MATH 104, SUMMER 2006, HOMEWORK 7 SOLUTION

BENJAMIN JOHNSON Due July 26

Assignment: Section 19: 19.2(b), 19.6, 19.9 Section 20: 20.16, 20.18 Section 19 19.2 Prove that each of the following functions are uniformly continuous on the indicated set by directly verifying the - property. (b) f (x) = x2 on [0, 3] Proof. Let a [0, 3]. Let R. Assume x, y [0, 3]. Assume |x y| < . > 0. Choose = min{1, 7 }. Then > 0. Let

Since |xy| < 1, we have x1 y x+1, and hence 0 x+y x+(x+1) 3+3+1 = 7. I.e. |x + y| < 7. Also |x y| < 7 . So... | f (x) f (y)| = |x2 y2 | = |x + y| |x y| <7 = 7

Thus f is uniformly continuous on [0, 3]. 19.6 (a) Let f (x) = x for x 0. Show that f is unbounded on (0, 1] but that f is nevertheless uniformly continuous on (0, 1]. Compare with Theorem 19.6. Proof. f (x) =
1 , 2 x

which is unbounded on (0, 1].

1 . 4(|M|+1))2

[For proof... Let M R. Choose x =

Then x (0, 1], and f (x) =

1 2
1 4(|M|+1)2

|M| + 1 > M. So (M R)(x (0, 1])( f (x) > M), and f is unbounded above in (0, 1].]

Nevertheless, f is uniformly continuous on (0, 1]. A conceptually easy (but tedious) way to prove this fact is to show that the extension f of f to all of [0, 1] given by f (x) if x (0, 1] f(x) = 0 if x = 0 is continuous on [0, 1]. Given that f is continuous on [0, 1], f must also be uniformly continuous on [0, 1] by theorem 19.2; and hence f must be uniformly continuous on (0, 1] by theorem 19.6. Rather than ll in the details of the above idea, I will prove directly from the denition that x is uniformly continuous on all of [0, ).
Date: July 26, 2006.
1

BENJAMIN JOHNSON

. Let x, y [0, ). Assume |x y| < . First notice that for every x, y [0, ), we have | x y| x + y. If x + y < , then we have | x y| x + y| < . 2 Otherwise, we have x + y and so | x y| = |xy| y < = . x+ Thus in any case we have | f (x) f (y)| < .
2

Let > 0. Choose =

So by denition f is uniformly continuous on [0, ) (b) Show that f is uniformly continuous on [1, ). Proof. See part (a). 19.9 Let f (x) = x sin 1 for x > 0 and f (0) = 0 x (a) Observe that f is continuous on R. By exercise 17.3(f), f is continuous on R \ {0}. By exercise 17.9(c), f is also continuous at 0. (b) Why is f uniformly continuous on any bounded subset of R? If S is any bounded subset of R with upper bound m and lower bound M, then S [m, M]. Since f is continuous on R, it is continuous on [m, M], and hence uniformly continuous on [m, M] by theorem 19.2. Since S [m, M], f is uniformly continuous on S as well. [I.e. ( )()(x [m, M])(...) and S [m, M] implies ( )()(x S )(...)] (c) Is f uniformly continuous on R? Yes. cos( 1 ) f (x) = sin( 1 ) + x cos( 1 ) 1 = sin( 1 ) x x . f (x) is not bounded on R, but it is bounded on x x x2 x any interval of the form (, a] with a < 0, or of the form [b, ) with b > 0. So by Theorem 19.6, f is uniformly continuous on intervals of those forms. Given , choose to be the minimum of 1,0 , 1 , 2 ; where x, y [2, 2] and |x y| < 0 imply |x sin 1 y sin 1 | < , x y x, y (, 1] and |x y| < 1 imply |x sin 1 y sin 1 | < , x y 1 and x, y [1, ) and |x y| < 2 imply |x sin x y sin 1 | < . y Notice that the condition |x y| < 1 implies that both x and y must share membership in one of the three sets listed above. Section 20 20.16 Suppose that the limits L1 = lim xa+ f1 (x) and L2 = lim xa+ f2 (x) exist. (a) Show that if f1 (x) f2 (x) for all x in some interval (a, b) then L1 L2 . Proof. Let xn be any sequence from (a, b) such that limn xn = a. Then since lim xa+ f1 (x) = L1 , we must have limn f1 (xn ) = L1 . Similarly, since lim xa+ f2 (x) = L2 , we must have limn f2 (xn ) = L2 . Since f1 (xn ) f2 (xn ) for each n, the limit comparison test for sequences shows that L1 L2 .

MATH 104, SUMMER 2006, HOMEWORK 7 SOLUTION

(b) Suppose that, in fact, f1 (x) < f2 (x) for all x in some interval (a,b). Can you conclude that L1 < L 2 ? No. Consider f1 (x) = x, f2 (x) = 2x, and (a, b) = (0, 1). For each x (0, 1), we have f1 (x) < f2 (x); but lim x0+ f1 (x) = lim x0+ f2 (x) = 0. 20.18 Let f (x) = claims. For x
1+3x2 1 x2

for x

0. Show that lim x0 f (x) exists and determine its value. Justify all

1 + 3x2 1 1 + 3x2 1 1 + 3x2 + 1 = x2 x2 1 + 3x2 + 1 1 + 3x2 1 = x2 1 + 3x2 + 1 3 = 1 + 3x2 + 1 Consider any sequence xn with each xn 0, and limn xn = 0. Then since for each n, xn 0; we have by the above algebra that for each n, f (xn ) = 3 2 . Using the limit laws for sequences, we conclude that limn f (xn ) = limn
3
2 1+3xn +1

0, we have

1+3xn +1 3 1+302 +1

3 = 2.