WM. B. STEVENSON, D.LITT.

OXFORD
A T T H E C L A R E N D O N PRESS
1924
 PREFACE

THISintroduction to Palestinian Jewish Aramaic presupposes

a general knowledge of Hebrew or of some other Semitic language,
such as Syriac or Arabic. It is intended primarily to equip students
for the reading of the Targums (OJ) and the Aramaic portions of
the Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim (PTM), and to provide a
help to the study of the Aramaic elements contained in the writings
of the New Testament.
Oxford University Press
London Edinburgh Glasgow Copenhagen
The Aramaic of the books of Ezra and Daniel is perhaps best
NewYork Toronto Melbourne Cape Town learned after a study has been made of one of the dialects just
Bombay Calcutta Madras Shanghai named. Its forms and uses, therefore, are noted in a supplemen-
Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY tary way throughout the grammar. At the same time those who
choose to begin with Old Testament Aramaic (OTA) may do so
with the help of the special paradigms at the end of the book and
by concentrating chiefly on the notes marked OTA, which have
been placed towards the close of most of the sections into which
the grammar is divided.
The pioneer work of Gustaf Dalman is everywhere presupposed
and made use of. His grammar of OJ and P T M formulates the
now accepted principles of their treatment (see p. 9 ) and provides
an inexhaustible store-house of material for further investigation.
In accordance with his conclusions the punctuation of the supra-
linear RISS. is taken as a standard, although transliterated uniformly
into the familiar sublinear system and so, in some particulars, made
more precise (see $ 2).
Dalman's grammar does not include syntax, so that the notes on
PRINTED I N ENGLAND syntax are a special feature of this grammar and are based almost
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS entirely on the writer's personal observations. The references
2165
4 PREFACE
added to the syntactical notes, and in other cases also, are
intended to show the range of the evidence found, and to make
it easy to test and supplement the conclusions drawn. They are
not intended to be used by beginners. The evidence for the
syntax of PTM has been taken wholly from the tests of Dalman's
Dialektproben.
The scantiness of the material available for the study of OTA
often makes the formulation of general statements about it
difficult and practically inexpedient. The method adopted, there-
fore, has frequently been that of giving a precise numerical state-
ment of the facts. The paradigm of the verb, also, has been made,
more closely than is usual, a reproduction of existing verbal forms.
Strack's edition of the texts, in his Biblical Aramaic Gramnzar, is
assumed to be referred to, except when otherwise stated. Special
note has been made of the evidence of the supralinear hISS. of
OTA, of which Strack gives specimens.
References to the Targum of Onkelos are made implicitly to the
supralinear editions of Kahle, Merx, and Praetorius, so far as they
go (see Literature, p. 8). In the case of Gen. 1-4 and 24, the
source is Merx's Chrestomathy, for other parts of the Pentateuch,
Berliner's Onkelos is used. The references to Dalman's Dzalekf-
proben are made by means of figures referring to the page, para-
graph, and line, generally without mention of the title, sometimes
with the abbreviation Chrest. prefixed.
Much of the material in most sections of the grammar may be
passed over on a first reading. Students working without a teacher
are recommended to confine themselves at first to the notes marked
with an asterisk. One or two sections which should be read com-
pletely are similarly marked. Those who have a fair working
knowledge of Hebrew may begin to read the chapters of Genesis
contained in llIerx's Chrestomathy after they have completed $j8 of
the Grammar. Only texts with a supralinear vocalization should
PREFACE 5
be used at first. Dalman's interesting Dialek@roben, if it can be
obtained, may be commenced at p. 14, after a few chapters of the
Targum have been read. Unfortunately the Dialek@roben is now
out of print and there is no immediate prospect of its re-issue.
The publication of further selections from the Aramaic portions of
the Jerusalem Talmud, with an English vocabulary, would be of
great assistance to English students of this literature.
The language of the Aramaic Papyri of the Fffh Century B.C.,
recently edited and translated by A. Cowley (1g23), is closely
related to the idioms of OJ, PTM, and OTA. The announcement
by the editor of his intention to publish a grammar of the dialect
of these papyri makes it superfluous to apologize for its exclusion
from the scope of the present work. Still it may be said that, on
the scale of treatment here attempted, no more than three dialects
could properly be included. A more comprehensive work must be
preceded by other detailed studies, which do not yet exist.
It is a very pleasant duty to acknowledge the help and en-
couragement the writer has received from the members of the
Societyfor Old Testament Sfu&, both individually and collectively.
Without the assurance of their support and interest this grammar
would never have been published nor expanded into its present
form. Special thanks are due to my friend, the energetic and
resourceful secretary, Dr. T. H. Robinson, of Cardiff University
College.
I am greatly obliged to the readers of the Clarendon Press for
their vigilant attention to every detail and to the Delegates for the
cordiality of their acceptance of my wo~k. My Assistant, Mr. E.
J. Harris, B.D., has twice read through the proofs and has verified
many references and has helped to remove inaccuracies that might
otherwise have escaped detection.
WM. B. STEVENSON.
Glasgow, 5th March, 1924.
 TABLE O F C O N T E N T S 7
PAGE
24. Verbs, initial Nun . . . . . 61
25. , initial Aleph . . . . - 63
26. ,, initial Yodh and Waw . . . . 65
final Yodh and Aleph . . . . . 66
TABLE OF CONTENTS I? ,) ,, perfect tenses . . . 68
)7 ,) ,, impff., imperatt., and infinn. 70
PREFACE . . . . 3
PAGE
,, ,) ,, inflexion of particc. . . '12
LITERATURE . . . . 8 . 'I3
I. Introduction . . . . . . 9
32. Monosyllabic Stems ( W ) . . . . . - 75
2. Orthography . . . . . . I1
,, (inflected forms) . . - 7'1
3. Personal Pronouns (nominative forms) . . . - I5
34. Partially Monosyllabic Stems (YNY) . . . . 78
4. ,, (suffix forms) . . . . . 16 , ,, (inflected forms) . . 80
36. Verbal Suffixes . . . . .
9
7

5. Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives . . 18 . a 81

6. Interrogatives . . . . . 20
,, (with W"' stems) . . c
- 84
'1. The Relative Pronoun . . . . 21
,, (in OTA) . . . . . 86
8. Nouns and Adjectives (general) . . . . 22
Paradigm of Verb (OJ) . . , . . . 88
g. Classification of Nouns (declensions) . . . . 26 ,, ,, Verbal Suffixes . . . . . go
10. Inflexion of Nouns (masculine types) . . . . 29
Tables of O T A . . . . . . . . 92
11. 99 ,, (feminines) . . 34
I 2. Pronominal Suffixes (with singular nouns) . . 38
13. ,, (with masc. plur. stems) . . 40
14. ,, (with fem. plur. stems) . . 42
15. n y , nr, It

&c. . . . . . . . . 43
16.Verbal Stems . . . . . . . 44
17.PerfectTenses . . . . . . . 46
18.ImperfectTenses. . . . . . . 48
19. Imperatives . . . . . . . . 51
20. Infinitives . . . . . . . . . 52
21. Participles . . . . . . . . 54
22.CompoundTenses . . . . . . . 57
23. Influence of Gutturals upon Verbal Forms . . . 60
 LITERATURE
BERLINER, A. Targum Onkelos (text, with introduction and notes).
Berlin, 1884.
Massorah zum Targum Onkelos. Leipzig, 1877.
BURNEY, C. I?. Aramaic Origin of the Fourth Gospel. Oxford, 1922.
DALMAK, GUSTAF. Grammatik des Jiidisch-Palastinischen Ara-
maisch. Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 1905.
Aramaisch- Neuhebraisches Handworterbuch zu Targum,
Talmud und Midrasch. Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte
Auflage. Frankfurt a. Main, 1922.
..
Aramaische Dialektproben .mit Worterverzeichnis. Leipzig,
1896.
Worte Iesu. Leipzig, 1898. (English trans., T. & T. Clark,
1902.)
DIETTRICH. Grammatische Beobachtungen zu drei . . Hand- .
schriften des Onqelostargums. ZATW xx 1900 (pp. 148-
59).
KAHLE,PAUL. Masoreten des Ostens -die altesten punktierten
Handschriften des Alten Testaments und der Targume
(in Kittel's Beitrage, Heft 15). Leipzig, 1913.
LAGARDE, PAULDE. Prophetae chaldaice. Leipzig, I 8 7 2.
LANDAUER, S. Studien zu Merx' Chrestomathia targumica. I n
Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie, vol. iii, 1888 (pp. 263-92).
MERX, ADALBERT.Chrestomathia Targumica (with critical notes
and Latin glossary). Berlin, 1888.
PRAETORIUS, FRANZ. Targum zu Josua in Jemenischer ~berliefe-
rung. Berlin, 1899.
Targum zum Buch der Richter in Jemenischer ~ b e r l i e f e r u n ~ .
Berlin, I goo.
STRACK, H. L. Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen, mit . . .
Texten und einem Worterbuch. 6te Auflage. Munich,
1921.
&Y
PALESTINIAN JEWISH ARAMAIC
4 I. INTRODUCTION
DALMAN'SGran~nzarof ]ew?sh-Paleslznza?~Aramaic (Leipzig,
1 8 9 ~ opened
) a new period in the study of the Aramaic dialects.
It separated clearly for the first time the dialects of the Targums,
Talmuds, and Blidrashim, and it supplied a coherent and correct
vocalization of the grammatical forms of the Targum of Onkelos
and of the related dialect used in the Palestinian Talmud. The
vocalization was based upon Yemenite IISS., which employed
supralinear vowel signs. The second edition of Dalman's grammar
(1905)~along aith his dictionary ( I ~ o I )supplemented
, and revised
his early work, but did not change its fundamental character.
It was now made clear that the Targums of Onkelos (Penta-
1 teuch) and Jonathan (Prophets) were written in practically the
same Aramaic dialect (OJ), somewhat modified by the influence
of the Hebrew originals, and that the Palestinian Talmud and
Midrashim preserved the remains of another dialect (PTM), closely
related to the former. Because of this relationship Dalman sup-
plied the unvocal~zedtexts of P T M with vowels determined for
the most part by the analogy of the supralinear tradition of the
Targums. In this whole literature he saw, with good reason, the
best avenue of approach to the Aramaic speech of Palestine in
the time of Christ and a valuable help to the study of the language
and thought of the New Testament.
The origin, character, and variations of the supralinear IIISS. of
2765 B
I
 10 $ 1. INTRODUCTION II

the Targums have been greatly elucidated by the patient and $ 2.1 ORTHOGRAPHY
extensive researches of Paul ICahle (published in 1913). ~i~
1, ln unvocalized texts JPTM) h., 3 , 1, and ' are freely used to
may be summarized as follows. The oldest and best
tradition of the Aramaic of the Targums is contained in MSS. of
(i. e. Meso~otamian) origin. The Yemenite MSS.
indicate vowels. W ~ \ V and yodh frequently denote short
as \?,ell as long rowels. Typical examples are:
llyn = I"&, 5 D p ' ~= ~ Q P , ~51'9= H)??, /'n" = P
*"
=
C 1'5'n'u =
K,
'k,
represent this tradition modified by the principles of the school of
Tiberias in Palestine. The measure of Palestinian influence in- 79bny, m,l = ~ ~ 33'1;~ 3 , = 7'>3, K n l n =KF!?, UP' or 'P?. The
vowel of the inflected forms of segholate nouns ( h . 5 ~ ' ~ and
)
creased as time went on, SO that the older Yemenite MSS, arg
the preformative vowel of verbal reflexives (1'5'n'~)are
nearer to the Babylonian tradition than the later. The sublinear
indicated in this way. The insertion of vowel signs into texts originally
vocalization of Berliner's edition of Onkelos goes back ultimately
unvocalired accounts for the existence of forms like PI'?, 5 ~ ? 9
to a MS. which used the supralinear system. The forms of
unvocalized texts 11 and $9 may be written for consonantal waw
Berliner's edition are not real Aramaic forms, but through them
we reach a supralinear tradition similar to that of the MSS. and in the middle of a word (e. g. jlli'5 = I!!+), and for "
diphthongal ni or for 9 pronounced as a double consonant, with
which employ a supralinear vocalization,
daghesh (e.g. jyyp = ~ 2 ) . N and 3 both represent a final long
The texts of P T M are to a large extent stories written in a
popular style- The language, according to Dalman, is that vowel, especially (I. I n PTM and OJ K is the more commonly
used. OTA K is preferred in some cases, e.g. to represent lhe
Galilee in the third and fourth centuries A.D. Part of what is
emphatic ending (§ s), 3 in other cases, e.g. in the feminine
contained in the Midrashim may be dated as late as the sixth
century. There are some differences of vocabulary between the termination 2,. In i H n (who?) and SUP (he entered) '
denotes
the short 2, in order to distinguish these words from the preposi-
Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan, but no very obvious differences
tions 1~ and ~~r ;n and 52 are generally used. Final
of grammar- The Aramaic of these Targums has a more literary
character than the language of the Galilean stories, and is supposed thongal n i is often denoted by 'K.
2. ~h~ punctuation of the I1ISS. of Babylonian origin published
have been moulded first in Judea. The Targums themselves
by Kahle is by no means uniform, varying through several stages
not have received their final literary form before the fifth
from a quite simple system to one which is highly complex. The
century, but the idiom in which they are written probably goes
system of the Yemenite MSS. is a variation of the simple Babylonian
back at least to the second century and perhaps earlier. ~ ~ l ~ ~ the ~ ' and differences
~
system, and of these are,
of the phraseology of the New Testament in the
light of Aramaic usage proceeds on the view that we have in OJ principally, what is explained in the following
and PTM, respectively, close approximations to the literary and C. F. ~~~~~~v~ Aranzaicorigilt oftAeForbrfh Gospel ( 1 9 ~ ~ )It. gives a most
popular forms of the language of Palestine in the time of Christ.' valuable synopsis of the Aramaic idioms and constructiolls which may be
looked for in the Greek of NT.
See especially Da1man.s Word- of jcszrs, Introduction, section viii. ~h~ i ~ i ~ may be omitted when the grammar is being read for :he first
b section
recent attempt to show the influence of Aramaic upon a NT writer is time. A knowledge of the ordinary Hebrew alphabet is P ~ ~ ~ ~ P P ~
 12 4 2. ORTHOGRAPHY
3. In the simple Babylonian punctuation there are signs for
'
daghesh (a supralinear or *) and raphe (supralinear P or 3, \.hi&,
are seldom used (Kahle, p. 167). Some Yemenite MSS.
do not daghesh at all (as in Perx, pp. 5 7 ff.),others regu-
larly use the Palestinian sign (so in Judges and Joshua as edited by
PraetOrius). The supralinear MSS. of OTA in Strack occasionally
exhibit the Babylonian signs for daghesh (Dan. 4. 24, 5. 8, 2, kc)
and raphe (Dan. 5 . 7 , 1 2 ) .
4. The supralinear punctuation at first had no sign equivalent
the Palestinian silent shewa. Some Babylonian MSS., however,
which a system of punctuation, employ the sign for
shews ambiguously as in the Palestinian system. I~ yemenite
MSS. the shera sign usually represents only vocal shewa, although
in some few cases it may represent Palestinian silent shews also.
5. Pathah furtive is seldom represented in either the Babylonian
Or the Yemenite MSS., but was, presumably, pronounced in the
positions indicated by the Palestinian tradition, and so may be
into a sublinear transliteration of the supralinear signs.
The suffix ".. (§ 4) is, however, to be excepted from this treat-
men4 in accordance with the analogy of OTA.
.' The vowel signs are used in the supralinear
of the simplest type :
Qames . a Holem . .
Pathah and seghol " Shureq . . . I beginning of
Sere . . . " Vocal shewa . . , Deut. g. 2g-Kahle, p. 14). This dternative orthography may
Hireq . (including hafephs)
The first six of these signs denote regularly both long kolvels
and short vowels. Qames at first had only the sound of 5 in
' psalm ' (approximately), not that of (2 in ' ball ', and holem repre-
sented both Palestinian 6 and Palestinian holema ~h~ later
Yemenite nISS.7 hoaever, use qames for 5, so that, at different
$2. ORTHOGRAPHY 13
periods, both 5, and )j \Irere pronounced as Hebrew ?i. No
distinction is made in the representation of pathah and seghol,
although, presumably, both sounds were used in actual speech. In
transliterating the supralinear pathah into sublinear ~vriting, the
analogy of O T A and of Hebrew will determine Our choice between
sublinear pathah and sublinear seghol-
7. ln Babylonian and sporadically in Yemenite blSS., pathah is
used for l;lafeph pathah, following K and II and sometimes
and n (e.g. ~ n forg in!, 1'2PK for 7'2gU). This usage Occurs
in the supralinear hlSS. of O T A (Dan. 3. m , 3. 13, 4. 25j 4' 29)j
but ,lot consistently (Dan. 4. 32 7722, 5 . 5 '%Q).
8. some supralinear AIsS. hare forms like v!'(l, N?>'F, "!??'n
(= Hebretv ~135, v~+u, bmu), instead of forms commencing with
or u. It is possible that this orthography represents an a h n a -
tive pronullciation of the words in question, but more likely that
\vith sere, simply represented .::, just as pathah Stood for -:+
~ i ~ i+$y, l ~(Chrest.
~ l 29.~ z I) was neither a phonetic variant nor
a grammatical equivalent of '$'xi ( 1 plur. impf- Pael). but
originally, precisely the same word, differently spelled. This use
of (with sere) to denote vocal shema occurs in the supralinear
MSS. of OTA, and it throws fresh light on the Hebrew forms
referred to in ~esenius-Iiaut~sch, $ 2 3 h ('it? = lii*).
g . some supralinear MSS. write 1 instead of ', especially at the
but also in other cases (e.g. in '''? = ' 119
also be understood to imply an alternative ~r0nunciation-y~Or
(,-f. Syriac)-but it should rather be regarded as an alternative way
of representing the sound that is usually written as vocal sllen'a.
10. Hafeph qame; is sometimes explicitly written in Yemenite
MSS., especially in those of later date and espfcially in certain
words, such as P??:.
11. With the exceptions already noted, the h?ephs of the sub-
 14 $2. ORTHOGRAPHY $2. ORTHOGRAPHY 15
linear system are not specially represented in the supralinear
writing. Still the distinctive sounds of the hafephs were no doubt
employed by those who wrote the supralinear system. The forms 14. In OTA the diphthong ai causes mutation, like a simple
! (and) and 7 (who, which), which are used before certain con- vowel, and silent shewa is written after the yodh of the diphthong
sonants followed by vocal shewa, may be taken as proof that
these following consonants were pronounced with hafeph pathah.
Hatephs may therefore be employed in transliterating the supra-
linear into the sublinear system. OJ and P T M in such words as i'?:?,(8 6), K?l?=P ($ 11, note
12. In Babylonian hISS. and in the supralinear MSS. of O T A +n;u ($ 3r), and the pronominal suffixes '?:- and K?'- ($ 13)-
(Strack) !is the form of the conjunction ' and ' before words com-
mencing with a consonant followed by vocal shelva (Dan. 3. 21,
4.29, 5. 20, 6. 5, 6. 17), even when that following consonant is 3, 4 3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (nominative forms)
n, or D (Dan. 5 . 1 1, 6.1 I). Before 3 , 0,and a not followed by P T bI OJ
vocal shewa, the form of the conjunction is 1, implicitly, at least,
since the vowel is generally not explicitly represented. Jn the
Yemenite hfSS. of OJ 9 is used in all these cases, as in sublinear ]7ng J?S 2 masc.
Hebrew texts (so in Praetorius's edition of Joshua and Judges and in - 8 ?Ej; fem.
Berliner's Onkelos).
]!3+3, 113W K7il ;I35 K7il 3 masc.
13. When the initial consonant of a word is followed by vocal
shewa simple, the supralinear punctuation does not indicate its ]'I9n, ;*?K K' ? ;*?5 K'? fem.

