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Public Distribution System Using RFID Technology

Dinesh Kumar.I, Manohar.J. Shamir Ahamed.S
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Information technology i.dineshkumar7@gmail.com j.manohar@rocketmail.com shamir_ahamed19@yahoo.com Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai
Abstract For large (500 MW and above) turbo-generator excitation systems, the direct current required by the

rotating field winding increases considerably (up to 10 KA or so). In such cases, the brush-gear design becomes more complicated and the reliability of the turbo generator operation decreases. The only promising solution of feeding the field winding of large turbo generators is the brushless excitation system. In view of its many advantages, the brushless excitation system is employed in almost all large turbo generators being designed and manufactured these days. The Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is an essential part of the operation of a modern electrical power system. It is at the heart of the excitation control systems around which the remaining equipment operates. The central function of the AVR is to maintain constant generator terminal voltage under conditions of changing load. There are, however, a number of other functions which are required from the AVR, if a large generator is to operate satisfactorily under all operational conditions. The rapid developments in the field of semiconductor technology brought about the introduction of the transistor amplifier and the thyristor output amplifier, which have increased the speed of response and improved the overall system performance. Subsequently, the discrete component operational amplifier has been replaced by integrated circuit equivalents. This work will address the features in new excitation control which ensure a desired performance to a specific plant. Keywords: turbo generator, brushless excitation system, Automatic voltage regulator (AVR), Semiconductor technology.

Introduction

INTRODUCTION 2.1 Elementary Concepts

Faradays law, e = d/dt, describes quantitatively the induction of voltages by a

time varying magnetic field. Electromechanical energy conversion takes place when change in flux is associated with mechanical motion. All, generators work on principle that When there is a relative motion between conductor & magnetic field an emf is induced in the conductor. This is also called dynamically induced emf & its direction is given by Flemings right hand rule. In rotating machines voltages are generated in windings or group of coils by rotating these windings mechanically through a magnetic field, by mechanical rotating a magnetic field past the winding, or by designing the magnetic circuit so that the reluctance varies with the rotation of rotor. By any of these methods the flux linking of a specific coil is changed cyclically, and a voltage is generated. A group of such coils interconnected so that their generated voltages all make a positive contribution to the desired result is called an armature winding. These coils are wound on iron cores in order that the flux path through them may be as effective as possible. The magnetic circuit is completed through the iron of the other machine member, and exciting coils, or field windings, are placed on that member to act as the primary sources of flux. 2.2 Elementary Synchronous Machines Preliminary ideas of generator action can be gained by discussing the armature induced voltage in the very much simplified ac synchronous generator shown in Fig.1.1. The armature winding, consists of a single coil of N turns, is indicated in cross section by two coil sides a & -a placed diametrically opposite narrow slots on the stator. The conductors forming these coil sides are 21 parallel to the shaft of the machine and are connected in series by end connections which are not shown. The rotor is turned at a constant speed by a source of mechanical power connected to its shaft. Flux paths are shown by dotted lines. Fig.2.1 elementary synchronous generator The radial distribution of the air gap flux density B is shown in Fig. 2.2a as a function of space angle around the air gap periphery. The flux-density wave of practical machines can be made to approximate a sinusoidal distribution by properly shaping the pole face. As the rotor revolves, the flux waveform sweeps by the coil sides a & -a. The resulting coil voltage (Fig.2.2b) is a time function having the same waveform as the spatial distribution B. The coil voltage passes through a complete cycle of values for each revolution of the 2-pole machine of Fig.2.1. Its frequency in cps is same as the speed of the rotor in rps i.e., the electrical frequency is synchronized with the mechanical speed, and this is the reason for designation synchronous machine.

22 When a machine has more than 2 poles, it is convenient to concentrate on a single pair of poles and to recognize that the electric, magnetic, and mechanical conditions associated with every other pole pair are repetitions of those for the pair under consideration. For this reason it is convenient to express angles in electrical degrees or electrical radians rather than in mechanical units. One pair of poles in a p- pole machine or one cycle of flux distribution equals 360 electrical degrees or 2 electrical radians. Since there are P/2 complete wavelengths or cycles in one complete revolution, it follows that e is angle in electrical units. m is mechanical angle. The coil voltage of a P-pole machine passes through a complete cycle every time a pair of pole sweeps by, or P/2 times each revolution. The frequency of the voltage wave is therefore Synchronous generators are 3-phase machines, because of the advantages of 3-phase systems for generation, transmission, and heavy-power utilization. An elementary 3-phase 2-pole machine with 1 coil per phase is shown in fig. 2.3a. The 3 phases are designated by letters a, b and c.

RFID technology provides an easy way to manage a huge and laborious manufacturing process. It offers all the benefits of small production parts to batch, processes and manufacturing. This type of process helps in better analysis, reduce and eliminate bottlenecks, reduced time in locating parts and products and production process based sensors can be installed to alert any anomalies. Aerospace industry and Department of Defense have a lot to gain from RFID integration into their production and process lines. Boeing and airbus, according to the direction of US Federal Aviation Administration, make it mandatory to put an appropriate tracking mechanism to track the aircraft parts.

Many government libraries use barcode and electromagnetic strips to track various assets. RFID technology uses for reading these barcodes unlike the selfbarcode reader RFID powered barcode reader can read multiple items simultaneously. This reduces queues and increases the number of customers using self-check, which in turn will reduce the staff necessary at the circulation desks.

Fig 4.Applications of RFID I. Future OF RFID TECHNOLOGY As many of us know, that computer processor speed is limited because of transistor limits. But there is fourth generation transistor that has been invented which is going to change technologies significantly. Specialists from the University of Rochester declared about the creation of ballistic transistor device, which has the credentials to become the instrument of new generation. Instead of improving the current transistor technologies they were experimenting on something different called as the ballistic transistor. Scientist Quentin Diduck states that new generation technologies would be measured not in gigahertzs but shifts to tera-hertzs.

i.

Healthcare:

Patient safety is a big challenge of healthcare vertical. Reducing medication errors, meeting new standards, staff shortages, and reducing costs are the plus points of use of RFID solutions. RFID wristbands containing patient records and medication history address several of these concerns. ii. Manufacturing & Aerospace:

This new device is based on silicon where electrons are in stage of two dimension electron gas. In this stage electrons can move without collision with aggregate substrate atoms. The Ballistic Deflection Transistor BDT working principle is based on electron movement like in pool game where electrons are directed by electric field. The electron movement is smooth and there is no need to force them. It is enough to give electrons some amount of energy and they will reach the exit by inertial movement. The advantage of such transistor would be less generation of heat due to free electron movement and the electrons are never stopped as in the case of regular transistors,where electrons are transfered when they are needed and this causes problems like changing characteristics because of temperature. BTD is modern technology, to create and manufacture such ballistic transistorsnanotechnology is needed which was unavailable few years ago. If furtherresearch will be successful we can expect some revolutions in technology area. II. CONCLUSION The concept of RFID is an ever growing and booming technological trend and could very well expand its

grasp to various fields.The reason being the improved accuracy and the reduction in human resources it brings.This concept could also eradicate corruption and illegal activity by personnel,which is a major cause of concern in our country.

REFERENCES

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RFID: radio frequency identification By Steven Shepard RFID: a guide to radio frequency identification By V. Daniel Hunt, Albert Puglia, Mike Puglia RFID in logistics: a practical introduction By Erick C. Jones, Christopher A. Chung Biometric technologies and verification systems By John R. Vacca