1|ssues

1ypes of Llssues Lhelr funcLlons where Lhey are found and how Lo ldenLlfy Lhem
Lp|the||a| t|ssue
1here are 4 klnds of eplLhellal Llssue (ln Lhe book) 1helr names refer Lo Lhelr shapes whlch should make Lhem easy Lo
remember LplLhellum are cells LhaL llne Lhlngs Lo proLecL Lhem [usL as our skln llnes our bodles 1hey also always have a
basemenL membrane whlch ls essenLlally a wall aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe cell
1) S|mp|e Squamous
ln laLln squamous means scale" llke Lhe scales on a snake and LhaL ls exacLly whaL lL looks llke SomeLlmes under Lhe
mlcroscope Lhough lL can resemble a drled up and cracklng deserL floor
ID ldenLlfy Lhem by Lhelr shape and Lhelr nucleus whlch can be anywhere ln Lhe cell Some wlll be on one slde and some
on anoLher
Loc Llnlng of Lhe lungs (1he slngle layer of Lhe cells allows gasses Lo pass Lhrough Lhem)
Iunct|on 1o proLecL

2) seudostrat|f|ed c|||ated co|umnar
seudo means fake and sLraLlfled means layered 1he name LogeLher means LhaL lL looks sLraLlfled buL lL really lsnL
1he clllaLed porLlon refers Lo Lhe cllla (llLLle halrs) aL Lhe very Lop of Lhe cells 1hese halrs sway back and forLh movlng
Lhlngs llke sallva llnally columnar means column shaped
ID 1hese wlll be Lhln recLangles wlLh halrs on Lop and nucleuses all over Lhe place 1hey also have whaL look llke llLLle
pockeLs of waLer whlch ls really where lL sLores Lhe mucus
Loc 1hey can be found ln Lhe Lrachea
Iunct|on 1he cllla sweep lmpurlLles Loward Lhe LhroaL whlch wlll cause you Lo cough lL up

) S|mp|e Cubo|d|e
1hese are very slmply called cuboldle because Lhey are cube shaped 1hey can be packed LogeLher ln sLralghL llnes or
Lhey can form a clrcle 1hey have blg nuclel ln Lhe mlddle of Lhe cell
ID Cbvlously Lhey are cubed shaped and ofLen ln rlngs LhaL look llke glanL C's
Loc 1ubules of Lhe kldneys
Iunct|on lL absorbs molecules


4) S|mp|e Co|umnar
1hese are column llke cells LhaL secreLe mucus
ID ldenLlfy Lhem by Lhelr column shape and unllke Lhe pseudosLraLlfled columnar for Lhe mosL parL Lhe nucleus ls elLher
aL Lhe Lop or boLLom of Lhe cell (dependlng on your perspecLlve)
Loc Llnlng of Lhe small lnLesLlne
Iunct|on lL absorbs nuLrlenLs
1he name of Lhe parL LhaL secreLes mucus ls Lhe gobleL cell 8emember LhaL by rememberlng LhaL a gobleL ls a cup

1here are a few more types of epthe||um not ment|oned |n the book and |m not sure why as they are very |mportant
Such as strat|f|ed squamous wh|ch |s what our sk|n |s made up of

,usc|e 1|ssue
,uscle Llssue ls easler Lo ldenLlfy because lLs color ls preLLy conslsLenL lL's Lhe same color as beef 1here are Lhree Lypes
of muscle Llssue Cardlac (hearL) muscle Llssue SmooLh muscle Llssue and SkeleLal muscle Llssue (Lhe Lhlngs we call
muscles llke our blceps 1hey are aLLached Lo Lhe skeleLon
Slnce lL's so easy Lo ldenLlfy muscle Llssue l'm gonna focus on dlfferenLlaLlng beLween Lhe Lhree
SmooLh muscle geLs lL's name because unllke Lhe oLher Lwo Lypes lL's smooLh 1he oLher Lwo are sLrlaLed" whlch means
sLrlpped So seelng lf Lhere are sLrlpes ls Lhe flrsL sLep Lo ldenLlfylng Lhe klnd of muscle Llssue

1he Lwo sLrlaLed muscle Llssues are Cardlac and SkeleLal (plcLured below) Cardlac muscle Llssue ls descrlbed ln Lhe book
as havlng branchlng sLrlaLed cells each wlLh a slngle nucleus" lL can be found ln Lhe walls of Lhe hearL hence Lhe
name lL's funcLlon ls Lhe pumplng of blood
SkeleLal muscle has sLrlaLed cells wlLh mulLlple nuclel" can be found ln muscles aLLached Lo bones and funcLlons ln
volunLary movemenL of Lhe body
SmooLh muscle ls found ln blood vessel walls and walls of dlgesLlve LracL lL has no sLrlaLlons has splndle shaped cells
wlLh a slngle nucleus" lL funcLlons ln Lhe movemenL of subsLances ln lumens of body




Smooth ,usc|e







-ervous 1|ssue
1hls ls by far Lhe easlesL one Lo recognlze buL l don'L remember seelng a sllde wlLh Lhem ln class so lL may be lrrelevanL
lL can be found ln Lhe braln splnal cord and nerves lL recelves and LransmlLs messages Lo Lhe braln lL has Lwo Lypes of
cells neurons LhaL LransmlL messages and neuroglla whlch ls [usL a helper cell LhaL supporLs Lhe neurons 1hey are very
easy Lo ldenLlfy because of Lhelr welrd splder web llke shape


Connect|ve 1|ssue
ConnecLlve Llssue ls a flbrous Llssue LhaL ls found LhroughouL Lhe body lL's maln componenLs are cells flbers and lLs
exLracellular maLrlx (Lhe empLy space ln beLween) 1he cells are called flbroblasLs and Lhey are responslble for maklng
Lhe flbers LhaL make up connecLlve Llssue
Loose Connect|ve 1|ssue
Loose ConnecLlve 1lssue ls Lhe mosL common ConnecLlve 1lssue ln Lhe body lL holds organ ln place and aLLaches Lo
eplLhellal Llssue Lo oLher Llssues 1he flbers and flbroblasLs are spread ouL randomly whlch you can see ln Lhe phoLo
below and ls where lL geLs lL's name
ID lL looks llke you gave a 4 year old plnk purple and red crayons everyLhlng ls [usL randomly placed Look for Lhe
black llnes LhaL resemble Lhe polnLer on a mlcroscope spread ouL all over Lhe sllde 1he plnk llnes are collagen flbers Lhe
black Lhe elasLlc flbers Lhe blue doLs are Lhe flbroblasLs and Lhe whlLe background ls Lhe maLrlx
Loc 8eneaLh Lhe skln
Iunt|ons lL's blnds and supporLs organs

Dense Connect|ve 1|ssue
uense ConnecLlve 1lssue ls essenLlally Lhe opposlLe of loose ConnecLlve 1lssue lL doesn'L really have a maLrlx [usL LlghLly
packed flbers wlLh flbroblasLs ln Lhem
ID 1hey look llke purple waves wlLh long purple cells ln Lhe flbers
Loc 1endons and llgamenLs
Iunct|ons 1hey form Lendons and llgamenLs 1endons hold muscle Lo bones and llgamenLs connecL bones Lo bones

1he one parL LhaL always looks Lhe same ls Lhe long purple cells 8emember Lo look for Lhose

1he followlng are classlfled as Speclallzed ConnecLlve 1lssue because Lhelr funcLlons are so speclflc

d|pose 1|ssue (Iat)
Cbvlously Lhese are locaLed beneaLh Lhe skln and ls used for energy sLorage
ID 1hey |ook ||ke wh|te b|obs a|| pushed together 1he nuc|eus |s |ocated at the bottom and |s what |ooks ||ke the
matr|x
Iunct|on Lnergy sLorage and lnsulaLlon

Csseous 1|ssue (8one)
?ou all know whaL bone ls and lL's very easy Lo ldenLlfy under a mlcroscope 1hey have rlngs LhaL look llke Lhe lnslde of
Lree Lrunks 1he dark black cenLer of each seL of rlngs ls called Lhe centro/ cono/ 1he flrsL rlng ln a serles of rlngs ls called
Lhe Osteonand Lhe black spoLs can be one of Lwo Lhlngs elLher Lhey are cono/icu/i osteocytes whlch are Lhe cells ln
bone 1he offlclal" funcLlon ls supporL and proLecLlon"

Cart||age (Lhe book shows a speclflc Lype called Pyallne carLllage)
CarLllage ls sllmey and usually blulsh under a mlcroscope lnslde of lL you can see Lhese llLLle bubbles called /ocunoe LhaL
hold Lhe cells called chondrocytes ln Lhem CfLen Lwo or 3 packed LogeLher
ID lL looks llke Lhe lnslde of a pomegranaLe 1here ls noLhlng ln lL buL Lhe lacunae so Lhey are easy Lo spoL
Loc nose walls of resplraLory passages aL ends of bones lncludlng rlbs
Iunct|on SupporL and roLecLlon (sound famlllar?)