presence if it is preceded by the conjunction ! or 9 (Gen. I. 10,
1. 17, Judge 1. 17, I . 22, Dan. 3. 21, 5. 11, 6. 17, kc.). This may
imply that the vocal shewa in these cases, as in Hebrew and
I$?!, was no longer pronounced (so Dalman, p. 240). Some MSS.
treat w6rds that commence with n and n in the same ~vayso that, for
example, H!3! may perhaps be an alternative for K!?! (cf. Heb. -hi$).
In the Babylonian PIISS. and in the supralinear RISS. of O T A
(Strack), however, vocal shelva following an initial consonant is
frequently unrepresented in writing, especially in association with
particular forms or words, such as the particles 2 , 2, 5 , and j.
This implies that the absence of the sign of a hurried vowel (vocal
shewa) is not a certain proof of its absence in speech, and makes
Accent. I*. In OJ and OTA the pronouns of the I person
plural are accented on the penultimate syllable. This is one of the
few exceptions to the general rule in these dialects that the last
syllable of a word is accented.
Forms. 2. The shortened forms K ? , 11, and isn sometimes
occurindependently in PTRI (cf. d! for v!!j and K!31 for K!PI*)-
They, and 5 = V S , also coalesce with participles into tense forms
(8 21, note 7).
3*. i)]'K, kc,, are unvocalized spellings equivalent to Is%,
(§ 2. 1).
OTA. 4. For the forms of O T A see paradigm, P. 92-
The last letter of K!n!$ is K three times and once 3 . m J K is
 I6 4 3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS § 4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS I7

a Kethibh form, a]\~'ayschanged to c)U by Qere, but pointed a ju 3. bferx (Chr.esk. Targum.) prints ~>?i? in Gen. 2. 2 0 for~5%'
by the supralinear MSS. in Strack, 1338 and !m? occur, as nomina- and ~ n ! n vfor ?!nit13in Gen. 2. 2 I.
tives, each once only, cases. 4*. The accusatives of the personal Pro-
Idioms- 6. The expressions K Y ? ~~73; (<a certain man ?, nouns are expressed in three maps: (I) by suffixes (§ 3% by
4 5% 12) and Kn?8 w?? are used by PTM in modesty for N!? 'Q;, kc., (3) by '>,kc. OJ nearly always follows the Hebrew text
Hebrew 'l??P)
. . and in curses or protestations for n~. in its choice between a verbal suffix and an independent accusative
polite address, for ng, 0 J uses '!fa? and ')ia? and pTM '?p, fip, form. In the latter case it regularly employs 'n', kc., seldom '5, &c.
'?> and 1!?1 (cf. Hebrew 'a5). For m*> and ]in) after particc. see Gen. 3. 15 and Exode 3- 9-
6. For ' he himself ', kc., see 4 4, note 6. I~ PTM '5, kc., are used as accusatives after participles (1 8. 12,
rg. 5, 20. I I, 14, &C.)and sometimes after finite forms of the verb
(r6. ii. g, 26. 3, 28. 15). A pronominal object after a verb is
Q 4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (suffix forms)
PThI 0.l OJ, P T n l
PLUR. PLUR. SING.
In O T A the pronominal object of a verb is generally expressed
I - K! '. I com.
by means of a suffix. But only the independent forms jm? (in
713 : 113 : 7 , 2 masc. Ezra), ]j~;! (in Daniel) and ])38 (Dan. 6. 25) are used for ' them '.
1'? : j'? : ' . fem. n: with a suffix occurs once (Dan. 3. 12, iinvj), '5, &c.. only with
ii , ]in , ;in , 2' .. 3 masc. participles (Dan. 2. 23, 4. 22, 29, 6. 17, Ezra 5 - 2).
l'? : ;'r! : - fem. Ethic Dative. 5. '5, &c., are also used as 'ethic datives',

I*. These suffixesare equivalent to English possessive adjectives

and to the genitives of the personal pronouns in other languages.
For the possessive pronouns see 8 7, note 4.
2. The suffixes of the table are those joined to the
singular stems of nouns ending with a consonant. In slightly
different forms they are attached to verbs to express the accusatives
the Personal Pronouns (5 36). '3'. (2 S. f.) and K;;i- (3 s. f.), used
in the marriage contract printed in Dalman's fia(ek&rotm, p.
(I1. 4,5,'6, a), are older, uncontracted, forms of 7'. and 3 - respectively.
See also 9 12,note 2, and $ 13. For the variations of OTA, see p. g3,
See 5 3, note I.
generally expressed by '??ll, &c., sometimes by ' v ~ kc.
! , (Dalman,
p. 115, 5 I ~ ) . In OJ the pronominal suffixes are used, in agree-
ment with the Hebrew text, W D 3 , &c., being occasional alterna-
tives. 111PTbI emphatic 'he himself' is expressed by a'P?? 53,
this itself' by K? ~ ~ 531 (872 = this, $ 5). ')?72 means, literally,
'my bone' (for its inflexion see $ 12, note 4).
OTA. 7. In M T K,! (Baer, Ginsburg) is usual for H:-, but
cf. pausal K!~?>YV(Dan. 3. 17). Dj and D.7 occur o n b in Ezra, as
alternatives to ]i> and ]in. See Brockelmann, Grunrlrks, 1. I 13.
 $ j. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND Special usages. 6. 12: occurs in PTM as an enclitic particle
ADJECTIVES following interrogative pronouns (Dalman, Granzmar, pp. I I I and
(Gen.
224). I n OJ it is similarly used to translate ni after
PThI PTXI OJ OJ 25.22) and also for n! associated with a numeral (Gen. 27.36,
ADJECTIVES. PRONOUNS.
ADJECTIVES.
PRONOUNS. Judg. 16. 15). 1217 is sometimes used by OJ as a translation of
this I?, 777, I???, 1'71 q , i'tl 1 (;2?) i'3 Hebrew 83 (Gen. 45.9, Exod. 3. 14 f., 5. 10, 7. 26, Josh. 24. 2,
K?? K!' K?? Kt! Judg. I I. 15, 2 Icings 19. 20).
these ' 7 i9!7'K, j $ ~ ;+>q l'.%
I 7*. '?'? is usually equivalent to ;la!;? (Judg. 6. 20, kc.) and
seldom occurs otherwise (Gen. 27.33). The pronoun 'that ' in OJ
is also expressed by U l n (Gen. 2. 19, 41. 28, 42. 14, Exod. 16. 23,
that K
,!;" ?p? ('?'?) NW? '?'3 Amos 7. 6), which might, therefore, properly be included in the table.
"7, 'R?, K9?? q? K'?? 77 Syntax. S*. OJ generally distinguishes between adjective and
those jlYR, jlJ"7 - jS;le;! q9.$~ pronoun forms. Exceptions are: (a) 9'7, (6) 1'7 instead of I'l?,
after a noun with a pronominal suffix attached, under the influence
Forms. I*. Kqn? and K'?? are the forms of the Babylonian of the Hebrew text (Exod. 10. I, Josh. 2. 20, Judg. 6. 14), (c) the
hlSS. published by Kahle. Kin;? and K'?;? in the supralinear phrase 1'7 Kt$* = i3i" ;r to-day ' (cf. ?:'j K?i7 this day '), ( d ) K???
(

Yemenite MSS. are Hebraisms (Dalman). (16. ii. 7) is
pointed i'$? in Dalman7sparadigm (p. 397).
a*. ]'i9K, jlPii, and 1lPK are the unvocalized spellings of P T h l
(a 2. I).
3. I?:, q]?,and i'?? occur as alternatives to i'l?, kc.
(e.g. 15.6) and are cited by Dalman (p. I 11), but are held by him
to be incorrect forms (p. I 20).
4. P T M has a number of forms such as i';lT and ;;;lv (28. 24) in
which R alternates with 8. It also frequently uses contracted forms
( 1 , c . ) . 1'7 and P l ? coalesce with a following i n into il),
and iJr;l. 5, 3, I join with X? into "i,
'2,'! (Dalman, p. 112).
OTA. 5. For OTA forms see paradigm (p. 92). i986 for
' those ' (Dan. z. 44) and ;rki for ' these ' (Ezra 5. r 5 ) occur each
once only. I?? 'that' is both masculine (once) and feminine
(twice). In OTA the same forms are used, without distinction, as
adjectives and pronouns. See also notes 1 0 and 14.
(Judg. '3. 23, 75.7).
9. I n PThI K"? generally serves as the pronoun 'that'
(16. ii. 11 and 13, 18. ii. 3) and other singular adjective forms are
also freely used as pronouns (I j. 6, 16. ii. 12, 28. 24).
On the other hand, pronoun forms are used as adjectives
(18. ii. 10 and I 1-1'3, 28. 13-193). p&, in particular, occurs
more often than ]'.$? as an adjective (16. ii. 10, 17. ii. 8, 20. 21,
24. ii. I).
lo*. I n P T M a demonstrative nearly always stands before its
associated noun (two exceptions in Chrest. 20. I 2 and 2 I. 15 are
both from the same narrative). In OJ the influence of the Hebrew
text has established the rule that demonstratives follow the nouns
they qualify. Exceptions agree with the order of the Hebrew text
(Gen. 2. 23, Judg. 16.15, &c.) In O T A a demonstrative adjective
generally follows, but may precede, an associated noun (Dan.
 2o $5. DEMONSTRATIVES $ 6 . INTERROGATIVES 2I

qualified by a demons. adjective nearly always
assume the emphatic form (see $ 8, note 3).
Idioms. 12. 1'7? is used with proper names in the sense of
' the well-known ' or ' the previously-mentioned ' (15. ii. 2, 17. ii. I;
22. ii. 9). K>n? is sometimes equivalent to ' 2 ) ~6 a certain
j,
e.g. in the phrases ~ 7 ~39 n ? , pi' ~937. I*?,, ,1'2 (and 1 5 , , ,
.
15) express ' this . . that ' or ' one . . . another '.
n? with suffixes of the third person is sometimes used as
a d e ~ o n s -adjective Or pronoun, like in&, kc., in the nIishnah
(Dalman, $ I 7. 8).
14. In O T A before a noun governed by a preposition an antici-
pative pronominal suffix is used in an emphasizing demonstrative
sense (K4n! 33 'at that very time'). The noun is then in the
emphatic form ($ 8). SO in PTM l!?i9 i?lj~+i < h e said to
this same R. Jochanan' (20. ii. 10).
q? tip?) ho\v many ?' Questions introduced by qS so often
expect a negative answer that this interrogative acquires the sense
of a negative ($ 7, note 7).
4. ln OJ i'l K? or 1'19 renders Hebrew n:-ntl (Gen. 2 7 . 20,
~ u d g .18. r4), but P, UP) is used for n!-+"? ($ 5. note 6 ) .
Syntax. 5. i q ' ~ ,kc., are both pronouns and adjectives.
Their associated nouns may stand in the emphatic form (ChreJf.
23.3 and 4, Isai. 66. I), but not necessarily.
Interrog. Adverbs. 6. IT (OJ) and I? (PThI) = where ?',
;$ = whither ?' and I? in = 'whence ? ' (Gen. 29. 4) is also
written for in.
OTA. 7, only ;n and np occur in OTA. Most editors, in-
eluding Baer and Ginsburg, point the former I?. I n Dan. 3- 33
a?? (with an adjective) = how!

$ 7. T H E RELATIVE PRONOUN
$ 6. INTERROGATIVES l*. In OJ and P T M the relative pronoun is (unin-
Forms,
PTM OJ flected). I n OTA and in OJ compounds ('i?'?, kc., note 4) the
who ? i W , iP in
what? np UP ~ d i o m s . 2*. without an antecedent means ' that which',
which ? j't'*a 1'7'8 sing. masc. 'he who ', 'those who', &c. q ]'l;;l, 7 K?n;;l,q In, and ? are
), Ul'W, ~ 1 " n q'8 also used to express these combinations.
3*. 7 before a genitive means 'the possession of ', ' those of '7
, I'!'"N, I'~"~ (ir>!$) plural com.
' those belonging to ', &c. E.g. 'n'27 = ' the people of my house'.
l7'orms. I*. For the spelling IN2 see $ 2. I. ]q>$K happens In reports of the opinions of the Rabbis, before the name of a
not to occur in OJ. 791993, kc., are the unvocalized spellings of Rabbi, it stands for 'the opinion of'.
I'll:;?, &c. (5 2. I and 14). Compounds. 4*.'k?, ?/!V, &c., that which is to me ', ' that
2. In P T M ~3 In contracts into ran and K'? Kp into ' 9 ~ . which is to thee', &c., are the equivalents of the possessive Pro-
OJ ;'?? = 1'7 K F (note 4). nouns mine, thine, &c., in OJ (cf. Dan. 2. 20). I n PTM '?'?,
Usages. 3*. The meanings of N p are : what? how? what kind are more usual. $ 7 1 may be a phonetic variant of ')I(Barth) or
o f ? and (with adjectives) how ! K P ~(?pi) expresses 6 ) ' and = ? + '7; ' the possession of my hand' (Dalman).
 22 $ 7. T H E RELATIVE PRONOUN $ 8 . NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 23
+
5 . no+ 7 5, with suffixes, is treated as a substantive, meaning = 'our enemies', 24. ii. I 2, where ' the stick ' means 'his stick ' or
property (16. ii. 2, ~$?n). ' a stick ').
6. I n P T M 93 is a contraction for Nqn? and '3 occurs as a con- 2. I n P T I I and OJ the emphatic state tends to lose its distinc-
traction for K'?? (Dalman, p. 98). tive definite meaning, as in Syriac, but to a much lesser extent
Conjunctional uses. 7. 7 is much used as a conjunction,
' (14.k I, 25. ii. 10, 18. ii. 2, 2 0 . 12, 24. ii. I, 27. 6, 25. ii.3 and 9 ;
-of time (when), place (where), cause (because), purpose (in order Gen. 2.10, Exod. I. 8, 12.20, Josh. 2.2, Judg. g. 36). In PThl
that), and introducing subject and object sentences (= Hebrew 'P emphatic forms (I 8. 6, IS. ii. 6, 19. ii. 3, 21. ii. 7, 27. 2) as well as
'that '). Joined to prepositions it gives them the force of conjunc- absolute forms (16. ii. 6, I 7. ii. I , zg. I, 25. ii. 3) are associated with
tions (2 It? = after, 7 7p = until or whilst). 1 3 when ' and ~ $ 7 the indefinite word l n , one. I n OJ the emphatic state seems to be
'lest ' or <perhaps' (Ezra 7.23 n$ I )
are compounds with and more often used with 13 (Gen. I. 9, 2. 24, 27. 38, 45, 33.13, 34.16,
~o5 ($ 6, note 3) respectively. 7 5.78 is used for ' because ' and 40.5, Deut. 24.5, Josh. 3. 12, 13, 17. I 7, Judg. 6.16, g. 37) than the
' in order that '. absolute is (Gen. I. 5, 11. I , Deut. 28. 7, Josh. g. 2). The MS.
Relative Adverbs. 8'. The relative adverbs-where, whither, evidence sometimes varies and the printed texts even have both
and whence-are expressed in P T M by 7 I?, 7 I?!, and 7 I? constructions in the same verse (Gen. 11.6, Josh. 17. 14). I n OJ
(cf. $ 6, note 6) and in OJ generally by IF5 + + 7 , Ipn! + + 7 , and
..
;ynn + + (cf. OTA npn '3, Ezra 6. I).
a singular indefinite object is generally expressed by the emphatic
state (Gen. 2.8, 4.1, 4. 17, 20.9, 21.8, 28. 2, 29. 2, 33. 17, J ~ d g .
6. 26), rarely by the absolute (Judg. 6. 17). Emphatic forms are
$ 8, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (general) said to be preferred in pause (Berliner, Massorah, p. 96, Lev. 2. 13,
FEMIXINE. ~IASCULINE. Deut. 26. 7).
&?? =c? singular absolute. OTA seems always to use the emphatic form in its distinctive
n2P >? construct. sense.
NQ3 K?P emphatic. 3*. TLere are a few exceptions to the rule that a noun qualified
by a demons. adjective stands in the emphatic form (16. ii. 2). The
I?* !?I plural absolute.
absolute state is employed when the associated noun is accompanied
"?* 1' 153 construct.
by a numeral and a demons. adjective (28. 13). I n ?K! H?Z!
K??I? h';lp emphatic.
(Judges, passim) the feminine noun may be regarded as mascu-
Emphatic state. l*. The emphatic ending (Z has a demon- line in form, and so as in the emphatic state. Cf. K'?;! H?q!,
strative force equivalent to the Hebrew definite article. The Deut. 10. 10.
corresponding English expression may, however, be indefinite,
4*. An attributive adjective regularly assumes an emphatic orm
e. g. when the noun is abstract (16. ii. 4, 21.15, 24. ii. 6), or a
when the noun it qualifies stands in the emphatic state (Gen. I. 16,
generic word (Dan. 5. I). Sometimes the emphatic ending has 10.21, 27.15, 29.2, Deut.3.24, 1 1 . 2 ; Chrest. 23. ii. 4 ; Dan.
practically the force of a possessive pronoun (20.5, where "3Kp ! 3. 26, 6. 27). Cf. K?? R+PW (I Sam. I 2. 2 2 ) but 2$3'P'?? (24. ii. I 3);
24 5 8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
Absolute state. S*. Some words and phrases employ abso-
lute forms in a definite sense (25. ii. 3, n'3 'the cemetery ').
In PTM foreign words may be used definitely without the addition
of an emphatic ending (16.6 ff., 23.4, D@!?, '>'?). Predicative
adjectives are generally put in the absolute state (Dan. 2. II), even
when, in OJ, they translate Hebrew words with a definite article
attached (Gen. 2. 11, 42. 6). A predicative adjective in the em-
phatic state may be considered to be a superlative (15. 8).
Construct and Genitive. 6*. I n PTM construct forms,
followed by genitives, have only a limited use (17. 13, 7?'9 '??MI)).
They occur most frequently as the second member of compound
prepositions (5'y), )j:, l i ~ ) ,&c.) and in stereotyped phrases which
are almost compound nouns, e.g. V: 1 2 (28. II), D)? n92 (25. ii. 3),
'Yn$3n
~@q?@. . 'sunset ' (22. ii. 5), Dq-F 'my bed-cover' (29.15).
Instead of the genitive construction PTRl usually employs
phrases like (a) K:nv? K?iY, a'?'?_?? KG'S ' the birds of the sky ',
' the house of his comrade ', or (6) K;;1&q X'BV, 2PKT ?D'% ' the
name of God', 'the house of her mother ', when the expression is
definite, and like (c) W f ? i'!ynl 'pomegranates of gold', when the
expression is indefinite. I n all these cases 7 means 'that of' or
'those of' and governs the foilowing noun in the genitive case
($ 7, note 3). Mixed constructions like KcP??7 1 ' ) ~ n:? ( I 7. x5)
and K?'?f '7.F (Chresf. I 7.7, Judg. I g. 22) occur less often.
7*. I n OJ the use of a construct, followed by a genitive,
is generai, although the constructions of note 6 also occur.
Examples: (a) Gen. I. 14, 25, 2.7, 12, 2 2 . 12, Josh. 1.8, 13, 2. 2,
4. 16, 5. I, and frequently; (6) Gen. 30. 20 ; (r) Gen. 3.21, Deut.
10. 7-19?27 I'>~J.
8. I n OTA the idiom of a construct followed by a genitive
prevails-except in one group of cases, where the constructions of
note 6 (a) and (c) are preferred. These latter constructions are
generally, though not exclusively, used before or after and in com-
$ 8 . XOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 25
bination with standing phrases, such as 'treasure-house', 'house of
God ', ' book of records '. Examples : ~ ? )$9n Nll?g n'2 (Ezra 5.1 7)'
K?>c n'z-'.! NlE$ (Ezra 5. 16), d:Kll $7 ]P3?5 'fingers of a
human hand' (Dan. 5.5). Cf. Ezra 4. I 5, 6.5, 7. 12, 7.17, Dan.
2. 14, 2.49, 4. 26, 5. 3. There are comparatively few cases of the
use of these constructions as an alternative to a simple construct
and genitive (Ezra 5. 2, 13, 14, 7. 26, Dan. 2. 15, 19, 38, 41, 4. 1 2
(= 2o), 5.7 (= 16 and ~ g ) ,5. 23, 24, 7.4,6, 7 (= 19), 7.9, 10,
28). A considerable proportion of them seem to imply at least a
slight emphasis (e.g. Ezra 5. 14, 7. 26, Dan. 2. 38, 5. 7 (= 16 and
29), 5. 23, 7.4, 7 (= ~ g ) ,7. 9, 10). ' The den of lions' is both
N?!37K 24 (6. 8, 13, 25) and Nc!:?K '? K??, (6. I 7, 20).
The construction of note 6 (b) occurs in 0 T A 4 about a dozen
times and the words governed by $7 are then evidently in most
cases emphatic (Dan. 2. 44, 3. 28 f., 4. 23, 6. 25, 27, Ezra 5. I I).
Renderings such as ' the name of him who is (really) God ' and
'the appearance of that fourth' are sometimes appropriate (Dan.
2. 20, 3. 25, 3. 26).
Accusative case. Q*. In PThI the object noun has generally
no distinctive mark. ) occasionally introduces definite accusatives
(15.11, 16.ii.11, 21. 6, 7, 23.8, 27.6) and nl does so rarely
(15. ii. 8). I n OJ n: is the regular equivalent of Hebrew nK and
2 seldom occurs (in Gen. 3. r 7 7 ~ 0 2= Hebrew 5i?!; for Gen.
39.15 see 36, note 11). The old accusative ending (I survives in
a few adverbs of place (e. g. NFng below '). For the accusative
pronoun anticipating an object noun see $ 36, note 1I.
10. I n OTA 5 is not infrequently associated with a definite
accusative. Possibly it has a slight demonstrative or emphasizing
effect.l
It is prefixed to expressions for the true God (Dan. z.1g,4.31, 34, 5. 23)
and the false gods (3. 18, 5. 4, 23 ; cf. z. 34), to words and phrases denoting
the rulers (3. 2, 6 . 2 ) and wise men of Babyion (2.12, 1 4 , 2 4 ; 5. 7), to the
- - - --

