-version of EC1 Part 2-7 (TNO, The Netherlands, 1999) Leonardo da Vinci Project CZ/02/B/F/PP-134007 Handbooks Implementtion of Eurocodes (2005)
It will be interesting to see the National Annexes and NDPs .
EN 1991-2 J.-A. Calgaro CGPC, CEN/TC250 Chairman M. Tschumi SBB-CFF-FFS
EUROCODES
EN 1991-2 Traffic Loads on Bridges 19911
EUROCODES
FOREWORD SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS DESIGN SITUATIONS ROAD TRAFFIC ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONS SPECIFICALLY FOR ROAD BRIDGES ACTIONS ON FOOTWAYS, CYCLE TRACKS AND FOOTBRIDGES RAIL TRAFFIC ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONS SPECIFICALLY FOR RAILWAY BRIDGES MODELS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES FOR ROAD BRIDGES FATIGUE LIFE ASSESSMENT FOR ROAD BRIDGES ASSESSMENT METHOD BASED ON RECORDED TRAFFIC
Traffic Loads on Road Bridges and Footbridges
SECTION 5 SECTION 6
ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE)
Jean-Armand Calgaro JeanChairman of CEN/TC250
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
GENERAL ORGANISATION FOR ROAD BRIDGES Traffic load models - Vertical forces : LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4 - Horizontal forces : braking and acceleration, centrifugal, transverse acceleration, centrifugal, Groups of loads - gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr3, gr4, gr5 - characteristic, frequent and characteristic, quasi-permanent values quasiCombination with actions other than traffic actions
LOAD MODELS FOR LIMIT STATES OTHER THAN FATIGUE LIMIT STATES Field of application : loaded lengths less than 200 m (maximum length taken into account for the calibration of the Eurocode For very long loaded lengths, see National Annex) lengths, Annex) Load Model Nr. 1 Nr. Concentrated and distributed loads (main model general and local verifications) verifications) Load Model Nr. 2 Nr. Single axle load (semi-local and local verifications) (semiverifications) Load Model Nr. 3 Nr. Set of special vehicles (general and local verifications) verifications) Load Model Nr. 4 Nr. Crowd loading : 5 kN/m2 (general verifications) verifications) kN/m
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Traffic Load Models Road bridges LM1 (4.3.2)
Characteristic values
Frequent values
Quasi-permanent values
Carriageway width w
width measured between kerbs (height more than 100 mm recommended value) or between the inner limits of vehicle restraint systems
LM2 (4.3.3)
LM3 (4.3.4)
LM4 (4.3.5)
1000 year return period (or probability of exceedance of 5% in 50 years) for traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factors equal to 1, see 4.3.2). 1000 year return period (or probability of exceedance of 5% in 50 years) for traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factor equal to 1, see 4.3.3). Set of nominal values. Basic values defined in annex A are derived from a synthesis based on various national regulations. Nominal value deemed to represent the effects of a crowd. Defined with reference to existing national standards.
1 week return period for traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factors equal to 1, see 4.3.2).
Calibration in accordance with definition given in EN 1990.
1 week return period for traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factor equal to 1, see 4.3.3).
Not relevant
Not relevant
Not relevant
Not relevant
Not relevant
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Division of the carriageway into notional lanes

Carriageway width w
w < 5,4 m
The main load model (LM1)

qrk = 2,5 kN/m2 kN/m
Number of notional lanes

nl = 1 nl = 2
w nl = Int 3
Width of a notional lane w l 3m

w 2
Width of the remaining area

w 3m
5, 4 m w < 6 m 6m w
0
w 3 nl
3m
q1k = 9 kN/m2 kN/m
w NOTE For example, for a carriageway width equal to 11m, nl = Int = 3 , and the 3
width of the remaining area is 11 - 33 = 2m.
q2k = 2,5 kN/m2 kN/m
1 Lane Nr. 1 (3m) Nr. 2 Lane Nr. 2 (3m) Nr. 3 Lane Nr. 3 (3m) Nr. 4 Remaining area
q3k = 2,5 kN/m2 kN/m qrk = 2,5 kN/m2 kN/m
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
The main load model for road bridges (LM1) : diagrammatic representation For the determination of general effects, the effects, tandems travel centrally along the axes of notional lanes
The main load model (LM1)

