Aug.20.’07
Analog VTR
Shiho Morooka
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
Analog VTR
1 History
2 Basic Mechanism
3 βcam
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
1. History
D-1
(1986)
βcamSX Mpeg-IMX
( Component)
Component) (1995) (2000)
βcam βcamSP Digital βcam HDCAM HDCAM SR
(1981) (1986) (1993) (1998) (2003)
U matic
DVCAM
(1970)
Ⅱ
MⅡ (1996)
(1986) DVCPRO DVCPRO50 DVCPRO HD DVCPRO HD-LP
(1995) (1998) (2000) (2002)
Consumer--use
Consumer DVC
(1993)
β EDβ Digital VHS
(1975) (1987)
(1999)
VHS S-VHS W-VHS (1993)
(1976) (1987)
8mm Hi-8
(1982) (1988) Digital VTR
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
D3VTR βcamVTR
HDD5VTR HDcamVTR
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
2. Basic Mechanism
2 -1 Magnetic Recording
2 -2 Head & Tape
2 -3 Helical Scan
2-4 βcam VTR
2 -5 Rotating Drum’
Drum’s Head
2 -6 Trouble Tape
2 -7 Tracking
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
・ Any change in the magnetic field around a coil of wire will cause a voltage to be
induced in the coil.
coil of wire
Magnetic field
Electric current
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
Azimuth Angle
An Enlargement of a Head
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
Magnetic Layer
Under Layer
The method of recording the video signal is Erase Head Record Head
• Speeding up the tape.
• Reducing the gap width .
But even with the minimum narrow a gap, a
tape speed of 2500 ~3800cm/s was needed to
record full bandwidth video!
T-REEL
ERASE
HEAD GUIDE CAPSTAN
S-REEL GUIDE
POST VIDEO POST CTL R/P HEAD
R/P HEAD
CTL Head
(Play&Rec)
(Play&Rec)
(Play&Rec) (Play&Rec)
CUE Track
VTR
DigitalVTR
Guard Band
↑Head Gap
:Azimuth Angle
θ:
Azimuth Recording
Lost tracks
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
Damaged tracks
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
2-7 Tracking
Tracking & RF-
RF-Signal
Big(
Big (Normal)
RFレベル大
ヘッド
Head On Track
オントラック
RF Level
Shifted Track
トラッキングずれ
RFレベル低下
Reduced
Off Track
オフトラック
RF Level
Small
RFレベル小
RF-Signal
RF
Relationship between Tracking and RF-Signal
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
2-7 Tracking
Auto-
Auto -Tracking
The video playback head is mounted on a bimorph, which is made up of two thin
flexible strips of a piezo-ceramic material bonded together.
The strips bend when a voltage is applied across them, and they are mounted so that
this causes the head to move at right angles to the recorded track.
3. βcam
3-1 Outline
3-2 Typical Type
3-3 βcam SP
3-4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab
3-5 Tape Path
3-6 Rotating Drum’
Drum’s Head
3-7 Audio Head
3-8 Tape Pattern
3-9 Component Recording System
3-10 CTDM System
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
3. βcam
3-1 Outline
Betacam VTR
SONY BVW‐
BVW‐75
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
3-1 Outline(Notes1)
In 1970's, ENG began to become the main stream in the news covering , but 3/4 inch Umatic-
VTR was lack of mobility because of not being separated the video-engineer from the
cameraman .
Then we looked forward to the appearance of the combined camera with VTR.
In 1981 , Sony announced Beta Cam format installed VTR with camera which was based on
consumer Beta-VTR with a small body and a good quality of the video picture .
A recording-speed to the tape is the same as being used fundamentally with the consumer-VTR,
and for obtaining a high quality of the video more than Umatic-VTR, it is separated a color
signal(C) from the luminance signal(Y) , and is adopted the format of the separate track with
two Heads .
When a NTSC composite signal is changed into the base band of the color differential
signal R-Y and B-Y , Each signal becomes 1.5MHz and 0.5MHz.
Beta Cam format increase that both frequency to 1.5MHz for emphasizing color character.
And after the compression ,each color-differencial-signal is considered that includes 3MHz
because those signals of 1.5MHz are compressed in the time-axis in two times.
In 1987 ,Beta Cam SP (Superior Performance) appeared that performance was enhanced and
developed for the studio-use as well.
(Beta Cam was developed for ENG-use at first.)
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
3-1 Outline(Notes2)
Recording and Play Back(Reproduce) time was expanded into about 90 minutes, and the
improvement of the quality of video and sound was achieved by utilizing of the metal video tape
with a compatibility of the conventional Beta Cam.
