A brief guide to referencing using the Harvard System

26/06/2007

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CONTENTS

Referencing using the Harvard System ......................................................1 Why do you have to reference? ..................................................................1 How to reference using the Harvard System ..............................................1 Part 1: Citing in the text of your work ..........................................................1 Practical points ......................................................................................1 Part 2. The Reference List ..........................................................................3 In General .............................................................................................3 Books and other Printed works .............................................................4 Journal Articles......................................................................................4 Chapters in books .................................................................................5 Official publications ...............................................................................5 Non-parliamentary publications .......................................................5 Parliamentary Publications: Acts of Parliament ..............................5 Parliamentary Publications: Command Papers ................................6 Open Learning Materials .......................................................................6 Secondary references ...........................................................................7 Electronic sources .................................................................................7 Citing from an email .........................................................................7 WWW documents ............................................................................8 Citing from Electronic journals .........................................................8 CD-ROM and Disks .........................................................................9 References and Bibliographies ...........................................................10 Sample Reference List...................................................................10

Referencing using the Harvard System

WHY DO YOU HAVE TO REFERENCE?
When you refer to another piece of work you must always acknowledge the source of that information. This is to demonstrate the evidence supporting your arguments. to avoid accusations of plagiarism. to enable staff or researchers to identify your sources and follow up your work.

HOW TO REFERENCE USING THE HARVARD SYSTEM

There are two parts to referencing using the Harvard System: 1. Citing in the text of your work- this means acknowledging, within your text, the sources that you have used. 2. The Reference List - this is the list of sources you have used. You will write it at the end of your work. (It is not counted in the word count) References are detailed descriptions of the sources from which you acquired your information.

PART 1: CITING IN THE TEXT OF YOUR WORK

When you refer to another document you must acknowledge this within the text of your work, by citing the authors surname and the date of publication. For example: The declining number of health professionals in training has lead to a reduced output of qualified staff (Morton-Cooper, 1989). Bond (1994, p.113) stated that child health is in part determined by the behaviour of parents. Although experiments should have a formal theory (Boud, 1993), you will find that This allows whoever is reading your work to identify the source of your information by referring to your reference list.

Practical points
1. If the author's name appears naturally in the text, the year follows in brackets. For example: Draper (1997) suggests that among the risk factors ..... As long as the author's name is acknowledged in the text you do not have to cite it again within the brackets.

2. Multiple authors. If there are two or fewer authors all of their names must be cited in the text. For example: Kaufmann and Foxman (1991) agree that ..... If there are three or more authors then only the first author (the author who appears first on the title page of the book or is listed first at the beginning of a journal article) is cited, followed by et al. You will need to list ALL the authors when you compile the reference list. For example: The degree of carotid artery stenosis increases (Mallik et al., 1997) 3. If you are using a direct quotation you should cite the page number as well as the author(s) and the date: For example: Hermeneutics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of understanding. (Draper, 1997, p.65) You should use the abbreviation p. if referring to a single page (e.g. p.67) and pp. if referring to multiple pages (e.g. pp.67-68). 4. If you cannot identify an author for the source you want to cite, you should cite the title. For example: In Medical nutrition: a community perspective it says malnutrition associated with disease is common in general practice. (Medical, 1996, p.8) 5. The names of organizations, institutions, government departments etc. may also be cited in the text as authors. These are known as Corporate Authors. For example: Tuition fee contributions will be paid (NHS Executive, 1998).

6. If referring to more than one source published in the same year by the same author, use lower case letters after the date. For example: The current selection and recruitment procedures for nurses are inadequate (Bowles, 1995a) ............. Bowles (1995b) questions the assumptions 7. Where you cite more than one reference at the same point in the text, cite them in chronological order. For example: Dahlen (1993), Bowles (1995) and Post (1997) claim .... 8. Secondary references should be cited in the text in the following way: For example: Kelly (1994) cited in Royston and Dick (1998) argues that ecologies (theres more explanation of secondary references on page 7) 9. World Wide Web documents and Electronic Journal articles should be cited in the text in the same way as books and journal articles.

PART 2. THE REFERENCE LIST

The reference list consists of full references to the sources you have used to produce your work. The first two parts of the reference, (the authors surname and the date), provide the link to the citation you made in the text. The reference list appears at the end of your work and the references should be listed in one sequence in alphabetical order of the authors surname.

In General
The following instructions apply to all kinds of material that you might reference. 1. You must list ALL of the authors of a piece of work in the reference list. 2. If you cannot find an author, editor or corporate author, cite the title of the work. 3. If you cannot find a date put [no date]. 4. If you cannot find a publisher put s.n. 5. Editor(s): Editor(s) are distinguished from authors by adding ed. as an abbreviation for a single editor and eds. for multiple editors. 6. Pages: Use either p. if referring to a quote/secondary reference/article on a single page or pp. for a quote/secondary reference/article which covers a range of pages.