26 9 8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 9 g*. CLASSIFICATION O F NOUNS 27

Inflexional endings. 11'. The feminine singular ending N* A nouns. Nouns originally disyllabic and having two short
is attached especially to stems that end in Qn, hence Kl!Q'l (Gen. vowels are very slightly distinguished in Aramaic from nouns
I. 2) and ~ $ 3 . Feminine plural endings dzodn and are originally monosyllabic and ending in two consonants. The two
used by some nouns. Examples: (a) i!$fi, I!?'?, I!?+>, ]!$n, groups are here joined in the A class of nouns, which is further
(6) I!3?, I!PK--from n?, sign, and npu, sister. Cf. ]!Kp = j!?n subdivided into three sub-classes according as the characteristic
and I!Kp = I!?D. See also $ 10, note 21, and Q 30, note 2. vo\vel (used in the inflected forms) is Li, i, or zi (OTA 6). The
12*. The plurals of f K , DK, and D ~ v are )??kt, ]?Fy, and ]??v, absolute forms, of which specimens follow, do not clearly indicate
respectively. the sub-class to which an A noun belongs.
13*. The termination '.. is sometimes used when a noun is in the
ti class. 1 class. 5 class.
absolute or in the emphatic state. Examples : 'Pn! (Gen. I. IO),
':lE (Gen. 2. 7), '?.in (Gen. 18.7). Such forms are specially frequent 7Q? originally disyllabic.
in the case of gentilic names like 'K733 (Chresf. 24. ii. I), '$?Tn y?! originally monosyllabic.
(Exod. 12. 30), 'K?? (Josh. I. 4), and 'KTVP(Dan. 2.5). Dalman aidp dv? m'?)
compares, also, I'c8crrlpav7j = '?FV n2 = <garden of oils '. ~ ~ i 3 $'Y ??!
14.. Words like ;'2?38 (Num. 32.4), from 137, village, and I'n??
I?;
(16. ii. I ~ are
) examples of double plurals. For dn as a plural
ending see Brockelmann, Grundriss, vol. i, p. 450 f. In the 2 class absolute forms like 727 (Deut. g. 20, Dan. 3. IS),
Duals. 15*. The only clear duals in P T M and OJ are I'lrjr, DD3 (Exod. 30. 23), and 5 5 ~ (Dan. 5. 5) sometimes occur. I n
I'Rln (' two '), and IWV (200). But the ending 1'. in words such Dan. 5 . 5 the supralinear MSS. give 5?3 for the 5n7 of IlT.
as I'?'P may also be a dual ending (OTA 19?1P). I n OTA (besides TVords of the d class like D'n! ale 5+~?., D'YF, 5*I?n, q r . j ~?'HP,
,
1'?9, I'nP, and ilnKv) I:$, 11-51?, IPlP, and ;:9V occur. and B*$: (OTA 5$?, DYP, D.$,' and BE?, with??? in Dan. z. 49,
6.2 I ) .
Some words have more than one absolute form (q&, 5~!7, &c.).
$ g*. CLASSIFICATION O F NOUNS (declensions)
In O T A the uses of DYQ and DYP, D$y and B>? are perhaps
The following classification is made with a view to a statement differentiated by 3lT (Strack, $ 8 c.).
of the rules for nominal inflexion, as given in the next paragraph. 37': (Num. 5. 22) and nn'l (Exod. 2 2 . 21, Deut. 27. 19) are
Six classes, or declensions, are distinguished. unusual forms, perhaps at first only orthographically different from
names Shadrach, hfeshach, and Abednego (a. 49, 3 . 1 3 , ~z , 3 0 ; cf. 3 . 2 7 and 711 and Dnl (Q 2, notes 8 and 9). The former belongs to the i sub-
3. 25) and to the name Daniel, when standlng as an object by itself (2. 19, class and the latter to the a' sub-class.
5
4. 3 1 ~ 3 4 ,5 . 3; cf. a. 13 and 18). Almost the only other cases of introducing
B nouns. Disyllabic nouns having ci in the final syllable and
a definite object, in Daniel, are found in 5. z, 2a and 23. In Ezra very few
examples altogether occor (4.14, 5 . 12, 0. 7, 7. 25). In Ezra 6.7 n?rIy5 may an unchangeable long vowel, or a shut syllable, in the penult, toge-
be regarded as a textual error. ther with all participles (whose final vowel is sere or pathah) follow
D 2
I - --

28 $ g*. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS 29

a distinct rule of inflexion (see $ 10). Examples : ?Me, YglPlt, D>t,

' 9 . A small number of monosyllables including y!, tJ7, 11, 7 c ,
-4 (son), and bid (OTA Dv) belong to this B class and not to the $ 10. INFLEXION OF NOUNS (masculine types)
C class. PLURAL. SIKGI:LAR.
C nouns. hionosyllables from stems y"y have absolute forms
~ ~ ~ p hCo?zstr.
. ABsoI. Enzph. C O I I S ~ ~A. ~ s o ~ .
like he, 0 8 , and 93, in which the vowels i and 5 are frequently
, represented by '.. and j respectively (e. g. n'll', Dig). Dalman gives
?'$ (arrow) and 299 (pit) as variant forms in the second and third
classes.
Some words which are not from ~ " stems 9 follow the inflexion
of this class (e.g. Dig, 7Y). In OTA the h'TSS. of M T read D?
(mouth), but the supralinear hSSS. have DB, in accordance r\,ith the
analogy of 27, lie, &c. 'ni$ ;*nip K?)Y D>&! B
D nouns. Words which remain unchanged when terminations
are added to the stem are principally disyllables with a long vowel
in the final syllable (e. g. v?!!, D)?, 7?3, T'!Y), and monosyllables
like ~ f na\',
, T W , and i'?. The unchangeable (Z in the first group
is equivalent to Hebrew 5 (Dh?, kc.).
E nouns. It is conve
yodh or final walv a separat
substantives and those like '?
(see $ 30). Probably the or
lent to tt: ($ 2. 8).
F nouns. In this class are included all nouns with the termina-
tions di (= Hebrew i) or i added to a triliteral stem. Examples :
g' :? (or 'Kg:?, $ 2 . I), 'P'X, '293. The long vowel of O T A
('p:?,'v'?, ' Y W ~is) also the pausal form of OJ (Gen. I. 1 3 , 19).
1 The accent in these plurals was probably placed on the 6 and the ending
may be pronounced as ain.
I/ --- .-~
~ - ~
30 $10. INFLEXION O F NOUNS
A nouns. l*. Nouns of the A type retain or assume a mono-
syllabic form before inflexional endings. The usual vowels of these
monosyllables are 2, z; and zi (OTA 6). The mutation of the third
radical of inflected forms in OTA-when the third radical is
susceptible of mutation-shows that the preceding shewa is vocal
(a) in the plural of nouns originally monosyllabic (i9$:r?), (6) in the
singular and plural of nouns originally disyllabic (~2:)~ ]'i!9). All
the examples of the table above are treated according to this rule,
although the Yemenite MSS. with supralinear punctuation do not
indicate vocal shewa, except after a medial guttural, and even then
not consistently (e.g. K??!, Gen. 2.13, but KT;?, Josh. I. 4).
2. Under the influence of medial), b, and m (labials) zi is often sub-
stituted for ci and i in the monosyllabic stems of the first and second
sub-classes, especially in PTRI. Examples : PC,?: K??:, ~$q?,
~ f ? ? , .The absolute form I@, for IF:, may be regarded as a
secondary formation from the inflected stem gufn. I n OTA the
plural forms of P!are always ]?' :$, , kc.
3. The vowel i is also frequently substituted for an original 2.
Examples : K>P:, ,?K:! KTPP, K@V, K??? ; O T A K$'?, K!??,
~ e e Ir?:p,
, )'?WJ. The absolute form n2'7 (Exod. I 2. 27) may
be a secondary formation like 125. The sten1vowel of the inflected
forms of $??is z' in the supralinear MSS. of O T A and according to
the Babylonian tradition (Kahle ; cf. Chresf. 15. 9). The BIT of
Daniel and the Yemenite MSS. of OJ give ci: (Josh. 5.15, 14. 9).
4. I n the i sub-class, nouns whose initial radical is a guttural
generally retain hireq in the inflected forms. ~ p ! ! from D$!
(dream), in the M T of Daniel and in some OJ MSS., may be due
to Hebrew influence (cf. ' ) 3 ~ , &c.). Hireq and seghol also inter-
change in the OTA group ?we, Wwl, ijnPw3.. .. .
5. In the zi sub-class, when holem occurs as the vowel of the
inflected stem it may be understood to represent ii ($ 2. I).
Examples: KFliK Gen. 38. 16, i'@i) Exod. 28. 40, K?:iY Lev.
$ 10. INFLEXION O F NOUNS 31
11. 15 (Dalman, p. 144). According to the punctuation of M T
there are three examples of &stems in OTA (Dan. 2. 37, 4. 12,
6. 20) and one of an li-stem ( ~ $ n ? Ezra 5.8). Similarly the
feminine KF?? is written Kg?? in M T and in some late MSS. of
OJ. I n Dan. 4.34 and 5.23 the supralinear punctuation is n@,
and the MSS. of M T are divided between that and ncly or "7s.
I n OJ inflected forms like '?Yp (Josh. 2. 6 ) for 'Jee
sometimes
6*. I n the supralinear MSS. of OJ nouns like n!2 and ilY, in the
construct singular and in the inflected stems, nearly always have
forms like n'z (Dalman, p. 91, note I). I n M T construct singulars
are like ]')! and inflected stems like i'Jl9, although the supralinear
MSS. often substitute d for ai, especially when pronominal suffixes
are joined to the stem (see Strack's note on Dan. 4. I). ]'n? is the
plural of n!3. 5~nis used as an absolute form (Exod. 32. 12).
B nouns. 7*. The final stem vowel of nouns of the B class
becomes vocal shewa when terminations are added to the stem.
For some apparent exceptions see $ 21, note 6 .
C nouns. 8*. I n nouns of the C class the final radical is
doubled before inflexional endings and the stem vowel is normally
2 or i or 6,according to the vowel of the uninflected stem (KpV,
K?K, N??]. Before final resh the stem vowel is lengthened in com-
pensation, when doubling does not take place (hence KT? from 1 3
(country)). Some nouns put i for Li in the inflected forms ( n l ,
K?e). I n OTA Nvu, from W E , is unique (Dan. 7. r I ) ; in OJ K$$
(fem. absolute) is also used.
a*. I n OJ, although the stem vowel of the word 53 with pro-
nominal suffixes ($ 12, note 6) is always $, the emphatic form is
regularly ~ $ 9 3(Josh. 11. ~ g ) ,pointed in Berliner's Orzkelos some-
times with daghesh (Exod. 29. 24, Lev. 8. 27) and sometimes
without (Gen. 6. I g, 20, 16. I 2, Lev. I. 9). In Lev. 8. 27 Berliner
prints ~$93. In OTA the MSS. of M T always have ~ $ 3(five
 -
32 $10. ~NFLEXION OF NOUNS
times), and the supralinear NSS. agree (Dan. 4. 25). Holem in
this and similar words denotes a short vowel (5 2. I). The reading
u'$n (= K $ ) in Gen. 8. 2 2 (Dalman, p. 145) is an alternative to
K?? (cf. Berliner).
lo*. In the later Yemenite RISS. of OJ Hebrew '!? is repre-
sented by 5 and Hebrew 52 by ib. In Gen. 1-2 (Rlerx), Josh. 1-2,
and Judg. 1-2 (Praetorius) the only exceptions to this rule are in
Gen. I. 3 0 and Judg. 2.15. I n OTA, M T has both '5? and 52,
generally the former. Strack's supralinear hISS. (except G, once)
either insert no vowel or read 53.
11. Plurals of the form I'*FP occur in OJ, PTRI, and OTA
(cf. $ 35, note 4).
12. Erroneous dissimilation of the doubled consonant of the
stem takes place in 19JD (Exod. 32. rg), from 2n (cf. $ 26, note g).
The form i'l!pJ (Dan. 2'. 46) is also a dissimilated form.
D nouns. 13*. I n this class the absolute form and the inflected
stem are identical. The inflected forms of the word ~ ' 5 v (Gen.
6. g) seem, however, to be taken from a stem of the A class
(I'Q!~, &c.).
E nouns. 14* .When a termination is added to words of the
E class the stem of words like '5~ is either like or an A stem,
with yodh as the third radical, and the inflected stem of words like
'?.pis either like 'lp or a B stem (see particulars in table above).
treated as silent, on the analogy of the originally monosyllabic
A stems.
15*. ~'iq is contracted from f 5 and
~ i!p from?!I Adjectives or
the form 'h hare contracted plurals of the form fiq (Deut. 6. I I).
The only case of such an adjective in O T A has an uncontracted
plural (illv, Dan. 3. 25).
16. ?'?'I (Hebrew '73) is used in the plural only. For plurals in
g Io. INFLEXION OF NOUNS 33
cwdn see note 21. Dalman (p. 192) regards the supralinear
punctuation of absolute plurals like il':? as incorrect.
17*. When E nouns employ an A stem (as in K$D) the vowel
of the stem is usually 2, but sometimes ? o r ii (OTA 6). Examples :
,
18. Forms like 975, U!?, with consonantal waw, are unusual.
Most nouns ending in 9 are feminine ($31, 992) and are inflected
according to the rules of $ I I.
nouns. lo*. I n the inflected forms of a i stems the yodh of
the termination is consonantal and the preceding vowel (in OJ) is
lengthened. Instead of yodh, aleph is often written (cp. $ 2 3 , note 9).
The emphatic plural termination is contracted from aiya to t? ('.. or
) The inflected forms of stems terminating in t ('b'D, '?.Fljl)
are treated like those of 2' : (E class).
EF nouns. 20. A few words from stems with final yodh are
treated like nouns of the F class in OJ (Dalman, p. 156 r ) and
OTA (ll!z, Dan. 4. 24, from !'). See also $ 12, note 8.
21*. Some words of the E and F classes have plurals in Zwdn
or ewdn,with or without retention of consonantal yodh. Examples :
;!:?I, j!p793, ]!Q, i!D$ (cf. 8, note 11 and 30, note 2).
OTA. 22. The general rules for the inflexion of nouns given
in this section apply to OTA. As the E class is very slightly
represented there it may be passed over by those who begin their
Aramaic reading in OTA. For these the most important notes in
this section are I, 7, 8, 13, and 19, along with 3, 6, and 9 for
some details.
 34 $ I I*. INFLEXION O F NOUNS 35

5 1 I.* Table). Abstract feminine nouns having an ending in T or d are

INFLEXION OF NOUNS (with feminine endings)
treated as a separate class (G). The rules of $ 10 sufficiently
PLURAL. SIXGULAR. explain the forms of classes A-D and F, except those of the emphatic
what. Co?zst. A bsol. Emphat. Const. Adsol. singular, which, therefore, receive special notice in what follows.
~??!n n?!p i?!n A nouns. 2. The emphatic singular ending of the A class is
x ? ~ J ? n$p I$? usually Kc,, joined to the monosyllabic stem. Examples: ~ ? $ r ? ,
89313, K?@. K c is added to the stem !%? in the case of some
nouns havingstemsoriginally disyllabic (parallel to Hebrew words like
a??:). Examples (from Dalman) : K???:, Kc:?!, K c B F., K$n!Y,. .
K????, (absolute N@;I?). Berliner's OnkeZos gives Kc!?!
(Deut. 2 I. 4,6) for ' calf' (from ~ > ? y )as
, well as for 'wagon '
(Num. 7 . 3 , from K)~P). The emphatic sing. fem. of n??(= d??)

