Erika Francesca Abuel BSCS 4-1 HUMA 1013

THE ELEMENTS OF DANCE/FUNDAMENTALS OF MOVEMENT

by Morwenna Assaf, Director Based on works by Robert Cohan "The Dance Workshop" When you start dancing, it is important to recognize the tools a dancer needs. There are eight (8) elements in dance that are most vital. As you progress your understanding will change as you discover what they mean to your body. The total sum of these elements is what is meant by technique. CENTERING: This is fundamental to your ability to dance well. This is maintaining a sense of your own body center that holds you together as you move. It allows you to move gracefully and freely. This means you have to have the ability to move, to hold, to organize yourself around your own physical body. If you are centered you can eventually learn how to do anything. If you are not centered you may develop beautiful looking arms and legs but never be able to move well. Liken your center to home. If you dont have a sense of home you will probably get lost every time you go out. Your body needs to be balanced like a see-saw. Position fluctuates between individuals. Center for Middle Eastern Dance is in the solar plexus. Every movement has to go through center. This is what makes it Orientale or eastern. Your natural base is approximately just below the navel but the movements for this dance form come from the solar plexus. Everything emanates from there. Start by feeling how your arms and legs work from the same central point in the back. Moving from your center will make movements easier to control. GRAVITY: This is the force that holds you to the earth. It is a force you have to work with because it constantly inhibits movement. Try to become aware of the pulls in your own body. What points are taking the most weight? When you push on these points can you feel a rise up from them? You should be holding yourself better. When you dance you want to feel as if someone is pushing you under your buttocks and the base of your spine and directing the energy up through your breastbone. BALANCE: Balance is concerned with more than balancing on one leg. Your aim is to achieve and constantly maintain an inner balance of the whole body. It is tension of mutual support among all parts that brings the whole together in a new way. It is an inner relationship between all the points of your body which you hold in your awareness. It is not something you do once in awhile. It is constant. A sense of balance whether you are moving or standing. In the actual act of balancing, if you can find inner balance , you are nearly there. If you are aware internally the need for the sensation of balance, you should be able to get it. * Remember, balancing in both states is an active state. POSTURE: To achieve this element you need to change your perception of your body, there is often a wide discrepancy between what feels right and what looks right. Dancers work all their dance live on their posture, also called alignment. It is the key to balance and movement. Your posture not only reveals your feelings but can also reveal feelings in you. Learn how to stand properly. You will actually feel brighter and more aware. GESTURE: Gesture involves using the body as an expressive instrument to communicate feelings and ideas in patterns of movement. With subtle gestures and postural attitudes we show cooperation, give confidence to friends or display aggression to enemies. Arms crossed over chest are a protective wall. Hands on hips mean "show me", fists on hips is even more challenging. Anger patterns are depicted very differently from joy or sadness. Weight on one hip waiting. Hands out in front you ready to give or receive. Raising shoulders is a gesture of not knowing or caring. Shoulders forward expresses pain. Tapping foot boredom. Observe! Recognize what the body is saying. RHYTHM:

Finding rhythm is largely a matter of paying attention. It is something everybody has, though; some people are not as aware or sensitive to it. Our hearts beat to a rhythm, our lungs breathe to another. Rhythm is essential for a dancer. Pay attention! Generally the beat is carried by the drum. Make sure you are right on the beat, not slightly late. All the work going into making a beat has already been completed by the time you hear it. In fact to get it right, you have to anticipate the beat slightly. Feel as if you are making the beat with your body as well as hearing it. Try to be at one with it, rather than dancing to it. It is the rhythm and the beat of the dance that form the "threads" which allow you to memorize the structure of the dance. MOVING in SPACE: You need to be as aware of the space around you as a cat. You have to move with care and awareness, gauging the space. Space is not just empty air but a tangible element that you move through. Consider the space an area you must go through. Consciously go through space. Feel your accomplishment as a journey through space. You will express thoughts and emotions. Actually press your feelings out through your torso and limbs in such a way as to show other people how we are feeling and to satisfy our desire of movement. Our muscles feel better when they are used, and once we get used to moving them, the whole body will respond by working in harmony with itself; to dance. BREATHING: Breathing is crucial to dance. Not only does it bring oxygen to the body but it also gives your movements fluency and harmony. It is an expressive tool. Calm slow breathing suggests a certain degree of self-control. Denotes a specific quality of movement. A movement with breath has a controlled and considered extension of time, a clear beginning and end no matter how fast or slow the phrase. A phrase without breath looks stiff and mechanical. It is important to learn how to do two or three things at the same time. You frequently have to divide your attention while dancing. You must learn to breathe deeply expanding your ribs at the back of the body rather than from the front. This will also give a more emotional, organic look. Here they are the elements of dance which make up the word TECHNIQUE. A dirty word in a lot of circles. This is the sum total of the tools of DANCE.

