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lI.I'ta:L'IIl3 I',i'n.!>e"ll

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GAM BAR 1.3 1m BE! era ~a dr:i keIMQ'lIIpan.. (,a~ b Kffi'!B.r.!ifUfan.: S@i!li!I~1 blu.a~JeJislik k(lliIiiJupsrI ~ng Ila.ff!

f!'1l1neu~ G8ri organisasf ~~aliiisme ~ng ~mpde~s. ~peFl!i ~a.nQ tertihla~, el81S J pada Io,10~a!ra""'d:~~a't 'bu~a maMinBii I"'" ,~.. \~ If'LiE!pro!!!u_lI,~ iDfI'lI8]ilisme IlIIl€niJham.1kalii :sendiiii ke-, .~~I. ~,!I;!, - -'~ . .J .iI.,.. ~. i:;!!. ' "'!::I turulliann.ya" lGehidup811lberasal dBJ1i5E!$ualiJ y.a~ ,hidu,p. ~'Siomrl ~anQ!jj1~elW!s'l1!ba:;gailbr:O~!!lBs~, m sm~seemf : ~~IJI maoaqu~ Jlep.aliQ 5edtiflQ ~linduf.l91 ~!lii'.a~JIf~;a!, (ell Per.tI1.m.i!ittlnaJll d6lfi' pefflemb.a~,galJ';~ Ipr'l},gralil1""iFt~ ram ~ng dapat diWBMkanl '~.81iIg,beRt~tlJk [)NA, m~entuKari ~o.Ia peiitljrmoo~n ~a:~ 1)9~l'f!ballig~ni m{jl!l!l[)mdiJlksi, OF~ '9a:nr~m~ d~n9a:n kan1il~tgri:tlllkyangl 'hanya dmil~1 Cileh 5Pe~~Fliya. iampaJ<JI~adagallf!ba~ il'!i '8m'b~!'!i1b!W d~ri: ~hJI ~~$i@$ ka!~k '~$!n9 liIi'dup d~ CostB 'RiC'a",~d) PEt-!

,marn.!ili!l'/an

~J]€19k

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j'ffji5!f1gam~i!1 'e'..fier:g'i dan

mefil~fEl!r'tsfo~Srill!r1;!! 'sa'Minmglil d~pr;l!t d~,lIn1i!!kl!li!1lIUlilhJk II1!EiI8~kan betlttagai pB<~~tlan, KeIe'I9Jwat !liii nns!fli1~erolen lbanan bi!lk~ ~d1~~!f!f!1ben1l!Jk r'l'ijki-ar yang dialil'lbl1n)\8i d~rlikaktus ~9Lj~n1, K:el:elffilmr bll a~£in ilrietl!J9uoo~:an efllergi ya~1 ffin5lm~n dl 'dalalln mo[eku'l·mo~~1 ~. talr!apny,~ Yi]liJJk ~~rtJ~lfI~ di!iln :mfiilalku:kan pe.l!:E~a8in lallilnp .. '~D) ff~ R ~dap qmnga.rR J'angkMk 'lfal1l~ akan s~,era dimab~ini l~.~J~I!iI~bp~lilBll1Il:afil Veiilul5 ~liIiF!u~\!m da:un ~Jii~ ei~m~ tas!' !JJi1tuk llIi.emElienlitik, ,p-eFl!ingk~p. 1iinaf'fl3n, inl memb;eiTi tan@gapan te~a'l:lap' sHrnl'!)!llII~ ~il!l;gh!in:gan ini; ,c'.elilflijn me;. Inu'l.U,p pernngkap:nYBl deng~n ,cap.at '~f)H.Dmeaslasis: Me'" ik:artlism!;NI~~-a!'!QiIir!~p.m'!gr~lJJ.rinen~98, :\I.iIar li'ngilrun9~n l ~ntei'1i181Mia'I.U orgafi~rfne l'et.ap ibe~a pada t-i.al&ba!.as y,af!9 S!9waJamya, lj'fala'Jp!!.l1li ill'ng'kung811! abmlffl"IIllY8i ~~E!I b9\f.iilHl!i'lb'uI:~~
t€lms, b€rubal1·IlIb<a~. IPUlS€S PB~t:I~iJtEl.n [flli'dili'i8ma~n

IPe:n8lilg~p.falat

'p-OOaI wakltl

.8 mSi'al1l:Qsi3jnWrnensli!fliU.!!lasi

IhOf'neGSII\'isls. Pada Cb!'l1mh !rlb, ~ef!g~'l!Jran, JI!!~Jah d~~h

m~la!Juj rpenn.bul'uil-pemb'uluh daralil dl l'elinrna OOS!3!Fmilik ::ellt!c~ te1Sebu~secala teliUSF'J1r!ef!aru~
mgnga'l.ur Jl§n§s,
yfllll9i

y,~lI1g m~ng~lir'

,d!le;pssttBfl Ike

lil'!e:njEla$k~n 11!~.m~SI~is,

~g~A_d~pta~f ~~n~ ~ :s~a;-gai nasi! ('jari iinteraksi" an.1ara 'O\f!9~ois~~ d6lllS\Elfil li~kun~n:n~aJ, ~18h :satu kon~kuen5~ den e~ol'usl :Ielalil ,a;tla;p~aiSli~rg~nrGmQ te:r~d~1lJ 11~~n.gaF!oyiilJ, Bulu~bllJ!1l.I Ilerwall1li5i puUrn ~Iii bWf,iJliIg P'farmlg~n ek(lr~pIHih eli mlJ!ctl8p{1;, dibf:d!lk_~n dan iiliilgltt:l~ah set€l~i~IfrI!tBJ,
:$i~ S!aiji! irtl me-mbua't bl!lrl;!lf'!g ~nj ~a!TIfii~"'harmpif~i:dak

ilililgtrul~~rYi)'Ei, ini clalll :s~hl;l lU:bll1h Ihewan, K'ehi-aiJ~anl 'lIemu$,beFtemba:ng

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:se,pe!'icigufu, lu~~, s-el,rlid da;Plat me.n'g'II. ,__,L_" 'Ok" • " ~~m::jdlU:[ uiillam !Se~flgl'r~lalO, :ID~(J: '_ U[IIIJ~aw,~ :yang
n_

Ib~r

.J1_'il

[~a'bi,~r~i: M.miIiFwi dalam .se'[ t~!r,pU15i31t. pa&a :n;u4!t~mil, p1"clilt~iD.y~g: discbut ,erJ:zim. 'E!lIzjm 3;~~,ahk~Jidi:s~ait~, y zat yang :tt[t~mperoep~Jt: rea!k_£1 kj,~Ja(Wi ya~g d~haiSil:bn olel~ ~~, d.i :ma.ttl:aJ, enZilm ~~hY - 'beirfu_n,~i.. Ke[ib s~i.sf4 m'()i[ ,Anda mem'butll!hl._-rul boo,yak [e:~Je!l:'~ :P:~' ~~i: beoolah1i'ag~~ '~Jlil'£i.I1Im, mcmpeta'p3.~' ,pen,~iUJii~Q,l'nQlekllil gala, (§]lJkoo@!}lI .rlllJtitjpMkan ,e.nte.ii',gi: :ya,t'lJ,g d~gY~~alJJ (]Jntu.n:k bc'k~fja~ S~haliJlm.ya~,piilda ~att~,And.a, ber-

S!i-llI.gaIt '~'~r3tur~

Pellgaw.ra;1l

'is~raJ11~tl; enr7.:um-enz:um ~:l!:un:[!:r.a. ,ikmli :mt:mper.a:paJt" pembeu:u:uJkan ,g1IJ~i y'-a~ltg '~part d~lamJllahbJj, ,k;~: a]am, cadangan bahan d b:iikatr tubuh .Anda.., ~De...ffil:~ saw. gtl]P enaim mempeooep{iJt penSu.~illaJn :gJuJ~!Q;Sa dlmlED,5~:m. ,gin]? ];]~tinya mfem~;H~~ne,p~J~ , pembe[l!rubn1fl,ya~ hagaimatiJa kesnJhilu. dJi d;l]]ttm ~e'll>l!lIitlll sel dtll,P:iU: dip~re.lh.a[lbrn? S~hag;im ibew' ]3~ban~ya, ~r,jilah pt;j,d~,me~~~ i 1_ I__ ![[1lS:(E1Ji~IR~lI!;a!I.li'Smc :pt0g3tUII:" ymg menennnean :S~, '~,~'i1'~,,~p'an~ di :rttla['ia~,dan ~-t:ap, cepti!r renksl-reaksi ,l~rme[[m,meJ:'j~di dl dalam
A

s~l.

B~tlY.3k p.~es-

bilio~~,gi;s berjaiaJn

deng'3l1l, ~e[t(~~.rinya~ ]b.'filke:FUa,

~elUi::tmr:ll3Jrn!i.

m.el;(l!Ju~:sy~-ru. m~hni5me ~um,pi:ID,~'Wik", matMl di

P,Ktd!J~[l Uumbtlltmil ftltO :£i!lli I ~ti:k ~"j!lIi m:y 3)

d~11! 'OJllilm;$ITl~

'GAMBAR, 1,8,!!!! Per!1g)ai~!J.u;a~ eJfialul Lm!,ekanlsmOi umpon.lbalik., m (a'JI Mo.d~ ~-ed~rnh~~al ini mmg9~rnba~n ip:r'tin~'j'pdan IIJm~Rn~bBIJi!): fle'gali~. :atau Inhlb'lsl ~~e[J'lghamba!tali1) Ym~n~bal~k" ~alam ~~!f!9~
atur31JimU~Bin rl~8ksi kirni:aw;! dal8i1lii ,sebUlah set

l:lIlI1..Jt~t.irutafil

F~lJrl'

r'
KiPJii H_U~ll
I {~~~'WiJil dan

km11liWI

yang ~1'1!9~rnh k!:[l Ii:nll~h ffie!]il!l.nlj!lllkitan ~Jg;fJj etaim IberiJed!a yaflg meAgk!1ita~i-sils, 'PenQ!iJbahan saw mol.~kul menjadi ffilol'ek,y] dil

l'eFSebut melibalkan em~.at 'molekul (A-D). IPa..,aih~e~d~k '~it~~

~:JBfl~la~mj

rerseiJlit'.

seOOlatJ;~., IP~~~ a.~l'!f~nya m8r:1ghamOOit, el1Zl1IiQ1[ pertaTlIiiB (0) d!alam IiJrutan ·~el'seb~l~ lre'ilka 'kons.erdr,a~i 0 f!fu~['Ii~8kal s~m~aj ntik ~ ~rte!11!u a-ie~ks~t>@lll's@buti,ib~~f.hiijn1ii d€lng;an se:l1'rnllinya. IPengalllJimni" s€ln,dlir~ ,olen !Jmp:Elil1l"\b.arikn;e:ga6r-ad.aleim liiJal~aflg -Imnmh ~~Ial'l!l ~i!5I_'e,:nn kehldupaFil. (I)) ~,:ada ump-aooalii( posttit,j syawl p-~ul' ,d~ri UM~Ul!~k.Si rers€lbll~, lkEn me!fili:ligm~k8n IIt$ salall1 s:abJ en~im ~
j

'menaikk_an le£,u pembeJ1!Lika~

p~dl!ikr:!y\a.