The absolute singular feminine of a stem originally disyllabic

is distinguished in OTA from a stem originally monosyllabic by
*?44 nf?: I:?; the vocal shewa following the middle radical ( ~ 5 7Dan.
, 2 . 9),
Kc!; n!),? ;$: and this analogy may be followed in reading OJ and PTM (cf. $ 10,
Kx!? n$lt I& note I). In all feminine plurals of the A class the shewa following
KC!?? n!?? I!?? the middle radical may be treated as vocal ($ 10, note I).
B nouns. 3. I n this class the emphatic ending is K c and is
joined to the absolute stem of $ 9 (KclMK, ~ c hK?Yq-see ,
under D nouns, below). But the emphatic form of K?:'daughter',
is Kc>:, and that of K?V 'year', is K$v.
C nouns. 4. I n the C class K;?: is joined to the stem used by
all the inflected forms. Kit?, like many feminine nouns, has plurals
of the masculine form. K ~ * V ' sleep ', although not from an Y"J~stem,
Aramaic of OJ and PTM is inflected like words of this group (N$?v, &c.)
1. The stem syllables of nouns to which the feminine ending ci: D nouns. 5. With unchangeable stems the emphatic ending,
is attached are treated in accordance with the rules of $ 10. There according to the supralinear punctuation, is usually K c , (K?l?,
are, therefore, six classes of feminine nouns corresponding to the K?@, K ? r q , K?Tr?Y, U?Z~~V, K?yi?Q). K F is used only with a
classes of 4 9. In the E class nouns having final consonantal waw few disyllabic stems whose final vowel is d or zi (~$*!w, KngJ!,
are numerous and several types of absolute singular are in use (see mhnn). K?l'k and K c S n : belong rather to the B class.
 36 $ II*. INFLEXION O F NOUNS $ I I*. INFLEXION OF NOUNS 37
Certain nouns, which might be expected to belong to the A class, Old Testament Aramaic
have forms of the D type (&?, K?jrtjw; ~p23, K?VG; NF~), A, B, a n d c nouns. Q. The inflexion of feminine nouns in
. . ; K ~ P~ $, 2 7 ) ~although not exclusively (cf. n $ p , Lev. 5. 2,
~?)'?3 O T A is the same as in OJ, except in the emphatic singular of
and ]V$, Exod. 5. 7). All have close parallels in Hebrew. nouns of the D class.
E norms. 6. There is considerable variety in the inflected There is only one OTA example of the ending in the A class,
forms of feminine nouns of this declension. In the K:)D group viz. K F V ~(Dan.
~ 2.10). It appears in the supralinear punctuation
yodh is alwajs consonantal in OJ and the stem resembles that of
the A declension. I n PTM quiescence of the yodh takes place in
the emphatic sing. (see Table). In the '!.F, group, both in OJ and
PTM, yodh quiesces in the construct and emphatic of the singular. D nouns. 10. I n h l T all words having unchangeable di-
A few nouns have consonantal ~ ~ in a the
w singular. Examples :
Kg? (Gen. 4.5) and ?K:! or K:73 'city ' (emphatic Ke32, plut a1 ]'!TI?).
I
A larger number have consonantal waw in the plural only. For changeable monosyllabic stems, n?!'r! (Dan. 4. 11) and K?:?'
the various forms of the absolute singular and for their inflexions (Ezra 6. 2), both receive the emphatic ending K?: (for the reading
see table of nouns above. Other examples of the group are 32'P7 K?:'? see Ginsburg and Strack). nZT K ? Y ~(Dan. 3. 6, kc.),
935, $In, 7 ~ 1 ,ny?. The rare absolute sing. of the word used in although supported by some supralinear nISS., should be corrected
OJ for Hebrew n)iy seems to be K): (Isai. 40. 16). The construct into K?:V and included in the D class.
is n ) (Lev.
~ g. 17, Merx), the emphatic N?Y! (Josh. 22. 23, Judg. E nouns. 11. There are very few inflected forms of the E class
6. 26) and the plural Y ] ( K c . 6. 6, Merx). Berliner's n ) ~&c.
)
! in OTA. H?:? (Ezra 4. 12) and n!?P (Ezra 4. I ~ belong
) to the
are erroneous. Cf. Syriac and OTA (note I I).
K$D group, (Dan. 7.3) to the '2o (n):) group, and ]!)Y (Ezra
In all feminine plurals of the E class the shewa following the middle 6. 9) to the n?n group. n!??, from n??, occurs several times with
radical may be treated as vocal, according to the analogy of $10, note I. pionominal suffixes. ~$li?{Dan. z. 25), from 63, is also a noun
F nouns. 7. After the diphthong cii the emphatic termination of this declension.
is KC,with mutated n , but without vocal shewa preceding. Usually F nouns. 12. Before the emphatic singular ending, instead
the vowel before ~6 is 5. Supralinear plurals like K?:??!, Dalman of 62; as in K?lp?p (Dan. 7.4), K?Iy?: (Dan. 7. ~ g ) some , MSS.
(p. 59) treats as erroneous. read cii (cf. note 7). Shewa after a i is silent (note 7) in spite of
:K
!: (= Hebrew I!?) generally, and perhaps always, used in the (see note 7) occurs once in the plural with
metheg (U?lnlP). :!K:
plural (I:!, &c.), is a feminine noun similar to the OTA masculine
a pronominal suffix (Dan. 4.24).
forms '?:and '?? (4 10, note 20). n 3. 5) is an inflected form of the
13. K ~ ? i l l ~(Dan.
G nouns.
G nouns. 8. The vowel terminations of the singular are
i group and K?@D (Dan. 2. 44) an example of the ?z group.
replaced by consonantal yodh or waw in the plural (see Table).
The mutation of the third radical in the plural is a peculiar feature. 1 ~f reckoned a participle, this word comes under the rule of the B class.
 38
$ I 2. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with singular nouns)
I*. For the usual forms of the suffixes in OJ and PTM see $ 4
and for those of O T A see paradigm, p. 93.
2*. 3 , nK, and tJE with pronominal suffixes are treated as
follows :
The suffixes *n, ~ 813,, KJ, and 7"are all unaccented. Regarding
the first three see further $ 13, note z . 9'1 is said to have been
preferred by the school of Sura and 7 (2 s. f.) by the school of
Nehardea (Berliner, Massorah, p. 62 f.) The former is given by
Merx (Gen. 24. 23) and in Berliner's Onkelos (Gen. 20. 16, 38. 11),
the latter in Praetorius (Judg. I 4.15, Josh. 2. 18) and Lagarde
( 2 Sam. 6. 21, 13.17).
3. For '95OJ uses K?K (Gen. 44. 32, Judg. I 4. 16, I Kings 2. 32,
cf. Rom. 8. 15, K p v ' my mother ' is a similar form (Judg.
14.16). Dalman explains the ending as originally 2, from an older
ai, and so as really the pronominal suffix for 'my'. I n Dan. 5.13
+?K (MT) may originally have meant '3($ 2. 71, which is the read-
ing of the supralinear MSS. ';172$ is sometimes contracted into
A nouns. 4*. The stems of masculine nouns with pronominal
suffixes attached are generally formed according to the rules of $ 10,
with some slight modifications.
2 +?> is paralleled
In the A class the distinction between ~ $ and
by the distinction between '?h and '?$J. Before heavy suffixes,
words ending in a guttural o r resh commonly use a stem of the
5t3? type. E.g. lin!p (Josh. ro. 42), li2?b? (Judg. 8. 7), but also
l i 3.1. ~ 3(judg. 9. 2).
$ I 2. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 39
The statement of $ 10, note 6, applies also to stems with suffixes
attached (hence OJ x'n's, OTA anl2). I n Dan. 4. I the MSS. are
divided between 'n+? and 'nl2. For n$ with suffixes see $ 15,
notes 2 and 3.
B nouns. 5*. In the B class the stem vowel of the final syllable
is retained before heavy suffixes and becomes vocal shewa before
C nouns. 6*. The supralinear orthography represented by
x'$?a is normal, although the vowel u is short ($ 2. I). I n OTA
55 with suffixes has 6 as its stem vowel (Dan. 2. 38, 7. ~ g ) while ,
all other words of this class have 5.
E nouns. 7*. In the E class words like '5~ use their emphatic
stem before all suffixes. In the zi sub-class the later Yemenite
MSS. sometimes make the vowel of the inflected stem C, as in M T
I
(Dan. 4. 9). Examples: '!)P, ]j?)g, '$? (Judg. g. II), ??$
(Dan. 4.9). Participle forms like 'Zp and nouns like '?@ and
'?.dQ either employ their emphatic stem (q:??, q:]irVq) or, more
1 generally, are treated as plural nouns are ($ 13, note 7). For
participles see further $ 30, note 4.
F nouns. 8. Words from stems final yodh that belong to the
F class ($ 10, note 20) like '!: (OJ) and '93 (OTA), have suffixed
forms like ':!: (Gen. 35. 18, Dalman) and 8.!93 (Dan. 3. I). Nouns
like with suffixes are treated as plural nouns (8 13, note 7).
Feminine stems. Q*. Feminine nouns to which pronominal
suffixes are attached may be arranged in three divisions, according
as the termination of the emphatic singular is KF, K c : or K q .
(I) Nouns that use the ending K F join suffixes to the emphatic
stem ( m l M N , ]tac?ly).
( 2 ) I n the case of nouns whose emphatic ending is K c : , light
suffixes are united to the emphatic stem and heavy suffixes
to the construct stem ('P!P, lin385f.2; ?)Q, ]inn$Q;
. . l i n p t ; T ~ P , ;inp$t3).
'n??~,
40 $12. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES $13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 41
(3) Nouns of the E, F, and G classes, whose emphatic ending is teristic of PTM. 11 is a reduplicated ending found also in Syriac.
Kc, addsuffixes to the emphatic or construct stems, which The suffix 1- is used by P T M in our teachers'.
are the same
, : h? ( linn!n, 'nqjSf2). For examples 3. In OTA the Kethibh implies the earlier pronunciations q',
of F nouns see $ 29, note g. 3'-, and K!l-, which the Qere alters into q,, 3-, and K1- respectively.
10. 3n!V (Dan. 6. rg) may be regarded as a noun of the C class, See paradigm, p. 93.
rather than as derived from an absolute form K$! (cf. $ I I, note 4). 4*. It may be observed that several of the az suffixes attached to
Feminine suffixes. 11. The supraIinear hlSS. of OJ generally plural stems are identical with the suffix forms attached to singular
write the suffixes of the 2 plur. masc. and of the 3 plur. masc. nouns (qT,3-, K ! - ) . Unvocalized 3' in PTM, when joined to a
instead of the corresponding feminine forms (Dalman). The same masc. plural stem means 'her ', and to a singular stem 'his '.
substitution is often made in PTM. Plural stems. 5*. Most of the plural stems of $ 10 are also
used when pronominal suffixes are joined to plurals (e.g. N$)P,
2 ,) Only the *$! group of E nouns employs with suffixes as
$ 13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with masc. plur. stems).
its plural stem a stem identical with that of the emphatic singular
PLURALSUFFIXES. SINGULAR
SUFFIXES.
($B, 1jn9$~). I n other E nouns ai suffixes are joined directly
to the ordinary plural stem (1 ' !, ii;l'l!, ]inr?Vp). I n Dan. 2.32
this treatment is extended to the form '?jY'?, although presumably
its uninflected singular is '15, as in OJ.
I?'. I?'. 7'- , fem. 6. For ' they two' OJ always uses jin'l,78 (Gen. 2.25), instead of
]in'??, and PTM sometimes has the same form (cf. $ 8, note 15).
Singular stems like plurals. 7*. The direct combination
of pronominal suffixes with the singular ending t? of certain nouns
I??'.. l'?'..
of the E class, like mvp and '?.wp, produces a set of ai suffixes,
suffix forms. I*. 'K, q", and are simply 01thographical which are precisely the same as those attached to plural stems.
variants for '-,3'-, and '?'-. For '?:- and sce $ 2.14. K - is This makes the singular and plural forms of such nouns frequently
an alternative in OJ for ', (see $ zg, note 8). indistinguishable (ijn'ydp, gin?). For the case of participles see
2*. The ' connective vowel' of these pronominal suffixes was $ 30, note 4, and for infinitives $ 29, note 8. Certain F nouns,
originally the plural ending ai, which in a majority of cases has like 'D792, are also combined with suffixes in the manner of plural
become 5 or or 5. The connective 5 of '$is explained either as
a nominative plural ending = au (Barth) or as a dissimilation from 8. '79 'master ', with suffixes en~ploysa stem with consonantal
ai (Dalman). The terminations '3, 'n, and Kn were originally used yodh (?I:?, Chresi., p. 23, note I), or a contracted stem with the
with singular as well as with plural stems ($4, note 2, $ 12, note 2). suffixes of $ 1 2 (n'??, Exod. 2 I. 29, 'lp, Dan. 4.16, 21) or a con-
The contracted forms of 3 sing. masc. and 3 sing. fem. are charac- tracted stem with the suffixesof this section ('?ill?, Exod. 21. 34).
F
42 $13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
I n the Kethibh form 'KYD (Dan. 4.16, 2 I) 'K might represent ai
($ 2.1) but probably K stands for consonantal yodh ($ 23, n. 9).
Q*. Prepositions that originally ended in for that reason take
t?,
ai suffixes ('5#,
q>#, kc.), and other prepositions do so by analogy
('?n?, 'n!?:). I n O T A K!)'# or K!')? (Ezra 4. 12, &c.), an old
form of the suffix K!-, is preserved (cf. note 3).
Fem. plur. suffixes. 10. The observations of $12, note I I,
apply also to the suffixes added to plural stems.
14*. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with fem. plur. stems).
BORROWED
ai SUFFIXES. NORMAL
SUFFIXES.
PTM OJ OJ and P T M
The normal suffixes added to feminine plural stems are identical
with those added to singular stems and the noun form employed
is the construct or the emphatic stem, which are the same. The
Hebrew practice of combining with feminine plural stems the
suffixes appropriate to masc. plural stems, and derived from them
('nip'y, &c.) is occasionally followed in OJ and PTM (for particu-
lars see Table above). Dalman gives the order of frequency of
occurrence of these borrowed ai suffixes in OJ as : (I) 3 sing. fem.,
(2) I sing., (3) 3 sing. masc. 7- for 7'. occurs only once or twice, in
the Targum of Jonathan (Dalman, p. 205 f.). In Dan. 2. 23 some
MSS. read 'C??u for m??u ($ 8, note rz), and this is the only
exception to the general rule in OTA.
43
$ 15. n ' ~ ,nr'z, ETC.
Forms. 1. Both in OJ (Lev. 11. 26) and PTn1 (25. ii. 12) ~5
nbKoccurs for n.' In OTA the forms used are 'C'EI: and 'n'K K).
Subject pronouns. 2. In P T M the subject pronouns of
these particles are in the nominative forms (e.g. 897 nv)). n 9 j
coalesces with the pronouns of the I sing. and I plur. and 3 plur.
into the compounds u!$, ]?), and IW'.
3. I n OJ the subject pronouns are generally expressed by
suffixes,except in the 3 person plural. The suffixes are ai suffixes,
because of the original ending of the particles (cf. $ 13, note 7, and
O T A 'n'u). I n the I person singular the ending ai has become 2
and the suffix adopts an accusative form ($ 36, note I). Examples:
5 ,i n ,I . The inflected stem of n$ has two forms, as
in 9;linr.j and 9;lin$. In the latter the shewa following yodh is
vocal (Dalman, p. 108). The nominative form of the pronoun of
the 3 person plural coalesces with n9>,as in PTRI (]an$). The
4. I n OTA the subject pronouns of ale expressed by means
of suffixes of the ai form ( ] b m 9 ~ ,
&c.).
Usages. 5. n'U and nb.) express 'there is' and 'there are'
(there is not, there are not) ; e. g. 'f_9nl l n !K;! n'K 'there is here a
Jew ' (20.9). They are regularly combined with '>,7 > , Bc., to
express the verb ' have ' ; e. g. ]'Q?F 7) n'.! ]'K if you have no
money ' (15. 9). Sometimes n'K may be rendered by ' it is ',
e, g.'kn? n'K K) 'it e not ill my power' (25. ii. 12). I n OJ n!'.' is
used absolutely, like Hebrew ]'K (Gen. 5. 24, 37. 3 ~ ) .
6. With a predicate, which may be a noun, adjective, or parti-
ciple, these particles are equivalent to the English copula; e. g. n$
gh, K!K 1 Iam not a king' (20. lo), ZI? ]'l?KT? n'.! ' this house
will not be destroyed ' (20. 12). A subject noun or pronoun follows
n9y (n9)), except in relative sentences or for the sake of emphasis.
44 s 15. n * ~nlS,
, ETC. s IG. VERBAL STEMS 45
Before prepositional phrases, where n'? may also be translated Ith forms. 6*. The Ithpeel and Ithpaal of verbs initial
dental and sibilant are modified as follows
(a) n of the prefix. is assimilated to a following n , tl, or f (thus
72TTnK becomes 7476).
(b) n changes places with a following sibilant and afrer Y and 1
$ 16. VERBAL STEhfS
becomes D and 7 respectively. Examples : Y M ~ ~419:K, K,
REFLEXIVE
AKD PASSIVE. ACTIVE.
3'n33K
Ithpeel Ittaphal forms are not affected (f;lpnK, Exod. 21. z9).
WP35 Ithpaal 1'?4 Pael 7. In PTM assimilation of n to 9,1 , n , 3 and other consonants
takes place occasionally. Examples : P'DBK = P'D$nK, '135 = '??F..
(ar. 4), q'.ht$ = ?jb.hny,n p ! $ ~=
~ nf2'@;]3* (28. 4). Dalman com-
l*. The stems having preformative ifh are reflexives, which serve pares i++aOa' (Mark 7. 34) = nngpK ($ 19, note 5). Cf. also
also as passives. Chrest. 4. 19, ill!??? = a:!?np.
a*. The Pael, Aphel, and Ithpeel of verbs final il, n , and y take 8. I n the supralinear vocalization an intrusive vowel frequently
pathah for $ere in the final syllable. For other variations caused appears after preformative n ~ in, the perfect and other tenses
by the influence of gutturals see $ 23.
Peal. 3*. Peal perfects with 8 or 22 in the final syllable, princi- Shaphel, &c. 9*. Shaphel causative forms are found. The
pally intransitive, occur especially in OJ. Examples : be most frequent are !J$:v ' complete ' (passive ! J $ ? n v ~ ,Gen. 2. I),
strong ' (Gen. I. 28) or ' be angry ' (Gen. 4. s), 5 ' ~ : (Gen. 3. IO), 7 ' 2 1 ~ subdue ' (Gen. 12. 5), 3 * 1 * ~' rescue ' (Gen. 37. 2 I), 'Y'V
I*?.?(Gen. r z . I), 5 ' 3 ~(Judg. I. I), (Gen. 15.16), 1b: and
10. Less common forms are the Pd'd and PB'sI (both =
Arabic iii), with their passives (e.g. l'n:, Gen, 24. 14). The P61&
pp. 54 f., 257). In O T A ?. and I both occur, the latter generally in Palel, and Palpel are formed from stems 3"Y and y " ($ ~ 32, note 7,
pause (3?.?,5@, Ti?!), Where M T has i the supralinear MSS.
sometimes have a (Dan. 6. 2 I , ?St!). OTA. 11. OTA instead of Ittaphals uses HophaIs and a
Haphel. 4*. Haphels sometimes take the place of Aphels perfect passive Peal of the form Pe'il, especially in the 3 person
in PTM and OJ. The only examples in OJ are I'P'?, Yli?, and (n2.q;. Dan. 5. 28 ; 3-1'?1, Ezra 5. 14; cf. nl'nu, Chrest. I. 8).
Yein (Dalman). For OTA Haphels see note 11. Haphels for Aphels and preformative n;! for are both normal in
5. In prim, which is borrowed from Hebrew, the final vowel is i OTA, though not universal, With ~r3hFu(Dan. 4.16) the Syriac
(Gen. 45.26-Berliner) or i (Gen. 15.6-Berliner). Supralinear forms having preformative may be compared.
MSS. give both ]'nb? (Dalman, p. 302, note 2) and ]'P';I! (Merx). 12. Where OJ has t! in the final syllable (Pael, Aphel, Ithpeel)
I n Dan. 6. 24 the sublinear vowel is 1 and the supralinear is t!. O T A sometimes has d and sometimes Z. It is difficult to make
46 $ 16. VERBAL STEMS $ 17. PEKFECT TENSES 47
a general statement on the subject, or to frame an accurate para- Table. I*. The table represents the inflexion of all perfects, in
digm, because of the paucity of material. The following review d, C, and ii. The analogy of O T A (note 6) suggests that the supra-
includes all perfects, imperfects, imperatives, and participles of linear 3 s. f. should be pronounced n:n? rather than n2C3 ($ 2. 6).
verbs other than those K"$ ($ 27), which agree with OJ, and 3"y and Endings. 2*. The distinctive ending K F is more common in
f"' ($$ 32 and 34), which exhibit the vowels i and Z in nearly equai OJ than in P T M (Dalman) and is predominant in O T A (7).
proportion. In the PAEL perfect, examples of i number four, 3*. The P T M plural endings dn and Zn are borrowed from the
against one of C (Dan. 6. I); in the imperf. and partic. there is one imperf. tense, to which they properly belong. ii and 8 also occur
example of both on each side, of the imperat. no cases at all. In in PThI.
the HAPHEL the perfect (three examples) and the imperative (two 4. I n PTM I?.. occurs for 12 and pn'.. for pn, especially in
examples) have i (excluding j1n9?, note 5), in the imperfect there Aphels. The F may have been transferred from the final syllable
are two cases of E and two of i (viz. ?sin? and nnb), in the parti- of the Aphel (Pael) stem. Dalman suggests the influence of the
ciple two cases of L I n the HITHPeEL there are no cases of the forms of $ z I, note 7. Examples : i!'P?g (25. 5), ]2'.5?K (23. 9).
perfect or imperative, in the imperfect there are four examples of i The form 12'PnK (19. ii. 9) = 19P3K+ 12.
and one of 4 and in the participle two examples of F. The extent Accent. 5*. In OJ only the 2 plur. terminations are accented ;
of the influence exercised by pause on these forms is very uncer- in OTA the 2 plur., 3 s. f. (Syriac type-see note 6) and the I sing.;
tain. For intransitive Peal perfects see note 3. in PThf at least the 2 and 3 plur. terminations and possibly, like
OTA, the 3 s. f. and I sing.
OTA. 6. In OTA the 3 s. f. has two forms, one of the 0J type
$ 17. PERFECT TENSES
and the other resembling the Syriac form. The former occurs in
PAEL. P~AL. two Peals (n:n5, n h ) and in the few cases there are of Hithpeel
PTM OJ PTM OJ (n343?) and Haphel (nt:;?) forms. The latter occurs in three
2'?2 ul? 3 S. m. Peals (n&) and in two of three Hophals (nl?!;;;). In the Peal,
nlin2 nlg? f. Pael, and Hophal the I sing. has a form that resembles the Syriac
K P@2?' KC- e. .x ?. 2 S. me (npl!, n??). I n the Haphel, besides n y ? ? ($ 33), only nn2V;r
n. s. g 2 .. .
R?n? f. (Dan. 2. 25) occurs. The form resembles that of OJ and perhaps

