“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement.

”
 The following is intended to outline our general product direction. It
is intended for information purposes only, and may not be
incorporated into any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any
material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon in
making purchasing decision. The development, release, and timing
of any features or functionality described for Oracle’s products
remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.
 Jonathan Maron
Consultant Member
Tech Staff

“This presentation is for informational purposes only and may not be incorporated into a contract or agreement.”
Performance
Tuning for J2EE
Applications
Tier by Tier
Agenda

• Background
• Approach
• J2EE Tier by Tier
• Tuning
• Scaling
• Monitoring
Agenda

• Background
• Approach
• J2EE Tier by Tier
• Tuning
• Scaling
• Monitoring
Performance Issues Abound!

2003 Wily Benchmark Survey shows

• 60% of time Java applications fail to meet user
expectations
• Only 42% of applications perform as planned during
deployment
• 57% of application performance spent in data access

2004 Forrester
• 66% of time developers find out about performance
problems from user calls!
J2EE Application Complexity
Client Side Server-Side Server-Side Enterprise
Presentation Presentation Business Logic Information Systems

Web EJB
Browser
Server Container
Pure
HTML JSP EJB

Java
Applet Servlet EJB

Desktop
Java
JSP EJB
Application

Device
J2EE J2EE J2EE
Platform Platform
Client
 “Premature optimization is the
root of all evil”
- Professor Sir Charles Anthony
Richard Hoare

“There are two rules for when to

optimize:
1. Don't do it.
2. (For experts only) Don't do it
yet.”

- Michael Jackson, Principles of

Program Design
 “Test driven design can lead to
emergent optimization and code that
is readily optimizable. If programmers
develop test first, many of their
upfront concerns about performance
can be deferred.”

- Michael Feathers, Emergent

Optimization in Test Driven Design
What is Performance Tuning?

• Anticipate Performance Requirements

• Balance cost and benefits of optimal
performance
• Optimize
• Response time
• Throughput
• Wait time
Agenda

• Background
• Approach
• J2EE Tier by Tier
• Tuning
• Scaling
• Monitoring
Methodical approach to
performance evaluation
Develop

Evaluate Identify

Test Design
Know your application

• J2EE (which components?)

• JDBC (which datasource class?)
• SSL?
• Single Sign On?
• …
Approach Tuning Issues
Logically and Iteratively
Component

Applications

Application Server

Java Virtual Machine

Database

Hardware and Operating System

Tuning and debugging are ongoing iterative
processes. There are no magic bullets.
Agenda

• Background
• Approach
• J2EE Tier by Tier
• Tuning
• Scaling
• Monitoring
J2EE Application Tuning
Client Side Server-Side Server-Side Enterprise
Presentation Presentation Business Logic Information Systems

Web EJB
Browser
Server Container
Pure
HTML JSP EJB

Java
Applet Servlet EJB

Desktop
Java
JSP EJB
Application

Device
J2EE J2EE J2EE
Platform Platform
Client
Tuning JDBC Performance:
Start with the Obvious
• Use connection pooling
• Connection objects are expensive
• Tailor min and max connections to your
application
• Avoid cycling physical database connections
• Look for database connections timing out
• Tune statement caching
• Cache distinct SQL statements
Connection Pooling

J2EE Container
Application uses
available connections
RacingFacade

Connection Pooling
From the Container
• create
• teamOrders
•...
Toplink Indirection – Just in Time
Reading
• Use of proxy to defer reading until required
• Very valuable performance feature
• Several Implementation Options
• Explicit proxy
• Dynamic proxy (java.lang.reflect.Proxy)
• Development time class enhancement (source or byte codes)
• Dynamic class enhancement

Customer ValueHolder Address

List PhoneNumber
Tune Your SQL!

• Easier said than done

• What is the real SQL running in CMP EJB?
• Look at the SQL on the wire
• Tools like P6Spy, Oracle Enterprise Manager
• Minimize database calls
• Toplink Indirection, join reading, and batch reading
reduces DB round-trips
• Become good friends with your DBA
• Tune using traditional techniques
• Explain plan
• Tools like SQLPlus and Oracle9i JDeveloper
D E M O N S T R A T I O N

JDBC
Performance
J2EE Application Tuning
Client Side Server-Side Server-Side Enterprise
Presentation Presentation Business Logic Information Systems

Web EJB
Browser
Server Container
Pure
HTML JSP EJB

Java
Applet Servlet EJB

Desktop
Java
JSP EJB
Application

Device
J2EE J2EE J2EE
Platform Platform
Client
EJB - Locking-Mode and
Isolation
• Pessimistic locking is generally slower
• May be required for applications where data
collisions are likely
• Increasing isolation decreases performance
• Evaluate your data consistency requirements
Transactions and Performance