Example of values for factors (National Annexes) 1st class : international heavy vehicle traffic 2nd class : normal heavy vehicle traffic
For local verifications, a tandem verifications, system should be applied at the most unfavourable location.
Where two tandems on adjacent notional lanes are taken into account, account, they may be brought closer, the distance closer, between axles being not less than 0,50 m
Classes 1 st class 2 nd class
Q1
1 0,9
Qi
i2
1 0,8
q1
1 0,7
qi
i2
1 1
qr
1 1
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Examples of influence surfaces (transverse bending moment) for a deck slab
Example of application of LM1 to the concrete slab of a composite bridge
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Load model Nr. 2 (LM2) Nr.
Dispersal of concentrated loads
a) Pavement and concrete slab 1 Wheel contact pressure 2 Pavement 3 Concrete slab
b) Pavement and orthotropic deck 1 Wheel contact pressure 2 Pavement 3 Bridge floor 4 Middle surface of the bridge floor 5 Transverse member
Recommended value : Q = Q 1
(National Annex) Annex)
4 Middle surface of concrete slab
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
HORIZONTAL FORCES : Braking and acceleration (Lane Nr. 1 ) Nr.

Q k = 0,6 Q 1 ( 2Q1k ) + 0,10 q1q1k w1 L
180 Q1 kN Q k 900 kN
HORIZONTAL FORCES : Centrifugal forces

Qtk = 0,2Qv (kN) Qtk = 40Qv / r (kN) Qtk = 0
if r < 200 m if 200 r 1500 m if r > 1500 m
Q1 = q1 = 1 Qlk = 180 + 2,7L For 0 L 1,2 m Qlk = 360 + 2,7L For L > 1,2 m r : horizontal radius of curvature of the carriageway centreline [m] Qv : total maximum weight of vertical concentrated loads of the tandem systems of LM1
Qi
( 2Qik )
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Groups of loads
Group of loads gr1a : LM1 + reduced value of pedestrian load on footways or cycle tracks (3 kN/m2) kN/m
Group of loads gr3 : loads on footways and cycle tracks
Group of loads gr4 : crowd loading
Group of loads gr1b : LM2 (single axle load) load) Group of loads gr5 : special vehicles (+ special conditions for normal traffic) traffic)
Group of loads gr2 : characteristic values of horizontal forces, frequent values of LM1
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Table 4.4b Assessment of groups of traffic loads (frequent values of the multi-component action) multiCARRIAGEWAY Load type Reference EN 1991-2 Load system gr1a Groups of loads
a)
FATIGUE LOAD MODELS

Load Model Nr. 1 (FLM1) : Similar to characteristic Load Model Nr. 1 Nr. Nr. 0,7 x Qik - 0,3 x qik - 0,3 x qrk Load Model Nr. 2 (FLM2) : Set of fequent lorries Nr. Load Model Nr. 3 (FLM3) : Single vehicle Nr. Load Model Nr. 4 (FLM4) : Set of equivalent lorries Nr.
FOOTWAYS AND CYCLE TRACKS
Vertical forces 4.3.2 LM1 (TS and UDL systems) Frequent values Frequent values Frequent value a) 4.3.3 LM2 (single axle) 5.3.2(1) Uniformly distributed load
gr1b gr3
Load Model Nr. 5 (FLM5) : Recorded traffic Nr.
See 5.3.2.1(3). One footway only should be considered to be loaded if the effect is more unfavourable than the effect of two loaded footways.
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Table 4.5 - Indicative number of heavy vehicles expected per year and per slow lane (FLM3 and FLM4 Models)
1 LORRY SILHOUETTE
2 Axle spacing (m) 4,5
3 Frequent axle loads (kN) 90 190
4 W heel type (see Table 4.8) A B
FLM2 Set of frequent lorries
Traffic categories 1 Roads and motorways with 2 or more lanes per direction with high flow rates of lorries Roads and motorways with medium flow rates of lorries M ain roads with low flow rates of lorries Local roads with low flow rates of lorries
N obs per year and per slow lane 2,0 10 6

