A New Blocking Scheme

Volume 11, Issue 1 2010 Article 8
International Journal of Emerging

Electric Power Systems
A New Blocking Scheme for Distance
Protection during Power Swings
Ahmad Farid Abidin, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Azah Mohamed, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Hussain Shareef, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Recommended Citation:
Abidin, Ahmad Farid; Mohamed, Azah; and Shareef, Hussain (2010) "A New Blocking Scheme
for Distance Protection during Power Swings," International Journal of Emerging Electric
Power Systems: Vol. 11: Iss. 1, Article 8.
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.2398
Available at: http://www.bepress.com/ijeeps/vol11/iss1/art8
2010 Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved.
A New Blocking Scheme for Distance
Protection during Power Swings
Ahmad Farid Abidin, Azah Mohamed, and Hussain Shareef
Abstract
This paper presents a new and fast algorithm to prevent distance relay mal-operation during
power swings. The algorithm blocks the relay tripping signals during power swing and unblocks
the signals if a fault occurs during power swing. The proposed blocking scheme for distance
protection incorporates an additional criterion into the conventional relay which is based on the
derivative of the line reactive power as seen by the relay. This technique overcomes the
shortcoming of conventional power swing detector (PSD) by removing the pre-defined R-X
diagram. The conventional PSD has the difficulty in obtaining the timer setting at pre-defined R-X
diagram due to varying cycle of power swings. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm, simulations were carried out on the IEEE 39 bus test system using the PSS/E software.
Test results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in blocking the relays false trip
signals during power swing.
KEYWORDS: distance relay, fault, power swing, PSD, line reactive power
Introduction

The distance relay is one of the main protection components that have been used
to protect the transmission lines. Distance relay operates on the basis of
impedance at the point of measurement. The voltage and current are usually been
used in order to obtain the measured impedance. During a fault, the measured
impedance is very low and it can enter the relay setting to initiate tripping signals
of associated breakers (Kundur, 1993; Ziegler, 1999; Horowitz, 2008). However,
the relay also may send trip signals during power swing due to low measured
impedance during such circumstances. Power swings occur following a system
disturbance such as load changes and fault clearance. When a power swing
occurs, a change appears in the relative phase angle between two groups of
generators. As consequences, the measured voltage, current, apparent impedance,
active power, reactive power and angle vary due to oscillations during power
swing. However, during a fault, these quantities change more significantly and
hence are frequently used to distinguish between a fault and a power swing to
avoid relays false tripping signals.
Many techniques based on aforementioned quantities have been
introduced by a number of researchers (Jonsson and Daadler, 2001; Shaohua et
al., 2005; Su et al., 2005; Xiangning et al., 2006; Lin et al, 2008; Zadeh and Li,
2008). Jonsson and Dalder, (2001) have introduced the application of negative
sequence current magnitude and the derivative of current angle to dictate the relay
operation during fault and power swings. This technique is very fast by sending
the blocking signals in 10ms according to the test conducted on the Nordic 32
lines system. Although the results were promising in blocking false trip signals
during power swing, the possibility of false trip signals during fault clearance was
noted. The combination of waveform of swing centers voltage (WSCV) and
synthetic negative sequence vector (SNSV) has been utilized to differentiate
between a fault and a power swing (Shaohua et al., 2005). The technique seems to
be rigorous in discriminating power swing and high fault resistance for protection
purposes. However, it requires two computationally heavy steps of derivative
operation for WSCV. There is also a time delay of about 30-40 ms before a fault
and a swing can be identified and hence the method is relatively slow as
compared to the technique of ref. 4.
A technique based on Vcos has been introduced by Su et al. (2005). The
technique takes about 30-50 ms to activate a power swing detector. However,
further testing is needed in larger power systems before the existing technique can
be deployed to the relay. The derivative of real power and reactive power has
been integrated to develop an unblocking scheme for distance protection during
symmetrical faults in power systems (Xiangning et al., 2006; Lin et al, 2008).
This technique is very complicated and computationally inefficient since it
1
Abidin et al.: A New Blocking Scheme for Distance Protection during Power Swings
Published by Berkeley Electronic Press, 2010
requires instantaneous product of voltage, current and angle to obtain the real and
reactive powers. The unblocking scheme sends the trip signals after 30 ms in the
event of a fault. A more advanced technique using adaptive neuro fuzzy system
has been developed to block the relay trip signals during power swings (Zadeh
and Li, 2008). However, no justification has been done on Zone 3 relay operation
setting considering that this zone is the most vulnerable zone during power
swings. In addition, the relay response time is more than 40 ms which is very slow
as compared to techniques developed by Jonsson and Daadler (2001), Shaohua et
al.(2005), Su et al. (2005), Xiangning et al. (2006) and Lin et al. (2008).
In this paper, a new and fast algorithm by using the derivative of the line
reactive power has been proposed to block false tripping signals during power
swings. In the algorithm, a new criteria based on the abrupt change in the
derivative of line reactive power during a fault is incorporated. In order to validate
the robustness of the technique, the algorithm has been tested on the IEEE 39 bus
system. A comparison of the proposed algorithm with the technique of ref. 4 is
also made to ascertain the validity of the proposed algorithm.

