Paper1

PRRM ENGG C OLLEGE

SHABAD RR(DIST) 509217T

REGISTRATION NO-318

TITLE : NANO TEC HNOLOGY

P.NEERAJA S.SWAROOPA RANI

ABSTRACT
Many words have been written about the dangers of advanced nanotechnology . Most of the threatening
scenarios involve tiny manufacturing systems that run amok, or are used to create destructive products. A
manufacturing infrastructure built around a centrally controlled, relatively large, self-contained
manufacturing system would avoid these problems. A controlled nanofactory would pose no inherent
danger, and it could be deployed and used widely. C heap, clean, convenient, on-site manufacturing would
be possible without the risks associated with uncontrolled nanotech fabrication or excessive regulation.
C ontrol of the products could be administered by a central authority; intellectual property rights could be
respected. In addition, restricted design software could allow unrestricted innovation while limiting the
capabilities of the final products. The proposed solution appears to preserve the benefits of advanced
nanotechnology while minimizing the most serious risks.

INTRODUC TION:

Nanotechnology is defined as fabrication of devices with atomic or molecular scale precision.

Devices with minimum feature sizes less than 100 nanometers (nm) are considered to be
products of nanotechnology. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10-9 m) and is the unit
of length that is generally most appropriate for describing the size of single molecules. The
nanoscale marks the nebulous boundary between the classical and quantum mechanical
worlds; thus, realization of nanotechnology promises to bring revolutionary capabilities.
Fabrication of nanomachines, nanoelectronics and other nanodevices will undoubtedly solve
an enormous amount of the problems faced by mankind today.

Nanotechnology is currently in a very infantile stage. However, we now have the ability to
organize matter on the atomic scale and there are already numerous products available as a
direct result of our rapidly increasing ability to fabricate and characterize feature sizes less
than 100 nm. Mirrors that don't fog, biomimetic paint with a contact angle near 180°, gene
chips and fat soluble vitamins in aqueous beverages are some of the first manifestations of
nanotechnology. However, immenant breakthroughs in computer science and medicine will
be where the real potential of nanotechnology will first be achieved.

Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to bring about mature nanotechnology.

Focusing on the nanoscale intersection of fields such as physics, biology, engineering,
chemistry, computer science and more, nanoscience is rapidly expanding. Nanotechnology
centers are popping up around the world as more funding is provided and nanotechnology
market share increases. The rapid progress is apparent by the increasing appearance of the
prefix "nano" in scientific journals and the news. Thus, as we increase our ability to fabricate
computer chips with smaller features and improve our ability to cure disease at the
molecular level, nanotechnology is here.
NOMENC LATURE:

A basic definition:
Nanotechnology is the
engineering of functional
systems at the molecular
scale . This covers both
current work and concepts
that are more advanced.

In its original sense,

'nanotechnology' refers to
the projected ability to
construct items from the
bottom up , using techniques
and tools being developed
today to make complete,
high performance products.

Nanotechnology is a field
of applied science and
technology covering a broad
range of topics. The main
unifying theme is the control
of matter on a scale smaller
than 1 micro meter , as well
as the fabrication of devices
on this same length scale. It
is a highly multidisciplinary
field, drawing from fields
such as colloidal science,
device physics , and
supramolecular chemistry .
Much speculation exists as
to what new science and
technology might result from
these lines of research.
Some view nanotechnology
as a marketing term that
describes pre-existing lines
of research applied to the
sub-micron size scale.

Despite the apparent

simplicity of this definition,
nanotechnology actually
encompasses diverse lines
of inquiry. Nanotechnology
cuts across many
disciplines, including
colloidal science, chemistry ,
applied physics , materials
science , and even
mechanical and electrical
engineering . It could
variously be seen as an
extension of existing
sciences into the nanoscale,
or as a recasting of existing
sciences using a newer,
more modern term. Two
main approaches are used
in nanotechnology: one is a
"bottom-up" approach where
materials and devices are
built from molecular
components which assemble
themselves chemically using
principles of molecular
recognition ; the other being
a "top-down" approach
where nano-objects are
constructed from larger
entities without atomic-level

the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide—motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far
smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next ten years describing and analyzing these incredible devices, and
responding to accusations of science fiction was created to fund this kind of nanotech: their definition
includes anything

I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously. . .
The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things
atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in
practice, it has not been done because we are too big. — Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize winner in physics

Based on Feynman's vision of miniature factories using nanomachines to build complex products, advanced
nanotechnology (sometimes referred to as molecular manufacturing ) will make use of positionally-
controlled mechanochemistry guided by molecular machine systems.

Nanotechnology is sometimes referred to as a general-purpose technology . That's because in its advanced

form it will have significant impact on almost all industries and all areas of society. It will offer better built,
longer lasting, cleaner, safer, and smarter products for the home, for communications, for medicine, for
transportation, for agriculture, and for industry in general.

Imagine a medical device that travels through the human body to seek out and destroy small clusters of
cancerous cells before they can spread Foundation .

Unfortunately, conflicting definitions of nanotechnology and blurry distinctions between significantly

different fields have complicated the effort to understand the differences and develop sensible, effective
policy.

The risks of today's nanoscale technologies (nanoparticle toxicity, etc.) cannot be treated the same as the
risks of longer-term molecular manufacturing (economic disruption, unstable arms race, etc.). It is a
mistake to put them together in one basket for policy consideration—each is important to address, but they
offer different problems and will require different solutions . As used today, the term nanotechnology
usually refers to a broad collection of mostly disconnected fields. Essentially, anything sufficiently small and
interesting can be called nanotechnology. Much of it is harmless. For the rest, much of the harm is of
familiar and limited quality. But as we will see, molecular manufacturing will bring unfamiliar risks and new
classes of problems.

BENEFITS: NANOTEC H MAKES SOLAR ENERGY FEASIBLE ,LIVING SPAC ES C AN BE GREATLY

IMPROVED,C OMPUTERS WILL BE C HEAP ENOUGH FOR EVERY ONE,NANOTEC H C AN HELP THE
ENVIRONMENT,IMPROVED MEDIC INE C AN BE WIDELY AVAILABLE.

Conclusion

Nanotechnology offers the ability to build large numbers of products that are incredibly powerful by today's
standard Advanced nanotech can solve many human problems s. This possibility creates both
opportunity and risk. The problem of minimizing the risk is not simple; excessive restriction creates black
markets, which in this context implies unrestricted nanofabrication. Selecting the proper level of restriction
is likely to pose a difficult challenge.

. A well-controlled manufacturing system can be widely deployed, allowing distributed, cheap, high-volume
manufacturing of useful products and even a degree of distributed innovation. The range of possible
nanotechnology-built products is almost infinite. Even if allowable products were restricted to a small
subset of possible designs, it would still allow an explosion of creativity and functionality.

. Product approval, by contrast, depends to some extent on human institutions. With a block-based design
system, many products can be assessed for degree of danger without the need for human intervention;
this reduces subjectivity and delay, and allows people to focus on the few truly risky designs.

In addition to preventing the creation of unrestricted molecular manufacturing devices, further regulation
will be necessary to preserve the interests of existing commercial and military institutions. For example,
the effects of networked computers on intellectual property rights have created concern in several
industries 15 , and the ability to fabricate anything will surely increase the problem. National security will
demand limits on the weapons that can be produced.

REFERENC ES:

www.nanotech-now.com

www.nanotechnology.com

www.zyvex.com/nano

C ollected and C reated by youtrick.com .....