""
nqm3 n'?n? I sing.
its vocalization, which is also that of a 3 s. f. perfect, should be
jurp 129~3 t:2n2 3 pl. m. . . (as n$W) or n?2V;? (as in supralinear MSS.). The supra-
nnad?
linear MSS. of OTA have a larger proportion of OJ forms than
IF3 K?n;! i?n2 K?np f.
M T in the 3 s. f. perfect, but they do not wholly eliminate the
jsnp2 iJn?n? z pl. m.
Syriac type. The absence of vowels in the texts of P T M leaves it
j9npa i'93 f. uncertain how far they agree with the forms of OJ and how far
t~?n;l K:p52 . ?.
j!X K!%p I plur. with those of OTA.
48 $ 17. PERFECT TENSES . $18. IMPERFECT TENSES 49
Syntm. 7. I n P T M the 2 pl. masc. form is always used for in the case of some verbs initial guttuial ($ 23), is a usage of late
the 2 pl. fem. and frequently the 3 pl. m. for the 3 pl. f. (Dalman). Yemenite MSS. I n OTA preformative seghol occurs twice in M T
8. I n PTllI and OTA perfect tenses alternate with participles (V.i?U,%$)' and hireq once (Y?;lK).
in narratives regarding the past (cf. $ 21), and the use of successive 4*. I n the supralinear MSS. published by Kahle the preforma-
sentences unconnected by conjunctions (asyndeton) is characteristic, tive vowel of the I sing. imperf. Pael is regularly 'K, and *K is
especially of PTM. OJ follows the Hebrew text in its use of commonly written in the unvocalized texts of PTM. This
conjunctions. The perfect is used to express unfulfilled conditions orthography is to be regarded as a representation of hateph
after 1'5 (26. 18) and 3 5 (2~ I. I I, 24. r, 2 7. I 2) and sometimes also seghol (4 2.8). QgPK in the M T of Zech. 7.14 may be compared.
as the tense of the following apodosis (21. I I), but not generally The only I sing. imperf. Pael form in OTA is K!nu (Dan. 2. 24).
(see $ 2 2 , note 2f). 5. After the final consonant of the preformative syllables of the
imperff. Peal and Aphel an intrusive vowel (hireq) is sometimes
fj 18. IMPERFECT TENSES indicated by the supralinear punctuation (e. g. ;;~5w' = ]?a)*,
Deut. 15.6-Kahle p. 222). SO also in the Ithpeel ($ 16, note 8).
PAEL.-OJ AND PTM P~AL.-OJ AND PTM Prefix 5. 6. Forms of 3 s. m. imperf. with preformative 5
PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. (Brockelmann, Grundriss, i. 565) are found in P T M (21. ~ i 6). .
Examples : vn5, 51395, nl&, pa$ ('::>, 5i3$, n?~!, 395). They
seem to occur generally in certain special types of sentence, e. g. in
those expressing a purpose (after 7 and K):) or a wish (see
1327 l9?q3? Dalman, p. 264 f.). In O T A the forms K!.?!
(l!!?)), lia!, and l:V$
occur. They may have been preferred in order to avoid the
use of forms resembling the divine name nn'.
Stem vowels. l*. The stem vowel of the imperf. Peal is OTA. 7. I n O T A the stem vowels of the imperf. Peal are 5
rarely e; except in the case of verbs final aleph or yodh (19sx!, (TaF:), ci (dpk), and ~(591)and those of the impff. Pael and Haphel
]W1, 'J31). Pathah is not usual in the imperff. Peal of intransitive F or i ($ 16, note 12). In the Haphel imperf. uncontracted forms
verbs. For verbs final guttural see $ 23. The occasional use of E are nearly always used ( 5 ? ~ ; l ln$:';?;).
, The plural ending 5 (or S),
for 5 and of i for t may originally have been limited to pausal for un, occurs twice ($29, note 10; $ 3 j,note 5 ) . See also notes
forms, where it is found with special frequency (Deut. 16. 29).
2*. The stem vowels of other imperff. than the Peal agree with Syntax. 8. In PTA9 the uses of the imperfect tense are
the corresponding vowels of the perfect. Examples : d9!.p3!, very strictly limited :
(I) I t is a jussive (21. ii. 6, 26. 17, 27.6) or imperative (with
Preformative vowels. 3*. Supralinear preformative pathah negative, 16. ii. 4, 19. ii. 7 f., 22. ii. 5 ; as a polite imperat., 24. ii. 7)
(= seghol) in the I sing. imperf Peal (as in Judg. 4. 7,6. IS), except 1 In the supralinear MSS. probably hireq, as Dan. 5.17 (Strack).
I

50 § 18. IMPERFECT TENSES $18. IMPERFECT TENSES 51

and expresses wishes, imprecations (26, last line, 28, second last (6) As a future in the past (preterite future)-Gen. 2.19, Exod.
line) and resolves (18. g, 28.6-see (4) below). 2.4, I Sam. 2 2. 22, 2 Kings I 3. 14-for which a participle (Gen.
(2) I t is used after 1 and K)? to express purpose (18. 13, 43. 25, I Kings 7.7) or 7 ?'?I! with an imperf. (2 Kings 3. 27) are
I 8. ii. 4, 21. IS), after K)? = lest (24. 3) and after ? (or ~ k in) possible alternatives.
dependence upon verbs of asking (21.2) and ordering (23.5). 10. I n OTA the imperfect is used as the ordinary future tense,
(3) It is used modally (2 I. 3), especially in questions (I 9. ii. 9, as a jussive, and in the various modal senses. It is also used in
20. ii. 7, 24. ii. 2, 25. ii. 8). Cf. note g (3). conditional sentences, referring to the future (English indefinite
(4) It is a future tense only when there is an implication of present), It seldom refers to the present or the past.
indefiniteness (19. iii. 3 'that I should go out ', 2 2 . I 'should be 11. 1TY (' ready ', ' prepared ') or 1'n.Y-:,with an infinitive, also
married ', 28. 6, l9s!$ KqZ 711 ln*!? !J? ' everything that any one expresses future time in OJ and PTM (Gen. 4. 10, 41. 28, Exod.
may did nze I will do '), in subordinate clauses. 16. 23 ; Dalman, Granznzar, p. 268 f.).
9. I n OJ the imperfect tense is used more extensively than in 12. Sometimes an imperfect tense depends directly upon a
PTM. It is employed : governing verb, without 7 (4 7, note 7) being prefixed (29.21, I!??
(I) As an imperative, jussive, and voluntative, expressing com- q p p nin',] 9>y9: ]!@ K!? 'Our teachers here ask (that) I should
mands and exhortations (Gen. 6. 21, Exod. 22. 24, Deut. 16. 18, pray, so that rain may fall'). Cf. U?? in '5 ?iil! K & l HFD $?
Josh. 23. 8, 13, I Sam. 24. IS), and resolves (Gen. 6.7, Josh. 24.15, (19. iii. 3) 'the only remedy of the affair is that I should go out
I Sam. 24. 11).
from here '. For (!JYIJ and PDj see note 13.
(2) After ? 5*?? in purpose clauses (Gen. I 2. 13, 27. 25, Exod. 13. I n PTM the I plur. imperf. is often used for the I sing.
8.6, 11.7, Deut. 4. I, j. 16, 8. I, 11.8). impf. (19. iii. 3, 21. I, 2 4. ii. 7, 29. 21 ; Dalman, p. 265 f.). Cf.
(3) As the usual equivalent of most Hebrew modal imperfects Dan. 2.36, and see § 21, note 14.
(to be rendered by may, might, would, should, must, kc.). ' Could '
is expressed by an imperfect (2 Sam. 2. 22, I Kings 8.5) or a $ 19. IMPERATIVES
participle (I Kings 18. 10, Jer. 24.2), or by 3 7 d 3 with
~ an imperf. P~AI.. OJ
(Gen. I 3. I 6). ' Can ' may also be expressed by 7 TdFy (Isai. 2\n? 2 s. m.
49.15). 977~7 f.
(4) As the ordinary future tense, for which P T M uses the Inn? 2 pl. m.
participle. Examples : Gen. 2. 17, 3. 4, 49. I, Exod. 4. I, 6. I, upn? f.
Deut. 16.18, Josh. I. 3, 18, 3. 5, 1 0 ~ 1 3 ,18. 8, 23. 5, I Sam. 24. 21. PTM
(5) In conditional sentences, following PK (Gen. 18. 26, Exod. >in? m.
2 S.
22.24, Josh. 23. 12) and '?.u (Hebrew '?), Josh. 24.20. A parti- l'?p f.
ciple, however, is used to translate a Hebrew participle (Gen. j723b 2 pl. m.
43. 4 f.). i?n13 f.
52 $ rg. IRlPERATIVES
l*. In PTRl the terminations are accented, in OJ unaccented.
2*. The final stem vowel of an imperative form agrees generally
with that of the corresponding imperfect tense (cf. Q 18, note I).
3*. The MSS. of P T M indicate only u as the stem vowel of the
inflected forms of the Peal imperatives. i was probably in some
cases the stem vowel, as well as ci (see $ 25, note 5, and $ 36,
note 9). Irf?p might have been given as the paradigm form.
4*. In OJ and PTM the plural imperative of the derived stems
is the same as their 3 plur. perf. and in some verbs the plural
imperat. Peal is also ambiguous (WJY3,jrV!p).
5. i++aOL is understood by Dalman (p. 278, note I) to be
2 plur. fem. imperative Ethpeel, having n assimilated to D ($ 16,
note 7) and with the fem. plur. ending silent as in Syriac, the
man's ears being addressed (in Dalman 'Augen' should be 'Ohren').
Accordingly KtnFnV = no$$ = ;++a06 ( n not being distinguished
from K in Galilee-Dalman, p. 57 f.).
OTA. 8. OTA imperatives agree in terminations and accentua-
tion with the imperatives of OJ. The OTA forms corresponding
to and 2'n?K are 2?? (one example) and ??;? (two examples).
$ 20. INFINITIVES
KF=n
'27n2 K???? nn?g K??B Pael
nu??K K??JK Aphel
..
'?in?ny ~??3n~nqny K?J13ny lthpeel
$20. INFINITIVES 53
Orthography. I*. 'I'he feminine ending of the infinitives
I of the derived stems in PTM is often represented by a, and this
1 orthography is usual in OTA.
BAB. 2. The forms under BAB, which are of Babylonian
origin, occur occasionally in OJ (Judg. 3. 26) and PTh1 (23. 3).
OJ. 3*. The OJ forms in 5th are used in the construct and
with suffixes. Penultimate 3 is unchangeable (nrnjn7i?, Gen.
PTM. 4*. The infinn. of the derived stems in P T M are in-
flected like feminine nouns (@P?P, 16. ii. 8-infin. Aphel ot
OTA. 5. I n OTA the forms are generally those of OJ, but
with preformative for K (see paradigm, p. 95). nQ?;l(Ezra 4.22),
with construct ending as in PTM, is exceptional.
Infin. peal. 6*. In OJ and OTA infinn. Peal are inflected as
nouns of the B class '???n, ]@>?n ($ 1 2 , note 5). In P T M the
termination 3, ($ 36, note 8) is added to the Peal infinitive before
suffixes (T9????n).
Syntax. 7. The adverbial use of the Hebrew infin. absolute
(as in Deut. 15. 4, 5, 8) is exactly reproduced by OJ, and the Peal
infinitive form is then generally written 2?i])9 in the supralinear
MSS. (but cf. ]?In in 2 Sam. 24. 24, Kahle, p. 28). The idiom is
infrequent in P T M (Dalman, p. 280).
8. I n OJ an infinitive dependent on a governing verb is nearly
always preceded by 5 , even when there is no preposition in the
Hebrew text (Exod. 2. 3, Deut. I. 19, 2.25, Num. 22. 14, Judg.
8.3, Isai. I. 14). I n OTA the use of 5 is invariable. I n PTM
both constructions occur, with 5 (19. ii. I I, 20. ii. I and 3, 22. ii. 6,
I 24.ii.Iand~,26.10),a~d~i~h0~t5(19-ii~o,2~.2,3,6and8

'?jn;ne ~;?.'nn n?2?;n~ ~ ? 9 ~ 3Ithpaal

y 9. A Hebrew infinitive in the nominative case is generally
K???nn n?2??5! K???nF Ittaphal replaced in OJ by 7 with an imperfect (Gen. 2. 18, 29. 19, Exod.
 54 $ 20. INFINITIVES 5 2 I. PARTICIPLES 55
14. I 2, Judg. 18. ~ g ) or
, a perfect (Gen. 30. IS), or a partic. (Isai. Peal particc. used as nouns always have 1 in the supralinear punc-
7. 13). Examples of the retention of the infin. occur in I Sam. tuation (so I)??, l'??,P'??). In O T A E is usual, but eight words
15. 2 2 , 29. 6, Isai. 10. 7. have i for 2, viz. :
10. The Hebrew negative 'F)?)is represented in OJ by 9'71 2j+@n7 5w, 5evn, %np, PI;, P?,n?;, b:.
~ ) 7(with an infin.), e.g. in Gen. 3. I I, 4. I;, Deut. 4. 21, 8. 11,
2
Josh. 5. 6, Judg. 2. 23. I n OTA K) with an infin. means 'must 3*. T h e particc. of intrans. verbs have the same forms as those
not be '. of trans. verbs. Examples : q'n? (also q?n?) 'sleeping'; y'n? (also
11. A peculiarity of the syntax of O T A is that a single object pnl) ' trusting ', 'hoping ' ; 5'n? (also h?) ' fearing '.
noun, with no qualification, stands before a governing infin. (Dan. 4*. Words of the form 2'nT may have an active sense. Exam-
3.16, 5-16, kc.). Cf. Dan. 2.12, 3.19, 5.7, 7.25, where the ples : 7'9p ' thinking '; 7'77 ' remembering '; P'Q? (?also P'FF)
object follows. Objects such as generally follow a governing infin.
may also precede the infin. (Dan. 2. 10, 3.32, 5. 15, &c.) and do so 5. T h e form 2n93n occurs occasionally in P T M and 253q
freely in Ezra (4. 14, 5. 13, &c.). (especially with verbs medial guttural) in 0J (Gen. 2. 9).
Inflexions. 6. Participles are inflected like nouns of the
B class (5 10, note 7). There is, therefore, no formal distinction
5 21. PARTICIPLES between active and passive in the particc. Pael and Aphel when
APHEL. PAEL. P~AL. these are inflected (K!??12, kc.). Forms like pawn (17. ii. 18),
PThl OJ I ;*i+pn(23. 8). (27. 2), and K192Y (28.17) occur in the un-
vocalized texts of P T M and are read by Dalman as K?'gY, kc.
They do not occur in MSS. having a supralinear vocalization
(Dalman, p. 311). Possibly yodh in such cases signifies vocal
ITTAPHAL. ITHPAAL. ITHP~EL.
7*.Shortened forms of the personal pronouns of the first and
second persons (K;, I!, ?, and PW) joined to particc. make a new
Forms. 1". Since verbs final guttural and resh have ci for a tense form. Examples : K 3 1 : (Gen. 4. g), ?%? (Berliner) or
in all final syllables yr2y is the partic. Peal of Tn!, and there is no ??g? (Merx), in Num. 2 2 . 30, ?V?! (Deut. 11. 10, Kahle, p. 16),
distinction between the active and passive forms of the Pael and Y1: (Judg. 5. 16). See also $ 30, note 5.
]2.'21: (25. ii. 8),' p
8. Tense forms got by uniting particc. and perf. terminations
3.3, J ~ d g I. 2.5) and 3'.?'ndr! (from r!'v, rescue) are passives as also occur, e.g. t l $ ~ n(or j h n , $ 18, note I), meaning 'they
well as actives. prayed ' (Dalnlan, p. 284).
a*. In OJ i sometimes appears for final E (so l'>y in I Kings
I. 6, Kahle, p. 28, and a'?'l_n in Deut. 28. 50. Kahle, p. 225). 1 So Dalman (cf. Gram., p. 290) ; why not fi'yl: ?
56 4 2 I. PARTICIPLES
Syntax. 0. I n PTM participles take over much of the early
usage of imperfect tenses. They serve as an ordinary future tense
(15. 9, 16. 5-f'", 2 0 . I I , 23. ii. 8, 26.3), and as the English
indefinite present (= future) in conditional sentences ( 1 6. ii. 13),
and they express promises (15. 10, 20. ii. 11) and general truths
(23. 8). With 79 ' while ' (14. ii. 4), and in an object sentence
dependent on a past tense (I 6 . ii. I I) they are used as past pro-
gressives and may sometimes be rendered by an English past tense
(24. 2). The use of particc. in place of perfect tenses in narratives
of past events is very characteristic (24. ii. 3, 25. ii. 2 ff., 27. g-
T!).
10. In OJ particc. often represent Hebrew imperff. (or consecu-
tive perff.), but not to the same extent as in PTM and not in the
same uses. Acts customary in the present (Exod. 18. 15, Num.
11. 12, Deut. I. 31 and 44, Judg. 7. 5, 10.4, I Sam. 5.5, 16. 7,
2 Kings g. 20) or in the past (Gen. 29.2, Num. g. 20, Judg. 2. 19,
6. 5, 14.10, I Sam. I. 3, 6, 7, 2. 13 f. and 19) are expressed by
particc. For the different idiom employed by PTM, see $ 2 2 ,
note z (c).
I n questions understood of present time, a Hebrew imperf. is
rendered in OJ by a participle (Gen. 32. 29 = 32.30, 37. 15, Exod.
2. 13, 3. 3, Judg. 17.9, 19.17, I Sam. 1.8, 25.10, 28. 16)?
So, also, when the Hebrew imperf. denotes continuance of a
state through a period in the past (Gen. 2. 25, Exod. 13.22, I Sam.
I. 13, Isai. 10. 7) or the future (I Sam. I. I ~ ) .
11. I n OTA the partic. is the ordinary equivalent of a present
tense (Dan. 2. 8) and a very frequent alternative to a perfect in
narratives of past events (Dan. 4.4, Ezra 5.3). It is also used as
a progressive tense, descriptive of events in the present (Dan. 3.25
--j*3>irb) or the past (Dan. 5. 5 - 3 ~ 3 ) , and in stating general
In O j an imperfect in questions is to be understood as a future (Gen. 16.8),
or in a modal sense (Gen. 27.45, 1 Sam. 17. 8, 28. 15). Cf. 5 18,note g.
5 2I. PARTICIPLES 57
truths (Dan. 2. 21). Occasionally it alternates with the imperfect
as a future tense (Dan. 4. 29).
12. When the pronoun subject of a partic. is in the third person,
it is often left unexpressed (Chresf. 15. I I , 16. ii. 3, 20. 8, 24.10,
27. g ; Dan. 4.4, 4.32).
13. A general statement with an indefinite subject is expressed
by the plural of a partic. without an explicit subject. Examples:
Chrest. 27. I I, ' men despise '; Ezra 6.3, ' men sacrifice' ; Dan.
4. 28, equivalent to a passive 'you are addressed'.
14. The I pers. plur. of the participle tense (note 7) may be used
for the I pers. sing. (Dalman, p. 266). Cf. 8 18, note 13.
15. Some verbs take as their complement a participle, instead of
an infin. Examples: DqP (14. ii. I), '?v (16. ii. g, 20. IO), 722
(19. 13). 'Yv (' begin ') is used with particc. in the Peshitta, but
with infinn. in OJ (Gen. 6. I, Deut. 2.31, Judg. 10.18, 13.5, I Sam.
14. 35) and in OTA (Ezra 5.2).
4 2 2 . COhlPOUND TENSES
l*. The tenses of the verb n:! ' become ' form compound tenses
with the participles of other verbs. These compound tenses occur
frequently in PTRI and are also a characteristic feature of OTA.
They are seldom used b; OJ.
2. I n PTM the perfect of 11'1: joined to a present participle
expresses :
(a) A past progressive tense, in sentences introduced by 'who ' or
' when ' (14. ii. I, 15. ii. I, 2 2 . 7) and in circumstantial clauses
(15.6, 16. ii. 5). It describes a prolonged state or act in the past:
where in English a past tense is a possible (22. 3, 27. ii. I) or a
preferable (16. ii. 5, 16. ii. 8) alternative. The verbs employed are
very frequently intrans. verbs denoting state or condition. Exam-
ples: 'n? n!? P 'when he was coming', y l l !n K33! <now he
 58 J 22. COMPOUND TENSES
knewJ. In the sentence 1-5 np ;5!$ nq?12?! np?qDEl: i 3 n:?? n!?!
(29.6) the compound tense possibly expresses a past inchoative,
'when she began weeping in the street, I asked her what was the
matter '.
(b) A pluperfecf progressive tense, in sentences dependent on a past
tense (I 6. 6, 'he found that he had been selling ').
(c) A habit or custom, in the present (21. 12) or the past (22. ii. 2,
23.ii.7, 27.1, 28.6, 'he used to say').
(d) An acf repeafed in thepast a number of times, by the same or
by different persons (15.3, 19, ii. 15-n!: ]?$J ln? ni?.! j%' 5:
]P f'?v--21. 1 3 , 2 2 '7).
(e) A fuhre in fhe past (preterite future), 'he lay down beside
I
one of them in order to learn what they would say' (17. ii. 4 f.).
(f) A pasf conditional, expressing 'would have ' (22.9, after q'?,
24. 2, 27.12, both in apodoses of conditional sentences, after unful-
filled conditions).
3. The participle tense of nW (see J 2 1 , note 7) may be used,
instead of its perfect tense, in combination with the present parti-
ciple of another verb. Examples : K!??;! ' I repeatedly un-
covered' (22. T), 'FY.! YPPn !;a!'! ' How could I have diverted
my attention? ' (29. 28). For the expression of ' could have ' by a
compound tense see also note 5.
4. I n OTA the uses of the perfect compound tense, so far as
they occur, are the same as in PTM. Examples : (a) Dan. 2. 31,
5. I g-lVl))! il? 'trembled ', describing a prolonged state or condi-
tion ; (c) Dan. 5. ICJ-~:~ n!? 'he used to kill' ; (d)Dan. 6. I I,
three times in the day he knelt on his knees and prayed ' (I? K?! .?
.
U$XQ~ , .) and Dan. 6. 5, 'they sought repeatedly to find an
excuse' (]:y? jir?). I n Dan. 6.15 T R w n 3): may be classed under
(a) or (4-
.6 I n OJ a participle or an imperfect tense is generally used
'
where PTM would use a compound perfect tense. A compound
$22. COMPOUND TENSES 59
perfect is, however, sometimes used to describe an act or state
extending over a period of time (Gen. 2. 6, 19, Josh. 4. 14, 'as
they had reverenced ') or repeated at intervals during a period of
time (Gen. 31. 18). It is also used in the apodosis of condi-
tional sentences (Judg. I I. 39, ' he would have redeemed ') and to
express 'could have ' (Gen. 43.7). It is of course the regular
equivalent of the same compound tense in Hebrew (Gen. 4. 17,
37. 2, kc.).
6*. The imperfect joined to the present participle of another
verb is used (a) as a future progressive tense (Exod. I. 16, after fP),
(b) to express future custom or habit (Dan. 2. 43), and (c) after 7
and to express result or effect (Chresf. 16. ii. 14, 18. 15, 20.5 ;
Dan. 6. 3, Ezra 6. 10, 7. 25 f.) or the substance of a command
(22. ii. 3 f.). AS an alternative to a simple jussive this tense perhaps
implies emphasis or menace (Chrest. 19. ii. 17; cf. Ezra 6. 8 f.).
For corresponding uses of the imperfect see $ 18, note 8 (2).
7. A relative sentence contains a compound tense when there is
a compound tense in the associated principal clause (Dan. 5.19-
K?Y K!? '?-Ezra 7. 26, Chresf. 19. ii. 15).
S*. fi!? joined to a passive participle provides the equivalent of
a simple perfect passive (17. ii. 2, 25. ii. 10; Dan. 6.4, Ezra 5.11).
with a passive participle is used as a jussive passive (Dan. 3.18,
Ezra 4. 12, 6 . 8 f.); cf. note 6.
9. I n PTM, as in Syriac, the perfect of any verb may be
slightly strengthened by prefixing to it the perfect of n!? (Dalman,
p. 257 f-).
10. K?? in combination with an infinitive is sometimes equiva-
lent to a compound tense (20. ii. IO-KQJ'~~t5'j23~'K 'n??)? 'after
(he) had conquered the city '.
 5 23. GUTTURAL INFLUENCE ON VERBAL FORMS 61