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ya!Ulgl ~udah ma'~jl., Eini!!irogi 'y,a~91 I1fIgFlll~~!JI~i I~kosistellil dalallii[ bentui{ ~rnDT mmB~!!3ri lIiIJki!fi Hetilall da'lRnrn lbieiiilluk, ,P;:li'i:a!$:, y,aiiii!iji ,~ilepa~ ole~ selurtih Qrgiuilis~ ~~, 1~!l1!9kllilngal'i!l'!y,~:k8tik~mgtJnism~.;Or.gEltJ9ism'e tei'Selnj~ rrnelaJu..ikanrre~a., -

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ml?l':urai lI,qmaTI peli~ullurg isu ltki:N .m~ml"illi.U':t-j,'tiMn 1rn6lt!nn'ln: i~i€m,Hi()n~i i~ilMn-g
t11W1!~11'11 .~Fi.~~

te.F~but s(lp-e'J;[ii ul]rt: .:.pd. D1 d::ll~m k 3!ll:mos(-eu. .)~ng;- 'ri~i~ioi, Oil.OrL S!i-YI.~_(' :iangka d:m dli~~r <d~3:~. IxtW:in pe-I :teijlutiiJ. :;l~iLI. :~pm'(p'~jJ~ reD' mllllion). Si:b!llgim besar JOron. un) reri.en:tik :kiu~hl~ 15 .mi.~ cibui ~tim.~.-di

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sclhagai

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d!ik:¢~~~.!i!gl6li1. !'id~( ~~!i!~I1'ci; bab:JlI1i _PiilmdiWligi n bcoITl.(;UD1. Pada k:ell,ya~n~f3<1' CFC !ilaflSiEl tr41.MI ·~m.bi.1lida'k .u<eilii~ ~llIg ·~ren."11 ~~[d;)h ~Il!'i rtrid:dt bl';!~un

uruh, ~lJig ((l£dHrl atas

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INTERVIEW

t\nda. b~kI1n da.pat mcngh~ru!l?nya. [~clak. Ii:e~jadi apfi,~~ptl. T~[-sp~.k-Iuena. L..-.! lJ_iln '!;",..Jl.".... ~ "L_HlI lflIn;g mc:rnlil.!!!!lU}" il i ..~ .. - - -1, - -In !fI;~,~""
bi8'i\ m~n~i1Ii [ilP'j~ ooo~, Siibagi:llll:t bssar biliiiU'i! pt::Il(e.m;;:ui (pDI~Han) bin yanG. di~ep~ Ikr. ud:ilt8.hi~ d!ip~IlI&31hb.1i1 .!·a~:heil1L~liI'1I p:~n~R til:r.i~!JI(· mencapai .su~tosJ£~r;,

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:n~ene:"~1ai ~traroo~r; '!:Ii (>Ii! m,i';II[ il'u, ii.uii~[ iddlimya :EniffilligUbahn.y.a m:en~adi Sl!rL)'a.'INrlI ·kUrrLiil.wi. y~~g':>i:IIi:tgBJE reak.(i; .),i:tfii,S d.t~!tbtw ~Ltlikal behiiL~. Rricilib:l beh.as ; D'lB_ h·rn~dia:r1. .11!~~I1!$:!tk
M~l£~liiJl.Fi'Y,iI! .Lii!I[ij~. hiih~ C~C
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MARIO MOUNA
pltda ;i_!ItI:li['rj_5~r~ u:~pg. ~lfiil ~!n'L dijmba[[l~ ol~: ~~_m~n ~r;a JmnrrDmJ fitole.k-"ld. OiZWiIl yW1.]5 lidak :r:.m:bil ,i!pRibiltl. ,Il.'!OOn
:riIj;l!!~;ij!:i

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IlnelJ!jad:U bahaa ~ai[IJ den~, ,~i lkin~~ia:'!.\\'1I.. ne'!.",~a i:lTIi,i 'p9.~ ,ki1'n:E:lw,an, mi2:mLg,:eJ1a] 91 unsur r.iitmg terdapaz di aDami, emas, oombaglll. :k..u'b;Q(tIJ" dan oks_ogen :rn;enllpakan, ·co:l!lto'hnp. S{:da:p IIll1ISlJl[' ,me:mlliJci bmba~g]1 hia15<IJIlya:, bUFUf J?~rtama, '~:ii;i!Udna hUJrl!lf dM1 .llama l!UJ!5U.r tt['.seibllJJ:~,Sefuaguan ]ambaIl\g dii:l:uxunblJ! ,clali
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G.ANI BAR 2.2

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fiatnfum kioritiE!!.
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rin,g:lbI: omilnrp.
--I_ • '1':'1 I_ OroUt; I i:.1.,efl;r/:r.of1.

dap~t :rm:nam,pUJllg :D1rl3ki~umum dua ddrtron" :Od~llirnl,in];, yan,g bm~~l1:lttl!k bolaJ~ ~ib!ui nama O[lkiro.i l s; Ei£l.nro:niL is"ittU~'.S;;'1Jll~Jil,ya I~" _11~~, • .dL" I ,~5j ue.m.iMil'311i1, pU~:i.i t ;11 ~~-~ ~ u:a:liu susru ,a:rr.[l(HD Hlqro,g:eo mfiilempaa:a emna h!llny~ d~n~]\ ~ed,'!lna. d~t'roj] ,~,'mo\f'l ~jelliJn], EJ,eku~~! seperd :~1a1i'i1r<1!, seIITiIU~. ~:'t.'I!a'[le.I!'[J!Oe.ttrl;Q:f',rli:tt'!il,(!;, benl;da pa4a keld~S!J'ii energi , '" ' ' 1', h '" 21" -TIki _..I' ~c.J\.,U_ ' ! :poi~!mS!!;;J~y,:~t-mI;g: """,ren'd'iIll_'_l' yan,g,:"JIJ!lLLcJlya. paea k 1'" t :perram a;
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Ku]h' dci1trn'.Q~y.Emlg lrJ~dii1a ~@Jpat m,'eJ!1~mpalilLg,(f~]a:pa'im, ~~'ck~

:ab~~,{«il~a ]l,uiJuh~ kWl]h:~,k1lJlit eI~kn'(n:L1suatu .it'!l)OJitl, l illv,ii!ilualk:m ~~h~lJP HrI~.JJi:ru:asan kOQserur~k ~el':usu elekreon '~rn:g:meJm§Of:b;ut ,~.'~fUhm~~ ~J~:~i:p d;en~J] ~~~_r.lJetyang m.e'"ll,[\'Qrui'[ ma:rnh~Di. S~'be.iril;LI]]",ti,y3:'~~p ]~'bib mudrili ,~,ti[lggttnakalil. diag:uam, hd~
~,WilJJ

'i!:ci;s:c'but unnik melaJJ]l;bj[n.g~ilim, kulut. ~~e'keon, ,s-eu~er[i y:~JJ!g t~',l:lik pada GAMM1"t 17. Ak~_1l Ile[',;t:prn~,~J)O\m, i'1h:1lmk s-esedetrile!na ~nL Se~a:ulflliyli, ,kltaJ ddak I~em~h ,m~n~r~lnu~, i:nn1]:alDI yang 'p:uci da.r:~~bu3ih elek~r.Qn. ¥arl\g mun;gki.'E~ da~~
l]rlg'k.irti.mll",~lJjmTl;[rik
1ci1[3,
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'~ron,) .d:ua ~[c.ktm:ti dJ :s~~i:apot.ihuw ,~I'I~ ,jiJjJmlmti,~ er:ra.pat ttTi~' seb1Jl~. :E!L!:lk.tr.Q:ndi [;:eemp@jf. orb:urnl :}":iiilitg bil:rkd.[IJ. ,i.:im.i!i!~mJlJ y::i, an
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Konfig;urasi Eklt:tron: ,J.~ Sifot:.sifo't lGmia:wi

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'tt,~m,pa!(

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mena,mpung mak;simum dua ele,'l::htor.'!! (,8) K:JJJlit ,e~[gktron IPfiffaat]a fr'IIemilUo Q:!'b'Jlal be~bei"it!Jk b\Oila (oS) ditaindai dleiiflga:n 1.08, H'.aiiliya o ffibitBiI itd ~~ dHtemp'i§l!11l ~ala!li! Ihid~erril, yang Iiri~rolllki ,~h.!l lel~klrOfil, Cain d~t.flim henium, yan;Q mellTliliki dua ,~Iek.tr(n,

:smng d!l~I1f!i,p~~.Seua~, o~bl~1 Id!apa!~

dJ dafam .o~,bil81l-orbutall 'y,fii ill! !j31 'b~ntlJ~).!a ~ab~hI!l!lFlIlll.(c:) Unt~~ Iliiel::u'ifibafilgk,an' orni~al~d(rm~8! e!leldmn1 ,dan 'ij~$Y~' i!l'eiOi"ii ;y,aii'igl m&:.1'r!i]l~ilii¥eplJJ!lJh ei)ekimn, ,kHtEi tiJmp.Bjn.~;Himih'k,an o;rbUal '11.8 dl;ilrl ~Y1U.p!9r1lama danl! ,2~ sarta ~trga OflbEtal 2p dii;1r1 kMllt kedWllal" (Irigra~: ba~waJ :setj;a;p mhltaJ ~ap~t men8!m;Pi,JIlllQI dUla >el~~.) BlnUk ~eol~ pa'CIa dl~li;;un k"i1J'lit~ le~hJiron mewakili' l€lr:elttron.

