The sensory memory retains an exact copy of what is seen or heard (visual and 

auditory). It only lasts for a few seconds, while some theorize it last only 300 
milliseconds. It has unlimited capacity. 
Working memory ­ An active process to keep it until it is put to use (think of a 
phone number you'll repeat to yourself until you can dial it on the phone). Note 
that the goal is not really to move the information from STM to LTM, but merely 
put the information to immediate use.

What is special education?

Special education means "educational programming designed specifically for the individual." It can
really help your child do better in school. If your school-aged child qualifies for special education, they
will have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) designed just for them.

• Here is a helpful overview of the special education process.

• Find out all about the process on this comprehensive page from the US Office of Special
Education and Rehabilitative Services. You can also download the information in Word or a
40-page PDF format.

• Find out how to help create a useful IEP for your child.

• Empower yourself to be a great advocate for your child at IEP meetings. Use this Pop-Up IEP
from Hands and Voices, (a support group for families of children who are deaf or hard of
hearing) to find out some of the common hurdles that may come up during the meeting and
how to deal with them. Some of the pop-ups apply more to kids with deafness/hard-of-
hearing, but most will be helpful.

• Help your child take part in making their own IEP, with this Student Guide set of materials
from NICHCY. Developed especially for older students with disabilities, these award-winning
guides include a booklet for students, another for families and professionals, and an
audiotape for everybody!

What are some parenting tips for parents of kids with LD?

• Learn as much as you can about your child's LD.

• Figure out how your child learns best. What are their special skills, talents, and interests? This
information can help you motivate and foster your child's learning. Be open to other ways of
learning. The senses, movement, and listening are all ways of gathering information. What
works best for your child?

• Encourage your child to work on their special talent. When they can really shine in some area,
it helps them feel like a success.

• Give your child unconditional love and support.

• Accept your own mistakes. Model for your child that mistakes do not equal failure! Show your
child that mistakes can be useful and lead to solutions.

• Help your child understand their learning problems and talk about them. Focus on coping
skills.
 • Help your child stay strong in body and mind by providing good food, enough rest, play, and
family outings.

• If you're having trouble coping, get professional counseling. It can be tough handling difficult
behavior from your child and difficult feelings of your own.

• Join a support group for parents of kids with LDs. A support group can help you feel less
alone, get information, and learn strategies from other parents. You will find a number of
resources for finding support at the end of this page.

Dyspraxia is a term that refers to a specific disorder in the area of motor skill development. People with dyspraxia 
have difficulty planning and completing intended fine motor tasks.

Experts aren't exactly sure what causes learning disabilities. LD may be due to: 

• Heredity ­ often learning disabilities run in the family, so it's not uncommon to find that people with LD have 
parents or other relatives with similar difficulties. 

• Problems during pregnancy and birth ­ LD may be caused by illness or injury during or before birth. It may 
also be caused by drug and alcohol use during pregnancy, low birth weight, lack of oxygen and premature or 
prolonged labor. 

• Incidents after birth ­ Head injuries, nutritional deprivation and exposure 
to toxic substances (i.e. lead) can contribute to LD. 

Sanai chaughde ….
A learning disability is not a problem with intelligence, often the individual's IQ falls
within the normal range. The source of the difficulty is in the brain. Children and adults
with a learning disorder have trouble processing sensory information which interferes in
their daily activities at school child with a learning disability cannot try harder, pay closer
attention, or improve motivation on their own; they need help to learn how to do those
things.and work. They see, hear and understand things differently.
Some signs of learning disabilities present themselves in early childhood which is
beneficial because the earlier a problem is recognized, the sooner an intervention can be
made, allowing for a better prognosis. Sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch are all ways the body 
collects information. But the act of using those senses is only the first step towards being able to use the data 
they've collected. The information the body collects is sent to the brain which recognizes it, understands it, 
responds to it and stores it; repeating this pattern hundreds and even thousands of times each day. Information 
processing makes it possible for a person to complete all the tasks that are required in a given day, from brushing 
teeth to grocery shopping to watching TV. 

3. Mathematics difficulties:
Visual perception (numbers and shapes)
Memory (recalling math facts)
Motor functions (writing numbers)
Language (relating arithmetic terms to
meaning; using math vocabulary)
Abstract reasoning (solving word problems;
making comparisons
Metacognition (identifying, using, and
monitoring the use of needed strategies)
2. Written Language (more)
Reasons for dysgraphia:
1. Poor fine motor coordination
2. Failure to attend to the task
3. Inability to perceive or remember
visual images accurately
4. Inadequate handwriting instruction
in the classroom

2. Written Language (end)

Also may have problems with spelling
1. Addition of unneeded letters
2. Omission of needed letters
3. Reversals of vowels
4. Reversals of syllables
5. Phonemic spelling of nonphonemic
words
A Classification of Teaching Methods