$ 23. INFLUENCE O F GUTTURALS UPON pathah) is indicated in some MSS. of OJ after initial y and initial
n in the imperf. and infin. forms of the Peal (Aphel, Shaphel).
VERBAL FORMS
l'?$!and fl$Q are most frequently so treated. Cf. Judg. 12. 5
The influence of gutturals (n, n, y) and of 1 upon the vowels of (lI$) and 16. 24 (Y?nP, Hebraism?). I n s o x e MSS. after 5) an
verbal forms is not as extensive as in Hebrew, but, so far as it goes, intrusive bireq is indicated, in harmony with the hireq of the
is similar in character. preformative syllable (Dalman, p. 9 3 ; Kahle, p. 223). For forms
I*. Patha@holds the place of normal sere in the final syllable of with intrusive vowels in OTA see note 2.
all parts ofverbs final guttural or resh (Pael, Aphel, partic. Peal, &c.). 8*. I n the intensives of verbs medial resh, in which the medial
I
I n the final syllable of imperff. and imperatives Peal pathah is usual, radical is not doubled, the preceding pathah is regularly lengthened
', but 5 also occurs before final resh and final 'ayin, especially in into compensation qames and, similarly, sometimes before medial
PTM. In OTA pathah is used in all the cases covered by this y or K. Examples : q'??, 5 * ~2 9, ? . In Dan. 5.9 the sublinear
'i section. The verbs of $5 27, 32, and 34 are not included.
2*. In the imperf. Peal preformative pathah is used in some
reading is !J;1?3~ and the supralinear is 5;12nP (or !J?zr?).
I' @. K between two vowels was pronounced yodh (Dalman, p. 60),
I verbs (e.g. Pi33!, ?jwy!, lr22!), but hireq is more common (Dalman). hence PTM in the inflected forms of the active partic. Peal of verbs
! In OTA Fl?YD (twice), ilp!?! (once) and n9y: or K??? (thrice), with medial aleph and in the intensive forms of ~ ' U Vand 1 K W writes
the imperfect forms of n!? (K115, &c.), are the only Peal imperff. of 9 for K. PTM 5 " ~and 7 : = ~ OJ 5 ' 5 ~(Gen. 43. 7-Dalman,
verbs initial guttural that occur. Dalman (page 93) makes the p. 305) and 3 ~ . See also 4 33, note 2.
supralinear pathah of f'?x! equivalent to seghol (hence Chresf. 18.4,
19. ii. g, 20. ii. 7). I 24. VERBS INITIAL NUN
a*. Apparently the only indn. with preformative pathah is
7 . I n OTA the form is P y q (twice) and Dalman f o l l o ~ sthis
P+ ,?5~ 2'P. ,WJ, PC: Peal perf.
P411 241: pis: imperf.
analogy in his Dialekfproben (18. 14, 29. 7). imperat.
3P 2'2 pih
4%.Pathah furtive is used in the pass. partic. Peal of verbs
SPP 33D \pss
final guttural (0'5~). See also 8 32, note I.
PDQ 2Qn PSP infin.
s*. An intrusive pathah separates the termination Ijl from the
stem of verbs final guttural. E. g. Tnl?~;! (Dan. 5. 27). pi~n 3i~n pisp PTM
6*. Vocal shewa following a guttural in the supralinear punctua- ?P' 2'Q: ?'P! partic.
tion is to be pronounced as the sublinear hateph would be. P'DK 3'CK Aphel perf.
Supralinear pathah in perff. like V K signifies hateph patha@and P'F! P'C1 imperf.
sere in imperative forms like TQ'F and 1IY ' signifies hateph seghol. P'DK PICK imperat.
See $ 2. 7, 8. KC?K q$K in fin.
?*. An intrusive ]?a$eph (before vocal shewa an intrusive P'Bn PCP partic.
 62 $ 24. VERBS INITIAL NUN 63

Assimilation. I*. Assimilation of nun to the medial radical $ 25. VERBS INITIAL ALEPH
takes place in the impff. and inff. Peal and in all the tenses of the PeA L .
APHEL.
Aphel and Ittaphal. Nun and its vowel (shewa) generally dis-
appear in the imperat. Peal.
irsiu 515 515 perf.
2*. I n verbs medial n and medial y assimilation of nun does not
iv2iv 5'.!*.1 lG"! $i39.1 imperf.
i92iu 5 9 ~ j
9 9 ~ ~ 3 V'3 513'8 imperat.
take place (Gen. I. I 7, K'?;IK). Unassimilated forms of other verbs
also occur (22. ii. 9, slit?'; Gen. 26. I I, P'Ji!). n'liu 9579~ nn*u OJ
3+. The vocalization of verbs medial n, according to the supra- jn?iu I?$?! 1?lnF K PTM
linear punctuation, is shown above. Where pathah is written in m?iu 519n V'n 5 2 ' ~ infin.
the perfect Aphel (Gen. 2.5, Merx), it may be understood to denote i'2in 5'IT %? $ 9 3 ~ partic.
hateph pathah ($ 2. 7).
P e a l imperatt. and infinn.
I*. I n the imperf. and infin. Peal and in the Aphel N coalesces
4*. The stem vowels of' the
imperative Peal do not become vocal shewa in the inflected forms, with the preformative vowel into i and 6 respectively, and the
as they do in Hebrew (see table above). Forms with nun pre- orthography is generally the same as that of verbs initial yodh
(5i39!, i'siu),
served sometimes occur in PTM. Z'P ( I 5.9, 16. ii. 7 ) is an
Peal imperf. Z*. The imperfects Peal, that have pathah as
alternative to l b .
5. Infinitives like 32P are normal in OJ, and those like pien their stem vowel, are V'f, l T f , $"f, and l D 9 ; (but also 1 i ~ ' f ) . The
in PTnl. final stem vowel of the imperatives of these words is also pathah (in
Ithpeel. 6. Ithpeel forms sometimes assimilate n of the
Hebrew holem). 5i3'.1 does not belong to the group (unlike
prefix to the following nun ($ 16, note 7). Hebrew 51~i').
Imperat. 3*. The supralinear imperatives %'3, 5 ~ ~kc., 3,
3 ' 5 ~ 7*. I n ~ 9 I 5 assimilates
~ regressively, so that forms
although pointed with sere, should probably be pronounced lng,
like those of verbs initial nun are produced. The infin. Haphel
(Dan. 6. 24) is a case of erroneous dissimilation (cf. $ 10, ~ J U&c. , ($2.8), as in OTA (ytl!!). I n the supralinear MSS. of OJ
note 12). 5 ~ (Exod.
~ 3 33. I, Deut. 10. I I-Kahle, pp. 5 and 15) and 5.n
OTA. 8. So far as examples occur, notes 1-4 apply to OTA. (Judg. 18.19-Praetorius) both occur, and the plural form is 3i'?'F
The only verb medial guttural is nOJ, whose nun is assimilated in (Josh. 2. I , 18.8). In the singular Berliner's Onfielos has both F
(Deut. 10. 11) and t (Gen. 2 2 . 2, Exod. 3. 16, 33. I). I n a11 these
the Haphel imperfect ( n E ) , imperative (Ezra 5.15, nnK or ring)
forms yodh presumably at first represented a hurried vowel (vocal
and partic. (I'nn??), but not in the Hophal (no??). Other verbs
with unassimilated forms are InJ (imperf., inf.), 353 (Aphel), and shewa).
prl (Aphel). There are two E imperfects. 5 ~ (as : Syriac ; 0J h ! ) 4*. Some verbs (e.g. 5rN, K ~ Kuse) shortened imperatt. Peal as
and alternatives to the full forms (5*), 6'1; u p , in-in Dalman 591).
or ]?;I:. For the imperat. K w see $ 27, note 10, and for
P$D, note 7. For the ending 6 in k see $ 29.

1
 64 $ 25. VERBS INITIAL ALEPH
5*. The stem vowel i of the imperat. plur. of P T M is indicated $ 26. VERBS INITIAL YODH AND WAW
in the texts for some words and may have been the stem vowel of
APHEL. P ~ L .
all words of this class. The analogy of the imperat. sing. with
suffixes points to i or u (5 36, note 9). Dalman's pointing ]blU 3+j?\K n$ 3
;: Yll 5'31 perf.
and ]*:K (23. I) seems unlikely. n"; 2'n:
Aphel. 6*. Of the Aphels with preformative sere that occur in
29pi9 my.: 995: Yl: 5\31 imperf.
P T M only 5'3'K, I?' and some verbs having both initial K and Ygi~ n7 2'5 ~p - imperat.
final K, such as KnK, are recognized by Dalman (p. 298f.) as correct. '13't$~ qnl 3x71 syp
The salutation i!?;U 'hail ' (Chest. 29. 19) is also supposed to be K?I$K 3nn Ypn 53n infin.
an Aphel form (imperative). In 0J and OTA ;*nrn ($ I 6, note 5) m'n 3nrn Y ~2 5rn
and 'n'K or 'nlg (OTA 'nr;l, ml;l), from KQ5, are used. Peal prefixes. I*. In the imperf. and infin. Peal yodh coalesces
Contracted forms. 7. Contraction takes place in the imperf., with the preformative vowel into (I) dand (2) r followed by the middle
infin., and partic. of s ] h (s]')!, K?>P, I@= elr.$U;,k c . ) . Contracted radical doubled. In the imperf. tense 2 is unusual except before a
Ithpeels and Ithpaals also occur (e.g. V F K = Y n K F and fD9K medial guttural or resh ( q'!,nT.l) and the punctuation of the MSS.
= V K n K . There seems to be similar contraction of verbs initial cannot always be reliedon. Examples : ~ 2 ' 5(Ezek. 17. ro-Kahle,
yodh (in l * $ + n Gen.
~ , 4. 18, 26, 24.15, Merx). p. 46), ,'.)C> (Deut. 10. 13-Kahle, p. 15; Ezra 7. 18), h ' ~ (Josh.
U n u s u a l forms. 8. f 9' and 759 ( I 8. ii. 2) are used as alterna- g. 19, for ha.! 'we are able'), ]45:5' (Josh. 24.19, for 1153~ you
tive forms of ' l f ~and ~ 5 8 (cf. 5 23, note 9). (=iny@ is a are able '). For 0J forms having shewa as their preformative vowel
Babylonian form, which occurs in PTM (16.5). ]!?J! (17. ii. 7) see note 2.
seems to have no parallel and may be an error for i Y 5 3 ~($ 21, S t e m vowels. 2. Imperff. Peal with 5 as their stem vowel are
note 7) or ~ $ 5 1 ~ . 3'81 (OTA Xl:) and 2'?'.! (PTM occasionally). I n OJ imperf.
OTA. 9. The variations of OTA are as follows. Etymo- forms like 7'51 (Gen. 3. 16) and 9'11 (Deut. 15. 6) are found
logical aleph is generally written in the Peal imperf. and infin. occasionally.
( 5 ~ 2 %K1;?),
, except in the cases of Kn1;? and KJn, from K ~ and K
Imperat. a*. The imperatt. Peal are treated like the imperatt.
K)K ($ 27). I n the Peal imperat. K is generally followed by hafeph of verbs initial nun. I n PTM the initial radical is sometimes
seghol and in '$3(Ezra 5. 15) sere is its equivalent (cf. note 3 and preserved (3;? 1, PC?).
338, Dan. 3. 2 2 , = 2]u, pass. ptc. Peal). I n Dan. 7.5, where b l T Aphel. 4*. The preformative vowel of rhe Aphel is generally
has (9, Strack's supralinear text reads $3,i.e. ')?u ($ 2. 8,9) 5( 2 , ) Where Poccurs in the MSS. it is frequently due
The Hophal. perf. 7 3 3 (Dan. 7. I I ) has the same form as the to textual error (Dalman, p. 307 f.). Dalman recognizes %'".!' in OJ
Hophal of verbs initial yodh. See also note 6 and the table of and DnyE and fn9U as possibly correct in PTM ~ 1 ' ? o c c u r sin
verbs, p. 96. OTA (Ezra 5. 14, 7. 15).
5*. I n OJ Ylia is used for YliK and the uncontracted forms Il~jn;
2761 I
66 $26. VERBS INITIAL YODH AND WAW
$ 2 7 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 67
and Y?inp more often, probably, than the contracted forms. Cf. F i n a l vowels of stem. l*. In the bare stem forms, with-
$ 16, note 4.
out an inflexional ending, the final radical coalesces with the
Shaphel. 6 . The Shaphel 2'1'~(OTA ? ' w ) 'rescue' has no
preceding vowel into ? or i or ci or 2. d occurs only in the per-
Peal in use (? = ~ ' J Y V ) .5 1 (Ezra
~ ~ 6. 3) may be regarded as a fect Peal (3 s. m.) and in the OJ adverbial infin. (note 6). ii comes
causative of h*,with D as in some Syriac forms. For 'X'V (?from
from az' (cf. $ 13, note 2) and the forms of the paradigm in which
) $ 2 7, note 8.
K Y ~see it is found seem to be peculiar to OJ (see, however, note 6). In
Ithpeel. 7. For elision of yodh in Ithpeel forms see $ 25, OJ and P T M the distinctive orthography n!? is more common, in
note 7.
this verb, than K?! (cf. Kin).
2;1: 8. In P T M forms with elided n are used (e.g. n'?! = ny:;l;,
2". Intransitive perfects Peal ending in i in 0 J are: 'nw, '?P,
Chrest. 29.8). I n OJ and OTA the imperf. and infin. of ]nj take
'y, ,:q' &c. 'nW (or 'J@, with prosthetic vowel) is the only form
the place of the corresponding parts of 2n9 and are the only parts
of the kind in PTM (Dalman). In O T A V ~ (or'J3q~)
W and $ 2occur.
~
of in3 in use (see $ 24, note 8). I n PTAl they are alternatives
3. Where Z appears in the final syllable of imperfects, it may be
to >;I9.!or YQ'l and 2g9P.
regarded as due to scribal error (Dalman),
OTA. 0. For a synopsis of the forms of OTA see table, p. 96.
4*. I n Yemenite MSS. Peal imperatt. of the form !$ ' are correc-
In Peal perff. and imperff. the stem vowel i corresponds to OJ e
tions of under the influence of Hebrew (Diettrich, ZATW., xx,
(l?:, >?:; 29:). In the imperf. Peal preformative i and 8 both
p- 151).
occur (S?:, 3D':). Y?f is always, erroneously, dissimilated to Y?;1:
Infin. forms. 6*.In OJ the third radical of feminine infinn.
(seven times). The normal Haphel form is like fnin (cf. note 4)
is written aleph but pronounced yodh (cf. $ 23, note 9). The
and a Hophal form ( 7 W ) occurs once. See also notes 6 and 8.
writing of yodh twice in forms like Krl!np, &c., is a characteristic of
unvocalized MSS. n is used in PTM less frequently than K to
$ 27. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH denote the feminine ending of infinitives.
P~AL. 6 . I n OJ an infin. Peal of the form Kj3P is used as an adverbial
KF perf. infin. (cf. $ 20, note 7). The PTM form Krnn may have been pro-
~louncedK13n, from 'IQn; I n 25. ii. 4 Dalman points (Z in the final
'131 imperf. syllable ( ~ ~ 3 4 .
p a s s . partic. 7*. The passive partic. Peal is sometimes
'15 imperat. pointed with final i by supralinear MSS. (Deut. 25.10, Josh .7. 10).
Shaphel. 8. The Shaphel form 'Y'w 'complete', may be
')3Q infin.
derived from Ky:. For the d of the preformative syllable see $ 26,
PTM
notes 4 and 6.
'I? act. ptc.
9. The vocalic endings of the uninflected forms of
OTA.
'In pass. ptc. the perff., imperff., and participles of OTA are (Z, 2, and 4 as in
PTM I 2
68 $27. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH $28. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 69
OJ (see table, p. 96). Final yodh is written when the vowel is i Endings. I*. The OJ plural terminations i (3 masc.) and
('?.)n?)and in '?.?31 (Dan. 5. 12). In other cases-when the final ]in (2 masc.) are peculiar to this class of verbs and are used in the
vowel is or 5-K or ;r is written at the end of the word, without Peal only. Dalman makes the corresponding endings of P T M on
any precise distinction between them. Examples: K q 3 and np?; and iCn (?)and extends the use of ;n to all perfects, in accordance
KY?!; KP?p; KY? and nY?; 3 2
:
. For the form a!% (Dan. 3.22) with the analogy of OJ imperfects.
see $ 25, note g. In Ezra 6 . 15 the Kethibh is K'Y'W, the Qere 'r'? 2*. The distinctive endings K? and 'n occur frequently in 0J and
or 'YW. to a less extent in PTM. I n O T A the endings of the 2 sing. masc.
10. There are three examples of a 2 s. m. imperat. in OTA, one and I sing. are ? and n respectively, and there is no example of
Pael ('Jn, Ezra 7. 25, for '@) and two Peals (I'!, in Dan. 2.4, kc., 2 s.f
and KV, Ezra 5. 15, from Kv?). 3rd radical. 3*. Before all consonantal endings the third
11. The third radical of the infinitives of the derived stems is radical of these verbs coalesces with the preceding stem vowel into
always yodh in the Kethibh of M T (l;$;l, kc). There are, however, i o r T, as shown in the table. I n f perfects the reading 2, for i, by
supralinear and other MSS. in which aleph is read, as in OJ, by the Yemenite MSS. is due to late correctors (Diettrich, ZATW., vol. xx,
Qere (see Strack's notes on Daniel 2. 10 and 6.9). p. 151 f.).
12. The forms '?? (Ezra 4. 18, 23) and $5:
(Dan. 2. 30) or $2 4*. In the 3 s. f. of i perfects and in the 3 pl. f. of all perfects,
(Dan. 2. 19) and the plural I'm
(Dan. 3. z I , 7. g) are examples of OJ retains consonantal aleph (pronounced as yodh) and P T M
perfect Peils ($ 16, note I I). consonantal yodh (nl?!, 18. 3 ; n:??, 21. ii. 7). There are two
cases in OTA, both of which agree with PTM in writing yodh
$ 28.
VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH . . Dan. 7. 15, and nInr;l, Dan. 6. 18). In M T these two
(n!??nK,
(perfect tenses) forms follow two different systems of punctuation. One of the
APHEL. P~AL. P~AL. MSS. used by Strack supplies the variant reading n!n';l. In PTM
PTnI OJ PTAT OJ P T ~ I OJ
nTnK and ]**!nu are unvocalized forms for n:!3K (?n:!qK or n2jnK)
'nw K!n 3 S. m. and i113K. I n OJ K appears also in the 3 pl. m. of all Z perfects.
n"rn~ nel!n~ n"nw ng'nw 2 f. 5. In P T M forms of the 3 s. f. and 3 pl. m. perf. Peal, with con-
n- K?'!~u n- u?+nw n- K?'.?n 2 S. m. sonantal yodh retained, sometimes occur. Presumably they were
nr!n8 n'nw . ? f. pronounced like n?!? and 19'!D respectively ($ 17). Dalman's
n- 'nq!3u n- 'n'nw n- 'n'.?c I S. com, pointing of n p n (22. 19) and nlg3 (27.2) seems to follow the
1 ~ 9 7 3 ~ ;inw 1wnw iirn j r n 3 pl. m.
analogy of the OTA (Hophal) form n:n9;l (note 4). I n O T A the
1113ci: 3$'!3K - nynw I;]? "yJ f. Kethibh preserves one 3 s. f. perf. Peal with consonantal yodh
;sn'!i~u pn'nw Iin'.?n 2 pl. ~ n . (nwn, Dan. 4. 21).
i9n'!3K r'n9n~ I9J??q f. OTA. 6. In OTA before consonantal terminations the final
IJ9!3K K!'!3F?: I?nw K!Tw ; K!+!VJ I PI. com.
syllable of the stem becomes i in i perfects (?'JQ), ai in the 2 s. m.
 70 $ 2 8 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH $ 2 9 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 71