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TINJAUAN

BAB
d~n nrebJ(fon yang ddM beml'UatHli, den a;wa:n eliK!l.ron bef.m.lJlatan ~1;ega.'El§'}?;afig .meJilge'UI~lf:i,gu.n.ya. JILl~illHlh. mk~~roil lda:m am,nIl ytti1@;: d ~;~~~I!';i:I!J {irldlak ~e.~ilt.IriLiB.ltail] ~Js[rik) mma d:e.i~gan j 1!I~11ibnl p,rorh.fl~J!.YR'. Se'bag~ilJn besar i,UQ.tiifi,i.F ,ntemi~nci.d~a, atIi~ ~eb~h i5~,tt!ip~d~ganJ j~~trib_h !ii~i)lJtru-lli ~'RTII,g h~[bed.a :s.:hi!tJ;m, ,m~~smya ltu,~ 1b.~[b~~~lli!l!g~!II!'l. ~SQ'[Qp tid~k ~ffibil &It.r;t melepas pru~Ukel '&~n enoergi sem__gatl ,ooLm~

!!!

M~terl t'tllw(nilt,j ,ili~, bel1l:mkkomhiuas:u

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kinrlawi. daJimli, 'beillftnk

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dan dlalam, ~'tlm,! 24~25, GAMIllAR.

,Il:lulr,ni

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,:2~3; m.oa~k-lIllj

,unl. ~~~i, &el1igm alo~:tl ~:a.Uft, lekrren be.r.-~e-.I:'fdk E mbl.til.~ ,[Q~,g, 'r..i~-d!htllel1l~~ ~g ~L"k-itak di, &n!]!1llj ,~'YH~-

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tt:eN.e-cil $:11!911Jl, nDlwr~ A-~m yang ber.i:'!1I!i..lol:t:iJIi prt,.itif

lmS!tif

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iH_elailm WUJii ,k5:mJ~w.i.W'IIIDlllik ,i1il'iet'h'ib~iul!i!k .2.12) Ik3;f~jjJ k~mhw.i u1~ern.ruk 1~l1:rik8. .iIJ.!)fM-n,"'ato,fn ~e:lfin.i):enksL d.@l11 m~m~m,!hi :kn.Ht

OltIm" '@~3,~,. GM.1Mi1 2"..].0 tim

Copynghted matenal

Dea m.o~t:ku[ 'l_ctrsd6u:[ ke'.mud:ian

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t " .) T" 'U n., -'II • ..], Ika:lariJ llilUi!'ote:t1. ~GAJ;,~.BAA.~ •.t. ..uap mo.uelii.LLI allJ'" ,!Jap.:lt mem'IL -" ·_,_L ,,'_ ,t__·d.r , ,L_' I' empill.'[ , I:lIl0~eIKU, 1 !:,.I!m. ~ L .JI' [l!L:l1I.lO!Lli. :nt&a:E<m .[u l1G,geJ1 i1JA;ingarn: mio1!~m1La
lb."..:11

tllmp mmJJya.ru. ~'kiba[' ad:lu'I!ra

Hal :yang 'b.Gr.bitan d~hgali1 .klQllexi.ada1.a1h, te,gan,gm

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uxuran sc::UJ;~r:apa.. 5llillli:tnya. permutoUI!aIiJ suaru CaIF"aJ] di,Eeg.um:g, atau di.p~cahkan. Ai[' rnern ..~liki '~~g~rDD:g,a1'lJ ,perm:Liba:n
,tIiii.iilI!l., yaltllli

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'[K[I)ali.tali :~Ua!f hiasa dari .aJi.r adalah .s~.fiE[JJ'ya :)i'$llJg ruunutI:] ~lbaJ,gai ~h~:t :adan}1';a. ikatan. h ~dlml¥l'n, y,IJ:~g: da'p~:iI m.erq"Y,SUI] ,mfilckuili""mQllt:ku1~ tt~l~lJlr' ~~ daJam, ringJ~;;u' ?~]~.pn..xan,struki 'D:lr.iJ, :~fi~',lehi11J. tiij]~i" V:~'II_" -I' . le:mpiilllt: :~![I7'J.,[ 'atrr- Y3]]~'e:rpennn 'u;u a m ".~. -b aL'11 L.... '!l:il :ru:ornil ,mempe ~~3i1:'l h'les,'tru:iont ~Yml seba:g.ai Hr~k'lU1,gnj] hl~up;: 'ptuUaku. :kobes-\u IT.i];, ~ern;an'g,:p~~D'l:nJnlJ.!.u'JillLJk :t!tU;:~~t~!._bnkanW1.L~U, :P'e;ll1JiIJ_i].~tlri nya pada saar[ ,me:m:b€ku~, dan ~.eGe.m~g,Y:l'la.::linIQ1~'!Se'ba~i. pelarue,
8£IciJtil!fnrya.

y;aJlg Keb,ih besar diba!Dd~UDgbln. ~€ba:g;~~,besar caUf.il:n biU[I, :raila, aXif~~rIn~,.:Ii:a OJ,~'t(rJi1'c-~),arIJrnra ~ir ,o,i:UJj yd~~a 'Ie~~,ad] ;gnyll;h~1J!.~i],11J ~ ,H:1iDlelilll :.U1r y,a.n,~!OOll'aJrI!!lf :~i"[1J :yang sa:lUng 'b.el.",ibtau, h.id,i1'Oig',en satu d~IJJ,~1] ~ailJi]1.ya. dan den~lIl ,mD~,jl;lkun. di bal~IDn.~. IfI:~ air
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Tmp i1~fLtan

hh:~rogen11.11nya,

nt3mptl

bereshan 'b.ebc:mpa, :pi~oo~~lk tdHUJn ~per

se.¢ru'Th '!::efW;..mii:.iiilif:it't:iI$ ~el.li,w.nuUly{l
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u:!.5I '~e:~s~bYJr,j

lum!b:ii,ditrn, J.l'oJi~i!!Si ,y.an,g tc;rJad.i :brnr.m adaJll~-m, ika'itarl hiarogeo berperan PiIiJda' ptn&ij];gkilitan ~trnn~,poif}ai:r y:an:,g me'. '.. ;, '" "( '. •.•: ,,' 3< "' !-. 1",'1',' "", :f!I:3, UatL'" . G... !lo~[l,'\.R '_ ~.) ~ii:'AJ';' m~nC3~rn. • .daUI] .[[I.e -b~' . rem ___ra _ .!JlI.I. 'i.. 1Uel:~.em t.u~ I!lL 1 ,1l1I),U!(ffi ~ ,.,' ,.'i ' '!.i'. -- .' r,ua!C[1jlJ.Il1r-,., k :rJ.GII.S ~-" .. ." [., ~ "k ;;~u:llg - c '-,' .-, ~',' ,t: " .',' an ~- ; oil! 'II. :P----D __,__ 11 . '"I... _______ ~_s. !!IP~. Au!!:'ya:ll'b4], ,~lei1gU~,~lid d~t~n'dlgar.uilibm. OI,oe~l air da:d pcm,bUli'uh < daUa~, U!r.a.'~ d~Ui~.,lkaJ[~n b~d.ro,gellJ mel1Jy·d).:~bkRJll :mo~,ekl'ill. au[' y,ang: :blua!L" daei m;a'~ daun dg"p~:11 meo$ldk ~Q[d:ljj~ air yang
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M~5InQ'r~5liifilg' iiil"iolekiJi! oa,pet b.enkatarn hfdrogen d6l19:li1n . ma!ksirm.:lm G'm'p~~ ~l~eJl:U!~ ~. larnn~a. ~\'etika ~Ir' ~e~adai riatla. ,$tiln!ll! ~ 371lC (,5'IJh!J.II ~d'an llillanlilSta)., hampit' Si1!llk:ih'lr 15% da:n mol9ktil b
.itelr:sl9blJ~, saling ~er~~a!anlden.genl empet pS.S!3nQBfi'ilfiya IrcJaJam 5!J18ru kelDlifip!Ok: -yang hSr](Y1!l: tlElmhall1! :s@b~llibaJr~

ItOl!::;srnen b~{f!ii;Fi,t ~edjkit ',riI"",..,;oIitif_, \ _ ,_.~ ,11;;1_ "' __ '-_, ..,.~~.,~,

deiFI9Gif1 iD.agialiil

bemumaal [lerIlawali~n

!1I'!QI!ef.i:1!.!!1 :l~' ol'ar ap

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d~fIi m~€Ikll~l:e:taIlilSlrg)all1ly-a-

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'~umbutn&:n\. Perngli3,pan aa.ri d8i!J.lln !If!;enarlk .afi!" darl ·akar Ik.&. ;a~5i mnEilsl~i

tabjjmlg~lEbiJnilgl mjl!i.ltOOkop~k 'Y,Qrl!g dn~b~t 'pemb-W!IUh )ljlem. yaitg ,berada padB bal:3Ji.g pCiho:n. ;!<il:ih~si ~~

teJjacii akib.al: ,ada:ny:aJ ikEitan ~kI~,geiii

~nQmH:n,J;a~aJr' dallam :SuatM 'pembl!.!!l!.I~ t~\tap oor.saltu. Mlnasii ;ani"Idalam peflil'bllJluln j~il!I 'ITtlemi]anru melaw,8l'!J bmbn ~ 'bEjl'iv~th ;alliiba!\ gfa;Vilaist
,SiEr.;: sJiBi!; ~n QJeIii Di--e. ft. G,
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41