The Large-size cassette-tape was developed with thickness 25mm ,Length 254mm and width
145mm for recording more than 90 minutes.
There is size of 2.5 times in comparison with the standard cassette .
The track pattern of the Beta Cam SP is the same as conventional Beta Cam .
Emphasized FM career by 1.3MHz with a metal-tape , and the frequency of the Luminance signal
became 4.5MHz (-3dB) and SN ratio became more than 51dB.
A CN ratio improves about 6dB with the metal video tape toward the usual oxidized-iron tape.
And the deterioration of the video-quality by dubbing is decreased by this improvement of the
signal characteristic as well.
The video-quality of the 3rd generation of SP is equivalent to 1st generation of the usual format.
FM-audio was introduced with SP.
Dynamic-Range is beyond 85dB.
Dolby-C is used for the the fixed audio Head as before.
FM audio-signal is recorded in the Low frequency of FM-modulated Chrominance-signal with
frequency-multiplexed.
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
SP
DT
PlayBack
ONLY BVW-10 BVW-60 BVW-65
Recording
PlayBack BVW-40 BVW-70 BVW-75
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
Audio Head
(Play&Rec)
(Play&Rec)
DT Head C
Y CH1
(Play)
(Play) Y DT Head
CH2
C
(Play&Rec)
(Play&Rec)
Audio/TC Head
Audio Full Erase(BVW-75)
Blade
CTL Head
Video out
(composite)
(component) TBC Frequency RF Head
Y Demodulator Equalizer Amp
R-Y
B-Y
Luminance
Two color difference signal R-Y and B-Y are
Signal
compressed with time-axis by 1/2 , and those are
collected in 1 scan line.
A synchronous signal called a Beta-Cam-sync is
added to the Luminance signal and color signal.
The Beta-Cam-sync is bigger than the usual sync-
signal generally being used.
FM career is high-frequncy so that moire may not
occur again.
It becomes possible by this that it gets the sync-
CTDM signal information for high SN ratio at the time of
Signal the Play Back and then relations between the
Luminance signal and the chrominance signal can
be maintained in the high precision.
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
Y Y
C C
mistracking !
Y Y
C C
time lag
Y Y
C C
time lag
mistracking !
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
3-12 Maintenance
・General maintenance once four months
・A regular manufacturer Overhaul usually once a year
General maintenance
1.The confirmation of the Head use time.
2.Cleaning of the video/audio Head and the tape path.
3.Play Back check (with reference tape.) )
・The confirmation of a degree of chrominance astringency with the color bar.
・The confirmation of the frequency characteristics with the multi-Burst.
・The confirmation of the tracking.
・The confirmation of the audio level and, the quality of sound with 1kHz.
4.Recording and Play Back check.
・Select the color bar and 1kHz of the test signal for the input signal,
and adjust the input level with that test signal.
・Record that signal and reproduce that signal.
Then, confirm whether there is a wrong point in the video and audio.
・Record the signal with 1kHz and 0VU, and reproduce that signal.
Confirm it with the audio level, S/N, the wow flatter, and so on.
5.The confirmation of the basic movement of VTR.
The confirmation of the movement and control such as Play Back, Recording,
Forward and Rewind.
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
T1 T2 T3 CT
T1: OPERATION
T1:
Total time for turning on electricity
T2: DRUM RUNNING
T2:
Total time for a drum rotating with tape threading
T3: TAPE RUNNING
T3:
Total time for a drum rotating besides tape touching a drum
in FF, REW, PLAY, SEARCH, REC or EDIT modes.
CT:THREADING
CT:
Total number of times of tape threading and unthreading
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
3-14 Adjustment
Color Bar Check levels of luminance signal and chrominance signal.
Training Material NHK-CTI 2007
JICA Engineering Course
3-14 :Adjustment
Bowtie Signal Check synchronization of luminance signal and chrominance signal.
Timing is matched.
Error-1:REEL TROUBLE-
Error- TROUBLE-1
When tape slacking is detected during unthreading or tape breaking is detected
during threading, tape protection operation is done and this message is displayed.
Error-2:REEL TROUBLE-
Error- TROUBLE-2
When tape breaking is detected in REC, SEARCH, FF and REW modes,
tape protection operation is done and this message is displayed.
Error-10:Humid
Error-10:
Displayed when humid condensation is detected.
Error-20:CASSETTE COMPARTMENT MOTOR LOCK
Error-20:
When cassette up/down operation is not completed, tape protection is done and
this message is displayed.