6 0,5 10 6 0,125 10
4,20 1,30
80 140 140 90 180 120 120 120 90 190 140 140 90 180 120 110 110
A B B A B C C C A B B B A B C C C
2 3 4
3,20 5,20 1,30 1,30 3,40 6,00 1,80 4,80 3,60 4,40 1,30
0,05 10 6
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
FLM2 : Definition of wheels and axles (Table 4.8)

A X L E /W H E E L T Y PE S G E O M E T R IC A L D E F IN IT IO N
Fatigue Load Model Nr.3 (FLM3) Nr.3
A second vehicle may be taken into account : Recommended axle load value Q = 36 kN Minimum distance between vehicles : 40 m
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Verification procedure with Load Model FLM 3 Determination of the maximum and minimum stresses resulting from the transit of the model along the bridge
LM = Max LM Min LM
The stress variation is multiplied by a local dynamic amplification factor in the vicinity of expansion joints
fat
The model is normally centered in every slow lane defined in the project specification. But where the transverse position specification. is important, a statistical distribution of this position should be taken into account. account. Finally : fat = fat LM Frequency distribution of transverse location of a vehicle (Models 3 to 5)
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Fatigue Load Models for road bridges Representation of the additional amplification factor
Principle of the fatigue verification with FLM 3
fat : Additional amplification factor

D : Distance of the cross-section under consideration from the expansion joint
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
VEHICLE TYPE
1
2 3
TRAFFIC TYPE
4 Long distance Lorry persentage 5 Medium distance Lorry percentage 6 Local traffic Lorry percentage Wheel type 7
FLM4 Set of equivalent equivalent lorries.
LORRY
Axle spacing (m)
Equivalent axle loads (kN)
4,5
70 130
20,0
40,0
80,0
A B
4,20 1,30
70 120 120 70 150 90 90 90 70 140 90 90 70 130 90 80 80
5,0
10,0
5,0
A B B A B C C C A B B B A B C C C
3,20 5,20 1,30 1,30 3,40 6,00 1,80 4,80 3,60 4,40 1,30
50,0
30,0
5,0
15,0
15,0
5,0
10,0
5,0
5,0
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
ACTIONS FROM VEHICLES ON THE BRIDGE Vehicles on footways and cycle tracks Impact forces on kerbs Impact forces on safety barriers
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
LOAD MODELS FOR FOOTWAYS AND FOOTBRIDGES (Section 5) LOAD MODEL Nr.1 Nr.1 Uniformly distributed load qfk
LOAD MODEL Nr.2 Nr.2 Concentrated load Qfwk (10 kN recommended) recommended)
LOAD MODEL Nr.3 Nr.3 Service vehicle Qserv
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Recommended characteristic value for : - footways and cycle tracks on road bridges, - short or medium span length footbridges :
q fk = 5,0 kN/m 2
Recommended expression for long span length footbridges :
For footbridges only, a horizontal force should be taken into account, to be applied along the deck axis at the surfacing level level Qflk. Its characteristic value, which may be altered in the National Annex, is equal to the higher of the two following values : 10% of the total uniformly distributed load as defined in 5.3.2.1, 5.3.2.1, 60% of the total service vehicle load where relevant (5.3.2.3(5.3.2.3(1)P). The horizontal force is applied simultaneously with the vertical load, but not with the concentrated load.
q fk = 2,0 +
120 L + 30
kN/m 2
2 qfk 2,5 kN/m 2 q fk 5,0 kN/m
L is the loaded length [m]
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Groups of loads for footbridges
Group of loads gr1
Group of loads gr2
EUROCODES
RAILWAY ACTIONS
M.T.
1
EUROCODES
EN 1991-2 CONTENTS 19912
Actions on structures Traffic loads on bridges RAILWAY ACTIONS. SELECTED CHAPTERS FROM EN 1991-2 AND ANNEX A2 OF EN 1990 Foreword Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Dr. h. c. Marcel Tschumi Section 6 General Classification of actions Design situations Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for road bridges Actions on footways, cycle footways, tracks and footbridges Rail traffic actions and other actions specifically for railway bridges
EUROCODES
EN 1991-2 CONTENTS (continued) 1991(continued)