Copytlgh:Bd matenal

,Air ,~t&.Jah,pdanJ!l :kehId'u.pim

Se'bueDi: gu]~ d@k~M :5-eg:e]~_JS p~~:E~:t}~8,i'iJ :~ai9;!'~, Ge]a;.~ ~er5iEby't :tllr ].remtidJ:t[jj ~ 11i1leJ:i1;gan~lJng SIJ~UU ClUtlfll ~[L sern,grum, g~l(t daJ~, tUl1 :loo;n~el1Jitrr,$~ gtill~ ~etil9lt'U~ abo ,~m~dj IlUI~ ,:ru,a dfl~[Un
ca__mif'iiurnm ~e~bm'. If." C-.L~_j_1i ~ lIl1ienJll}I~.k~f1I ca,rrnp,l;urUii: hQ~-'rH1i[i')e,1:1I l~!I:l,.;r· • ,to , iEi ."~i ~mJY. lebih ~It dj;.seblUt :Iairu~an. Ibthan ya:ng bersj,:fat dua m;ela;ru~~ daEU ,~aru:[;j(n d.~!i;'E!but zat :pelam,il dan zat yang d.u~ la:ruclkarL dise'DcILu ZIJIt csJa:r.ut" Dalam hal i:UiI.i~ ,nr ~i1!.Iah zar pelarut dati, ~a.. :adaJah zat mriar!JJI.iL.S~.3hll;ttu;tanmJt]oo[l8 ndahili ~ar1l~ eli ,m_~ za'~ pd~tiJ!iUlY"J. ~~aI~,. ~h:"
'II '11-'1,= ~ :zaman: ill~ I'11ll~tIi :m.eI1i,o~a menemusan !pe~.arU't 'UiD~,WfSm] :ymJ.g da,piltt melartitkailJ segwlOlJna~ f :tal'. M'trdm, ~id~
J;, Il_ :11" 'I., ~ "-;~ f'WJ~, ,KJ:uittua

dalam bistal ,gFLranl ~J:b.UI]ggfil, :il.t~I1.~riJf1lJJmei;rutitLlkrn.fJ, sduJ'iJ;I;!'u ion", ~I'~~i:~nya.,:~d~iah d~a: zat 'it~litan:uiC.natrium .d~n klodd~<I'rJ'~g ;S~f.".l hgm~;g,et~, rt€II"e~:(!IM,Pl!iIl" d.engaJTIl, ~.f!, ,rea;;iI'!I1t~ya. xn.y,:;iIw.alfleJl.yi.t'~\i'a~o.~ik ~~i:L'Qr!.y~ jU,!F ~arut dd!l~m air. :Mi~ai.nya, ;:l~[, ~;:i,tJJ.['
iT~t::tl:g1Hiidt]fig

be~~gai m,ae~m kn,.

rerl!;l.L(lI,l'[.II ~efn:li~l;ill~ lug,a sel-se]

,hid-utI'"
Iridial... pe,~,!a ibcrbCUi'irt:uk oc:rn.y,aw.a, 1,o:ITII,ik agar dap::llt Iarut J,ililLm air; S{'lillya:,~, polti juga ,l1ilCil'!J:LpaJul1], ~cl'1!~wa 1.;U'!.gdapaJt ,Iam,[ dalam aWr. N~'usalllJra1 ;lUl:t dapalt larut karemt melckul air d:apar me.UlJlichuhun;i tt'UJi,.;:kiilI pob:r :gu~ :~a.hka[1 a, 'm,oldwJ sc:!b~' :p,rutd n, ail,p.lIt, LaJ1UIl d~l"Jtlj ~lr jib memiUM .Q;a.ernh ieeik ,~afL daerah polar J)tI,d;] peumukr-uUlf1Jy~ (GAM 0P;~~ ::3 .8)... :BedJagaI jefihl sefl_ta ... a po;~af dajpfiJl dilan~tkafiJ O)e;r:sfm'!J~ v
SlUa.U:~ :se:J:liYflWili,

mei]jem'!JJI,ka~ l~t pelarut

lI3 ng leb ill ~~dk dari ,~i, N'a ~l U~ r delt1iliki~m~, ~ir buk:a:nJa_h tJeia:rlJl: IUniv~~~; ,~Ir€n~ jilk~ Ihen~lrt air

:~id:ai,aLbn, d;a:p;1:lI[di~~m',ll/t_~ nfb~:~ap'!lrh'!1)e~~-'n~yk ~I~~nS€l,'~~l, di, d tUJbuh rnarJIu~ia:~17e~p:~air ;ad~1ih pel~rl!,U 'yang ~~;g.!l'~ ~e:,Uba!-i,LU~,l~~
Sy~W, di~~ng dapee k~:l~rdY!iJ!l['i:Ll'lel~hd [,oiariti):!il !]'JOi~elk1!!l air..

deagsn i'ol;]-,jotm:y,d dalam aii!' cairan-calran b~'o]ogts~seperrl darah, {l~d tumbuh;J:n i!'n~:(;~p'y:ra ,~l:P1!n d:dafD'~,,~el~se1. Aur a;d;dab pelsrue k_.ehldJUi~~fIJ~
l

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,~,dlIllcimi;] mruru ~_tteirl~l!Jal1(g~!~~~l$~1'i l v]u~Jis~e t~:uke,ci~ ,m~r.-dm }Xrh_asiiI :rril,ej]~jtirr.esi!Sst:fi,~a o;r_g..qik ~ la.l)(m}ltoodUJIT.lnya" Pacl:il tatu.l!dl 182.8 .• Fdedrich '-VohL1er.;f tt~~U'rul,ghli Wm~3.}el'mttr:i, 3 :ya:ll\g :6~'ldJj~r '~f.sa:nriLa dA=~g3ti, Ber-u11l.i!i~ ~tIfi.cnOobg_ me:mbmlLt sUl:!UitL "·k· " ..!I :~[,:ilm ~no'~~!!1]. '~l!tY. Sl010nli.U!m ssan a ['1 C!.'cll1gan cara menj

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mtl~n ·'W,'aWer.Nam'l!!u beberapa tahun ,k;e!llud~,ll:n,_ H'e~rn3:rr~ Kothe,. soo(IT,an,gmurid WO:ller; mem bJj~~ ~e.iilLy.awa. Q['g_anik ~~~m aserar ~.rui bih;(til;~~:;jJhan3ti1.Q-tgnnikf,ang d~p1tr ,disi1ifJkaIJJ secara
,~~Ula~'LU1l:g;

'-" . 1.31'td:asaUl, dari '~t.'fJti 'vh'aiiSI1lI!t; ira D 3kbir:ny-a ['!J'IiiI,'1uh 5~ti:'~ah beb~~pa d~~w·ar'Sia!, ~k:en1'liJ1..dia:1JJ l~JbQ~ror,h;am du cer.l!!k~belr:r~.n;i5u:~:g, ,s:i~u)~i_s:smynw,a o~prn.il yan,g ;Sef:mlahl~i kompkb;" PO'iJdar:ruJutt 1953~,Sn;~1itley MHlei!:! ~o~_t}g maha:sls~ ,P'~lSeas~lfj~;I'~~' U~id] 'v~i'lity of Chi;~go, membantu melRLghubunii;g,brn. :p,~wcs, 5itu,esi:s

diillD',i. '1LIIJltS,yJ:~'imnsilu m~u.mLi,,'

b.r.hQD. adii!llah. 'blfC),k paling; bm,uk di,goolilmn. ,

AtO,(l1

,penYUSLU1.

,mol,ekul raug
-

s:eillya~~ or.gtm'~k dM·~ b~hi.tl ~JbIo~ik (dd~k fi~di!Jp) 1m] cllef~1\~ kOfljreb ewoh~.s:i. ,M~.Ile;r men!mpD)~kan ,s,umyl~c8~, l~,boraJt!O.rium urnl.ttuk,kon(Hsi kintE:iIJ. pada masa1,,,:mnaL53. aw,~ Bumi, unnik men,d.elJiWialitrnJi&lllil, ~~h\-~ Slllte:tj'S 'iienY'ii~~, o,~mU~ '~Jlg .spo(ne:rtl:lJ da:'pa'~ ,r.FIJfltr.~pabu i'ahapan, aw--al dail:lliffi asal ,m.'l11:3s:d ,kebidupal1
(C..:AMBAR.

saatu atom, iSel?~·:Ftjr7I!lIlg teJ.:ih J )\nail!. p~~~:njaripada .B'<Iih:2 f. ,tttl.etall;: ptida. :kOill:£~:gu:~~, ~.ldm:on.FII.y,[J;~ :ko:lm~fi~lil.rns:U,t,kiImn m~,mI![:tn.tUJkam. }t:iil:U5 ~aljJ _jUiJ]~:ith. il.llJt;iJjj y,m,g, d Kn~d

daui kllr.:iktel·:islik limia,wi

d:~benltik. oleh :fu~nj ~t~m de.n~liit a!l!-om,lain, 'KilJrbolua menm.i1Hci. totail. em aItii, dektro[l~ dilD.a pada .kuilh· d,ektw(tn. ~enfillil.::l.da.n ,ernp~t p:adJa ll.:ulit deklTO:mL :~ dua, Dengan me.mn~ki empat ,e[,dkrr;o,n, va[:eiits'a pada S:i!l3:[!~ ku~ iJ[ ~.Dg bi!£la m(n;ampung dd(IJ,pru.'l
,~IJJ

4\,.1)., m~mib~lIim. C'.ml.gg_est.t" pcrruJ1ci:D"a1JJ m utam~ ,dlati 'v,~t131i:tf['ie he meblli~me'; y;ili1:~~ k-e'yakiJij~1Jj

~ld.ktFo,llJ, ,[U)o,_m wbO.l1J mfmilki

m~'tltm'i!b~_h
;!±!.'lPn(~l arbon k ~t~lIi
hall'l)!L,~, n'l!l~[I]