Formulation of New Criteria during Power Swing

The fundamental behavior of the line reactive power immediately before and after
a three phase fault can be explained by using a simple power system shown Fig. 1.

E
g
V
s
V
load
Z
g
Z
line
=R
line
+jX
line
Z
load
=R
load
+jX
load
Generator

Fig. 1 A simple power system

2
International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, Vol. 11 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 8
http://www.bepress.com/ijeeps/vol11/iss1/art8
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.2398
The proposed criterion is based on the fact that most of the reactive power during
a fault is consumed by the line reactance. The derivation of the criteria is shown
below;

S
s
= I
s
I
s

= I
s
[
v
s
z
Linc
+z
Lccd

S
s
=
|v
s
|
2
z
Linc
+z
Lccd
(1)

By using the Kirchoff Voltage Law (KVL), the voltage at bus V
s
can be written
as;

I
s
= I
Lnc
+I
Loud
(2)

Substituting (2) into (1), equation (1) becomes;

S
s
=
|v
Linc
+v
Lccd
|
2
z
Linc
+z
Lccd
(3)

The the line impedance, Z
line
can be represented as;

Z
Lnc
= R
Lnc
+]X
Lnc

Where the resistive component, R
Line
is very small and hence it can be neglected.
Thus, equation (3) becomes;

S
s
=
|v
Linc
+v
Lccd
|
2
]X
Linc
+z
Lccd
(4)

where,
S
s
: Apparent power at sending end
V
s
: Nominal voltage at sending end
I
s
: Current flow at the line
Z
Line
: Impedance of line
R
Line
: Resistance of the line
X
Line
: Reactance of the line
Z
Load
: Impedance of the load
V
Line
: Voltage at line
V
Load
: Voltage at load

3
From Fig. 1, the apparent power of the system is composed of the combined
apparent power at transmission line and load which is given by;

S
s
= S
Inc
+S
Ioud

S
s
= P
Inc
+]
Inc
+P
Ioud
+]
Ioud
(5)
where,
S
Load
: Apparent power of the load
P
Load
: Real power of the load
Q
Load
: Reactive power of the load
S
Line
: Apparent power of the line
P
Line
: Real power of the line
Q
Line
: Reactive power of the line

At transmission lines, reactive power is very large as compared to real power,
thus, we can assume that;

|S
Lnc
| = |
Lnc
|

Simplifying equation (5), we get,

S
s
= ]
Inc
+P
Ioud
+]
Ioud
(6)

During a power swing, the load impedance is significantly larger than the line
impedance. This relation can be formulated as;
Z
Inc
< Z
Ioud
(7)