8|ood
8lood ls also very easy Lo recognlze lL ls usually plnk or red clrcles locaLed ln llghLer plnk or red maLrlx 1he plnk bubbles
are red b/ood ce//s 1here are also spoLLed purple bubbles Lhese are hite b/ood ce//s WhlLe blood cells are lnvlslble so
Lhey are dyed purple Lo make Lhem vlslble 1he llghLer plnk maLrlx ls Lhe p/osmo1ry and remember LhaL red blood cells
are called eryLhrocyLes (eryLhrored cyLescells) WhlLe blood cells are called LeukacyLes Cuess whaL Leuka means

1here are 3 Lypes of whlLe blood cells and you can ldenLlfy Lhem by Lhelr shape when Lhey Lurn purple 1hey are Lhe 3 on
Lop of Lhe followlng dlagram

natom|ca| 1erm|no|ogy
We use Lhe followlng dlrecLlonal Lerms ln anaLomy ln Lo refer Lo speclflc locaLlons on Lhe speclmen (plg) because Lhe Lerms wlll remaln Lhe same
regardless of Lhe poslLlon Lhe plg ls ln
S Lhls lf for anlmals only Lhey are a blL dlfferenL ln people
1) nter|or and oster|or
nter|or means Loward Lhe head poster|or means Loward Lhe Lall (le 1he neck ls anLerlor Lo Lhe belly whlle Lhe legs are posLerlor Lo lL
2) Latera| and ,ed|a|
Latera| means Lo Lhe slde and med|a| Loward Lhe mlddle (le 1he plgs lefL leg ls lefL laLeral 1he plgs belly ls medlal (ln Lhe cenLer of Lhe
body)
3) Ientra| and Dorsa| 1hese were hard Lo show on Lhe dlagram so l'll Lry Lo explaln lL well
Dorsa| means Loward Lhe back and Ientra| means Loward Lhe belly (le 1he rlbs are on Lhe venLral slde of Lhe plg Whlle Lhe splne ls on
Lhe dorsal slde of Lhe plg
4) rox|ma| and D|sta|
rox|ma| ls when someLhlng ls close and d|sta| ls when someLhlng ls far (le 1he chln ls proxlmal Lo Lhe neck buL lLs dlsLal Lo Lhe Lall)

Ways to remember them
nter|or and oster|or osL means afLer and AnL means before ln Lhls case Lhlnk of Lhem as flrsL and lasL 1he head comes
flrsL Lhe Lall comes lasL

Latera| and ,ed|a| ln fooLball and rugby Lhere are rules abouL how you pass Lhe ball A pass ln fronL of you ls called a
forward pass and Lo Lhe slde ls called a laLeral pass ,edlal ls very easy as lL [usL means mlddle

Ientra| and Dorsa| venLral really means cenLral 1he vlLal organs are consldered Lo be Lhe cenLral parL of Lhe body so
sLomach slde of Lhe body ls referred Lo as venLral lf you know anyLhlng abouL sharks you know LhaL Lhey have a fln on Lhelr
back LhaL sLlcks ouL of Lhe waLer and scares Lhe shlL ouL of swlmmers 1haL fln ls called a uorsal lln uorsal because lLs on
lLs back

rox|ma| and D|sta| ApproxlmaLely means as close as posslble Lhe key word ls proxlmal whlch means close ulsLal means
dlsLanL
Sk|n D|agram
1he skln ls made up of all 4 Lypes of Llssues
1he upper layer ls made from eplLhellal Llssue called Lhe epldermls 8eneaLh LhaL ls a layer called Lhe dermls whlch ls
made mosLly by dense connecLlve Llssue WlLhln Lhe dermls Lhere ls Lhe halr rooL and folllcle Also a gland connecLed Lo
Lhe halr called Lhe oll gland A Lhlrd gland called Lhe sweaL gland and Lhere are also nerve recepLors 1hey are
responslble for feellng and Louch
1he red and blue velns runnlng Lhrough Lhe model are blood vessels 1he yellow velns are nerves aL Lhe end of Lhem are
nerve recepLors
1he flnal layer of Lhe skln ls called Lhe subcuLaneous layer or subcuLaneous faL
Pe wlll noL ask on Lhe LesL Lo speclfy Lypes of Llssue such as pseudosLraLlfled columnar eplLhellum [usL wheLher lLs
eplLhellal muscle nervous eLc
8emember all glands are eplLhellal Llssue


hLLp//wwwyouLubecom/waLch?v?l4z8,8mus4 (Lhls vldeo has all of Lhe lnfo on Lhe skln dlagram)
















natomy of a p|g
Lhe Lhlngs we were supposed Lo Lake away from Lhe vldeo

,a|es have scrota| sack and |nterna| pen|s 1he fema|e has two open|ng r|ght next to each other beneath the ta||
8oth ma|es and fema|es have n|pp|es ca||ed mammary pap|||a
1he nose |s ca||ed a snout the ears are ca||ed ur|c|es