'se;t'Hkh: ~e.'OelilideJii.n~gtU'J,U!!iLl!.d~

'hrra. r.i~opo:[

:kif.D].i~or.gu.ilk

rndc;!p~~ ~!le.ktJra,t1 d~1'II ~JeP'llbelliif;u.lk: ika~an :uonik;

bioLogb ~g bil~,~" M~, :fenome.ns_ ~ll!l~,i~ ~ ~elm:t'RJk pro.ses k~hid:u!J~~l'IJj (H1l'rY:r o:leb h,u].uD'u.-huk~m ~;s:~ka. d<I!D.kim.ia. ,Kirrda 'OI~gan:lk ~,dah dJi.defi~!1li!5ii~al'!! .y1~n;g; 'iYIllb-a...g~_i i::r!il,t~ft!.ta1'!J,g; tS~mlyawa.~Mbo ill. rnllp:ll k;;a"j - . _' d JllLIl'i.atn ISUlmil:(i[ ait.au :3i!];'d], -5tln~ 11·'11. '-b --~ ,', S' b' 'L .--~.me_:rH~pi!:l' ![[U, "'i1l. ,a:g~all1. 00SiU'

b~!f.ikan :'Ji.tau. mene.rima em,pa'[ ,cl'l1!!]u:mn 1J!11t:l:d·t d.:aJpar mdakukan i:u;u. S~hru.~~nJlo1l!, :sOJam @;,m.rn, i-t::tt'bcu] 'liJml]mm]~. mdelJJgk.~;pj kunr, va1k\1]1Si:nya '@m_g:®n s:arn menggu,nm,bn 'bcsrsrnnll ,de'k~-J:Vo~el1J,g;tn :n:onf lain dt1lil_]~ ,e._Ii1ilPi1~ -i'ka~an d
kO'!,i',a~efi. Dt::fIa~;m1dieTnilcin[lj~ mru:;ili~lg-nl~ifijg atom bl'ho·~ berd.n-dill: s~b~~i ddk potong i1):rr,~,1!a persi'rn,l(p~nga~di [u~na Sl1!a:m nlto,l~~k[l], :a:p~r bei:C1I.bang ke €mpa:1 ;amb. umnWi;Ie.I,~~i,lrlIj, m~ d ru.:palrn:nr sala1. 5:aitu, ~s.U :k:c5crbJ1,gUJm,a,an ,k.."lt'bOi.fi1_:rang; m~mung_kj:U1.~

org~ik Y,itffil;@' :ruda.di alam. dihrus~.!km ol,~h orgarni~me.; dM mO~fkU!i=,I:nIO:~eb[ iIJj~, me:'i>v,m.~ $!Jatu, le-!~illill~n d~, kiSamtil k
,:it.ii1p.~

~citik '~'ell'~lIl(Hogi, ll(i!!b.,!H~l1iyaW~. o ~f'IJ!l)~fl.uk_ Ak.ar.IJ ~la:p'i~ hWtulrIIl kD.m:~~.:y,aIlJg sarna, bed:ikJu. b~gi mO:leiku! o~:I.lIiLik dIal] ~[iot,ganik :L;[na:rusatlJJ d~:r.i k]m~a(!Jiilg;'llli:k: hUJknla;h iStuaii:tIJ
,kelf't!)mi:t1!.!\'l, ~ng

:~nJiily-a 11] nruk bb;:JJ m,emlben~~ ;WJj!oieku~:k__,Qm~l;.eks ~U\f:j besM. ~.;]dn &:.b :2 Anda Juga ,t:ekdl Inen'ipel~~a:JIi ballfliva kedk_s; SUMlJj
k.u-bor1! JRembellll1Yk 1l_;;~lal1 .kjJ!'v,~~~er:!! iruw.!ma:~1 ,pel'lJgar,tJLHa~ ,kEe'JTIIlpar orbitaH. hihridl]ya menyebabbn ,iJra:iLan-ikarnn ,I'tWl. me.m.~,'OOl~

,kck:tniatm ~dUdilrpa[i, yang 'd.d,ak d.3pa~dDbayo,gJt:a[l,. ~amJllFi1.5ufiu kimil),w'i 1J.ti.tli£!!,U': ,k31t":bQn yaJl,g lU'IJk.. -

Copy rig h-00 rn ateri al

poi:a1!il\1tnlK:

,,~- I' :rag aII.Cl.

n ~.jl ,..' ._'ii__ l'!!..UJ,l0'(M:L1l U1Jl :m~['lJlI.p~n, ~np.Wd!,

·Le'.

,!O[limI3,W1I

"

J,alEl;g rertbp.~t: di marn. EI!IJi!Lll.t]'(Hll!e:r <Hlal;a~h :m.o~.,C:kIJ1~ l~klJ.l, miD

lb~p~l]~n
'yaJr:tg

'ya.lJJtg

merupakan

SEJka:mlJJg k],'[a. akaIJi m~n:~mati g'ugrus: atnm tertentu 'Y"t~g 5tdn,g sok~i rerilbt iJle.ngrun "lttrnng'k.1 mol£b.iI OiF,gJ'lllfh. ,tBJ'SlGlbut,

cttmi:mL $titllJ

S';mUI

]ru~tlL. 'P:tid~ ;mJOdel bU']~,-d~n-tmJj,~Jl'~

~"

glllLI.U:5liHOI~, yang 'b:erl:8!i.n;a,n.. :~eern.'pa:~ :gug~, :u~u.dla,p~t diaw:r dalam ,rlm:a:ng; di scd.:iw' karbon asiraetrik m~~a]uidua ,GaJ[3, y:ilm.g ibcdai,Iiii'.t[llJyarng: :mil;,l1Up~kaufi, b'2l.y~lgan, Q~i n sa.l1Ll ,:tim a :~aitit.
IV" ~_.iI

6c~'kiuiboJ]l., dJi 'b,aguall t~~g;ah dJ~ebut lur.r.bo'1..a$i1'l~ttrik k~reJ;lateriku deaglUl ernp~J ~tom at~~. dittlloj'rud.mnl. pad.~
,G/\MR<\ll

Gll.1;gus fllin,g,siOIlJ9!l jU\g:~ berpeI'3!D,

dallarn ,ker3l~"f~'

mo,h!linl,e:r hJtid,upm
,~,2 dalam ,rmb~~ hlmim dik-ellal. ,51Cbag,ru ~p5 &il~;iona1L J:U~ilL

0 Komp~[te[l
1

molek~~~ o~muk y~lm:g: :rntling Dtm.y,~~kref:U~~

'hidr.Qb.t'i)~fi ge'b~i

I:';;..OOl'~:ih[iy,a am:tl:ll!tll veU_. '~an~,

A .~ ~.

L'

lKi,tjj :i'i!taU [altlig.~]fi lIiatli:it!ll 'u::ir,~

"

~.~

_i"

[[tole,kui.
dll_S~

~~,

5d cl::ip~Jt memb~dibn: ,is()m.e1I,-u;-nmer ,in] ~¢Ir'bentiLd·my.a YMIS ~ert-beda. U:m;lu:n.rii}\')iJ! ·$1itl! kiumer ,ild;jf hLiill!J,gLs dan isomer bjjnny,a, inakdf.
SmUlU
~al:IJ~l~

mo-1~Yil. (i[gru]~k :y~ng p:~di~g sederhana, seeara uraum k~,Eada'p~;~ m~U.hat' glU£,U!l fi,tfl~i~ Qnal sebag~i glll:g.tJl5 taniL'b.ili!1M], f1tmlf,i' ]tiCf.li~lI,tika]iL 'S:aJtJj, atau lehih kiM,
mIiI:~~tiill;g~p

Ko:tlJ;~e,p'e.Jii.lnr[OI~ner

pendng

dalam

:~l'l(I:ttSl1'i wmasi.

,l\muo.a kcrl'iLUi e[i~[iliDm~i: :suaru ohat: mun,glcin, '~id.ak :lama efekdv~ItImEJiya, ~GJlJ;ilMR 4,,7). ,Pad;a, beberapa hSiiJ]~, £,;jJ~h. saf.u lsomt::it b~h:kan blsa ,~leogh::lIj:i'~~fi 'Y~ng ber.lb~hays. Hal Ini beV'ialku. erek b~gi flmUd(Jmidt {~id:or~ida), ~.$ll"tl!J, 'o'b~[y,a.t1I_g, dires¢.pbn lll'JJ[uk ribUJ@:n'waJnlra hamil ,prada, awal rahun lSNSiIJ-,an. Obat irii mer!Ltpiik.(!Jrl ,Gruiti[fn.uI!;l'i1~lm cfii]rrl'~iQ.me(;, .s~tJij ~_nDtio-meii." men,ghilsU-

bJt'bOJl ,h,idrobu~~Oflj. (N :;lm'~n, demilk:hu'IJ! 'behemp~,gng~$ fU"s.~uor:Jia'l ,m.'e:n,c~ka,p ;J!rom~ atom p;ada, km,angka l\::~rb{Hl~ E~\lPilllfiti 'Yafl,g akan kita linarr bmu~ dJian,) ,Mas~ng~ma.si:ng p:gw, :mn8~uo:na1 b~rperilikl] seeara k-ottsisteliiL diad miru, melekul ,o,rg3lrn.ik ke .rnQleku~, o-]'~.nik ]ai:mLlly;JJ" dan
i:L!Lmbh dan _P8'n:gill.'irllr3n, glJll.gus ,~tLII. alli::lln membsnru :m,\'lm.b~rikD ~;Df1\~~~ ~n'g u~,j~,P~d,!," ~il~f iit't ilg'-f!m~i~g inoJli~li~ T:>e[1h~~~ka~~, pc:r.bl!:!dLillll :LttiLilarn.itStroJIi d~ll restosteron .. 'y~j-m b_~lT¥Mjlli bedl'lla dan j~ntal1l :~da!, ,ma~,lao;;:i:adnn veetebrara laia (GAMBA1~ 4;.,8)" ~

ilIDOrn ~lhjroge:tl ,~ng [edka~ pada kernJilgb

k~n ,efek:r.wg di~ogh1km df:ugan eara bekerjia sebagai penenaug,

aksn retapi elJj9,ll!donlel" r,ang, :I~I n
,f:tl,e~lye'b:!i!Jb1k!)l;1JJ

,c~caJt bh.u!l'. ~p.Jira,

ssiads &eda:ugm~lIlgembangkal'll ['eknik ham. wimrnh mensinresis IL 'k" . Q;!J~t " itu d:a_im h ••. 1 ..;e:!.'['[lJiU ]s:oITter m!n'n!!J)_i-~, b 'bn _<!l!__ ~~.';5e b :.~J " campllJran enaatiomen lE-l"lik enantiemee 'val'lli<'be:D'~aiimllli, dalam rubuh me<ruunj!IJidra:1ll bahwa ,eugald&I]ii,'B' Sa.:II1~,a[~118~,tlf [,er:ha:dlap V,i:i([1uasi arl~

de'.i:lLgtulJke:rntlJ~ karbon y,a:~ ssma dslsm beJ'll'rt,[k ,em,ra1t eincln y.a:fl_g fl1£:rlty~tl!l. S'aI[Ut ssma hl~ HQtrI]lQ:n.~h.o,r~nollJ~:eks, ~.IJJ;, ha:rn.y.a d!ubeJ~~all!,o\~eih n,
K'l:d[l~nya,
"~' ~ __ .• _'I' a'!Jta.:ll1yagugills .run:g.s~.o,EI;ii.1errentu t

adalib

,!i~'C']'Qi,d, .• mol~kltl oi',ganik

Sll'e.lii,.tur
~~;_ meunat

"

'L

~L ~ __ ,1 ,__ _j" L:: (' A __~'· -I " L~ ,.[]n]l~,e\t;;.ul!llltr~ '1/4'<J!J.aUptUl san,g<1!t .s:-'l:U!Ltoi.l!t, ,JiC.K':lhIU ,~g1~ ,1Id,ta, '11. _L 'j; '11_, 1,~.~-~" -t'_ ·E~.~ '6._. -I 1Ii;J,U,W:ll ,m.oJ!CJ:iiJU' merIiU~JlJj;J, sir;at~!S.g ~lt!j, '}t.lIiIll§ J'UiL'!IH1C!IJi

bedasn ke~;~,d~ii kedUll ,rIloLe'kull

,dan

tti~tlUlg
"fl:L

p~dEl1, [Jitn~tJl.U'an

khusus

.ilIDO<j'fl,-am[JfiLfi!r~L :yl1rlJg

.spes,DffiK.

dli ~e'h!iLr~htmltYlELh membantu ,rn:e:ng~asilkan :g;f.at datu, d,r,~'ya:ng, be.r.6eda antara j:aFJ.~an dan 'bct.uD.aJ, ,Dengarn, dem.iki.:li\. ~~J5 bio!og~s claJl &ehL~I[ha~kJ'rJ), :5e'k~!pi!J~[erl~!J!l!k p~dla varl~~i ~~i~ i
t.ckl!l][ ,mQ~e;k~de.~.

iTI!'~ ~~d~ '~an.yu org,a.n,

paUli ,li\.Gem.pait CUl:CJriI.U:'U" rer$~l',an:

,;J:

'L _~

.'."

'n.~=

' G,U' 'G:, ,U··S·:_'_ FUN" ..••. ',-G---··'S:----'I'·O····:·N····· ['AL-'.' .'

," ... '.l ._. .' I. _ '. '.' .... ,. . __
j '_: " __: I " ":'

]V,~~n::lm
•

juga

:)~.Ifh~dril .dan f'Q~~ hj%1~rL4,. t), Semua g,r~,~:S eersebae bers:1fa[ S.i&t-:sl f.t'r. _rMg nH!iillJbedti~n d~u:i,s~mN, mtO!cl-iJul Or.gt'U~ cilak; ik hidi!r.O,HHk ~e'll~,~,,~,,me'ni:[IlJ;gJra,tk~I1 kdan.!L[an Selnya(Wa ,Q;rga[] ik hruliY~ bergruri.'tt~ilg ,pada :p-e.r[trn~lJltemn_gb ka~oMY'a.~ ~~l~P~ d~am ai["
1-M.d~, ko,m_po.I:lJeflJ mtllel·nder y~~;lg terlblt pad~ kiex,Mglr..a

k,eh,ldup'3ll,

fu [i.gsiLo.r.lJl }'llilg paiin,g p-e~tti,tuJg:.drurum 1ci 1111i;ijJ a adanah gu,gui1!' hidmQi~" :karhonil. ~:u.boksJlj' 'aml.i:tl~~
,l@'ij;L,~:US

C)
4.2:

• b ... •...,.. l.... ...... ··;~, d""'" •J""nlo"'!iI! tj.,i±!i..,j· ....~i<e ......n\ 'l~~;fOt !lil!l1IJ~!!! I\H!WI3i IT1i!)leklil tersebuH: be~becl'oEIid!8il:amhal gu:gU!S?rungsi!'JJ1al Y~rrr!g' tenkat den,g!;H'! ~e~,I!if];J!Ill(a, ~rlbOffl -yang :98nrna~ -yang ~.ej1dfiri
II!rlfd!l!I!H !!!'~!!I!,~ -.~_~_I
~"I~.'qII'~_qII"_~-~ ,/~

'GAMBAR, ,4.18;i!! tPlema1flldingan arnItuii I :91 llI\gll!is' 'WqJIiI9s:n~lnSall lifionnon sekfi,

al~ emfl'<l!t~rncin :yang saling m:e!'lyalu. Ker.angka karbon ini 't:etBn dilsederhoifilakan
(jQfl:gan miQ.FiIghilal1gk:ain Ikar-bQ:~ar-b@f!I yai1ig t:eroap!M dlalam Clhelrn ilU, juga iJtsM:n
~!7jJ

mernpe'J1garlli!i1i
ail1J!i~Omi5

d\arn 'fisto.1ogls

Il:J!e~kJ~:mbaf!gla!il!'perb~d!aain
afiltal1,1;'i

vertebratt~

jaJiilta:n dlarn ,beUrnal. B~l1dfingka!'ll •. FIiI~aJ)rij,ya, bulul rtik k.ayl!! .be6rna ~ikin) dan ~antan

ga_f1:dai ~['dr~~l'!nya-. Vami~siioodi:kVt dar! ,saja d~lam i3rslteikIIH" molekuler Itu aJcan

(kanan) ..

Copyrigh'ed

material

4.

B!:lnsJJll ymg dlikQIil3'1JJ.m31ol'eh ke.n~

Iblilrmo[~I!'m~IAII'p'~

,5Y~'tBJ,

9, G~gYl$ :~,il1~tL'i!i~nl y,afig;

~

~ahOln 'bab:r tli'os~l ,yang r.e1:'1!1 tiUiI:i! :iii, il'debida,

31, teNilid

sras

yang p~UIligIr:tUllD!~rli:tllbn p~ui]aku bebcu,~p!il' !'i!l.Q~dad !lJ!~nik~

Jb:tai1li§.

'b.
e,

~R1

arn~'nifl'

~, h.idrokill h:, kMb(Hl~ll,

~, k~~ks]~ d- mmllllQ

._'Iill_._'e. iiJiI!t{l!3U61.'1 d. hi.db:.rborl

Icl~]

~,
t~~llIr.\ti.d~
'biii[~1]~

f.ih.srn't.
11l~ :rRJilg mi\M~~.m.blnMMiIJi
~:WiI!~?

5.,

[J!jilllhl~

~sill~h~ti.g

mr::fij)e'~J!gkilfi :hublLU~~

~Ji1'~U'~

Hl 'iG1!ng malna Ji m!Ll1!l'1ll, ~lI;Olcla1J. In'lrUrut

:l«dt!l.a IL'UlOl~1lm;~1 Wt[ g

inn;:
H0

J~iw
\1

y,~!lgp~nng

j!I~han

A_~&3!.

II H~C-OH (;:=0' H~C-OH

I I

o
H

I
I

H-C-OH H~C··-··~O···H '_,"

c I I
.

e-c-c
I, H

../'

a.
c.

]f]

\...,' OH

N-C-C-C H:

I I

I I

/\.

0-

on

H
:riJ.

'b.

i~orr.i:er. mlbIH';aI ~
~ctfiq"er' gtiflit.ml;:;:Jl;!f!lJk

d. iilS1llOp'
,r,5.

T~~~tlkkal[jj kar'bO[jJ~~lue[1'ik pada

lill0

iekttJI be\lJ'ibu. iltlli:

I, G~~,h!l!dl;3!h :2

sU!!a:~, mQlekl!l~, O\rpfiik y~ng mell1Jil~.M ke~nam, gu!,m fl!!:n,gi~onal. Y,II:ng d~Jd$S~'[I!!1!. '!.d~,'h~h i:!]i. ~
,~§~, i!.'lCiII]!"~f:1" ,s~mlkbt:mlll

Gam,b,,'lirliilh

h~~r:(d''''-:lJlholbl, ~n~lI1;a

{C50'~[ll)'"

\11

[i-C-OH H....!.C-H

c I

~, Al.kli;. ~~ ..m Qg'r~t~ lk'l~ik Ali« i'n ~~"krkf!.'fd Ib~fllI.l!(gM1, ['~~i5l C:lJF.ooJ1. ~H~.l:lig!Jn~:apk~.1lI pectalll'aan b!ilr~JImIl::' '1~~11I.h SiLllSIIl Il1r1ltrdk be~mlU", (l\orjWl:1J,g~a8$ ,fibl~lk} b.~iIl, dUiir.hhli:UJm?;; :B:t~ika!lll jaW<lJ'ball
,AJl:ulm. jLl$'IiGjJals~ ja,\wb.9!il A::t1da b~fdasat1m" 8pil! yaH,S Itel:iJh AII1& kf:tii!hJt~i It~nr.tng' !U:ru]ttJl;ll[' mltilii:ka.i'~ ,~r.g~J:I.uk, pt.b1lti i:]I.g~y;1ij
d'ii!i~ h~rik.8n

iwmgr, d~IL:~n.sl

IOOnm'k :r:tiI.c!lU,rnlillf Si,X;ilU ihHQIQ,gis.

H-,u'C-H
'H-C-H

", I .I I

.H

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~lgal1ilan teFiltfoo" den bagia&ba'Qlan laBiliI tubuhl kUa. I~bt)Hemoglobin ~:ldlai'aih PID'te~n Qllobuler deng3ir'ii ,erT1p;at 'Si!iJlIb!J.II n~l: lPol~~!9ptjd~n dw da~ salu jei!1i~,(~~fI1~.a1 a) dan ,du!Bi dsmi'jeli1t8 lainl {ralitai ~}. Balk :5~blJnft iiX d~U1 ~ ~S!iiu!am~ ta~Jjr!1 ,ak!is !5~r,y~t1i 5ekundelf Ite~i a. ~j3jl'iigl a j. r Its. gam~arkall dep:Jgan lba9ran :si]ir!dIf,~"ya!'Ng

ikat IP~d~, kYli~'.'~J;IInan~,

~ebih t.til: 1P~~da poiipeptidai IP~dar ode:! m

lint. ,(S~liap,,StfiD WI 11 JliHBmitiki ,SiI,la'I~ r!:
IPCH'ie.." mlO!l'lpollipei~llida I' yang
kOnrJi"

Jdi$e'bUJ~ hem~"id;'~i"bgan @'~O~il Osi yang litliefiyikal: O ok_slge~.)