Thus, by assuming Z
Inc
< Z
Ioud
anu I
Ioud
= I
s
, equation (1) can be further
simplified as;

S
s
=
|v
Lccd
|
2
z
Lccd
= P
Ioud
+]
Ioud
(8)

Using similar assumption as in equation (7), we can assume that the reactive
power of the line, Q
Line
is;

]
Lnc
= u (9)

Unlike the case of power swing, the line impedance during a fault is very large
compared to the load impedance and I
Inc
= I
s
. Thus, equation (1) becomes,

S
s
=
|v
Linc
|
2
]X
Linc
= ]
Lnc
(10)
4
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.2398
This proves that the line reactive power change significantly during a fault.
Equations (9) and (10) show that the line reactive power is abruptly changing
from 0 to|S
s
|. This feature can be used as a criterion for distance relay operation
to avoid triggering of false tripping signal due to power swing. Based on this
criterion, it is possible to propose the use of rate of change of the line reactive
power, dQline/dt to discriminate between a fault and a power swing so that the
relay operates only due to a fault.

The Proposed Algorithm

The flowchart of the proposed algorithm used to prevent distance relay mal-
operation during a power swing is shown in Fig. 2. Normally, the relay
continuously monitors the apparent impedance, Z
a
at a measured bus. Once the
apparent impedance enters the zone 3 relay, the relay will distinguish between a
fault and a power swing by using the rate of change of the line reactive power,
dQline/dt. The change of line reactive power during a fault is very substantial and
it may produce very large positive value of dQline/dt compared to a power swing.
The fault identifying conditions of the algorithm, based on dQline/dt threshold of
fault (TH
fault
) is described as follows;

dInc
dt
> IE
]uuIt
A fault has occurred (11)

dInc
dt
< IE
]uuIt
No fault has occurred (12)

In this study, the threshold value of fault (TH
fault
) is set to 2000 Mvar/s.
The next stage of the algorithm is to identify the fault clearing operation
by primary protection. When a fault is cleared, the dQline/dt will have a negative
value with large magnitude. The formulation of such operation is written as:

dInc
dt
< IE
]uuIt cIcuuncc
Fault clearance operation (13)

In this case, the threshold of fault clearance (TH
fault clear
) is set to -2000 Mvar/s. If
a relay senses that the dQline/dt is below the threshold TH
fault clear
value, the relay
will be reset due to the fault clearance operation although the apparent impedance
is at the relay boundary. Otherwise, the relay timer continues to monitor the
apparent impedance whichever falls at the relay zone. The relay will send a
tripping signal if the apparent impedance remains in zone 3 after the timer setting
is exceeded (normally 1-1.2 second).

5

Fig. 2 The flowchart of the proposed algorithm
6
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.2398
Simulation Results

The proposed algorithm is tested on the IEEE 39 bus test system by using the
commercial PSS/E software version 31. The test system consists of 10 generators
and 18 loads as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 The IEEE 39 bust test system

Five different fault cases have been considered to generate the power
swing condition as described below:
Case 1: Three phase fault at line between buses 5-8 from 1 to 1.15s, followed by
fault clearance and line trip
Case 2: Three phase fault at line between buses 6-7 from 1 to 1.15s, followed by
fault clearance and line trip.
Case 3: Three phase fault at bus 5 from 1 to 1.15s, followed by fault clearance and
bus disconnect
7
Case 4: Three phase fault at bus 6 from 1 to 1.15s, followed by fault clearance and
bus disconnect
Case 5: Three phase fault at bus 11 from 1 to 1.15s, followed by fault clearance
and bus disconnect
From the above cases, 3 different relays have been identified to be
operating falsely during power swings. The identified mal-operating relays on the
basis of case studies are:
Case 1: Relay at bus 6
In order to justify the reliability of the proposed algorithm, another three phase
faults need to be simulated during power swing occurrences. The locations of the
entire faults are simulated at 200% of the distance relay protected zone. These
entire faults are simulated at 3-3.05 second of the simulation time. Bus 6 active
power variation during simulation is shown in Fig.4.

Fig. 4 Active power profile at bus 6
From Fig. 4, it is clearly observed that the first fault has been created at 1 second
until 1.15 second which causes a power swing to appear after the fault clearance.
Subsequently, a second fault which is located at 200% away of the relay boundary
has been created at 3 second. During the simulation, the apparent impedance, Z
a

8
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.2398
seen by distance relay at bus 6 is very low during the fault and power swing
conditions. The apparent impedance or impedance trajectory enters the relay
operating zone at both situations as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5 The apparent impedance or impedance trajectory enters the relay operating zone
during fault and power swing at relay bus 6
Once the apparent impedance, Z
a
enters the relay operating zone, the distance
relay may send the trip signals to the breaker to clear the fault. However, during
power swing, the trip signals should be blocked to avoid false tripping. The
proposed additional criteria can be introduced in distance relay in order to avoid
such undesirable relay operation.

Results of ld/dtl

One of the fast techniques to discriminate a fault and a power swing employs the
use of negative sequence current magnitude and the magnitude of derivative of
current angle, ld/dtl (Jonsson and Daadler, 2001). However, identical values of
ld/dtl may appear during fault and fault clearance as the increment of current
angle is very substantial in both situations. The results in Fig. 6a and 6b show
clearly the ld/dtl values of the affected relay during fault, fault clearance and
power swing for each case study described before.
9

Fig. 6a Result from ld/dtl

Fig. 6b Result from ld/dtl (enlarge)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
case1 case2 case3 case4 case5
d
e
g
r
e
e
/
s
e
c
o
n
d
Fault
Faultclearence
PowerSwing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
d
e
g
r
e
e
/
s
e
c
o
n
d
Fault
Faultclearence
PowerSwing
10
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.2398
As can be seen from Fig. 6a, the range of ld/dtl is approximately between 2,100
degree/second to 9,500 degree/ second during the fault. The results of ld/dtl
values during power swing are depicted in Fig. 6b, where the value of ld/dtl is
between 9 degree/second to 45 degree/second. The results from both figures prove
that the ld/dtl is very promising in distinguishing between a fault and a power
swing. However, it can be noted that the ld/dtl values are not suitable to
differentiate between fault and fault clearance as shown in Fig. 6a. From Fig. 6a,
it can be deduced that, the value of ld/dtl is apparently in similar range for fault
and fault clearance. The distance relay installed in these lines may send false trip
signals during fault and fault clearance operation as shown in Fig.7.

Fig. 7 Relay tripping signals while using ld/dtlat bus 6
Further testing has been made for each effected relays to validate the
reliability of the ld/dtl approach as tabulated in Table 1.

11
Table 1: Relay tripping signals using ld/dtl
Case Fault Fault clearance Power
Swing
case 1 trip trip block
case 4 trip block block

From Table 1, it can be concluded that this technique is able to block the
relay trip signals during power swing. However, this technique is proven to be
vulnerable during fault clearance in which, 3 of the relays send the false trip
signals to the breaker since the ld/dtl is identical with fault ld/dtl values.
Therefore, an alternative approach needs to be introduced to avoid such adverse
operation.

Results of dQline/dt

The dQline/dt is used as a new indicator in order to enhance the capability of the
relay to differentiate between a fault, power swing and fault clearance in power
systems. Simulation results are displayed by plotting the Qline and dQline/dt
profile at the effected line against time as shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, respectively.
12
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.2398

Fig. 8 Qline at at line between buses 6-11 which is associated to case 1

Fig. 9 dQline/dt at the line between buses 6-11 which is associated to case 1
The results in Fig. 10a and Fig. 10b shows that the magnitude of dQline/dt
for the effected relay during fault, fault clearance and power swing for each relay
that has been installed at the associated lines.
13

Fig. 10a dQline/dt for relay at associated lines during fault, fault clearance and power
swing

Fig. 10b dQline/dt for relay at associated lines during fault, fault clearance and power
swing (enlarge)

From the figures, it is clear that the range of dQline/dt for each case is
significantly different during fault; fault clearance and power swing. The range of
dQline/dt is between 60000 to 120000 Mvar/second, -90000 to -51000
Mvar/second and 20 to 320 Mvar/second for fault, fault clearance and power
swing, respectively. The proposed technique has been tested on each relays for
further justification. The results of each effected relays whilst using the technique
have been tabulated in Table 2.

150000
100000
50000
0
50000
100000
150000
M
v
a
r
/
s
e
c
o
n
d
Fault
Faultclearence
PowerSwing
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
M
v
a
r
/
s
e
c
o
n
d
Fault
Faultclearence
PowerSwing
14
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.2398
Table 2: Relay tripping signal using dQline/dt
Case Fault Fault clearance Power
Swing

From Table 2, it can be noted that the all the trip signals has been blocked
during fault clearance and power swing. Fig. 11 shows the relay trip signal while
using the proposed technique.

Fig. 11 Relay tripping signals at bus 6 while using dQline/dt of line between buses 6-11

It is clear that, the relay trip signals only appear during the fault. The
results prove that the proposed technique is able to improve the reliability of the
relay operation as compared to the technique which has been proposed by Jonsson
and Daadler, 2001.

15
Summary and Concluding Remarks

The use of dQline/dt has been proposed as a technique to block the distance relay
trip signals during power swing. Time domain simulations were first carried out
under the conditions of fault and power swing. The proposed technique has been
applied and tested to evaluate its effectiveness in blocking the trip signals during
power swing and fault clearance. The results show that the dQline/dt can
effectively block the trip signals during fault clearance and power swing unlike
the use of ld/dtl.

References

Horowitz , Stanley H. and Padke, Arun G. (2008) Power System Relaying, John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, England.
Jiao, Shaohua ; Bo, Zhiqian; Liu, Wanshu ; Yang, Qixun (2001), New Principles
to Detect Faults During Power Swing, Seventh IEE International
Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, pp.515 - 518 .
Kundur, P., (1993) Power System Stability and Control McGraw-Hill, New York.
Jonsson, M., Daalder, J (2001) A New Protection Scheme to Prevent Mal-Trips
Due to Power Swings, IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution
Conference and Exposition: Vol. 2, pp. 724 729.
Lin, Xiangning,; Gao, Yan; Liu, Pei (2008) A Fast Unblocking Scheme for
Distance Protection to Identify Symmetrical Fault Occurring During
Power Swings, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery: Vol 1, pp. 73-77.
Su, B.; Dong, X.Z.; Bo,Z.Q.; Sun,Y.Z.; Caunce, B.R.J.; Tholomier,D.; Apostolov,
A. (2005) Fast Detector of Symmetrical Fault During Power Swing for
Distance Relay, IEEE Power Engineering Society. General Meeting: Vol.
2, pp.1836 1841.
Xiangning, Lin; Qing, Zou; Wenjun, Lu; Kecheng, Wu; Hanli, Weng (2006) A
Fast Unblocking Scheme for Distance Protection to Identify Symmetrical
Fault Occurring During Power Swings, IEEE Power Engineering Society
General Meeting, pp. ,1-8.
Zadeh, Hassan Khorashadi; Li, Zuyi (2008) A Novel Power Swing Blocking
Scheme Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, Electrical Power
System Research. Journal, vol. 78, pp. 1138-1146.
Ziegler, Gerhard (1999) Numerical Distance Protection Principles and
Application, Publicis MCD, Munich and Erlangen.
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DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.2398

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International Journal of Emerging

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