3
EUROCODES
EN 1990 - Annex A2 - CONTENT

4
Actions on structures Traffic loads on bridges
Basis of structural design Application for bridges Section A2.1 Field of application Section A2.2 Combinations of actions A2.2.1 General A2.2.2 for road bridges A2.2.3 for footbridges A2.2.4for railway bridges A2.2.5 Section A2.3 Ultimate limit states Section A2.4 Serviceability limit states A2.4.1 General A2.4.2 serviceability criteria for road bridges A2.4.3 serviceability criteria for footbridges A2.4.4 serviceability criteria for railway bridges
Annex A (I) Annex B (I)
Models of special vehicles for road bridges Fatigue life assessment for road bridges. Assessment method based on recorded traffic Dynamic factors 1+ for real trains Basis for the fatigue assessment of railway structures Limits of validity of load model HSLM and the selection of the critical universal train from HSLM-A HSLMCriteria to be satisfied if a dynamic analysis is not required Method for determining the combined response of a structure and track to variable actions Load models for rail traffic loads in transient situations
Annex C (N) Annex D (N) Annex E (I) Annex F (I) Annex G (I) Annex H (I)
EUROCODES
Notations and dimensions specifically for railways

5
EUROCODES
Load Model 71
6
S : gauge U : cant Qs: noising force
(1) Running surface (2) Longitudinal forces acting along the centreline of the track
The characteristic values given in this figure shall be multiplied by a factor multiplied on lines carrying rail traffic which is heavier or lighter than normal rail traffic. When multiplied by the factor , the loads are called "classified vertical loads". This factor shall be one of the following: 0,75 - 0,83 - 0,91 loads". following: 1,00 - 1,10 - 1,21 - 1,33 1,46. The value 1,33 is normally recommended on lines for freight traffic and international lines (UIC CODE 702, 2003). The actions listed below shall be multiplied by the same factor : centrifugal forces nosing force traction and braking forces load model SW/0 for continuous span bridges
EUROCODES
Relation between LM 71 and the 6 real service trains in UIC Code 776-1
7
EUROCODES
LM SW/0 et LM SW/2 (heavy traffic) (heavy traffic)

8
2 of 6 examples of real service trains

Load model SW/0 SW/2 qvk [kN/m] 133 150 a [m] 15,0 25,0 c [m] 5,3 7,0
(1+) S real trains 1 - 6 S LM71
EUROCODES
Example of a heavy weight waggon

9
EUROCODES
Equivalent vertical loading for earthworks

10
x LM71 (and SW/2 where required), without dynamic factor, uniformly distributed over a width of 3,00 m at a level 0,70 m below the running surface of the rail.
Wagon DB with 32 axles, selfweight 246 t, cantilevers included, pay load 457 t, mass per axle 22 t , ltot = 63,3 m
EUROCODES
Principal factors influencing dynamic behaviour

11
EUROCODES
Dynamic factors according to the quality of track maintenance

12
the speed of traffic across the bridge, the span L of the element, the mass of the structure, the natural frequencies of the whole structure and relevant elements of the structure, the number of axles, axle loads and the spacing of axles, the damping of the structure, vertical irregularities in the track, the unsprung/sprung mass and suspension characteristics of the vehicle, the presence of regularly spaced supports of the deck slab (cross girders), vehicle imperfections (wheel flats, out of round wheels, etc.), the dynamic characteristics of the track (ballast, sleepers, track components etc.).
Dynamic factors (6.4.5.2) for static calculations:
2 for carefully maintained track 3 for standard track (means:poor track)

The dynamic factor , which enhances the static load effects under Load Models LM 71, LM SW/0 and LM SW/2, is taken as either 2 or 3, according to the quality of track maintenance . The dynamic factors 2 et 3 are calculated on the basis of formulae based on a value called determinant length L given in Table 6.2 of the Eurocode. If no Eurocode. dynamic factor is specified 3 shall be used. used.
EUROCODES
The four existing different dynamic factors and enhancements written for carefully maintained track
13
EUROCODES
Vision of future European Network