• Entity beans load/store data at transaction

boundaries
• Transactions settings affect how often database
is accessed
• Poor performance can be caused by transaction
settings
• Rules of thumb
• Always use transactions for entity bean methods
• Scope the unit of work from a session bean
Session Bean - Tx:None
Entity Bean - Tx:Required
TopicSessionFacade Topic

•create
•findBy
System.out.println(“<Create Test>");
•createTopicSetfor(int i=0;i<3;i++) •getTopicId
{ •getTopicDesc
•printTopicSet TopicLocal topic = •getTopicName
•deleteTopicSet topicHome.create( •setTopicId
new Integer(i),("topic " + i));
topic.setDesc("desc" + i); •setTopicDesc
} •setTopicName
System.out.println(“</Create Test>");

tx:None tx:Required
Resulting Transactional Activity
<Create Test>
Tx create TopicBean: ejbCreate id = 0
TopicBean: ejbStore id = 0
TopicBean: ejbLoad id = 0
Tx setDesc
TopicBean: ejbStore id = 0
Tx create TopicBean: ejbCreate id = 1
TopicBean: ejbStore id = 1 Requires:
TopicBean: ejbLoad id = 1 12 lifecycle
Tx setDesc
TopicBean: ejbStore id = 1 calls
TopicBean: ejbCreate id = 2
Tx create
TopicBean: ejbStore id = 2
TopicBean: ejbLoad id = 2
Tx setDesc TopicBean: ejbStore id = 2
</Create Test>
Session Bean - Tx:Required
Entity Bean - Tx:Required
TopicSessionFacade Topic

•create
•findBy
System.out.println(“<Create Test>");
•createTopicSetfor(int i=0;i<3;i++) •getTopicId
{ •getTopicDesc
•printTopicSet TopicLocal topic = •getTopicName
•deleteTopicSet topicHome.create( •setTopicId
new Integer(i),("topic " + i));
topic.setDesc("desc" + i); •setTopicDesc
} •setTopicName
System.out.println(“</Create Test>");

tx:Required tx:Required
 Resulting Transactional Activity

<Create Test>
TopicBean: ejbCreate id = 0
TopicBean: ejbCreate id = 1
TopicBean: ejbCreate id = 2 Same code:
Tx : createTopic </Create Test 6 lifecycle
TopicBean: ejbStore id = 0 calls
TopicBean: ejbStore id = 1
TopicBean: ejbStore id = 2
 Take Advantage of Your EJB
Container Configuration
Example Type Performance Characteristic Impacted
Parameter
call- Session & Specifies the maximum time to wait for any resource that the EJB container
timeout Entity needs before the container calls the EJB method (excluding DB).

max-tx- Session & Specifies the number of times to retry a transaction that was rolled back due
retries Entity to system level failures.

do-select- CMP Set to false to avoid the extra select before insert (checks if entity already
before-insert exists before doing the insert). Detects a duplicate during insert.

update- CMP Specifies whether the container updates only modified fields or all fields
changed- when ejbStore is invoked. Default true.
fields-only

pool-cache- Stateless Specifies how long to keep stateless sessions cached in the pool.
timeout Session
D E M O N S T R A T I O N

EJB Tuning
J2EE Application Tuning
Client Side Server-Side Server-Side Enterprise
Presentation Presentation Business Logic Information Systems

Web EJB
Browser
Server Container
Pure
HTML JSP EJB

Java
Applet Servlet EJB

Desktop
Java
JSP EJB
Application

Device
J2EE J2EE J2EE
Platform Platform
Client
Tuning Servlet Performance:
Load on Startup
• Increases application start-up time but
decreases first-request latency for servlets
• How?
• Add <load-on-startup> sub-element in
http-website.xml to load the entire web
module on startup
• Add <load-on-startup> sub-element to the
<servlet> element in web.xml to load the
servlet on startup
Tuning JSP Performance:
Pre-Translation
• Pre-compile JSPs into .class files ahead of
time
• In Oracle Application Server, ojspc provides
this functionality
• jsp, and .java
• Batch compilation of war, jar, ear and zip files
% ojspc -dir /myapp/mybindir -srcdir
/myapp/mysrcdir
MyPage.sqljsp MyPage2.jsp
% ojspc -deleteSource myapp.war
Use HTTPSession
Appropriately
• Minimize the objects you store in HTTPSession
• Takes up memory
• Expensive serialization/deserialization if you use
persistence/replication
• Use transient variables to reduce serialization
overhead
• Reduce default session timeout by using
HttpSession.setM axInactiveInterval()
• Remove session objects when no longer in use
• Use <% @ page session="false"% > in JSP pages
where you do not need a session
D E M O N S T R A T I O N

Web Tier
Agenda

• Background
• Approach
• J2EE Tier by Tier
• Tuning
• Scaling
• Monitoring
J2EE Application Tuning
Client Side Server-Side Server-Side Enterprise
Presentation Presentation Business Logic Information Systems

