Shawn Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. Assistant Professor Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University of Newfoundland spkenny@engr.mun.ca
Lecture 15 Objective
to examine engineering models to analyse geotechnical loads, pipeline/soil interaction and structural load effects for offshore pipelines
Overview
Geotechnical Loads
Soil mechanical behaviour
Pipeline/Soil Interaction
Load transfer mechanisms
Design Considerations
Installation
Pipeline embedment On-bottom roughness
Rock dump
Operations
Thermal expansion Lateral and upheaval buckling On-bottom stability
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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Key Issues
Soil type Strength parameters Loaddisplacement behaviour
Ref: BCOG (2001)
Pipeline/Soil Interaction
Engineering Tools
Guidance documents
SLS ULS
Stress
Combined loading
criteria
Strain
Transverse Lateral
Vertical Upward
Vertical Downward
Ref: ALA (2001)
Trench Effects
Engineering Models Load-Displacement
Centrifuge models Large-scale physical models Continuum FEA
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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Buried Performance
Thermal
Flow assurance
Mechanical
Uplift, flotation, subsidence during pipe lay Upheaval buckling during operations Ref: C-CORE
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Example 15-01
Calculate the virtual anchor point, axial strain and end deflection due to thermal expansion for a buried pipeline Design condition
Partial restraint
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Example 15-01 Calculate the anchor point, axial strain and end deflection due to thermal expansion for a buried offshore pipeline located outside the 500m excursion limit. DEFINED UNITS MPa := 10 Pa
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kPa := 10 Pa
GPa := 10 Pa
C := K
kN := 10 N
PIPELINE SYSTEM PARAMETERS Nominal Outside Diameter Initial Selection Nominal Wall Thickness (Sec.5 C203 Table 5-3) External Corrosion Protection Coating Thickness Fabrication Process (Sec.7 B300 Table 7-1) [SMLS, HFW, SAW] Corrosion Allowance (Sec.6 D203) Elastic Modulus Specified Minimum Yield Stress (Sec.7 B300 Table 7-5) Speciifed Minimum Tensile Stress (Sec.7 B300 Table 7-5) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Poisson's Ratio Pipeline Route Length Linepipe Density Concrete Coating Thickness Concrete Coating Density OPERATATIONAL PARAMETERS API Gravity Product Contents Density cont := 1000 kg m
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Do := 273.1mm tnom := 9.525mm tcpc := 0mm FAB := "SMLS" tcorr := 3mm E := 205GPa SMYS := 450MPa SMTS := 535MPa T := 1.15 10 := 0.3 Lp := 25km tc := 50mm s := 7850kg m c := 3050kg m
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API := 38
kg
Design Pressure (Gauge) Safety Class (Sec.2 C200-C400) [L, M, H] Design Pressure Reference Level Temperature Differential Maximum Water Depth Seawater Density Hydrotest Fluid Density
w := 1025kg m t := 1025kg m
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GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS Undrained Shear Strength Adhesion Factor Cu := 25kPa soil := 0.25
DNV OS-F101 PARTIAL FACTORS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS System Operations Incidental/Design Pressure Factor (Sec.3 B304) System Test Incidental/Design Pressure Factor (Sec.3 B304) Material Resistance Factor (Sec.5 C205 Table 5-4) Safety Class Resistance Factor (Sec.5 C206 Table 5-5) Material Strength Factor (Sec.5 C306 Table 5-6) Maximum Fabrication Factor (Sec.5 C307 Table 5-7) fab := 1.00 if FAB = "SMLS" 0.93 if FAB = "HFW" 0.85 if FAB = "SAW" fab = 1.00 inc_o := 1.10 inc_t := 1.00 m := 1.15 SC := 1.138 U := 0.96
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Diameter Fabrication Tolerance(Sec.7 G200 Table 7-17) Do := max( 0.5mm , 0.0075 Do) if FAB = "SMLS" Do 610mm 0.01 Do if FAB = "SMLS" Do > 610mm min( max( 0.5mm , 0.0075 Do) , 3.2mm) if FAB = "HFW" Do 610mm min( 0.005 Do , 3.2mm) if FAB = "HFW" Do > 610mm min( max( 0.5mm , 0.0075 Do) , 3.2mm) if FAB = "SAW" Do 610mm min( 0.005 Do , 3.2mm) if FAB = "SAW" Do > 610mm Wall Thickness Fabrication Tolerance(Sec.7 G307 Table 7-18) tfab := 0.5mm if FAB = "SMLS" tnom 4mm 0.125 tnom if FAB = "SMLS" tnom > 4mm 0.125 tnom if FAB = "SMLS" tnom 10mm 0.100 tnom if FAB = "SMLS" tnom 25mm 3mm if FAB = "SMLS" tnom 30mm 0.4mm if FAB = "HFW" tnom 6mm 0.7mm if FAB = "HFW" tnom > 6mm 1.0mm if FAB = "HFW" tnom > 15mm 0.5mm if FAB = "SAW" tnom 6mm 0.7mm if FAB = "SAW" tnom > 6mm 1.0mm if FAB = "SAW" tnom > 10mm 1.0mm if FAB = "SAW" tnom > 20mm Material Derating (Sec.5 C300 Figure 2) SMYS := 0MPa if T < 50C SMYS = 10.00 MPa tfab = 1.191 mm Do = 2.048 mm
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ENGINEERING ANALYSIS PIPELINE GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES Inside Pipeline Diameter (Operations Case) Di_o := Do 2. tcorr 2. tfab Inside Pipeline Radius (Operations Case) Ri_o := 0.5 Di_o Effective Outside Pipeline Diameter De := Do + 2. tcpc + 2. tc Pipeline Steel Area Ast := 4 Do ( Do 2 tnom)
2 2
Di_o = 264.72 mm
Ri_o = 132.36 mm
De = 373.10 mm
Ast = 7.89 10 mm
Ac = 5.08 10 mm
Ae = 1.09 10 mm
Ai = 5.50 10 mm
BUOYANCY FORCE (per meter basis) BF := g m ( w Ae c Ac s Ast) Buoyancy Force Check BFchk := "NEGATIVE BUOYANCY" if BF < 0 "FLOTATION" otherwise External Hydrostatic Pressure Pe := w g h l HOOP STRESS (THIN WALL THEORY) h := 2 ( tnom tcorr tfab) Pd Di_o Pe Do h = 248.13 MPa Pe = 0.00 MPa BFchk = "NEGATIVE BUOYANCY" BF = 1.03 kN
SOIL RESISTANCE PARAMETERS Soil Axial Restraint per Unit Length (Eqn B-1 ALA 2001 f := De Cu soil
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f = 7.33 10 N m
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Distance to Virtual Anchor Point - Assumes constant temperature (conservative) - Equation 9 of Palmer and Ling (1981) OTC4067 Pd Ri_o f
2
z :=
1 2 +
2 tnom Pd Ri_o
E T T
z = 157.51 m
Virtual Anchor Length Check zchk := "VIRTUAL ANCHOR OK" if z < 0.5 Lp "RECALCULATE" otherwise COMBINED STRESS STATE Axial End Displacement end :=
2 fz Pd Ri_o ( 1 2) + T T z 4 E Ri_o tnom 2 E tnom
end = 56 mm
Axial End Displacement [Equation 12 - Palmer and Ling (1981) OTC 4067]
Palmer = 56 mm
Axial Stress (For X < Z) x 75 := 0.75 z l_75 := Pd Ri_o 2tnom f 2 Ri_o tnom x 75 l_75 = 39.77 MPa
eqchk :=
"EQUIVALENT STRESS OK" if eq < 0.9 SMYS "INCREASE WALL THICKNESS" otherwise
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Reading List
http://www.fugro.com/survey/offshore/gcs.asp ALA (2001). Guideline for the Design of Buried Steel Pipe. July 2001, 83p. [2001_ALA_Design_Guideline.pdf] Cathie, D.N., Jaeck, C., Ballard, J.-C. and Wintgens, J.-F. (2005). Pipeline geotechnics state-of-the-art. Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, ISFOG, ISBN 0 415 39063 X, pp.95-114 [2005_Cathie_PSI.pdf] Palmer, A.C. and Ling, M.T.S. (1981). Movements of Submarine Pipelines Close to Platforms. Proc., OTC, OTC 4067, pp.17-24. Palmer, A.C., Ellinas, C.P., Richards, D.M. and Guijt, J. Design of Submarine Pipelines Against Upheaval Buckling. Proc., OTC, OTC 6335, pp.551-560.
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References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics BCOG (2001). BC Offshore Oil & Gas Technology Update, JWEL Project No. BCV50229, October 19, 2001 DNV (2007). Submarine Pipeline Systems. Offshore Standard, DNV OS-F101, October 2007, 240p. Langley, D. (2005). A Resourceful Industry Lands the Serpent, Journal of Petroleum Technology, 57(10), 6p. Phillips, R. A. Nobahar and J. Zhou (2004). Trench effects on pipe-soil interaction. Proc. IPC, IPC 04-0141, 7p.
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