14
Dynamic enhancement for real trains 1 + = 1 + ' + () '' Dynamic enhancement for fatigue calculations = 1 + (' + ()'') Dynamic factor 2(3) for static calculations (determinant lengths L due to table 6.2) Dynamic enhancement for dynamic studies
The freedom for the choice of the factor could provoke a non homogeneous railway network in Europe! Therefore in UIC Leaflet 702 (2003) = 1,33 is generally recommended for all new bridges constructed for the international freight network, unfortunately not obligatory! Year 2002 Year 2100
' dyn = max y dyn / y stat 1
=1,33
EUROCODES
Choice of the factor

15
EUROCODES

16
ULS: For new bridges it should absolutely be adopted = 1,33. Fatigue: All calculations are done with the Load Model 71 and the factor = 1,00.
Existing bridges The question of updated rail traffic actions is currently studied within the European Research Project Sustainable Bridges - Assessment for Future Traffic Demands and longer Lives. See: www.sustainablebridges.net
EUROCODES

17
EUROCODES

18
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) Interaction track bridge: Theoretically this is a Seviceability Limit State (SLS) for the bridge and an Ultimate Limit State (ULS ) for the rail. But as the given permissible rail stresses and deformations were obtained by deterministic design methods, calibrated on the existing practice, the calculations for interaction have to be done in contradiction to EN1991-2, where there is a mistake - always with = 1,00!!
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) Permissible vertical deflections:

To check the permissible vertical deflection with a severe formula given later for speeds less than 200 km/h, to minimise track maintenance and to avoid dynamic studies (note: more stiffness costs nothing when doing calculations with LCC),
= 1,00
shall be adopted, even if = 1,33 is taken into consideration for ULS.
EUROCODES
Classification of international lines

19
EUROCODES
Heavier loads do not significantly influence the costs of bridges!

20
Due to UIC CODE 700 Mass per m = p
Mass per axle
Increase of costs in % due to = 1,33, related to those calculated with = 1,0 / bridges built with traffic interference (ERRI D 192/RP 4, 1996):
4
A 16t A
B 18t B1 B2
C 20t
D 22,5t
E 25t
3.5 3 2.5
1 2 3 4 5
5 t/m 6,4 t/m 7,2 t/m 8 t/m 8,8 t/m
2.19
C2 C3 C4
D2 D3 D4 E4 E5
1.5 1 0.5 0 Mengbach Muota Buchloe Worblaufen Kempten Ness
EUROCODES
Heavier loads do not significantly influence the costs of bridges!

21
EUROCODES
Interaction track - bridge

22
Increase of costs in % due to = 1,33, related to those calculated with = 1,0 / bridges built without traffic interference, (ERRI D 192/RP 4, 1996):
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3.91
Relative displacements of the track and of the bridge, caused by the combination of the effects of thermal variations, train braking and traction forces, as well as deflection of the deck under vertical traffic loads (LM 71), lead to the track/bridge phenomenon that 71), results in additional stresses to the bridge and the track. Take LM 71 with = 1.00 (even if > 1.00 for ULS)! (even ULS)!
Mollebakken
Kambobekken
La Sormonne
Sallaumines
RN2/TGVNord
Holendalen
EUROCODES
Limitation of additional permissible stresses in the rail

23
Verberie
Scarpe
Vlake
EUROCODES
Examples of expansion lengths

24
Practice with rail UIC 60, steel grade giving at least 900 N/mm2 strength, minimum curve radius r 1500 m, laid on ballasted track with concrete sleepers and consolidated, > 30 cm deep ballast, the permissible additional stresses in continuous welded rail on the bridge due to interaction is: compression: traction: 72 N/mm2 92 N/mm2
EUROCODES
Avoid where ever possible expansion lengths near the bridge!

