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ENERGY: A BENCH MARK FOR yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui DEVELOPMENT IN GUJARAT

Submitted to Mr. P.V.Desai
DATE: 22/10/2011

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By: Arul Aggarwal, Roll No: 6, AMA PGP-IBM (2010-12)

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CONTENTS
- PREFACE - INTRODUCTION - SOURCES OF ENERGY - BENEFITS - APPLICATIONS - ABOUT BIO ENERGY - ABOUT SOLAR ENERGY - ABOUT WIND ENERGY - BRIEFING ABOUT THE PROJECT

PREFACE

 The reasons for the choice of energy sources are many. There is a need to know the options available and how to exploit them, the need to harness some of these sources efficiently and effectively and above all the environmental concerns these energy sources give rise to The standard of living of the people of any country is considered to be proportional to the energy consumption by the people of that country. In one sense, the disparity one feels from country to country arises from the extent of accessible energy for the citizens of each country. Unfortunately, the world energy demands are mainly met by the fossil fuels today. The geographical non equi-distribution of this source and also the ability to acquire and also control the production and supply of this energy source have given rise to many issues and also the disparity in the standard of living. The world energy consumption pattern is also increasing as shown in the Fig.1. The energy consumption has been increasing and it will triple in a period of 50 years by 2025 as seen from Fig.1.

Energy consumption by fuel type (in million tones of oil equivalent) for the year 2004 Region North America South & central America Europe and Eurasia So called Middle east Africa Asia Pacific World

Oil

Gas

Coal

Nuclear energy

Hydroelectricity

Total

1122.4 221.7 957.3 250.9 124.3 1090.5 3767.1

705.9 106.2 997.7 218.0 61.8 330.9 242.4

603.8 18.7 537.2 9.1 102.8 1506.6 2778.2

210.4 4.4 287.2 3.4 118.9 624.3

141.9 132.1 184.7 4.0 19.8 152.0 634.4

2784.4 483.1 2964.0 481.9 312.1 3198.8 10224.4

 The world population will increase from 6 billion to 11 billion in this century and

the life expectancy has increased 2 times in the last two centuries and the energy requirement has increased 35 times in the same period. The main drivers of the alternate energy search are the population growth, economy, technology, and agriculture. The renewable energy sources are not brought into main stream energy resources though occasionally we hear the use of low quality biomass as a source in some form or the other. There are a variety of energy resources and energy forms. These include hydro power, wind, solar, biomass and geothermal for resources and in the energy forms, light, heat, electricity, hydrogen and fuel.
There are many sources of energy. And am going to talk about renewable sources

of energy and that too in renewable source of energy major focus will be on Wind, Solar & Bio Energy.

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ENERGY?
-

Energy does things for us. It moves cars along the road and boats on the water. It bakes a cake in the oven and keeps ice frozen in the freezer. It plays our favorite songs and lights our homes at night so that we can read good books. Energy helps our bodies grow and our minds think. Energy is a changing, doing, and moving, working thing. Energy is defined as the ability to produce change or do work, and that work can be divided into several main tasks we easily recognize: Energy produces light, heat, motion, sound, growth etc.

SOURCES OF ENERGY
People have always used energy to do work for them. Thousands of years ago, early humans burned wood to provide light, heat their living spaces, and cook their food. Later, people used the wind to move their boats from place to place. A hundred years ago, people began using falling water to make electricity. Today, people use more energy than ever from a variety of sources for a multitude of tasks and our lives are undoubtedly better for it. Our homes are comfortable and full of useful and entertaining electrical devices. We communicate instantaneously in many ways. We live longer, healthier lives. We travel the world, or at least see it on television and the internet.
The ten major energy sources we use today are classified into two broad groups

nonrenewable and renewable. Nonrenewable energy sources include coal, petroleum, natural gas, propane, and uranium. They are used to generate electricity, to heat our homes, to move our cars, and to manufacture products from candy bars to MP3 players. These energy sources are called nonrenewable because they cannot be replenished in a short period of time. Petroleum, for example, was formed millions of years ago from the remains of ancient sea life, so we cant make more quickly. We could run out of economically recoverable nonrenewable resources some day. Renewable energy sources include biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar, and wind. They are called renewable energy sources because their supplies are replenished in a short time. Day after day, the sun shines, the wind blows, and the rivers flow. We use renewable energy sources mainly to make electricity.

BENEFITS
Renewable energy resource development will result in new jobs for people and less oil we have to buy from foreign countries. According to the federal government, America spent $109 billion to import oil in 2000. If we fully develop self-renewing resources, we will keep the money at home to help the economy.
Continued research has made renewable energy more affordable today than 25

years ago. The cost of wind energy has declined from 40 cents per kilowatt-hour to less than 5 cents. The cost of electricity from the sun, through photovoltaics (literally meaning "light-electricity") has dropped from more than $1/kilowatt-hour in 1980 to nearly 20cents/kilowatt-hour today. And ethanol fuel costs have plummeted from $4 per gallon in the early 1980s to $1.20 today. Moreover it will help in creating less pollution and less use of non renewable energy sources.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (APPLICATIONS):

ABOUT BIO-ENERGY:

 Biomass is matter usually thought of as garbage. Some of it is just stuff lying around -- dead trees, tree branches, yard clippings, left-over crops, wood chips (like in the picture to the right), and bark and sawdust from lumber mills. It can even include used tires and livestock manure. Your trash, paper products that can't be recycled into other paper products, and other household waste are normally sent to the dump. Your trash contains some types of biomass that can be reused. Recycling biomass for fuel and other uses cuts down on the need for "landfills" to hold garbage. This stuff nobody seems to want can be used to produce electricity, heat, compost material or fuels. Composting material is decayed plant or food products mixed together in a compost pile and spread to help plants grow.
California produces more than 60 million bone dry tons of biomass each year.