'\

.....
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....

""', .....
'

.... ....

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\

... .....

...

.....

.....

-, \.

......

I(IIIJIStt!llikfuc pirjm~r
(1!J!1flL!I~n a:s:~~
.iimfllUJ

.....

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.... .....

.......... ....
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"" ....

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r...

...,.

....
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....

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.....

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....

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\,

5.2.4, ~ UliiI.r:iaDI: lempaf, ~ingkB~lIr:'1 ::ilrukbll~' Ip(li\!l)te:nrrh. Alnd~ cl'apat rrtoog~fMalii :5.lil lingkif,JI§1lJ ,~lriU~tlJrail alruf!1 Idi~9J:all1fl '11;!1Iins~,t]~ :S\!\a'tl4! pFO~ein daltatil 'yartg mefl!ffiaFilgkl!lt d inl. M!ilfrt!on~hOi"f'flOiiil dan vilamlnl I;eFiLef1~WI. 'Struk.tu r primer l3dBlati onJ(tEinasam ,amina :~.ang (a~ ibeMikal t9eG8ta kwalen dB/lam S!lliaki polip~ptid~:. (b~~!StnJ'kfull' !sekun;de~ adal\3ih IPtl!!f:!bongko!ra!'1! daliii 'O!!m'b8r1wkan ikaita!i1! ~[d~EU'j,~. wl'i!'ri- sWlaw,lulanifil ::t!!. Ibella:ki1n'-' ii"iii"il'~p· . . ,!". _. ~ __. _. - ._ - .. - !""',~ -_." - . ":!! ~ I e!"l;tidai ufllir-I!;; rtne-'-b-: -t'-~Ik P". !J ,I _, mil en!J he;lil(s let daii'! I~mbamfll berllpa~"!I~pffilt. Stitilidtir ~Er,5'ler:adalaHl k;es€kiln.dn~n k'CinfOrrna~ (le;,~ (.bemlllik} sual\il pclip~~ltijd'~'i Sl81~I~h'dfp~rnklJ®t: de~gaill i!!1lWraksl' :amJla~, ~a!fllijlll-ran!ai samrJln~1 (,gugl!ls R) ,as_am am~mlo, (d~1Sl,rulldur kutitemer ,::IiJalai;J nubiJi'1IgiSl1n a:mar,a d!ll!il, ,!lImii I€!bih polipeptiitla 'lfalilgl m;eFllytlS1li!1 slUa1u IPrQ1i~rn" IDa/lam kasUlS!~f!i$ljretin, ~eSielut\!hatl! p'wte~n UJU it@i'rlirii. a~"!l, ,em,p.a~ ":st!.!JlIJ!j'L~, pcupe .....lyalf".·, .]'",~ ~..i .... :[,,.' j, ,Ik r i~. '.'1' ..~'~, . .. y,i!i if'I [II lyeil'iUPi., __ '._. _ i!.Q!_.

0' GAMIBA.lR

Copyrlqhred material

'GA!MBAR, :5.28, ~ iHeiikfli, ~la!1!;~~~ Ma~eklJll [)NA uliTlumn,ya beim.iin~ai il,1\BiFiliJ:a" derig~n- tul~!1g Ib~llakarFlg gl;]~~fioS:M~ pollrmukleotl{j:a cy~ng dJ$.:lng}(_~t di sin'i dengBI'1i IPitaJ b'iru) padB bagiall'! IY~r tuil~.k-$ kIorsebult Pa¢ca bEtg~iiI dallam ,adala'lM yang [memnegBngl kedua 11J1m~af1, !IT!elli!iiuu -fl!;l;ut~!1 IhirCmgen. IPeliJilbenltL1<aliJ ikal:an hid~og~n al11La~a
basa-!bas8I iilJU 5'8ii'llQat
'~~iIi1k;

Tabel 5.2

'I

Urutarm

1P"o~ lpeptlda S"ebaqal Ad-Ellnya ~ u bu n'gJaJrt, E'I,Nl~us i0 Iller

BukU

IBANYA:t(NYA,AMM AMtND YA'NG BERBEDA DAl.AU ~TIi\I P HEMOGUJBtN, DIBANDINGKA!N DENGAH HEII~

GLOBjN IIIANUSIl rrolAl PANJANG

,SPESIES
Ma:ntl:~la

RANTAI :: 148 ASAM A!MINO~

pa~~m!gan ba~iIJogen"

Gonl~ iSi~mafl!J MOllyet rt.fesiis

M8nQt

digalfiiiba;i"kan ,di sin1 defl~:an

biflfllbulk·bernuk sim'bol_~1!i: lU'rIU.!lk, [basal ,a~srtln (A)

S~~ba.y~imamlr;:l

~~ak

rniliin,ya dapm be~pa~(;jjgrBlf1

Gel'!,glanl tirnJin f'ij. dan

gWlanin ~GI)n~nilra dap.art,

berpa_san~J~1'iI dil!lI'l9~!l :sutns.~r!,

(C) , Kei\ib !5e~ be!r.i)~p'

Imembeta'h. [k,OOYaJ U!W1lalil!fil h.~1L1t5 garnQ~ L'tiJ ia~n [ll1i!9Ilf1JI~h. dan niHasi~~5.ifi@ ufiltaian
U!Wllll'k al!raliil IOillirilillf1@;.si s€lbao~i lceta'~n i!Jnruk Ipeii"lg1[lfUti!i1ii!

~:uikjoodda Ihll,er l'~dJ~ m()]d~i!'d DNA

ke i8!lIlak-aJIJJiakn.l?'

it;n~~r~fl_~

,&:d

Q!;'3ln_gtW1J

dan ueutan DNA. ;J]ji, ,m~lfI(lntiI.!Lkaltl, urutan ~_aJ~ ~mim,iQ' p:r:omi:mi., S'a:lldJarn, ,bn,clilJllg lJutDillililci :k~nrn.i[fifm ,~g ['!:lbibhesar did~ DNA dn pfOtti:fiI;D:lI~,,dib:u,di;~,g~, d;t;~g~ ";1' • 01 • -,L'I~ u., 'IL- ~ 'L.;JI~ II ' ~,f.iJaji:vt~:~, rul-g' tlD~, ~t,tU;rnoat ;QiiUlattil spesies ,yaIig sama, li'b y

var.llg 'tei=!atm~nj~tJll s!.!ai.u iiJn,'tai~n ,

fJll),!lk'leOtrd34l(ukfl~G:Nda,
komptijlm~nt'8r

lia!1Jl.

m~:geWllh:iI1i, UttlJtit[[l, b~a dj, se:psm,jan,g u[Q,~ai;an :y;mg :~au[n" J~b ref.iJt~!'ligan &1t'~1!l1 u!rr~.1~~, e._~n]ILld m U'U~~~QIb~~ AGGTCCG- ~ak,l, ,!l'l!'tiJll:all ,peJ.'na~~~~~ 'b:a~a ,r.t~u;!nyaJtakanhid~w,:a ,re,n;t;\Lng!!lg ssma ~ Idku-i 1!U1J[l1lUan:rug: ~Wll1.~, haJru~ m~mplJln~ ULuta~ TCQ~GGC.
j

pandangan evoiusi,oner. mengenel ,~hkh:Jj'pa!1Jbeltar'~ada@.y'll~ ,k]ti1J ~M~i naJll~plil:~lern,peF'lu~ :b~:se,p ~geoea]qgl: melekulee" ~n_:u ke r d~lafWl hublUlIlgaJll 4\MMm :s,p~i~.s,p~!es'", KE~, bisa. m-et1Il~eoo:~1J! b~JlWflJ, d,tIla spesi,(l5 FfiiI:g: 'I!e:&i.~_~tI.:mrke:r.a'bat d~kat 'Mtdas:ukm buktu,-bu~d 6M1I dm ,ar.t;:l'[(J(mrils. ~ ju,ga mem:iHki 'pm.pors'i ymwg

klbil.lJ ~esaJ",dlaJa_~ :hit

IL

'1U]'I!U~JJj
•

DNA d~J] pro~dn

I_

'Y!"Hli,g ~~l~,

di~

1I:.1'.an!I;;LlfLS;K~~lgen~:F.iI, .s1p'~~S

li'

'j'_

JI

'yalfilli:

~elr.,!U;:'£a~i~u

'A-_

'1L,

J !!!.UOC! "

,',

IL

~'.n;la_q,

be8~n~!ah ,ken,~,bann~~,
~lll3ItJ[J,r.lilJJtal,
it..
• ,jI

M,iE;t]]I'l,~~ TjjJll~r... ,,:2 mtlembandl[(IJ,gikan 5

K~dll]a'1.lIJJrta~,an:heJ:ib ~:mlda

I~in"ma:siIJJg-ffi!a..8~ng yanG; dapar' dipoodJi:~i" In,i:h:a~h eiri DNA yil~;g: .nH~:rn.'lm.s,kirLblil. ~11~'11~'L.~,_ • ,:;;,~",,,,,,,,,,,, ,tlIlLIt;jJ~Jjjk_anJDf3 pen y~i~i • .Il~OJlt;3, '!ilep~t ,i3r,gtn :rm,~ g b~l.mJtigg,tUfi~ jnwl1lb, a:rn:s,pctn.H1Jli:irul~i&l; g.enc[ik D~am, pe;r.sit,if~n ii.IliiLtt~k,pembcl~al1 ~I,~ kedua 'liu:!J~h}W! dsrl m;ui~Jtl~~[l__g !]'te>]e'kulDNA iru akan mel]fd~" dan ,m;ui,D1.lg,.,,ma&I[!lg, l!I1nt<l!i ;iIlku,~ednn~i, ~bap, at~, unruk mcngILuill:ltkalil, ,mJ1d,~oridJa~[liI;J~kJ.,rocidla ~~ ~Ma;m ~Jj;3JUunttu3D ko':m"p~lem;~nt(!f b:iiJr;u. S,a]in)!tD ,i.dCl'iJilik molekud DNA b:u. kenru~dlim dJd~sn:~busihf.lJ. ke 'ke~ij;m, sel ~ JI ,'~I_' - _~L. Jb -b _'- 'b c., .ll...i.clllgaD iI:il.Cml~j~:!I -S([r.1l1!l!<Wlr 'D"'1I ,_,.I,,;';'l1, ,j$U, IJm.e.nye .,'~, ' 'tt;:IJ_ll .::_~rl-l;!I~ill:!!:ya
'IF!;,_ ,;1;,'