25
EUROCODES
Fatigue: choice for and

26
Remark:The decks corresponding to L1 or to L2 may have additional supports. L1max. or L2 max. without expansion joints: 90 m (concrete, composite) 60 m (steel), but: L1 + L2 = 180 m/ 120 m with fixed bearing in the middle !!!!!!
For new bridges even if taking = 1,33 for ULS design note: a slightly overdesigned bridge for ULS has less fatigue problems if the loadings do not increase!) - fatigue assessments are done with the load model LM 71 and = 1,00. In supplement, the calculation of the damage equivalent factors for fatigue should be done with the heavy traffic mix, that means waggons with 25t (250kN) axles, in accordance with Annex D of EN 1991-2
EUROCODES
Safety verification for steel structures

27
EUROCODES
(Real) train types for fatigue

28
Ff 2 71
Ff
Mf
is the partial safety factor for fatigue loading is the damage equivalence factor for fatigue which takes account of the service traffic on the bridge and the span of the member. Values of are given in the design codes. is the dynamic factor (see 6.4.5 of EN 1991-2)
Example of a train (no 1 of 12 given types of trains): (no
71 is the stress range due to the Load Model 71 (and where required SW/0) but with = 1, the loads being placed in the most unfavourable position for the element under consideration. C is the reference value of the fatigue strength (see EN 1993) is the partial safety factor for fatigue strength in the design codes
Mf
EUROCODES
Damage equivalent factors for fatigue

29
EUROCODES
General remarks concerning the fatigue of railway bridges

30
is the damage equivalence factor for fatigue which takes account of the span, the service traffic, the annual traffic volume, the intended design life of the structural element and the number of tracks. = 1 2 3 4 where: 1 is a factor accounting for the structural member type (e.g. a continuous beam) and takes into account the damaging effect of the chosen service traffic (e.g. heavy traffic mix), depending on the length of the influence line or area. 2 is a factor that takes into account the annual traffic volume. 3 is a factor that takes into account the intended design life of the structural member. 4 is a factor which denotes the effect of loading from more than one track. Values of are given in the design codes.
General:
It cannot be stressed often enough that railway bridges must be designed and constructed in a fatigue-resistant way. For having optimal Life Cycle Costs (LCC) and for reaching the intended design life of minimum 100 years, all important structural members shall be designed for fatigue!
Rules for steel bridges:

Constructional details have to be chosen and found which give the maximum possible fatigue detail categories c, e.g.: Composite girders: Welded plate girders: Truss bridges: detail category 71 detail category 71 detail category 71 at sites where fatigue is a risk / detail category 36 at sites where fatigue is no risk.
EUROCODES

31
EUROCODES

32
Rules for reinforced bridges:
Rules for presteressed bridges: Fully prestressed bridges under service loads have
no fatigue problems. For not fully prestressed bridges under servic loads the permissible stress s must be observed as well for the prestressing steel as for the reinforcing bars.
For reinforced railway bridges the fatigue
strength categories s must of course be observed. avoided in principle in regions with high stress variation.
Welded joints of reinforcing bars should be The bending radii of reinforcing bars must
be big enough to avoid too much loss of fatigue strength.
Plastic ducts can increase fatigue resistance of
prestressing steel and electrically isolated tendons permit to assure the quality with long term monitoring. have to be placed such that they are in a region of low stress variation.
Anchorages and couplers for prestressing tendons
EUROCODES
Practical note for bridge competitions

33
EUROCODES
Permissible deflections
34
Personal advice: Bridge competitions should be carried out in two phases. The first phase should be anonymous with only few calculations and plans called for. The second phase should however not be anonymous. In this phase it is essential, from the owners point of view, that recommendations for the importent aspects of the design are provided. These include avoiding, where ever possible, expansion joints in the rails near the bridge and, very important, excluding poor constructional details which will lead to fatigue problems.
In EN 1990, Annex A2 [2] only minimum conditions for bridge deformations are given. The rule does not take into account track maintenance. A simplified rule for permissible deflections is given below for trains and speeds up to 200km/h, to avoid the need for excessive track maintenance. In addition, this simplified rule has the advantage, that no dynamic analysis is necessary for speeds less than 200km/h. For all classified lines with >1,0, that means also if = 1.33 is adopted for ULS, the following permissible values for deflections are recommended, always calculated under LM71 + SW/O, multiplied by , and with = 1.0: V<80 km/h
stat l / 800*
*Note: Due to what is said in see A.2.4.4.2.3 [2], namely that the maximum total deflection measured along any track due to rail traffic actions should not exceed L/600, please note that 600 multiplied with 1,33 gives approximately 800. 80 V 200 km/h
stat l / (15V 400)**
** Note: The upper limit l/2600 for 200 km/h is the permissible deflection which DB has taken during many years for designing bridges for high speed lines in Germany, with satisfactory results. It is also the formula which you can find in the Swiss Codes (SIA 260). V > 200 km/h The value determined by the dynamic study, but min. stat l / 2600
EUROCODES
Flow chart Figure 6.9 of EN 1991-2