Books and other Printed works

A reference to a book or another printed work, such as a report, should include the following information, in this order: 1. Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author. Use authors initial not full first name 2. The date of publication (in brackets) 3. The title and any subtitle, which should be underlined. 4. Series title and number if they appear. 5. The edition if it is not the first. 6. City or town of publication followed by colon: 7. Publisher. This information should be taken from the front or back of the title page, not the book cover. For example: Bond, J. & Bond, S. (1994) Sociology and health care: an introduction for nurses and other health care professionals. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone. Mallik, M., Hall, C., Howard, D. & Pearson, P. eds (1997) Nursing knowledge and practice: a decision making approach. London: Bailliere Tindall.

Journal Articles
A reference to a journal article should include the following information, in this order: 1. The author(s) of the article 2. The year of publication (in brackets) 3. The title of the article. 4. If you are referencing an editorial put [editorial] 5. The title of the journal which must be underlined, 6. The volume and issue number (issue number in brackets), 7. The first and last page numbers of the article. For example: Paying for family planning. (1998) [editorial] The Lancet, 352 (9131), p.831. Stern, J.M. & Simes, R.J. (1997) Publication bias: evidence of delayed publication in a cohort of clinical research projects. British Medical Journal, 315 (7109), pp.640645.

Chapters in books
When citing a contribution to a book or a paper given at a conference, you must reference the surname of the author who made that contribution and the title of that contribution. A reference to a contribution to a book should include the following information, in this order: 1. The author(s) of the chapter/section 2. The date of publication (in brackets) 3. The title of the chapter/section. 4. In: 5. Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author(s) of the book. 6. The title of the book, which must be underlined. 7. Town or city of publication followed by colon: 8. Publisher, 9. The first and last page numbers of the chapter/section. For example: Wall, A. (1998) The ethics of getting on with others. In: Scriven, A. ed. Alliances in health promotion: theory and practice. London: Macmillan, pp.53-59. McBean, S. (1991) Health and health promotion - consensus and conflict. In: Perry, A. & Jolley, M. eds. Nursing: a knowledge base for practice. London: Edward Arnold, pp.52-92.

Official publications
Non-parliamentary publications
When referencing non-parliamentary official publications follow the instructions for referencing books: For example: NHS Centre for Reviews & Dissemination (1996) Undertaking systematic reviews of effectiveness: CRD guidelines for those carrying out or commissioning reviews. CRD Report 4. York: NHS Centre for Reviews & Dissemination.

Parliamentary Publications: Acts of Parliament

A reference to an Act of Parliament should include the following, in this order. 1. The title of the Act including the date, which should be underlined

2. The chapter number of the act (in brackets) 3. Place of publication followed by colon: 4. Publisher. For example: Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1997 (c. 24) London: The Stationery Office.

Parliamentary Publications: Command Papers

Command papers include statements of government policy, also known as White Papers; consultation documents, also known as Green Papers; and the reports of Royal and Departmental Commissions; annual accounts; the reports of Commissions of Enquiry and international treaties. A reference to a Command Paper should include the following information, in this order. 1. The title of the command paper which should be underlined 2. The command paper number and the date of publication (in brackets) 3. The place of publication followed by colon: 4. The publisher. For example: Our Healthier Nation: a contract for health (Cm 3852, 1998) London: The Stationery Office.

Open Learning Materials

A reference to open learning materials should include the following information, in this order: 1. Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author 2. The date of publication (in brackets) 3. The title of the workbook, which should be underlined. 4. The name of the pack the workbook is contained in. 5. Place of publication followed by colon: 6. Publisher.

For example: Martin, V. ed. (2000) The Manager, Work Book 1. Managing Health and Social Care. Milton Keynes: The Open University.

Secondary references
Secondary referencing involves referring to a document, which you have not seen but which has been used and cited by someone else. For example, you may want to refer to the work of Freud as described in a book or article on psychology. This should only be done where it is not possible to consult the earlier work. A secondary reference should include the following information, in this order: 1. The full reference to the earlier work. (Follow the instructions for referencing a book/journal article etc. Do not underline the title/journal title). 2. Cited in: 3. The reference to the source you have used (Follow the instructions for referencing a book/journal article etc. Underline the title/journal title). 4. The page number in the source you have used where the reference to the earlier source appears. For example Dales, L.A. (1986) Effective teaching and mentoring. London: Jossey-Bass. Cited in: Reid, B. (1994) The mentors experience: a personal perspective. In: Palmer, A.M. ed. Reflective practice in nursing: the growth of the professional practitioner. Oxford: Blackwell Science, p.47.

Electronic sources
There are some general points to consider when citing electronic documents: 1. You must cite enough information for your source to be traced in the future. 2. You should cite the date the document was last updated if this is clear, or the date you accessed the document if this is not. 3. If you cannot find a publisher put s.n. 4. If you are using the Internet or CD-ROM databases to search for journal references you should cite the journal as your source of information.

Citing from an email

A reference to an e-mail should include the following information, in this order: 1. The authors name 2. Date of publication (date the message was sent, in brackets)
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3. Medium i.e. email 4. Recipient. 5. The title of the message, taken from the subject line, underlined. 6. [online]. 7. Accessed, followed by the date the message was accessed [in square brackets]. For example Wibberley, J.M. (1998) Email to J.Parker. British Journal of Radiology. [online]. [accessed 20th October 1998] .