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
Drama is a display of emotions, a representation of relationships and the portrayal of the different phases of human life. It sketches different personalities and represents a wide variety of emotions through the different characters it portrays. Which of its components are identified as the elements of drama? Let us see. Aristotle, a philosopher who wrote on a variety of subjects like poetry, theater, music, rhetoric and handled subjects like biology, physics, logic and politics, writes that there are six elements of drama, According to him, plot, theme, character, dialogue, music and the visual element of a play make up the six elements of drama. Let us look at each of them. Theme: The theme of a drama refers to the central idea of the play. It can either be clearly stated through dialogue or action or can be inferred after watching the entire performance. Plot: The order of events occurring in a play is referred to as the plot of the drama. It is the basic storyline that is narrated through a play. The entertainment one derives from a play depends largely on the sequence of events that occur in the story. The logical connection between the events and the characters, which enact the story form an integral part of the plot of drama. Characters: The characters that form a part of the story are interwoven with the plot of the drama. Each character in a play has a personality of its own and has a distinct set of principles and beliefs. Actors who play various roles in a drama have the very important responsibility of bringing the characters to life. Dialogue: The story of any play is taken forward by means of the dialogue. The story is narrated to the audiences through the dialogue written by the playwright. The success of a drama

depends hugely on the contents of the dialogue and the quality of dialogue delivery by the actors of the play. Music: This element of drama comprises of the melody in the use of sounds and rhythm in dialogues as well as melodious compositions, which form a part of many plays. The background score, the songs and the sound effects that are used in a play make up the musical element of drama. Music composers and lyricists sit together to create music that can go well with the theme of the play. If the scenes of a play are accompanied by well-suited pieces of music, they become more effective on the audiences. Hence, music forms a very important element of drama. Visual Element: While the dialogue and music constitute the audible aspect of drama, the visual element deals with the scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. The visual element of drama, also known as the spectacle, renders a visual appeal to it. The costumes worn by the artists must suit the characters they are playing. Besides, it is important for the scenes to be dramatic enough to hold the audiences to their seats. The special effects used in a play add to the visual appeal. Thus, the spectacle forms an essential component of drama. Apart from these elements of drama as given by Aristotle, the structure of the story, a clever use of symbolism and contrast and stagecraft form some of the other important elements of drama. The structure of the story comprises of the way in which the story is put forth to the audience. The way in which the characters play their roles and the framework of the story constitute the drama structure. Direction is an essential constituent of a play. A well-directed story can help in fetching greater mass appeal. Stagecraft plays a vital role in increasing the visual appeal of a drama. The use and organization of different stage properties and the stage setup constitute the stagecraft, which is an essential component of a play. The use of symbols implies the use of indirect suggestions in a drama. Logically used symbols help in making a scene more effective. The use of contrast is about using stillness followed by activity or silence followed by noise. It can also mean the use of contrasting colors to add to the visual appeal. It can mean the clever use of contrasting scenes following each other that enhance the dramatic element of a play. An enthusiastic audience is perhaps one of the very essential elements of drama. A play needs a live and lively audience who can constructively criticize performances and generously appreciate quality work. By Manali Oak

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
Music and its elements were taken up by man from sounds in nature, like the chirping of birds or blowing of the wind. The different types of elements of music that were found in nature were put together to create music. The elements of music are as follows: Form Timbre Melody Texture Dynamics Harmony Rhythm Form/Musical Form: Form is the element that refers to the style or genre of music. The form, or more appropriately, the musical form is determined on the basis of the harmonic language, rhythm that is used, lyrics, instruments, etc. Many a times, the form is also determined by the

geographical area, or the historical era, to which it belongs, for example, Indian classical music. As the name suggests, Indian classical music originated in India during ancient times. It was developed in ancient India on the basis of the flow of sounds that appeared in nature. Sometimes the format of lyrics is also used to classify the form of music. For example: a ballad is a narrative poem. The famous song 'Nothing Else Matters' by rock band, Metallica, is often classified as a ballad, because of its narrative lyrics. Timbre: Timbre is a rather abstract concept that involves the differentiation and identification of the notations, that are played on different instruments at the same time. For example a bass guitar and a lead guitar are always played together with the same notation, however, a groove or a singular notation is played on the bass guitar, whereas, a chord is played on the lead guitar. The differentiation between the sounds of these notations is commonly termed as Timbre. It is also often defined as a distinctive and complex note. Melody: A melody is often defined as a set of linear notations in the form of tunes, vocals, or even chords or grooves. A melody essentially forms the basic framework of any song. It must be noted that melody is often divided into different phrases. The specialty of a melody is that it can be written down with the help of staff and quote notations. For example, most of the rock songs can be divided into parts like the verse and chorus. It is said to be the horizontal aspect of music. Texture: Many musicians consider texture to be the heart and soul of music. A texture is a set or pattern of rhythms and notations played together. It is often termed as a progression. A common texture is made up of harmony, tempo and rhythm. Some of the common textures are monophonic (where only one melodic voice is used) or polyphonic (where multiple and independent voices are used). A micropolyphony is a modern texture that was first composed by the famous Austrian composer, Gyrgy Ligeti. Dynamics: The volume of the notation is known as the dynamics of the music. Nowadays, due to technical advancements in music, instruments like the electric guitar have electronic controls for volume. However, while playing the traditional instruments, musicians had to control the volume manually while playing the notations. The term dynamics is more valid and applicable for written notations. For example, a 'p' (in lower case) stands for a piano notation that is to be played softly. Harmony: The term harmony refers to the different notations played at different pitches, but in the same scale, and is used to make chords. Harmony is often referred to as harmonics in modern music. It said to be the vertical aspect of music. Harmony involves finding notes that sound harmonic to each other i.e. notations in same scale. According to composer Arnold Whitall, "It was not that counterpoint was supplanted by harmony (Bachs tonal counterpoint is surely no less polyphonic than Palestrinas modal writing) but that an older type both of counterpoint and of vertical technique was succeeded by a newer type. And harmony comprises not only the (vertical) structure of chords but also their (horizontal) movement. Like music as a whole, harmony is a process." Harmony is a factor that makes complex but beautiful textures in music. It also a form of innovation and experimentation. Rhythm: A rhythm is a set of sequential, synchronized and uniform beats and notations. The concept of a 'pulse' or a repetitive beat is a very important element of rhythm. The concepts of texture and rhythm, when put together, form the concept of a 'bar'. A bar is a set of rhythm , that is accompanied by specific notations played in a uniform tempo. All these elements, when put together form the magical art of music. Music is a form of universal communication. It is very difficult to describe, write or define each and every element of music. In reality, it is to be heard, observed on the instrument, and felt by the heart. By Scholasticus K

THE ELEMENTS ARCHITECTURE

These elements are the bare essentials and hold the greatest importance in a work. There are 6 main elements and form, space are some of them. The other 5 more elements include dot, line, shape, texture, and colour. All works should incorporate these elements in the design because it defines the creation on the platform of art and functionality it stands on. Dot A dot is a mark that is shows the beginning of a work or the end of it. It is the very basic element whereby an art work or a design starts. Nothing will be done without the dots. Its the basic. One dot marks a point where people will look and concentrate at as it directs attentions. Dots are used to amplify perception and it does not mean one dot, a dot in architecture can mean a center or a mole or a concentration of forms or objects near or close together. Dots that are aligned together create a line. Dots are use to create feel or texture to create form, space and texture. Dots are used to create tones and more. One dot is a point, a number of dots create different elements that are important to showcase a design. A dot does not mean that it is rounded, it dot can have any shape imaginable. A dot just means a point or a mark and that mark could be a circle, triangular, square or uneven shapes. The main purpose of the dot is there regardless of its shape. Line A line is a combination of a series of dots that are continuous, with an exact distance in between each dot. They are a number of lines that are all around us, they vary from size of its thickness to the smoothness of the line: lines can be jagged, twisted, bold or anything. Line can be the outer layer of a form. It defines a shape and also space. Lines creates shapes, Lines could also show texture, lines creates patterns, Lines create color tones, lines create texture and space, line creates form and texture, line creates form and patterns and most importantly lines creates form and space. By using the right lines in a work, you are able to create something that has all of the elements which include the above: form, texture, tone, pattern, space and movement. They are many materials that creates lines, from pencils, ball point pens, brushes, technical pens, or even charred coal. Line shows emotions or has a theme with the intended stroke that has been done. Rough line shows masculinity, strength, and power. Fine line shows sensitivity, sharpness and speed. Lines with edges reflect worries, in-stability, un-finished works. Fine wavy lines shows softness, flexibility, happiness, and fluidity. They way lines are done tell a meaning and that is what architecture is, it should be able to relate to people. A combination of lines tell a different theme when they are put together. Take for example with a combination of straight, rough, and fine lines that are arrange in vertical, horizontal and twisted will create a image that is energetic, strong and accurate. If fine lines were use instead, where the line is allowed to flow freely creates an image that is smooth, quiet, peaceful and stylish. Lines that are horizontal normally reflect peacefulness, and serenity: these lines regardless of the thickness or appearance are flat. The architecture term horizontality refers to the landscape and the building being flat and long allowing the building to be with nature and the surrounding, it does not seem to challenge nature. Straight lines are dominant in showing horizontality, and horizontality means humbleness and closeness to the surroundings. s Vertical lines are lines that are straight up, these lines shows strength, and stability. Verticality in architecture means that a building is there to make a statement and to challenge the norm. It is a strong bold element that contrast the surrounding. Lines with points, angles or edges show direction. It shows the focus point of the movement that should be followed. These lines are used in directing to an important space of order. It serves as a sign and movement. Lines that are radiating from a center, these lines give an impression that of an energy source, light and attention. It radiates from an important center to allow the impression for us to concentrate on the center. It could show direction, movement and connection. Its is a node and shows importance. Shape Shape is the creation when the end of a line meets the start of that line itself. Shape can be just a flat plane that is surrounded by outer line and does not hold any mass. Shape is

perceived as an idea of the form or how it looks. Shape is composed in positive and negative shapes. Positive shapes mean the shape of the object on the area it is located. Negative shapes is the shape of the area the object is on. Normally to emphasize on the object or area, they are usually darken to show concentration. There are 2 types of shapes, Geometrical and Organic Shapes. Geometrical Shapes are shapes that have exact angles at every edges and they are design to be that way, they were done on intention. These shapes include circles, squares, triangles, rectangles etc Organic Shapes are shapes that does not have a proper angle to its edge and are made to be natural. They were not intended to be that way and usually drawn with the guidance of intuition and free-handed. The arrangement of shapes in repetition creates a pattern using the grid method. Taking one simple pattern of geometrical shape and differentiating the next pattern by using its negative shape. Arrange them one after the other and repeating the pattern will create a motif as a whole. Patterns that are interesting are based on one shape that is identical and this could be created by using techniques such as separation, touching, over-lapping, see-through over-lapping and anything that you believe could create a new motif or pattern. Shape can be developed more by using 3 simple techniques. Over-lapping, Adding, and Subtracting. Shapes can be simplified from the original shape to form logos. These logos are normally presented in negative or positive shapes. Form From the evolution of dot, to lines, and to shape; it evolved from 1 dimension (dot &line) to 2 dimension (shape) and form is the 3 dimensional combination of the previous products. Form has an area, height, mass and more then one surface. The outline is a forms structure and form will have a different perspective from different point of view, front, left, right, rear, top and bottom. In terms of presentation of form, it is done by using a few elements such as lines, renderings, texture and tone value. They are 2 types of forms, the Concrete form and the Illusion form. Concrete Form is the form of the real object it self. It is a 3 dimensional character which mean that I can be seen, touch, and feel. Illusion Form is the form that is 2 dimensional in characteristic whereby you can only see. This type of form uses elements such as texture, rendering, lines and color tones to create the shape and from on a piece of paper. Texture Normally we define texture as feel of the surface of an object. Texture is everywhere from every material and object whether it was man-made or natural. Texture give a sense of individuality on the material and using the right material on a design will help emphasize and create a feel that is called home or anything that the space is design for. Texture tells a whole lot more then just feel, it tells emotions and thoughts. Rough edges tells of anger and masculinity, and smooth surfaces is the opposite. There are 2 types of texture. Texture that you can feel and texture on paper whereby you can see but you cant touch. Some paintings are made to be touchable and felt. Textures that could be felt are like sculptures, assemblage, collage, embroidery, etc Textures that are made to be seen are like paintings and drawings. Using texture in architecture creates the feel that all of us need which is to feel belonged and trusted. Using the right material to design is important thus learning and understanding the materials make a difference in design concepts and presentation. Color Color is the most important element in the creation of a work. Color has the power to influence and brings out our feelings. Take for example, bright colors creates a sense of joy and happiness. Dark and gloomy colors create a sense of sadness and dread. There are 3 groups of colors that are dominant in the color wheel. Primer Colors, Secondary Colors and Tertiary Colors. Primer Colors The Primer Colors or Basic Colors are the main colors that everything exists on. It is always perceived as the strongest and powerful colors and there are used in logos, posters and

ads that needs to have energy and strong statements. The primer colors are Red, Blue, and Yellow. These three are the core colors whereby they are unable to be generated by mixing other colors together to produce it. No combination of colors can create any of the core colors and thus they are known as the Primer Colors simply because they are the original colors. Secondary colors Secondary colors as its name state, are the combination of the primer colors to produce another color. There are 3 secondary colors, orange, Purple, and green. Orange is the product of mixing yellow + red, Purple/ indigo is the mix of blue +red, and green is the product of blue+ Yellow. The mixture ratios for the colors are equal. The secondary colors are dap with a decline in its power, yet it is brighter then the tertiary lines. Tertiary Colors. Tertiary Colors are made from combining the secondary and the primer colors together and usually with the color next to one another. There are 6 colors on the tertiary line, light green: green + yellow, Light orange: Orange + Yellow, orange red: red + orange, violet: purple + Red, indigo: blue + purple, dark Green: blue + green. The tertiary colors creates a sense of softness and has the ability to lower the intensity of the primer and secondary colors if they are used together in a good composition. Color Composition There are 3 groups of color composition: Harmonious Colors, Contrast Colors and Tonal Colors. Harmonious Colors are known as a set of colors alike and are located next to each other on the color wheel. These colors are able to create a comfortable feel, interesting, and also a balance environment. Contrast Colors are sets of colors that are located on the opposite of each other on the color wheel. These colors when put together will create a refreshing and energetic feel. It creates a contra, vibe, and movement. Its a perfect media to use to create a statement and to relay an idea across fast because it attract attentions. Tonal Colors are also known as Monochrome colors and it is made out of one color but in different tones ranging from the softest to the darkest tone. The more white is used to lower the tone value and to increase the value black is used. This color composition creates a harmonious and comfortable vibe but will be a boring sight after sometime. Color Value. The value of a colors are divided into 3 groups: color tones, chromo colors, and neutral colors Color Tones are the effects of the light beams that effects a colors tone from the brightest to the darkest. Its the same with tonal colors where white and black are used to create different color values, the lightest value contains more white and the darkest contains the most black. Color tones are very important and useful in producing space and 3 dimensional spaces. Chromo Colors is the creation from mixing 2 contrast colors in certain ratios that creates a tonal value that flows from the two colors. Chromo colors creates a dull color from the original colors and these colors are used to show longings, sadness and are able to bring back the nostalgic feel. Neutral Colors normally refers to black and white. Black and White are neutral because they have no strength and power yet they are able to lower or increase a colors value. The two colors have value when mixed together and the tone value change from white to black, where white turns into grey and to turns into black. Neutral Colors also mean chromo colors where the creation from both mixtures produced colors that have lost the originality of its core colors. Neutral Colors are colors that have no power or strength but it has the ability to lower the intensity of other colors when composed well with other colors. Neutral colors are powerless but they are able to create a comfortable and less stressing environment.

Color Temperatures The temperature of colors are felt through the emotion of the viewer and occupants. There are 2 color temperatures: Hot Colors and Cold Colors. Hot Colors are colors that are bright and vibrant which creates a strong, bold and hot vibe. These colors are shades of yellow, orange, and red. Hot colors are used to show anger, rage, unevenness and to portray mess, madness etc. Cold Colors are colors that cold to the eye, they are not strong, gentle, soothing and pleasant. These colors range from the shades of green, blue, and purple. Cold colors create a fresh, cold, distant, and sad feel. Normally to show great emotions. Color Action When a color is put on a background that is different will create a different feel but when 2 colors create a contrast combination it is called a Positive Action. But when 2 colors create a tone and feel that are almost identical it is called a Negative Action. Positive is when the color overwhelms the background and Negative is when the background takes over the color put on it. The composition of color to create the right action is important to stress on an idea and to relay a message. Perspective Colors Perspective colors are colors that creates an illusion of space, distance, and most importantly perspective. Objects that are close are clear and dark in tone where farther objects have blurrier images with a brighter tone. A good perspective effect is with the use of harmonious colors and tonal colors. Understanding tone value and the use can create works that capture eyes around. Have you read "Robinson Crusoe" or Charles Dickenss "Great Expectations"? If yes, then you must know the taste of literature. Have you gone through Virginia Wolfs often quoted line: "Life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end." This echoes the beauty hidden in literature. We can summarize literature in the words of Ezra Pound that great literature is simply language charged with meaning to the utmost possible degree. Every race has its own literature, for example, English literature, American literature, German literature, etc. Various types of literature such as story, novel and drama delight us through the elements of literature. In literature, theme is important to reveal the story. An author depicts the ups and downs of the protagonist with the help of characterization. The story progresses through various plots. There are prologues and epilogues in Shakespearean drama.

ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
Elements of literature denote the things that are used to make up a work of literature. There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or a novelist need to use certain elements like plot, character, theme, etc. However, elements of fiction andelements of drama differ from elements of poetry. These elements are discussed below: Elements of Fiction and Drama Literary types such as fiction; drama and short story have some elements. These include Plot Character Setting Theme Structure Point of view

Conflict Diction Foreshadowing Plot: Plot is the serial arrangement of incidents, ideas or events. In literature, the plot encompasses all the incidents and provides aesthetic pleasure. The story of the novel progresses through various plots and conflicts. Plots of dramas are divided into "Acts" and "Scenes". Drama has five essential parts. These are: Introduction of the story where the characters and setting are introduced Rising action Climax Falling action Denouement Playwrights use dialogue to develop their plots. They reveal information about their characters such as their background and personality.

Character: Character plays a pivotal role in a drama, novel, short story and all kinds of narratives. In drama, character reflects the personality of the protagonist and other related characters. The method of conveying information about characters in art is called characterization. Characters can be fictional or based on real, historical entities. It can be human, supernatural, mythical, divine, animal or personifications of an abstraction. There are round characters, flat characters, stereotypical stock characters, etc. In Marlowes drama "The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus", Faustus is the main character of the play. Setting: It refers to geographical location of the story, time period, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story. In a novel, the setting plays an important role. In short stories, sometimes it plays an important role, while for others it is not. Settings of literary forms have been changing according to theme of the literary piece, for example, Shakespeares tragedies and comedies have the setting of palaces, castles whereas modern and post-modern dramas have setting of houses of common people. There were supernatural elements in earlier literature and nowadays absurdity rules the literature. Setting can take place in a house, school, castle, forest, hospital or anywhere that the writers want to extend their scenes. Theme: Theme is another prime element of literature, which contains the central idea of all literary forms such as a novel, drama and short story. It reflects innocence, experience, life, death, reality, fate, madness, sanity, love, society, individual, etc. Thus, it reflects the society as a whole, for example, the theme of Hardys novel "The Mayor of Casterbridge" reflects the role of fate in our life. Likewise, in a drama, theme represents the brief idea of the drama. Structure: Structure is another important element of a drama, novel or short story. In dramas, there are plots and subplots. These also are divided into acts and scenes. Here the contrasting subplots give the main plot an additional perspective. Likewise, novels have different chapters and scenes. Point of view: Point of view is another element of the narrative, through which a writer tells the story. Authors use first-person point of view or third-person point of view. First-person point of view indicates that the main character is telling the story, whereas the third-person point of view directs that the narrator is telling the story. A novel can be written in the first-person narrative, third-person narrative, omniscient point of view, limited omniscient point of view, stream of consciousness and objective point of view. These points of view play an important role in the distinct structure of the story or a play. Conflict: Be it a short story, drama or novel, conflict is the essential element of all these literary forms. A plot becomes interesting and intriguing when it has its share of inbuilt conflict and twists. Conflict can be internal conflict or external. It can take place between two men, between the character and his psychology, between the character and circumstances or between character and society.