Web EJB
Browser
Server Container
Pure
HTML JSP EJB

Java
Applet Servlet EJB

Desktop
Java
JSP EJB
Application

Device
J2EE J2EE J2EE
Client Platform Platform
Look for Bottlenecks with
Load Testing Tools
• Mercury Loadrunner
• Open source
• Apache JMeter
• Grinder
• Altaworks Panorama
• …
Threads – more aren’t
necessarily better!
• The optimum number of threads required will
probably vary based on application makeup
and load
• Reduction of thread contention is key
• Iterative process
• Don’t get discouraged!
More threads – more
contention!
Transactions Per Second Thread Group Lock Contention

300 50.00%
45.00%
250 40.00%
35.00%
200
30.00%
150 25.00%
20.00%
100 15.00%
10.00%
50
5.00%
0 0.00%
2 4 8 16 32 64 2 4 8 16 32 64

Max Executor Pool Threads Max Executor Pool Threads

Thread Group CPU Thread Group Waiting

18.00% 50.00%
16.00% 45.00%
14.00% 40.00%
35.00%
12.00%
30.00%
10.00%
25.00%
8.00% 20.00%
6.00% 15.00%
4.00% 10.00%
2.00% 5.00%
0.00% 0.00%
2 4 8 16 32 64 2 4 8 16 32 64

Max Executor Pool Threads Max Executor Pool Threads

Objects – be economical!
• Object creation is expensive
• Especially exceptions
• Assess whether unnecessary object creation
is occurring
JVM Tuning

• A number of hotspot VM options are available

for tuning
• -Xms, -Xmx, -Xmn, -XX:SuvivorRatio,…
• Some platform vendors provide additional
options
• HP: -XX:+ForceMmapReserved
• Some platforms are not properly tuned out of
the box for Java processing
Garbage Collection

• Change the JVM Heap size

• java –jar –Xms256m –Xmx256m oc4j.jar
• Monitor collection cycles
• verbose:gc
• Profiling of heap
• JDK 1.5 Jconsole
• Intel Vtune
• HPJtune
• ...
D E M O N S T R A T I O N

JVM Tuning
Agenda

• Background
• Approach
• J2EE Tier by Tier
• Tuning
• Scaling
• Monitoring
Sizing

• Sizing or Capacity Planning relates to either

• How many system resources are needed to
accommodate users
• How many users can be accommodated given a
particular system
• Sizing in relation to Performance, Scalability,
and Stress
Sizing and Scalability

•Scalability
•The ability of a system to
expand, accommodating
increased load with little
or no effect on
performance
Sizing Goals

• What are generally the goals leading to a

sizing exercise?
• Expected system throughput
• Operations per time interval (e.g., Hits/sec,
Transactions/sec, Messages/sec)
• Total of concurrent users
• Maximum response time
• Application size
Sizing Methodology

• Decide on a test hardware configuration that

can be scaled
• Simulate sequence(s) of typical user actions
• Application specific
• Time-of-day specific
• Apply varying load to the system
• Use an appropriate load generation software
(e.g, Mercury LoadRunner, JMeter, etc.)
Sizing Methodology

• Scale hardware if needed to accommodate

load
• Stop when your defined criteria threshold is
met
• Number of operations per time interval
• Number of concurrent users
• Maximum response time
• Iterate to optimize performance by tuning and
adjusting the configuration parameters
Agenda

• Background
• Approach
• J2EE Tier by Tier
• Tuning
• Scaling
• Monitoring
Performance Monitoring

• Optimization doesn’t end with

deployment
• Monitoring tools key to continued
application responsiveness
• Oracle Enterprise Manager
• HP OpenView
Oracle Enterprise Manager
Features: Grid Control

• Application Server Discovery

• Application Server Home Page
• Out-of-box Monitoring
• Historical Collections & Analysis
• Consolidated Group Management
• J2EE Application Diagnostics
• Application Service Level Management
• Configuration Management
Application Server Home Page
Final Thoughts

• Do not optimize prematurely

• E.g. an object pool is not always faster
• Performance tuning is an iterative process
• Do not add threads haphazardly
• Exceptions are expensive
 Next Steps
• Recommended Parallel Sessions
• Simplify System Monitoring, Using Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g,
Monday @ 1:30 pm in Room 302 South
• Leveraging Advanced Features of Oracle Database in J2EE, Thursday
@ 10:30 am in Room 308 South
• Related Demos/Exhibits
• Enterprise Manager, Toplink, and Oracle Container for J2EE (OC4J) pods
located in Exhibit Hall
• Related Web Sites For More Information
• http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/oem/as_mgmt/index.html
• http://download-
west.oracle.com/docs/cd/B14099_11/core.1012/b14001/toc.htm
• http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/J2SE/jconsole.html
Shameless Self Promotion

•From amazon.com
reviews:
•“Required Enterprise
Transactions Reading”
•“All J2EE developers
should read this book”
Q&
A
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS