Abstract Numerous advances in all areas of concrete technology including materials, mixtureproportioning, recycling, structural design, durability requirements,

testing and specificationshave been made. Throughout the world some progress has been made in utilizing theseinnovations but largely these remain outside routine practice. The use of waste materials in construction is an issue of great importance in this century. Utilization of waste glass and rubber particles in concrete addresses this issue. The combination of waste glass with portland cement or with activated fly ash offers an economically viable technology for high-value utilization of the industrial wastes. 1. Introduction Developing and maintaining worlds infrastructure to meet the future needs ofindustrialized and developing countries is necessary to economically grow and improve thequality of life. The quality and performance of concrete plays a key role for most ofinfrastructure including commercial, industrial, residential and military structures, dams,power plants and transportation systems. Concrete is the single largest manufactured materialin the world and accounts for more than 6 billion metric tons of materials annually. The industrialized and developing world is facing the issues related to newconstruction as well as repair and rehabilitation of existing facilities. Rapid construction andlong term durability are requirements on most projects. Initial and life-cycle costs play amajor role in todays infrastructure development. There have been number of notableadvancements made in concrete technology in the last fifty years. Some of these advanceshave been incorporated in routine practices. But, in general the state-of-practice has lagged farbehind the state-of-art. This is particularly true for public sector projects. There is anincreasing concern in most of the world that it takes unduly long time for successful concreteresearch products to be utilized in practice. Even though some advances have been made inquick implementation of new concrete technology, significant barriers to innovation andimplementation remain. Continued coordination of ongoing international research andeducational programs is needed. 2. Advances in Concrete Technology Numerous advances in all areas of concrete technology including materials, mixtureproportioning, recycling, structural design, durability requirements, testing and specificationshave been made. Innovative contracting mechanisms have been considered, explored andtried. Some progress has been made in utilizing some ofthese technology innovations, butlargely these remain outside routine practice. The following sections describe some of theinnovations. 2.1. Concrete materials

The development of chemical admixtures has revolutionized concrete technology in the lastfifty years. The use of air entraining admixtures, accelerators, retarders, water reducers andcorrosion inbitititors are commonly used for bridges and pavements. The use of self-consolidating concrete is beginning (mostly used for precast elements). Shrinkage reducingadmixtures are rarely used for bridges and pavements. Supplementary cementitious materialse.g. fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and silica fume are routinely used. 2.2. Use of recycled materials in concrete The use of recycled materials generated from transportation, industrial, municipal and miningprocesses in transportation facilities is a issue of great importance. Recycled concreteaggregates and slag aggregates are being used where appropriate. As the useable sources fornatural aggregates for concrete are depleted utilization of these products will increase.Utilization of fly ash and GGBFS in concrete addresses his issue in addition to improvingconcrete properties. The replacement of Portland cement by fly ash or GGBFS reduces thevolumes of cement utilized which is a major benefit since the cement manufacture is asignificant source of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. Silica fume is a comparativelyexpensive product and it is added in smaller quantities in concrete mixture rather than as acement replacement. 2.3. Concrete mixture proportioning Continuous gradation and consideration of workability during laboratory testing are slowlygaining acceptance in practice. The utilization of laboratory as well as fullscale trial batchesare used on major projects. 2.4. Concrete mechanical properties Higher strength concrete for bridges are commonly used for columns and beams. Higherstrength concrete usually provide higher abrasion resistance and where appropriate this isconsidered in the bridge deck and pavement designs. 2.5. Concrete durability properties Concrete durability requirements are specified on most major bridge and pavement projects.Typically the requirements are based on Rapid Chloride Permeability Test. This is asurrogate procedure which measures flow of electrical current. The lack of better laboratoryand field tests has hindered progress in this area. 2.6. Concrete tests The utilization of advanced test procedures e.g. various shrinkage tests, air-void analyzer andnon-destructive tests have become widespread. The non-destructive tests including maturitytest are gaining wider acceptability. Workability test for stiff concrete mixes is beingevaluated by several organizations. 2.7. Concrete construction control In-situ concrete testing, effective curing practices and utilization of computer software tomonitor concrete strength development as well as minimizing cracking potential are used onmajor transportation projects. 2.8. Specifications

Performance related specifications rather than prescriptive specifications for concrete havebeen developed but not widely used. The use of incentive/disincentive clauses inspecifications tend to improve concrete quality. 3. Glascrete: Portland Cement Concrete with Waste Glass as Aggregates There are some advantages for using mixed color glass aggregate in concrete, especially forsome architectural applications. However, being a reactive material, when glass aggregatesare added into portland cement concrete, they inevitably result in a long-term durabilityproblem, called alkali-silica reaction (ASR). The product of ASR is called ASR gel, whichswells with the absorption of moisture. Sometimes the generated pressure due to ASR gel issufficient to induce the development and propagation of fractures in concrete. Therefore, themajor problem that we need to solve for utilization of glass aggregate in portland cementconcrete is how to reduce the long-term damage of concrete due to ASR expansion. There are several approaches that can effectively control the expansion of ASR due toglass aggregate, in addition to the conventional approaches used to minimize ASR expansionof regular portland cement concrete, such as using silica fume and various additives. Firstly, the particle size of glass aggregate is found to have a major influence on ASRexpansion. Since the ASR reaction is clearly a surface-area dependent phenomenon, onewould expect the ASR associated expansion to increase monotonically with aggregatefineness. However, there exists a size of the aggregate at which the maximum expansionoccurs. This is called "pessimum" size. Types of glass also have a significant effect on the ASR expansion. Various types ofglass aggregate were tested including soda-lime glass (used in most beverage containers),Pyrex glass, and fused silica. The maximum expansions of mortar bars made with differentglass aggregate types differ by almost one order of magnitude. Window glass, plate glass, andwindshield glass were found to cause negligible ASR expansion in the ASTM C1260 test. Colors of glass are also important for ASR expansion. Clear glass (the most commonkind in waste glass) was found to be most reactive, followed by amber (brown) glass. Greenglass did not cause any expansion. Depending on the size of glass particle, green glass of fineparticles can reduce the expansion. This implies that finely ground green glass has thepotential for an inexpensive ASR suppressant. The green color comes from added Cr2O3 inthe glass. However, when chromium oxide is added directly into the concrete mix, the ASRexpansion of the concrete is not reduced. So, the ASR suppressing mechanisms of Cr2O3 ingreen glass needs to be further studied.

4. Rubber Modified Concrete (RMC) The advantages of the rubber modified concrete (RMC)(1) The toughness and ductility of RMC are usually higher than that of regular concrete, which makes it suitable for many applications; (2) The density of RMC is lower than the density of regular concrete; and (3) Comparing withother recycling methods, such as using waste tires as fuel in cement plants, RMC makes afully use of the high energy absorption feature of the rubber particles. The disadvantages of RMC are (1) the strength of RMC is usually lower than the strength of regular concrete; and (2) The durability of RMC is not well understood. Low water-cement ratio significantly increases the strength of rubber-modifiedmortars (RMM). An 8% silica fume pre-treatment on the surface of rubber particles canimprove properties of RMM. On the other hand, directly using silica fume to replace equalamount (weight) of cement in concrete mix has the same effect. In general, the bond betweenrubber particles and concrete can be enhanced by increasing electrostatic interactions and/orfacilitating chemical bonding. Rubber particles were pretreated by coupling agents, and themethod was found to be very effective to improve mechanical properties of the RMC. Threecoupling agents: PAAM, PVA and silane were tested. Although PAAM is quite effective toimprove the interface strength between rubber particles and cement matrix, it has adverseeffect on the workability of the RMC when the rubber content is above 10% of total aggregateby volume. Both PVA and silane are very effective in improving the compressive strength ofthe RMC. There is no adverse effect on workability of the RMC. PVA is more effective thansilane for improving the compressive strength of the RMC. The overall results show thatusing proper coupling agents to treat the surface of rubber particles is a promising technique,which produces a high performance material suitable for many engineering applications. Alkali slag environmental concrete: Alkali-slag concrete, is made from slag powder and alkali component as main constituents of cementitious material. The slag powder may be one or a mix of the following: blast furnace slag, phosphorous slag, titanium-containing slag, manganese slag, basic cupolafurnace slag, aqueous slag from power plant, nickel slag, silica aluminate. The alkalicomponent as an activator is a compound from the elements of first group in the periodictable, so such material is also called as alkali activated cementitious material or cement. Thecommon activators are NaOH, Na2SO4, water glass, Na2CO3, K2CO3, KOH, K2SO4 or a littleamount of cement clinker and complex alkali component; therefore, its activity is more thanthat of compound from the elements of second group as commonly used in traditionalcementitious material. The ions with strong ionic force formed during dissociation of alkalimetal compound, promote the disintegration of slag powder and hydration