Use of language or diction: Diction is another essential element of drama. A playwright exhibits the thoughts of characters through dialogue. "Dialogue" has come from the Greek word "dialogosa" which means "conversation". Shakespeare used this to portray the thoughts, emotions and feelings of the character. This also provides clues to their background and personalities. Diction also helps in advancing the plot. Greek philosophers like Aristotle used dialogue as the best way to instruct their students. Foreshadowing: Foreshadowing is another important element of literature that is applied as hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story. It creates suspense and encourages the reader to go on and find out more about the event that is being foreshadowed. Foreshadowing is used to make a narrative more authentic. Elements of Poetry Poetry is literature in a metrical form. However, free-verse became the popular style towards the modern and post modern age. Like fiction, it may not have plots, setting, etc, yet it has a structured method of writing. There are various kinds of poetry such as ballad, sonnet, etc. All these forms have some elements such as style, theme, rhyme, rhythm, metaphor, etc. that are described below: Style: Style refers to the way the poem is written. Poems are written in various styles, such as free verse, ballad, sonnet, etc., which have different meters and number of stanzas. Symbol: Symbol represents the idea and thought of the poem. It can be an object, person, situation or action. For example, a national flag is the symbol of that nation. Theme: Like other forms of literature, poetry has a theme of its own. Theme contains the message, point of view and idea of the poem. Imagery: Imagery is another important element that a poet often uses in poems that appeal to our senses. In the age of modernism, T.S. Eliot used images of urban life in his poems. Wordsworth used nature as poetic images in his poems. Rhyme and rhythm: Rhyme is an element that is often used in poetry. Its a recurrence of an accented sound or sounds in a piece of literature. Poets and lyricists use this device in various ways to rhyme within a verse. There is internal rhyme, cross rhyme, random rhyme and mixed rhyme. It gives the poem flow and rhythm. It contains the syllables in a poem. Every poem has a rhythm in it. Its about how the words resonate with each other, how the words flow when they are linked with one another in a poem. Meter: This is an important rhythmic structure of poetry. It is described as sequence of feet, each foot being a specific series of syllable types - such as stressed/unstressed and makes the poetry more melodious. Alliteration: Alliteration is another element used in poetry for the sound effect. It indicates two or more words with same repetition of initial letter, for example, "dressy daffodils". Here the sound of the letter d is repeated. Simile: A simile is a figure of speech used for comparison in the poetry with the words like or as, for example, "as black as coal". Metaphor: Metaphor is used in poetry to make an implicit comparison. Unlike simile, here the comparison is implied, for example, Her laughter, a babbling brook. Onomatopoeia: This is one important element of poetry, which refers to words that sound like

their meaning, for example, buzz,moo and paw. Element of literature includes all the elements that are essential to create a piece of literature. These elements help a writer to create splendid poetry, superb drama and soul-touching novel. These elements are used to form the structure of a literary piece.

ELEMENTS OF CINEMA

Image All filmmaking uses a light capture/recording device. It is then projected upon a screen. In theaters powerful lamps are used to project the image through a focusing lens. In television a vacuum tube projects lines of electrons upon a phosphor coated screen. Although the image is a recording of captured light the aesthetics of what we are viewing is still determined by the use of the basic elements and principles of static, fine art. The rules of composition are still the same. Color theory still needs to be applied to any successful film production. Lines and shapes need to be pleasing to the eyes, and more importantly, they need to be used subliminally to direct the eyes of the audience to the next shot without creating a distracting "jump cut". The elements and principles of art need to be read, reviewed, memorized but more importantly, they need to be used consciously. When critiquing your film, you should be able to identify why your film is visually effective using the elements and principles of art. Together the intelligent use of the elements and principles of visual art can help you create dynamic compositions that will help give your film good overall continuity. The single photographic exposure on film or video of the image is called the frame. Frames are combined to create a shot. Shots are combined to create a sequence. A shot is any uninterrupted exposed section of film or video. A frame is in actuality a still photo image. It doesn't record motion; it records light and the result of a single frame is the same as a still photograph. Time Film had two types of time. The first is the actual length or duration of the film, for example, a run time of 90 minutes. The other type of time is called diegetic time, or time that is the result of the story or narrative. The story may span the a few minutes, a few hours, a few days, a few years or a lifetime although it may only take 90 minutes to tell the story through the film. In Stanley Kubricks "2001 A Space Odyssey" he leaps his story over a span of 3 million years. Diegetic time also works with simultaneous actions, using a technique called cross cutting. For example, during the running home scene in "Ferris Bueler", shots of Ferris and his sister are shown in separate locations but happening at the same time. Film makers can quicken time or retard time. Often, stories are told in short sections of real time edited together in sequence. Anything unimportant to the story is omitted. Motion Motion pictures, whether video or film, give the illusion of motion by the movement of many still frames through a projector. Because of a physical property of the eye and brain called the "persistence of vision" you are able to perceive the illusion of motion using motion picture technology. This illusion of motion distinguishes motion picture photography from still photography. Some of the earliest motion pictures were made from paper photo prints arranged in a flip book. This technology had drawbacks since they could only be viewed as very short shots and the size of the audience was limited to one. Frame rates of motion pictures are 24 frames per second. That means that the camera records 24 shots per second and it is played back at the same rate. If it is played too quickly the motion appears to quicken and if it it played back too slowly then it appears slow. If you were to shoot at twice the speed, lets say 48 frames per second, you would achieve a slow motion look when the film is played back at 24 frames per second. The video frame rate is 29.92 frames per second, however for simplicity sake we will refer to the rate as 30 frames per second. The element of motion is the motion that we see while we watch a film or video. Since everything moves it would be difficult to shoot a truly still shot with a film or video camera. There is always some motion somewhere. You can easily tell the difference between a still shot taken with a still camera then inserted in the video, and a non action shot filmed with a motion picture camera.