. . or Snl2: ' I have built it'

of ordinary perff. Peal (?:I!!) and in SDl!? PTM APHEL.OJ p ~ n tP ~ A LOJ. IMPERATIVE.
(Dan. 4. z7), d in other forms (n!', U!'P?). See also note 2. '13s ' 2 S. m.
7. In the 3 sing. fem. perf. Peal the forms n$ and nl! are written '13K Rl3K 'z N!I f.
by M T without discrimination. Strack uniformly prints n$. I n l i p irn~ ir? 2 pl. m.
other respects the 3 s. f. of perfect tenses agrees with PTM (see - - - fiyp f.
notes 4 and 5). There is no example in O T A of a pl. fem.
perf. Imperff. I*. The imperfect plur 1 masc. termination 6n is
8. I n one 3 pl. m. form (9'D9;l, $31, note 6 ) consonantal yodh is known from the MSS. of OJ and OTA and is extended by analogy
retained and the vocalization is that of the normal verb ($ 17). to PThI. The 2. s. f. endings in P T M are read by Dalman
With this exception the 3 pl. m. is like that of OJ (iP?), with a (p. 339) as aziz and a i respectively. ptnn might be understood to
variation of orthography in the i perfects (l'cVe, l ' ? ~ )which
, is also signify 11138 ($ z . I).
found in some MSS. of OJ (Berliner, Massorah, p. 92). In Dan. 6. 2*. Consonantal yodh is retained by OJ and P T M in the 2 and
17 and 6. 25 Strack's supralinear text reads I'nlC. The only case 3 plur. fem. of all imperfects (cf. OTA tic), Dan. 5. 17). For the
of a 2 pl. m. is ]in'.?? (Dan. 2.8), for which supralinear MSS. read 2 S. f. in P T M see note I.

?in+.?!!. 3. Forms like ')3u (given in Dalman's paradigm) sometimes

9. Baer's reading of seghol for Sere in the final syllable of pausal occur for 'jne (Gen. 24.14, Merx), but are characteristic of the later
imperff. Pael and Haphel (Dan. 2.4. 7, 24 and 5. 12) is not accepted Yemenite MSS. ($ 18,note 3).
by Strack. Imperat. 4*. The P T M imperative ending on is got by
analogy from the 2 of OJ and OTA. The 2 s. f. ending a i is
shortened from ain and is the only ending of which Dalman gives
9 29. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
examples from PTM. I n OJ ci = az (cf. $ 27, note I). The
(imperfects, imperatives and infinitives) 2 plur. fem. form occurs in 2 Sam. I. 24 (W32).

P~AL. 5. Shortened imperatives (2 s. m.) are found in OJ. Examples :

PLURAL. SINGULAR. IMPERFECT. ] j l (Peal-Gen.
~ ~ 24. 14), 1~ (Pael-Gen. 24. 2), :YET; or ?PET;
(Aphel-Exod. 33. 5).
PTnf OJ
6'. The 2 s. m. imperat. of the derived stems is the same as the
15131 '131 3 masc. 3 S. m. perf. in OJ and PTM, the 2 pl. m. of all stems is the same
i3131 .?' !? fern. as 3 pl. m. perf. in PTM and the Peal imperat. 2 plur. is the same
iirp '.?3n 2 masc. as the 3 plur. perf. in OJ. Cf. $ 19, note 4.
i339 prnn ~35 fem. Infinn. 7. Infinitives of the form ~:]jlvnare found in PTM.
99r nn Cf. Ezra 5. g, 3:3?p.
'!pl !?'V I corn. 8. Peal infinitives with suffixes are treated in OJ like plural
 72 $ 2 9 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH $30. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 73
nouns ($ 13, note 7), except that K - is used for ai as the suffix of 3*. In the inflected forms, when the middle radical is a guttural
the 1st singular and that 3- is employed for K ? - . Examples : or a doubled consonant, the supralinear MSS. regularly indicate
K ! 3 P , 'l?jIn)?. P T M has forms like n9?'Q3n or Rr?'n3)? (see $ 37, vocal shewa before consonantal yodh (K:??, CFEn). Except in
note 6). I n OTA, stems with consonantal yodh are used ( q : y n , these cases vocal shewa is seldom represented (Dalman, p. 340),
Dan. 4. 32).
but should be pronounced in reading in accordance with the
0. Infinitives of the derived stems with suffixes retain the third
general analogy of participle forms, except in the singular fern. of
radical in OJ ( ~ ' n ~ ' ~Gen.
~ K 24.
, g) and are treated like feminine
the Peal passive partic. (cf. $ 10, note 14).
nouns of the F class ($ I z, note 9) in P T M (e. g. x'nl?Pq from the 4*. Words like 'M with pronominal suffixes attached are inflected
Pael infinitive K ] ? n n ) .
in three ways: (I) the suffixes may unite with the termination i as
OTA. 10. The inflexions of imperfects and imperatt. in OTA, with a plural ending (+?in?, Deut. 25. I I ) , or (2) the final radical
so far as examples are found, are the same as in OJ (cf. notes I, 2, yodh may be retained ((q:??, 25. ii. 8, from '?.?), or (3) instead of
and 4). There is no case of a feminine imperat. nor of a 2 s. f. yodh, aleph may be used. I n OJ '!.p always retains K with
imperf. The form iJBv' (Dan. 5. IO), with 5 for on, may be a suffixes (Gen. 14. zo, Exod. 20.5, Deut. 5. g, 7. 15, 30.7, z Sam.
special jussive form (Strack). Cf. $ 38, note 3. For the infini- 19. 7, 22. 18, Jer. 49. 7). So also q @ ~ ,Dan. 4. 16, which is the
tives see notes 7 and 8. only example of a suffixed form of these participles in OTA.
6. Examples of tense forms like those of $ 21, note 7, are K;')!;!
$ 30. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPEI (2 6. 6), fern. K237! (Dalman, p. 3 5 2), n'i?vP (Deut. i I. I o-Kahle,
(inflexion of participles) p. 16), ]?'P: (29. 25). The I sing. masc. of this tense is always
PAEL. P~AL. P~AL. wrongly pointed like K1'1.G in the Yemenite MSS.
A c h e pk. Pass. ptc. Act. ptc.
'D2q 'I! 'I! Sing. m.
W p. 2 .n q! q! f. P~AL.
perf.
1?2n ,IEq I:)! ,I]! ill? ,I!? Plur. m. in#
CF2n i;!g 131? f. '!I9:imperf.
I*. I n the feminine singular and plural of participles consonantal ]in':
yodh is always retained and in the masc. plural the ending is ain in Un'K imperat.
OTA and usually in PTM. In OJ the masc. plural ending is inre
always cin, and this form also occurs in PTM. 'n9p infin.
2*. Participles used as nouns employ the plural termination PTM
ew&z ($ 8, note 11). Examples: ipT, from '>? "shepherd', and 'nn .!' ?' !? 'nrtr, 'ny partic.
i!!?, from 'D? 'physician '. ' To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar.
I
I 2165 K
 1. Several verbs, having stems with both initial aleph and final H'n. 9. I n the verb W:n the medial radical yodh is generally
aleph or yodh, are treated like ( K ~ KNU,'
, KDK, KBK). Of suppressed in OJ and P T M in the imperfect (and infin.) Peal and
these only K?$ has a shortened imperat. form ($ 25, note 4). in all parts of the Aphel. The same forms are used in Syriac.
a. The imperff. and imperatt. Peal and Aphel of Knu are written Cf. also 'Gr and Hebrew 'nr. For OTA see table below.
alike, but are distinguished in pronunciation (see note 3). 'nrgis 3h. lo. I n OJ and OTA the impf. and infin, of q>n elide the
both infin. Peal and partic. Aphel. medial I and assume the forms 79: (plur. ]33?3 and 9cn respectively
Imperat. 3. I n the imperat. Peal the OJ supralinear form (cf. p b , 1 24, note 7). In the perfect and participle OJ uses
Kn'K is equivalent to NnS ($ 25, note 3) and the final vowel repre- only Pael forms (cf. O T A $??). T h e imperf. and infin. Pael
sents an original ai. In PTM '.?:.(24. ii. I 3), K n F (un'u, 2 z. ii. 8), also sometimes occur in OJ.
and ($ 25, note 4) are all used. I n Berliner's Onkelos i is
P~AL. OTA
written in K?'K, in'?, &c. (cf. 5'1'5). The final vowel of K?+K may
K?u ,7?! perf.
be corrected into ri (similarly in the case of K?'U, 2 2 . ii. 8).
inu
4. The 2 s. f. imperat. Peal of K n K is KC'K ( I Kings I . 12-
lcahle, p. 29) or 'nu (Chest. 29. z 2). Cf. 8 29, note 4. An alter- imperf.
native Aphel imper. z plur. masc. 9K'n'K (Gen. 42. 34) is given by
Dalman (p. 356). imperat.
5. papavaed ( I Cor. 16. 2 2 ) is explained by Dalman (p. 152, in5
note 3) as being ~5 N??? 'Come, our Lord'. WH and von Soden Knn infin.
both divide the word into pap& dB&. nn$ partic.
OTA. 6. For KC$ see table at the end of this section. The
OTA passive forms nlO'l:! (Dan. 6 . 18) and q'n'l:! (Dan. 3. 1 3 ) are $ 32. MONOSYLLABJC STEMS (SWY)
explained as Hophal forms = n'Q$n (3 s. f. perf.) and rn\n (3 pl. m.
perf.) respectively (Strackj.
mn. 7. I n OJ the longer forms of the imperf, Peal of 1'1!2 are
DQ perf.
used only in the plural and (as alternatives) along with '?'$ or '51
PTM
in the I sing. I n PTM short and long forms are ~ s e indifferently
d
and both Kl:!: and 'f occur. For PTM !'?> and OTA K>li, &c., DqP!imperf.
see 5 18, note 6. The 3 sing. fem. impf. in OTA is K?;! or $.?!a imperat.
No shortened forms occur in OTA. DQ? infin.
8. In the ICISS. published by Kahle the shortened forms of the nipn PTM
P%l impert of n!_;! are written ';l! and ti?', with the original pre- D'KQ partic. act.
formative vowel retained (cf. 5 2. 9). n'i? partic. pass.
76 $32. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS $32. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 77
Stem vowels. 1. The stem vowels of the Peal forms some- written 2 (n???, Judg. 5. 20) and the n of the preformative syllable
times differ from those of the table. Perfects in i are n'n ' die ', may become f before initial 7 (hence ?!]K = ]!?K).
3'D ' be old ', and 1'7 ' spit '. Imperfects in B are n'?:, a'?:, and Intensives. 7". The intensive forms in use are b9?i?,b'.'.c (OJ
]'?I (or In:) from n? ' pass the night ', D? ' place ', and 17 ' judge '. supralinear), bV$?, D'nQ ( 0J supralinear), and D'PFP. T h e passive
Verbs final guttural generally have ii in the imperf. and imperat. of the Palpel is like !J$pp (Gen. 4. 12) or 5 ~ ! p n(Gen. 4. 16).
(e.g. nu:), but Y! ' shake ' has imperf. Yl: and imperat. 511 (plur. V!). Verbs medial waw. 8*. Verbs having consonantal waw as
Pathah furtive no doubt always followed 6 in speech, whether their medial radical are T!?, TJY, n,:! n,:! t!? 'rejoice', kc., also
written or not ($ 2. 5). Verbs with imperff. in e have imperatives some verbs having both medial waw and final yodh, n,:! K!V, kc.
in I(nrg, Judg. 19.6 and 9). OTA. 0. In OTA both the stem vowels and the preformative
2*. In supralinear MSS. the Aphel stem vowel P (perf. and vowels of the PeXL and HAPHEL are normally those of the table
imperat.) is sometimes written t and the stem vowel Z (imperf. and above. In the 3 s. m. pf. Haphel the stem vowel i occurs as an
partic.) is sometimes written L The stem vowel of the 3 s. m. alternative to ?(Dan. 2. 14, 6. 2) and in the participle (Dan. 2. 21)
perf. Aphel with pronominal suffixes appears to be normally i and the imperf. sing. (Dan. 2. 44, 5. 21, 6. 16) ioccurs as an alter-
(W'PU, Josh. 24. 26; Gen. 47. 7, Num. 27. 2 2 ; Dan. 3. I, 5. 11). native to t. Preformative hafeph seghol occurs in one Haphel
Preformative vowels. 3. The preformative vowels of the form in most (?) MSS. (3pyP?, Dan. 5. I I). The stem vowel of the
Peal are sometimes treated according to the analogy of verbs 51"~ HITHPeEL is 8 in one verb (D@l) and i in another (i'!?!). The
($ 34), so that forms like W?: and Dqn':, Dj$ and ~ l n ' poccur. only INTENSIVE FORMS are ilpTP (Dan. 6.8), a p h ~(Dan.
Examples: nlMI, Num. 35. 25 (Kahle, p. g), 2al, Jer. 18. 8 4. 34) and ?PP\Tn? (Dan. 5. 23). There is one HOPHAL, nn'??
(Kahle, p. 38), D?n'.:, Exod. I 2.23. (Dan. 6.18) should
(Dan. 7. 4, 5). The peculiar passive form
4*. The preformative vowel of the imperff., imperatt., infinn., and perhaps be written nnp (cf. 5 16, note 11). See also notes 2
particc. Aphel is often written d in supralinear MSS. Examples : and 4.
2'nY K??! (Gen. 24. 5-Merx), Kc?! (Judg. I. I), n2y (2 Sam.
24. 16-Kahle, p. 27), b'?! ( 2 Sam. 24. 18-Kahle, p. 27), n2p $ 33. llIONOSYLLABIC STEMS (inflected forms)
(Exod. 17. I I-Dalman, p. 3-24), In OTA preformative d occurs APHEL. P~AL.
in an imperfect (Dan. 2. 44) and a partic. (Dan. 5. rg) and in the
Imperal. Perfect. Partic. Perfect.
uncontracted forms D'P?; (Dan. 5.2 I, 6. I 6) and brj??p (Dan. 2. 2 I).
In PTM the corresponding vowel is 5.
n'ir5 b'eu D*!?, n9n pi!
S*. When supralinear pathah is written in the perfect and +rive$ nn'i?: ~ p y nn'g nrle
imperative Aphel instead of preformative vocal shewa, it may be y-p'P5 KB- ~n'p KB- ?pp
understood to denote vocal shewa ($ 2.7), rather than to indicate
a form according to the analogy of verbs f"' ($ 34).
Ithpeel. 6. In OJ the stem vowel of the Ithpeel is sometimes
 78 $33. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS $34. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 79
Peal perff. I*. The forms of the table are those of the supra- a*. The intensive forms are of the types $$P, 5'3i~(especially
linear punctuation. The stem vowel of the perf. Peal is d only in PTM), !J's2 (OJ), and 5'2)~. 5':~ is borrowed from the IVY stems
the 3 S. m. and 3 pl. m. I n Syriac and O T A Z is the stem vowel ($ 32). The use of 5's: is a special feature of the supralinear
throughout the perf. Peal, and this pointing is used by Dalman in vocalization. YXpF (25. 4) is the passive participle of this form.
his BialeR@roben. The inflected forms of n'n are treated like those S t e m vowels. 3*. The stem vowel of the 3 s. m. perf. Peal,
of perfects in Sere. which is pathah in Syriac and OTA, is always d in the supralinear
Particc. 2*. In OJ (and sometimes in PTM) the uninflected vocalization of OJ, following the analogy of the verbs of $ 32. T h e
participle Peal has the form of verbs medial aleph. I n the inflected stem vowel of the imperf. Peal is either G or 2 (!is!, nFr!).
forms yodh is written for aleph in both OJ and PTM. I n O T A Preform. vowels. 4*. The imperf., imperat., and infin. Peal and
the inflected forms have N in the Kethibh and 9 in the Qere, except all the tenses of the Aphel have the same forms as the correspond-
in K;n$Q (Dan. 7. 16). The inflected participle forms of verbs ing parts of verbs initial nun ($ 24). In the imperf. and infin. Peal
medial aleph retain K in OJ and sometimes in PTM ( I Sam. 8.10, preformative i is lengthened to F before an initial stem guttural, but
I Kings 2. 20; Chrest., 20. 14). Cf. $ 23, note g, and Dalman, is retained before initial resh (Pil!, Lev. 15. 8). This treatment is
P. 305. reversed in the only two cases that occur in OTA (Inn, Dan. 4. 24;
OTA. 3. I n O T A the termination of the I s. pf. is tth (nny, pi!?, Dan. 2. 40).
Ezra 6.12 ; nFVQG,Dan. 3. 14). For the form qo'n! (Ezra 4. 12) Participles. 5. In PTM the participle form 5':~ ($ 32) is
see 8 35, note 5. sometimes used in place of 5'52. I n OJ contracted plurals like
fr$, for lr>>!, are a feature of supralinear texts. I n OTA f*b$y
(Kethibh) is replaced by ]'>$ or l'& or 1 ' ) ~ (Dan. 4. 4, 5.8).
9 34. PARTIALLY hlONOSYLLABlC STEMS (Yr'Y) 6. Aphel participles like 539n and iY'n in P T M are viewed as
Hebraisms by Dalman.
7. n)xr2 (25. 5), from $2n, follows the ordinary rule for the
5 9 ~ ~ ~'pe 5~ (r?) P pert inflexion of participles. For l9?2t2 ( a 3 8) see 2 r , note 6.
~YY! 7'2: 5ilP; Ti31 imperf. Borrowed forms. 8*. The forms appropriate to q"Y stems
5*~ft T3pe 5iy imperat. ($ 32) are transferred to verbs of this class in the cases named in
s&v K!?K 5Y'n Pr? infin. notes 2, 3, and 5, and in others also (e.g. in Judg. 6. 26
5~72 rrpn 5'.$ I'l? partic. act. ~ 1 =3 yipn).
~