of the ions, andthen, such ions take part in the structure formation of cement paste, so the cement hasproperties of rapid hardening and early strength gain. For such type of concrete there is lessCa(OH)2 and high alkali hydrates in hydration products of cement, in case of high Al/Si ratio,there will be some mineral of zeolite type resulting in its high resistance to corrosion. Due toperfect pore structure, small total pore volume, proper distribution of pore diameters, densestructure and good bond of interface between cement and aggregate, the special concrete andconcrete with the strength of 20-120 MPa can be obtained. The concrete mix has a goodworkability with slump of 0-22 cm without water reducing agents. The concrete has a high hardening rate with low heat of hydration, consisting of only1/2 to 1/3 of that for OPC; its impermeability is 1.0-4.0 MPa; the frost resistance reached 300-1000 cycles. There is strong protection of reinforcement with excellent corrosion resistance. Itcan be used for various building elements and monolithic concrete. Structural tests onconcrete elements show that their deformation, bearing capacity and cracking resistanceconform to the requirements of the Chinas standard. For preparing the cementitious materialof JK concrete, only the grinding is required with no calcinations. As for the concreteaggregate, the aggregate with large content of mud or fine particles, heavy loam, sea sand,super fine sand, machined sand etc can be used. It is a low cost, energy saving, low resourceconsumption material, which can promote the recycling of the waste and make anenvironmental concrete with clean production of cement, environment friendly and in goodcoordination with the environment. This concrete prepared from pozzolanic slag activated by alkali has excellentmechanical properties and durability, turning the slag into a resource. During cementproduction, it can lower the environmental load and increase the utilization rate of the slagdue to low energy consumption without emission of CO2 and using the mixed slag. During concrete production, the aggregate with high content of silt and powders can be used as wellas sea sand and powder sand, so the environmental characteristics is quite good and canbecome a new environmental material coordinated with the environment and capable ofsustainable development. Waste Sludge of Smelting Lead and Zinc to Sinter Cement Clinker: For environmental protection, the limitation of waste production and the use of wastematerials have aroused worldwide concerns and initiatives. The heavy metal zinc (Zn) andlead (Pb) industries occupy the 4th and 5th position in the worlds metal industries,respectively. According to the manufacturing processes of lead and zinc, the amount of sludgeof smelting lead and zinc is almost equal to the product of lead and zinc. More and moresludge

of smelting lead and zinc are being produced with the development of zinc and leadindustries. Tons of waste sludge for Zn and Pb heavy metal is generated every year. The chemical components of waste sludge of smelting lead and zinc contain mainlySiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Al2O3, S, and C. The sludge can be used as a raw material forproduction of cement clinker. The proportioning optimization can be done to such an extentthat the waste sludge of smelting lead and zinc is successfully used for replacing 50%siliceous materials and 100% ferrous materials to sinter cement clinker. Using the wastesludge of smelting lead and zinc to fire cement clinkers can improve the fluidity of raw mealslurry and the burnability of raw meal and promote the strength and performance of the cement. Barriers in Applications of New Concrete Technology In order to improve the durability of concrete buildings, bridges, pavements and otherstructures, not only must the technology or state of the knowledge be advanced, but inaddition, that knowledge must of transferred to those doing the work, so that the advancementbecomes state of the practice. This technology transfer or implementation of the results ofresearch into routine use in concrete mixtures, structural design and construction practices is achallenge that has often lagged considerably behind the actual technical advancements.Research projects need to be developed and conducted with implementation of the results inmind. It is of vital importance to involve the practitioners and users of the research projects in all the activities from formulation of research ideas and plans through product development,delivery and deployment. This involvement and resultant buy-in from the future users of thetechnology from the time of research project initiation leads to quicker technology transferand implementation. Once the research has been completed, a number of possible implementation mechanismsneed to be considered in order to select the right approach for successful transfer of thetechnology to the practitioner. The best approach will depend on the form of the researchresults. The processes used to bring techniques for improvement in concrete performance anddurability through research to practice were discussed in previous sections. Innovation cyclebegins and ends with user involvement. Other barriers in the successful implementation ofnew concrete technologies are as follows: No perceived need on the part of the intended user. Inadequate Research and Development No Champion

Too complex Poor economics Institutional opposition Lack of persistence Conclusions and Recommendations Significant advances have been made in concrete technology during the last fifty years. Many of the innovations have been incorporated in the routine practice. Some of the successful examples are discussed in this paper. Major barriers in application of new concrete technology remain. Technology transfer is not easy.