Because we are so accustomed to seeing motion editors will add motion to still photos that are inserted. Any stop in motion will distract the viewer and cause a jump cut. Sound Sound is not essential to a motion picture however sound is so common in film that it is included as an essential element. For the first 30 years of cinema motion pictures did not have sound tracks; sound technology evolved more slowly that the motion picture technology. Since films had no sound track, an organist, pianist or small ensemble would accompany the film. The score was played live. Now sound is an integral part of the film and it has been since 1928. For a few years, sound technology, since it lagged behind photo technology, forced cinematographers to return to more primitive filming styles. Many of the camera motions had to be abandoned because the microphones could not record sound at a distance. Microphones were awkwardly hidden in props close to the actors but out of necessity, the sound technology quickly advanced to meet the needs of the dynamic film styles that were developed in the 1920's and even earlier. Most films now include dialogue recorded on the sound stage, sound effects that are included during post production, music scores, narrations and voice overs. The explosions, gunshots, car crash sounds, wind, rain, and thousands of other sounds are all added during post production by sound designers called "foley artists." Believe it or not, professional film productions do not use the built in microphones included with consumer camcorders. Professionals use expensive sound equipment that is beyond the financial reach and technical know-how of most amateurs. The quality of the built in mikes is poor and acceptable results can only be achieved in a indoors in a well "padded" room without a fan, airconditioning or electric motors. Like the camera, the microphone does not differentiate and seperate the good sound from the bad sound. For this reason it is very difficult to do a good dialogue with the built in mikes and often you will need to resort to a narrative voice over to tell your story. Lighting When we record using photographic instruments we record light. We do not record objects, people, buildings or anything at all - we record light. Image is what the mind does to the light once it is recorded and played back. Cinematographers strive to have control over lighting conditions. The most experienced ones have full control over lighting and work with the director to create mood and effect as well as consistent continuity throughout the film. Like sound technology, lighting is expensive and requires knowledge to use it effectively. Sequence After filming is complete, the editing process begins. The editor and director together will decide the length and order of the shots and piece them together to create a sequence. The sequence tells the story using the visual language of film, or film syntax. We have a specific way of viewing shots that makes the most sense to us as an audience. The most common way of ordering and arranging shots is called continuity editing. Composition Composition is the use of the visual elements and principles to create a frame that is aesthetically interesting, attention holding, and consistent with overall continuity. Composition is the placement of the shapes within the frame that enhance the film reality or "mise en scene". Because the frame has a fixed boundary, composition will happen automatically. However, good composition must be made to happen. It is rare that it happens by accident. Directors work with set designers, costume designers, lighting technicians and cinematographers to create the best possible placement of "filmic" objects. Actors must be blocked (placed) carefully in each shot so they can be clearly seen by the audience. Choose a film you have seen many times and pause on a frame. Look carefully at how the director has placed the actors and objects in the shot. All the actors were carefully placed on their "mark."