35
START
EUROCODES
Figure A2.3 of EN 1990, Annex2

36
Flow chart for determining whether a dynamic analysis is required.
yes V 200 km/h
no
Continuous bridge (5)
yes
no
Simple structure (1)
no
yes yes L 40 m
no
(9) X
yes
no
n0 within limits of Figure 6.10 (6)
yes
no nT > 1,2 n0
For the dynamic analysis use the eigenforms for torsion and for bending
Use Tables F1 and F2 (2)
Eigenforms for bending sufficient
no
v/n0 (v/n0)lim (2) (3) (7)
yes
(9) If the permissible deformations given just before are respected taking into account track maintenance no dynamic study is necessary for speeds 200 km/h.
You can forget the following conditions with the recommended permissible deflections given above:
.
Dynamic analysis not required. At resonance acceleration check and fatigue check not required. Use with static analysis in accordance
Dynamic analysis required Calculate bridge deck acceleration and dyn etc. in accordance with 6.4.6 (note 4)
EUROCODES
Risk scenario to avoid:

37
Collapse of railway bridge over the river Birs in Mnchenstein, Switzerland, the 14th June 1891, by buckling of the upper flange under an overloaded train, 73 persons were killed, 131 persons more or less injured. => Tetmajers law.

En 1991

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

En 1991

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

EUROCODES

Background and Applications

EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

Tuesday, February 19 Palais des Acadmies

10:30-11:00 11:00-11:45 11:45-12:45 12:45-14:00 14:00-14:35 14:35-15:10 15:10-15:40 15:40-16:30 16:30-17:30

Coffee EN 1991-1-3 EN 1991-1-4 Lunch EN 1991-1-5 EN 1991-1-6 Coffee EN 1991-1-7 EN 1991-2

All workshop material will be available at http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu

LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES

Introduction to EN 1991 (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)

Dr-Ing. Nikolaos E. Malakatas

Geotechnical and Seismic design

Past and future of the EN 1991 (and the other Eurocodes)

Parts and implementation of EN 1991

EN 1991-1-1 EN 1991-1-2 EN 1991-1-3 EN 1991-1-4 EN 1991-1-5 EN 1991-1-6 EN 1991-1-7 EN 1991-2

1990 1998/2000 1998/2000 2007

EN (under CEN) Implementation Maintenance Harmonization Dissemination Further development

Partitioning of the NDPs among the Eurocodes

Types of NDPs in the Eurocodes

EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings

EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire

EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire ( cont.)

EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads

EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads (cont.)

EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions

EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions (cont.)

EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions (cont.)

EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions (cont.)

EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions

EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions

EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions

EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges

EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks (cont.)

EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks (cont.)

Background Documents and other supporting material

Background Documents and other supporting material (cont.)

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Dr-Ing. Nikolaos E. Malakatas

LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES

Programme of implementation of EN 1991-1-1

Received positive vote as EN in April 2002

Geotechnical and Seismic design

Design guidance and actions for the structural design of

Classification of actions (cont.)

(Reminder from EN 1990)

Classification of actions (cont.)

Design situations Permanent loads

Design situations Imposed loads

Densities of construction and stored materials

Self-weight of construction works

Self-weight of construction works (cont.)

Self-weight of construction works (cont.)

Imposed loads on buildings

Categories of use Main Categories of Use :

Residential, social, commercial and administration areas

Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings

Additional loading from movable partitions

Load arrangements (cont.)