WWW documents
A reference to a World Wide Web document should include the following information, in this order: 1. The Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author(s) of the document (if they can be identified) 2. Date of publication (in brackets) 3. The title of the document, which must be underlined (or the first few words of the document if the title is not clear). 4. [online]. 5. Place of publication followed by colon: 6. Publisher. 7. Available from: followed by the URL (this replaces the In) 8. Accessed then the date the document was accessed [in square brackets]. For example Cross, P. and Towle, K. (1996) A guide to citing internet sources [online]. Poole: Bournemouth University. Available from: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/servicedepts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsystint.html [accessed 15 September 1998]. Engineering Librarians (2006) Citing and referencing with the Harvard System [online]. Bradford: University of Bradford. Available from: http://www.brad.ac.uk/library/documents/refeng.pdf [accessed 20 May 2007].

Citing from Electronic journals

1. A reference to a Electronic journal article should include the following information, in this order: 2. The author(s) name. 3. Date of publication (in brackets)

4. The title of the article. 5. The title of the journal, which must be underlined 6. [online], 7. Volume number and issue number (issue number in brackets), 8. Page numbers. 9. Available from: followed by the URL 10. Accessed, followed by the date accessed in [square brackets]. For example: Shelley, E.D. (1998) chronic staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. British Journal of Dermatology [online], 139, pp.319-324. Available from:http://pluto.bids.ac.uk/JournalsOnline/ [accessed 15 September 1998].

CD-ROM and Disks

A reference to a CD-ROM or a Disk should include the following information, in this order: 1. The Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author(s) of the document (if they can be identified) 2. Date of publication (in brackets) 3. The title of the CD-ROM or disk, which must be underlined. 4. [CD-ROM] or [disk] 5. Edition (e.g. update 2 or version 4.1). 6. Place of publication (if this can be identified) followed by colon: 7. Publisher (if this can be identified). 8. Date updated or revised (if applicable). For example Peitgen, H.O. (1998) The complete visible human: the complete high resolution male and female datasets from the Visible Human Project. [CD-ROM] London: Springer-Verlag

References and Bibliographies

A reference list contains the details of the material referred to in your assignment. It is required. A bibliography is a list of material used to gather ideas and which has informed your work. It is not generally required.

Sample Reference List

Bond, J. & Bond, S. (1994) Sociology and health care: an introduction for nurses and other health care professionals. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone. Bowles, N. (1995a) Methods of nurse selection: a review. Nursing Standard, 9 (15), pp. 25-29. Bowles, N. (1995b) A critical appraisal of preceptorship. Nursing Standard, 9 (45), pp. 25-28. Daloz, L.A. (1986) Effective teaching and mentoring. London: Jossey-Bass. Cited in: Reid, B. (1994) The mentors experience: a personal perspective. In: Palmer, A.M. ed. Reflective practice in nursing: the growth of the professional practitioner. Oxford: Blackwell Science, p.47. Engineering Librarians (2006) Citing and referencing with the Harvard System. [online] Bradford: University of Bradford. Available from: http://www.brad.ac.uk/library/documents/refeng.pdf [accessed 20 May 2007]. Kaufmann, R. & Foxman, B. (1991) Mastitis among lactating women: occurrence and risk factors. Social Science and Medicine, 33 (6), pp. 701-705. Kelly, K. (1994) Out of Control. Fourth Estate. Cited in: Royston, G. & Dick, P. (1998) Healthcare ecology. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 4 (5), pp.238-241. p.241. Mallik, M., Hall, C., Howard, D. & Pearson, P. eds (1997) Nursing knowledge and practice: a decision making approach. London: Bailliere Tindall. Martin, V. ed. (2000 ) The Manager, Work Book 1. Managing Health and Social Care. Milton Keynes: The Open University. McBean, S. (1991) Health and health promotion - consensus and conflict. In: Perry, A. & Jolley, M.eds. Nursing: a knowledge base for practice. London: Edward Arnold, pp.5-22. NHS Executive Northern and Yorkshire [no date] Making it better: clinical audit in Northern & Yorkshire. Newcastle upon Tyne: Northern and Yorkshire Regional Health Authority. Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1997 (c. 24) London: The Stationery Office Our Healthier Nation: a contract for health (Cm 3852, 1998) London: Stationery Office. Paying for family planning. (1998) [editorial] The Lancet, 352 (9131), p.831.

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Peitgen, H.O. (1998) The complete visible human: the complete high resolution male and female datasets from the Visible Human Project. [CD-ROM] London: Springer-Verlag. Shelley, E.D. (1998) chronic staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. British Journal of Dermatology [online], 139, pp.319-324. Available from: http://pluto.bids.ac.uk/JournalsOnline/[accessed 15 September 1998]. Wibberley, J.M. (1998) Email to J.Parker. British Journal of Radiology. [online]. [accessed 20 October 1998].

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