5pn r zn 5 9 5 ~ ptc. pass. Ittaphal. 9. The Ittaphal forms are like ~ Y F F and 5Fnu.
OTA. 10. For the PeAL perf. see note 3, and for the only
Disyllabic stems. l*.Disyllabic stems are used in the Peal examples of imperf. infin. and partic. see notes 4 and 5. There are
participles, all intensive forms, Ithpeels, and Shaphels. Examples : three typesof INTENSIVES in OTA : 5 $ (three ~ verbs), YP?n (Dan.
59&, 1'13!, ~Y>?W. See also $ 35, note 4. 2 . 40), and iYr2inWc (Dan. 4. 16). In the HAPHEL, preformative
 80 $ 34. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS
$35. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 81
pathah becomes seghol before ( n ) ~ l Dan.
, 5.7). There are two (appropriate to
2*. I n the 3 pl. m. perf. Peal the stem vowel
cases of erroneously dissimilated Haphel forms (5yj;?,Dan. 2. 25,
9'9 stems) is sometimes written in supralinear MSS. for 6. T h e
6. 19, and n)p?;l, Dan. 4. 3). Cf. $ 26, note 9. For normal
only example of a 3 plur. rnasc. perf. Peal in O T A is treated in this
Haphel forms see table p. 96. A HOPHAL form of one verb is
way PP?, Dan, 2. 35). See also $ 34, note 3.
found (927).
3. Supralinear pathah in imperf. forms like 1759".. (Deut. 10. I I-
Kahle, p. 15) may be regarded as representing hafeph pathah
$ 35. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS
(4 2. 7)-
(inflected forms) 4. Peal and Aphel forms like n337 (PTM), n%y (Dan. 5. 10,
APHEL. P~AL. Kethibh), and $ 5 ~ (Dan.
9 4. g), with repetition of the final radical,
PERFECT. PERFECT. occur in P T M and OTA.
Plur. Szizg. Plur. Shg. OTA. 5. The distinctive features of OTA are as follows : I n
bryB ~'PK +Y (5?) !JY 3 masc. the inflected forms of the imperative PeAL the stem vowel is 6
K ~ Y K n 5 ~ ~ ~ $ 2 n$y fem. (l*ri, Dan. 4. 11, 20). I n the perfect HOPHAL some MSS.
j9nk)js KC- fjlkyu j(+p q-+Y 2 masc. double the final radical before the plural ending (sblt?, Dan. 5. IS),
r n ? ~B ~$~r(t~ t9n)r, ..
&Y fern.
others do not. I n HAPHEL forms, when the stem vowel ( 5 )
K@YB becomes vocal shewa, it is written hafeph seghol in some MSS.
~+PK K;)Y n*>y I com.
(ntzn, Dan. 7.7, 19, Dan. 7. a3-Baer, Ginsburg, Strack).
IMPERFECT. IMPERFECT. Perhaps SD'n1 (Ezra 4. I 2) was originally intended for ID
! (cf. $ 2.
Pbr. Shg. Plur. Sing. 8, 9). But the tense, termination ($ 18, note 7) and possibly stem
P~X! 592: P~Y! 5W 3 masc. vowel (cf. 3 34, note 8) are all abnormal. There is no other
;%5$? 59~g i s 5 ~ ~
57~99 2 masc. example of the 3 plur. imperf. Haphel of an Y"Y verb in O T A .
5*P2 ~YPB 59992 519'8 I com. See also notes above, and for n?%;l or n?;! (Dan. 2. 34, 45), 5 17,
note 6.
IMPERATIVE. IMPERATIVE.
PZur. Sing. PZzrr. Sifzg. $ 36. VERBAL SUFFIXES
35rVK ~ Y B qbrv 5iu . masc.
2
l*. For the various forms of the accusative suffixes see pp. go-
K ~ P K '~'VK K$SY fem.
91. In P T M the suffixes added to verbal stems ending in a con-
l*. Following Dalman's precedent, and in accordance with the sonant are those of $ 4 and the suffixes added to stems ending in
analogy of OTA, the final radical has been doubled in the above a vowel are presumably those of $ 1 2 , note 2, although the only
table, before vocalic endings, in the Peal perfect and imperative, possible vocalic stem is the 2 sing. fem. perf. (for the 2 s. m. and the
but not in the Aphel. In Berliner's Onkelos doubling is not indi- 3 pl. see notes 3 and 5). I n O j the variations from the suffixes of
cated in any tense. $$ 4 and 12 are in the I singular, '; or '!-for F, and in the 3 plural,
2705 L
 82 5 36. VERBAL SUFFIXES
where the independent pronoun ]$3P is substituted for iin (ii). For
the forms of the sufixes added to the 3 s. f. perf. see note 6. I n OJ,
in agreement with the Hebrew text, the suffix of the 2 plural is rarely
found. I t seems never to occur with a 3 sing. masc. perf. stem.
a*. I n OJ IWY is joined in writing to the verbal stem with
which it is associated, N being omitted when the stem ends in a
consonant and the form being reduced to PJ with the 3 s. f. perf
and to 173 in union with stems ending in a vowel (pa+?, F J ~ ~ $ v ,
iurnh?). The forms of the verbal stems are not modified before
IMK except in the I s. perf., in which n?l??, n?'n2 and k?'n?K
are used for n793, &c. . .
3*. The difference between P T M and 0 J in the endings of the
3 plur. perf. and 2 plur. imperat. involves a further difference in the
sufixes attached to these forms. P T M uses the suffixes appro-
priate to the consonantal ending Gn, while 01 uses those reauired
by the vocalic ending li. Examples: R')$?$K (25. ii. z), 'r?l?BK
(Gen. 19. 16).
Perfect 3 s. m. and 3 pl. m. 4. For the stem forms of the
3 s. m. and 3 pl. m. perfects Peal and Aphel with suffixes see
paradigm, p. go. Pael perfects are treated like Aphels. I n the
suffixed forms of the perfects Pael and Aphel the final stem vowel
generally becomes vocal shewa both in the 3 sing. and the 3 plural
('P?$K, Gen. 19.16) although sometimes the orthography of P T M
presumably indicates the retention of the full vowel (20. ii. 2 ,
w'!.u'>PK,2 I. I, '!~3'>nK).
. .
OJ plural forms are sometimes found in P T M (26.8, ?Jrtig)!).
Sometimes the vowel points in Dalman's Dialekfproden are un-
necessarily those of OJ, instead of being those of PTM. I n
21. ii. 7 ]?JUG: should be ]bU$, and in 28.5 P5B78 should be fi~iS7p.
2 sing. and 1 sing. 6. In OJ and P T M the forms of the
I sing. perf. with sufixes are like n??, &c. The 2 sing. masc.
and I sing. com. with suffixes of the 3 s. m. or 3 pl. (where
$ 3 6 . VERBAL SUFFIXES 83
ambiguity arises) are distinguished in OJ by the use of the form
$?3 for the 2 s. m. But ambiguous forms with suffixes of the
3 sing. fem. like nfi32vK ' I have found her' (Gen. 38. 22) and
'thou hast found her' (Gen. 38. 23) are in use. '39?2w (Gen.
31. 28) = aaPaxOav~l(Matt. 27. 46), having a suffix of the first
person, can only mean 'thou hast forsaken me '. I n P T M the
2 S. m. is clearly distinguished from the I sing. com. by its employ-
ment of the termination inn (note 8) before suffixes ('$7?2w,
. .
3lGn8~U). The 2 sing. fem. perf. is distinguished by its retention
of the old termination i before suffixes ( ~ ? ' g n 2 ? ~ ) .
3 a. f. 6*. The 3 sing. fem. perf. with suffixes is sometimes
written as if it were r sing. com. (3'??$~ 'she counselled him ',
Judg. I. 14). All the cases noted by Praetorius (Judg. I. 14) are
forms in which thesuffix is 3 s. m. The unambiguous forms are :
v~nn5v,~,nn>w,ienn5v, . i q. n .k ; ~ n. 5. va*n&v,
, .. q>w.
1 plur. and 2 plur. 7. The suffixed stem of the I plur. perf.
in OJ is the same as the independent stem, but written without K
~;l!n5v). Instead of no!n$ the form Y$p is used. I n P T M the
forms n!i$~, &c., are used with sufixes. Dalman explains n as
derived from the accus. particle n: (5 4, note 4). The suffixed stems
of the 2 plur. mhsc. perf. are like m n 5 in ~ OJ (suffixes as $ I 2) and
in P T M (suffixes as in 8 4).
like ] l n n > ~
Imperf. stems. 8*. The stems of imperfects with suffixes are
treated similarly in OJ and PTM. The syllable inn is added to
the stems of all imperfects (cf. Hebrew 137:Y!), except in OJ before
the 3 plur. masc. suffix. The suffixes are the same as those added
to perfect stems. (See paradigm, p. go f.). T h e orthography Pa??F
for ]?3gy! and ;sa?ql! for ]lP?'fl! in Yemenite MSS. is a Hebraism
due to late correctors (Diettrich in ZATW. XX. 152).
Imperat. stems. 0. I n OJ singular imperative stems with
suffixesremain unchanged and the suffixes are those of $ I 2, except
in the cases of the I sing. and 3 plural. I n P T M the Pael and
L 2
 84 $ 36. VERBAL SUFFIXES
I $37. VERBAL SUFFIXES W I T H ~ " 5STEMS
Aphel singular imperat. stems with suffixes are identical with the
corresponding perfect stems. The Peal imperat. stem is distin-
guished from its perfect by the vowels i or ri following the initial
! (cf. $ 36, note 7). Examples: x'n?? and x9n;nn (or W!'p!7),
radical. These vowels are sometimes indicated in the MSS. by
yodh and waw respectively.
The imperative plural stem in OJ is like 9333 and in P T M like
In34 (see paradigm, p. 91). Pael and Aphel perfect and impera-
tive plural forms are generally not distinguishable. The Aphel
imperat. in OJ occasionally retains its final stem vowel (e. g. K;P'BK
'bring her out ' = K???Qg).
S"Y stems. lo*. The forms of qf'Y verbs undergo no change
when suffixes are attached (but see $ 32, note 2).
Syntax. 11. The use of an anticipative pronominal suffix
before a definite accusative governed by a verb, an idiom character-
istic of Syriac, is found occasionally in OJ (Gen. 39. 15, W ' p V
'fl) a9v:55 'he left his garment beside me ') and P T b l (22. ii. 4,
Kp'$$J x'l?B 'he ordered the messenger '; 21. 7, 22. ii. 6).
12. The subject of a dependent clause introduced by 7 is also
sometimes preceded by an anticipative pronoun (16. 6, J'~@U
)'3q 'he found that he had been selling '). It is idiomatic to
put the subject of such a dependent clause into the principal
sentence as an object (16. ii. 11, a'??? O'Kty K%3?> Kpn
'he saw that the buyer was standing behind him ').
13. Occasionally the object pronoun of the 3 plural is used
indefinitely for ' some people ' (28. 4, ] ' > p ~~ h ~hensaw some
men killing' (mice) ; for the verbal stem nnn see 5 37, note I).
$ 37.' VERBAL SUFFIXES W I T H K"5 STEMS
Perf. 3 s. m. 1. In P T M the termination of 3 s. m. of all
perfects with suffixes is treated like the ending of a feminine noun
1 To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar.
85
I
3'nlD3, 3'nlr?!U. .. I n the derived stems these forms, when un-
vocalized, are the same as the 3 s. f. (note 4), and in the Peal i.1?'?!?
is always ambiguous, 'he saw him' or 'she saw him ' (note 5).
2. In OJ the 3 s. m. perf. Peal with-suffixeseither retains (con-
sonantal) K (q$!n, Z'KE, &c.) or is treated as ending in a vowel
I
(9E, ';1!?). With ]?3? the suffixed forms are like /735.
3 s . m . a n d 3 p1.m. 3. I n O J t h e 3 s . m . a n d 3 p l . m . p e r -
fects Pael and Aphel with suffixes generally preserve the third
radical yodh. Examples : W :!a' U (Gen. 2. IS), 3!31!8 (Gen. 2. 22)'
. . (Gen. 3. IS), 'i73'TU (Judg. I . 7). With IrPK the ordinary
'!!YPK
stem is used (]33'!3U).
I n P T M the third radical yodh is sometimes retained both in
Peal perfects (25. iii. 7, x1J"nr2 = w7JVnf2), and in perfects of the
derived stems (cf. notes I and 5).
3 s. f. 4. I n OJ and PTM the ending of the 3 s. f. of i perfects
($ 27) is generally contracted to n'. before suffixes. Examples :
8 9 n 9 p ~ uxm9pp
, (Judg. 4. I ~ ) q?'n9#
, (Chmt. 18. 13). In P T M
these are also imperative forms (note 7).
Perf. stems. 5. In the other parts of the perfect tenses suffixes
are generally added to the unchanged verbal stem. Examples:
3'n!q (3 s. f.), '??'!!I(0J 2 s. m), ?'!'Ir?: (I sing.), '?it? ( 0J 3 ~ 1 .
perf. Peal), 3+)irn(PTM 3 pl.). For 3?;y ( I plur.) see ( 36,
note 7.
I n some supralinear MSS. the ending of the 3 pl. m. pf. Peal with
suffixes is written z2 instead of 6 (K?qnp, Judg. I. 8 ; Iralnp, Judg.
1. 4).
Impf. stems. 6. In all in~perf.tenses the suffixed stem is made
by adding 3 to the ordinary stem (5 36, note 8). Examples:
2 ,2 . When fa$ is used the forms are like that of ]93+Jn!.
I n some supralinear MSS. the vowels before nn are i instead of F,
and instead of 5 (7'2171, 2'?373!). Cf. OTA, $ 38, note 5.
 86 $37. VERBAL SUFFIXES W I T H $5 STEMS $ 3 8 . VERBAL SUFFIXES I N O T A 87
Imperat. stems. 7. In OJ imperatives 2 s. m. and 2 pl. m. . . With the suffix of the 2 pl. m. is
ples : a?!?:, q??!ye, FI??w!~w:.
stems are unchanged when suffixes are added ('?it!?, '?'!3EI;). In written, without daghesh, and in one case the preceding vowel is
some MSS. P is written for 5 and forms with consonantal yodh are seghol (]i2@?, Dan. 3. 15; ]?J~>UW!, Ezra 7.21). In the case
also found (K?!!nK, Judg. I. 24). of two imperfects used in a jussive sense the suffixes are added to
In P T M the termination i of the 2 s. m. is treated like a femi- the verbal stem without nn (q)??:, Dan. 4.16 ; 795:2j, Dan. 5.10).
nine termination (23. ii. 7, R'n'nlu). 2 pl. m. forms are like ]ijib?K Imperat. stems. 4. The only imperatt. with suffixes in O T A
(for which in 28. 5 Dalman puts p.1h:EI;),
are ?)w (Dan. 2. 24), ' 7 6 ~ " ~ a n . 4. 201, and one from a 83
Participles. 8. nn is used with other suffixed stems than verb (note 5). They agree with the forms of OJ (§ 36, note 9).
those named above, e. g. with participles (29. 7, n9!.'?.9n, i.e. n9?.'EDQ). $5 verbs. 5. There are seven cases in O T A of ~ " verbs 5
with suffixes attached. The PERFECT form an139 ' I have built
5 38. VERBAL SUFFIXES I N O T A it' (Dan. 4. 27) is peculiar in having a i for E (5 28, note 6) and
seghol for vocal shewa. Some MSS. read Rn:!?. The other cases
SufEx forms. 1. T h e forms of the verbal suffixes in OTA
of perfect stems with suffixes (';l??, '?~Jw)agree with the practice
and the treatment of the stems to which they are attached agree
of OJ (5 37, notes 2 and 5).
closely with the corresponding features of OJ. The accusative
I n the 3 s. m. IMPERFECT before 3 the Sere of the indepen-
pronoun 'them' is not expressed by a suffix but by some one of
dent form (1.ln;) is replaced by hireq ('!an', ??!I) and in the plural
three independent pronouns-jm;! (eight times), ]in? (three times),
C? is replaced by u ('JEl,???, 2 pl. m. impf. Haphel). For similar
and j3JK (Dan. 6. 25). The suffixes attached to verbal stems vary
forms in OJ see $ 37, note 6.
according as the stem ends in a consonant or a vowel. I n the
The only ~ " 5IMPERATIVE form is the 2 pl. m. imperat.
former case, they are the same as the suffixes joined to nouns,
Haphel '!in? (Dan. 2. 6).
except that '3 is me ' and that K! .. is written for K-! in the only
7"Y verbs. 6. No change takes place in the stems of Y"' verbs
case of its occurrence (Dan. 2. 23). I n the latter case, the suffixes
when suffixes are attached (but see 5 32, note 2).
that actually occur are : ' 2 , 7 (2 s. m.), '7 (8 12) K,! and 173.
Perf. stems. 2. The stems of the 3 s. m. and 3 pl. m. of all
perfects are treated as in OJ (see OJ paradigm, p. go). Examples:
nnnn, qr$v;r, r!r5pp, *;nip?...
The only examples of other parts of a perfect tense with suffixes
are two of the 2 s. m. in Dan. 2. 2 3 ('!gyliz and K??ylin) and one
I sing of a ~ " verb
5 (note 5).
Imperf. stems. 3. Imperfects with suffixes closely resemble
those of OJ and P T M ($ 36, note 8). 3. is combined with stems
ending in a consonant and 3 with stems ending in a vowel. Exam-
0
,-:
p2. p2.
,-;
fi. -= &. ,-.
,-: ,p.. ,-:
p.,
h'i,hh..3.&h*h..'nF,;
I; E. c..c
I%' T\i' P3 111'

-
,-. ,-. I-:
"
a-,

9 *-
5 . -
r
j
,-I
y.E.
,-I
n
E. E.
e.fi. I-&.
.-
t-1
n 9.r..

X i : '.. '.. E.. B

2:
5 c
21. 2:. $
-
n
n,
nt

-
.. ;;"
5; n; PI 2: 9: 2:
5 5. 3 jxz,.
nt

n-
**
x r-
Q..
nt
E'
n+
Q.. O.. Q..
nt

5-'%
9 n~

1:. 1:. x . 1:. 1:. Z . X . 1:. z. %. -. a. E. a.

K ..~..~..E..~..~..r..K..K..r..
I;I..n..n..nn..n..n..nn..n..
5:: r;.. I;..
I;..
C: n.. n.. no
K: G: K: K: K: K. K: K: KL K: h
h 5 t :K
n.

E
'n h l 'ECn .E.
%
E..
. &' =
h -h &
--
z h5. .5h ... hg. . 2-

E..

x. X . X . X ' X . 1:. X . X . 1:. X . -.,-=, E. a. E.

EI E,
j E,
n . .E, . tn .En
. nE
t n . .EI
. . El
5; 5:. 5:. s:,
n . . n .E . . nE.l. n n . . n . . n" n.. n.. n

2e
EI EI
z1?5;.
,+ 5;.
1:
El EI
E.. 9. 2 X
-5 5..-
E' E,
n -
n E..
n EI p
 F:. Fi: F:. ' :. '
re. I-.. '
,7- Jr ,7- J? .JF
3;2;2;2:.3.
a p.n c 'il

F!. I-;'
"'
1 , .-n..
A
 OLD TESTAMENT ARAMAIC
Personal pronouns (nominafives).
n!pF ,K!324 K$
! I corn.
p!K pMN) F;rK 2 masc.
- - fern.
im? ,]:a8 Kqn 3 masc.
1F
:' K'? fem.

Demonsiralive pronouns and adjerfives.

that K)n ,I?? ,q? this masc.
- ,127 ,7? K? fem.
those 1998 ,q>H these ir>e ,I&
(17N) 58
Inflexion of Noans.
~IHP
?!'ti air Singular absolute.
n>Kv nlrn air construct.
N$K~ m!'n ~piq emphatic.

]>KY n ppir Plural absolute.

n)hv n!rn 9 ~ 5 9 construct.
n?)~? ~?!*n qgi* emphatic.

Nouns wifh su$xes.

PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR.

??? V T ~ *p\* 'nV I sing.

nn!'~ anl'n yini' nni* 3 S. m.

an!!' nn!*n (iar*) ngir nnir f.
~:n!‘? ~:n!'n (N)~V) yni* ~!nir I plur.
li33i'F I ~ J ~ D ii39@* aj- 1Bqir 2 PI. m.
f.
; i q r n ]i?nyn ah- IinQ~i* ah- ]inn\* 3 pl. rn.
l'ilnirn I9il3?!7 jq'ni* 1';lni~ f.
 OTA PARADIGM O F VERB

HOPHAL. HITHPAAL. HITHPeEL. HAPHEL. HAPHEL. PAEL. PeAL. P~AL.

2 S. m.
f.
w
I sing. e
3 pl. m.
f.
2 p1. m.

f.
I pl.

3?1q 2 s. m.
f.
I sing.'

jun~n: p3rt:n: trq?;l; . :

pw2r vvp: pn?:
.. 3 pl. m.
I?'?! IF'! f.
1qyn lrq?;19 j'iq27 IW~W ]r37?? 2 pl. m.
f.
a?? I pl.
Imperative.
w
351 s. m.
2 cn
'??? f.
%3n? 2 pl. m.

n;vpn? n??;n? np+:'o n?m;! 322 33gn

nn~yp? nap;! n y q
m~nn . . (5kn)
aman 3n? Ptc. act.
Iq?p (q.Sg~)
q3nn a?:3p1 . .
m;lp 1n2p Ptc. pass.
1 See 5 16, note 12. 2 See $ 18, notes 3 and 4.
 cl
t4i w
e, n..--
5' g'
n.. Q.
c.n.. E. C.
fi E, n 6
n..
2
X 5:.2. n..
6:
r, 9

n.. c
111
.

n n.-
6 a. n- a fi..
9 Q..
rt

n n 5' n n+E. n KO
c n n

i ',
0 C.. -.

i-; C.. -.
. g r: r- c," -5
P a
n > a g g
--I

'=
Ll