Of this total, five million bone dry tons is now burned to make electricity. This is biomass from lumber mill wastes, urban wood waste, forest and agricultural residues and other feed stocks. If all of it was used, the 60 million tons of biomass in California could make close to 2,000 megawatts of electricity for California's growing population and economy. That's enough energy to make electricity for about two million homes! Biomass can also be tapped right at the landfill with burning waster products. When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas. You'll remember in chapters 8 and 9 that natural gas is made up of methane. Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas can be collected. It is then used in power plants to make electricity. This type of biomass is called landfill gas. A similar thing can be done at animal feed lots. In places where lots of animals are raised, the animals - like cattle, cows and even chickens - produce manure. When manure decomposes, it also gives off methane gas similar to garbage. This gas can be burned right at the farm to make energy to run the farm. Using biomass can help reduce global warming compared to a fossil fuel-powered plant. Plants use and store carbon dioxide (CO2) when they grow. CO2 stored in the plant is released when the plant material is burned or decays. By replanting the crops, the new plants can use the CO2 produced by the burned plants. So using biomass and replanting helps close the carbon dioxide cycle. However, if the crops are not replanted, then biomass can emit carbon dioxide that will contribute toward global warming. So, the use of biomass can be environmentally friendly because the biomass is reduced, recycled and then reused. It is also a renewable resource because plants to make biomass can be grown over and over.

ABOUT SOLAR ENERGY:

We have always used the energy of the sun as far back as humans have existed on this planet. As far back as 5,000 years ago, people "worshipped" the sun. Ra, the sun-god, who was considered the first king of Egypt. In Mesopotamia, the sungod Shamash was a major deity and was equated with justice. In Greece there were two sun deities, Apollo and Helios. The influence of the sun also appears in other religions Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, Roman religion, Hinduism, Buddhism, the Druids of England, the Aztecs of Mexico, the Incas of Peru, and many Native American tribes.
We know today, that the sun is simply our nearest star. Without it, life would not

exist on our planet. We use the sun's energy every day in many different ways. When we hang laundry outside to dry in the sun, we are using the sun's heat to do work drying our clothes
Plants use the sun's light to make food. Animals eat plants for food. Moreover

decaying plants hundreds of millions of years ago produced the coal, oil and natural gas that we use today. So, fossil fuels is actually sunlight stored millions and millions of years ago. Indirectly, the sun or other stars are responsible for ALL our energy. Even nuclear energy comes from a star because the uranium atoms used in nuclear energy were created in the fury of a nova a star exploding. Solar energy can be used in any of the three below mentioned forms: Solar hot water Solar thermal electricity Solarcells of photo voltaic energy

ABOUT WIND ENERGY:

Wind can be used to do work. The kinetic energy of the wind can be changed into other forms of energy, either mechanical energy or electrical energy.
In Holland, windmills have been used for centuries to pump water from low-

lying areas. Wind is also used to turn large grinding stones to grind wheat or corn, just like a water wheel is turned by water power. Today, the wind is also used to make electricity. You can use a single smaller wind turbine to power a home or a school. A small turbine makes enough energy for a house. In order for a wind turbine to work efficiently, wind speeds usually must be above 12 to 14 miles per hour. Wind has to be this speed to turn the turbines fast enough to generate electricity. The turbines usually produce about 50 to 300 kilowatts of electricity each. A kilowatt is 1,000 watts (kilo means 1,000). You can light ten 100 watt light bulbs with 1,000 watts. So, a 300 kilowatt (300,000 watts) wind turbine could light up 3,000 light bulbs that use 100 watts! About 11 percent of the entire world's wind-generated electricity is found in California. Other countries that use a lot of wind energy are Denmark and Germany. Once electricity is made by the turbine, the electricity from the entire wind farm is collected together and sent through a transformer. There the voltage is increase to send it long distances over high power lines.

DUE TO ALL WHAT IS MENTIONED ABOVE ONE SHOULD FOCUS ON THE RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY LIKE WHAT GUJARAT IS DOING AND BRING ABOUT A CHANGE IN THE WORLD.

BRIEFING ABOUT THE PROJECT

1. I will be making people aware about the benefits of renewable source of energy. 2. I will be making people aware how it is going globally. 3. I will be sharing with you the experiences of different countries. 4. I will be talking about its importance and impact. 5. I will be talking about the policies framed in accordance for utilising these energies. 6. I will be talking about the issues. 7. I will be talking about the need to be a part of this. Last but not the least I will be majorly talking or focusing about Gujarat. Gujarats policies Gujarats development Benefits Impact made by Gujarat in India and globally. Issues and what is government doing. Projects in Gujarat.

THANK YOU