;~ru, el'8i;fat k~m1!JmJ,t'!'Jil!!r ~(~~ .~a:mi:~ b :f]iIJ~mpaikan p. a;sanganl daiu yang :sa,[lJnya~

...R iL."j: u~mO,&,.oIlJHli :yan,g

]

po~_u,p~riidJab,~mo;glQb:i~, .l]13DIllI.:sia ,d~en,~, pai!;:~ptida, " ]. -, "-serara 'uan .mIla ''I,I'~[iOOb!taJm JailJiil1ya~ .D:att:aiIlJi 1..£ •• • • d - "-I L F-a,r;uS!I,g.~'.rngan ,,~J.!Ili ~m aJIlJ.Hl.O U11~ ma,rllUsia,_ i8!D. go.l'll ~ uauya

hC'IDhe,d,;iL d;til3_uti

Sa.tilii, 3s;JJm ,a:i:nifiO

l•

.spe:J.i,cs fRO:@;;

,~U.d:H]:~~:1]

kdkcrn_banU1Jn~, serm1~ill ,j,il'!lAch :lDcmJ~oo fanmi pO:Hpe~d,d:tlf,mg !!}erudt_I;L<g,eidak :~r.:~ri(F:h, :BiQ[.ogi,molek~er ~I~h rnefl!!_mbahb_n

barD, dalam kQt"U pm~:k-aika.s y,a,IJJ,g d~gumak.an nleh pa.ra ahm 'b,i.'o~,ot] untuk m~]J.tievaJua.si dan :m,GfI,[~"~:u

8mu.nh :puCi!,U'kUJraUl

~keIH;Jj[;g~j]. ·erol,mkt,nCE"
!!II
'V:

DNA 'CiC':r-.re'blWIl: dalam

F,iel],gh~nmrrun

k~~i

:Sll_~tLi, £~I, c[tp'["M'iJksi. ~

~tr;;uil.8!ni:5i) h'l!~rm~~, .g,e~!edk

,l'I.,J:tIa

. __ 'IIL_._ 'I' .]1"1i_ L: te I-L m;~m1y,inllP'w~~, ~enye_1:I;;!!L~:i ,tUrta, ~'~ ,m;aikro,nl(l!ie'kul, [jI!J:~, namun b~dl.llm, mClln.yiJ1m,puIlbtrn klllJD ian .kitill me ng:€Il;ll:ij k~m,ia,

KlJta ,dap-3t
Gel] (DNA)

seb.: swtw, plta, U!IwJ.

dM1.

.m,eR~,

DNA, dan
evoh~s;,

.p,m'tdD,

be!1al:-ang hemdiJtteili'

bM.lil,:gf[l, (pro~~iill meJid!o~kilirru:::i:t'wibt'i, ,bllt~t

(:[UI~U1n~[eJ~,l.'ll1rl.ll.rli) :lllllilJ'J!,_l, !F~nis,~e, O u.~lY!ir9!!::1

keh:idJi.ll"pa]il,. :DlIlillJg-a:uu, men,gg;unal.mn f51Emt~gj:~ng ,dligutmkm-o. piiliftl pel]~nijjit redU!ksio:~i:!i!; !\cita eelah mem,pd~j1ui ,a:r;s~it',Ck'tUrf. mo]dui; ~_~l:y,UiIJ ,ki1~~masjh behJ!!ll rn-e~l] in'!!J~abi ~;nn~mi'k ,aru:-ara ,rn:mLe1w~,-rw!O~i€k~ ~r.mgh~in.All] :~g, ~eruhah~n Mc)Jlimi~w] '~g seeara ~,QJekrifdi~ebt.n meta'bo1i.sm~ s~IJljlef. '8a'b 6~ bab [g~i:[F

~d~

'!lH~h 'i[j'~!,~bjj

mej;'l),~~~k ~~ '~jlP Mt)Ji~ k~t-erntJl!RD lj~

d_;~~,g,an

hCo~iC!:g.i:s ber.ik.u:lInya, mt:t.lJboi~bm~.

,m,en:lIf~l·,I.re']l;;dkan

~!rl.nsl,p

YrfarI1:!l,

Copyrlqhred material

~;.;r:DOO~ j',;M:,,,, ,:rm.d, C,!" 'Ye~m;r. "The History ,0-£' S}'il'iiJi:h':::~la Te~~Q'lt('ol;i~l!1".," "n~JjM,'''i;."~.r~n; .r~bt.lliiJr.yI'~" S~~~, ;j.niibon.ik flilliilfll ;Qiirl1lt~iI'~-. : ] <:il. ~~. Hl;tr,~~l~ J" '"St~~bbo'[;!l~J" A~, I~f i~, H '1"inw. ~ Sdf.Ml:if.(' .4nr~~J' M~lIIeh 'I "9" SI1OOUI, pm:F.llllUmfLil!i Pc:m.!~.UDg, ~rui!l1ltis !lib-.:!.d! ,~.,2iQl r,;jl!,~ ,mri,ga:t b~ti)iJ.'ri;1:~i::;ill. II' ~.. ~" "'II , _'I' ~ 'iiW If' ~ ,II e ;;"'!I~!~~ ~.:,;.. ~lmy..IJlhg 'tnewe.a~ ..... l ,~[ S:Pi~l~f ;j;j )10 ~ i1~~~~ k," owtob e1' :~996"
C" •

Smnll\;m[' 'IfI)~i~
C'!!l~~ll!"

!SU['Il'J~;:t~rul:1. ~~blI1m,~!I1iil!!l

pi;O,U'i!lI'i~!

!lf~"dI!!fu:iJ~l~n;g[f!i!:!'!!<i!!ii' ,

Ch.e.rn.c!!~.'[e;.L' ,HlJim.rupa:kl],t~ s:ehu<l'h. focv;e'b siu~ ~g, ~eu~ ~ pl1'@, 3hI.i Ik:ilm~ai,dlaJJt j~Wi' ;motirlyed.iakm ~ulll;~~ny,j,nrn:Du.k ~n.r ,didik" 'miIltil]p~. ,d:a:lllIJnditvidiu. :y~g mCI~~g.u.'O. mm.rfirlas1. ~ku~,ll!~ d~,p~t dha:E1i~blil, m-e~.§~~~~ }'lllIt:g ~~mL~ ,cibm, ~Ji~~
,di2'Jit~n, lcimi~,,'
"'US, l~,

M.ilitb~!\, c:.K" ii'ruB, :K.E.

:~~~mL

',,",m

Rmj'tl!l!lliin~ulmJ:u.1L1ii~,~,5!%, ~jd~mJ '

'~fr~~"

:Ho-ld~, litD(;lurrnJr.try" l~d! c&, M';::I~I)o f.i:ar:k, c.'\:: :~.g l5!liI'i~~: Ilm!!'!!~ dnu~ ~~~ Y1l!~ iB'Lllbb:h::ci, '" :Sii.i~lJ~ lV.f!,W'S" N~....:::mh:::~

&~D.m,g; ,Admi.aistmJt,lo.s:a;~'

~fii~i, ~:.. 1wir\IMI~ Wb'bGm'S, 'mn~i!l1lg ~

l", .stii\i~.
j_

~St·,t'Vii~.1I;1;<~'llrOID,I_lI;'Y~'~r,m1.~t:!:tJ~!1£kirrLb__l!!i ,~ul!l_krt!;!lr prnt'eill bLti.li ,dn~tt

E" ';'H~' 'Pootr,,:ium:; 1~ Sl~~,'" &Mn~~" ~. S:!P[~:J;T:lLClI" :~",?',' 6. ~sruimiJ!!1!l!'!, pp;i~iL'!l dJ4p~' .rnJ~WI~ba_f!ilU ~t~Jm. i~i.llkpall: ~JX<IiW ~:c\~, TiliL'llii!i.!l. G. '''M'H:;;;flllil.din-g It hi!: 'W-iiy !:Cl! Di~~~," Scl~;, :M-;l!Ilcll!, '~,'5,'!.99G,. '~~~~ cA.M'L~i~"1 ~fi.~; llilin b.i~ ,dlr~bibk:m oleollli ,~ruf!i'~ml:ptrn'~1n yniJ8 ItidJak ,~ia.lfil
~"eI?'3~:.

,d.~.E1'!!~l~:j~~, db;l!~,~b;M!m rmg k_:MrnmJlJj'!I;I!_ID5lJ jup ~iJi1ib, ~~, h~~

merni.i..h:~!$lt~t!:]b.it:y~1fig diit:(;;'1]j!m~. ~'B[~Oll.eMN\ei'

1P~h~m~n~ilii!i, mjil:r.ti'Ii da.iBlt'Fil 'bifilo,gl ~n, ,Idmia,l-e~~ '~, ~ m~ngl~~si~k~.'t b~f!ii.yM, r 'h~~~ ..'bzmrtg ikilJtiiS~~i- ]llDA ~~~j:~n, b:Jr~, ,!r.ni~ka.ruan, 'iiRi n.ri"io'kii~ m~ .. " - Gi!~I.w:~;,i.tm.:ilin, dm - -~ ~ ,',. i!!i' -" "---Iii' --~ ~lif,

[r.t!ilili :haS~an 'Iljt~m~,:~~::iiw i~~ ~g

1.\:J~j!J' 'bi~

~_f:!.g

mt:mg~'

hn.:iJbtLngbit kijmi~, ~i1J ,hu.~;iJlm;iJj ~.~.hiid~p.:]I1,;, :lln!lhUl~, d Ui!DS] ki:i: ,~iit>~~,siltoii:k.bl1i! !I.1tmUllli !S!ll1IJi,prtii hk~~)!:k~lQlog~ &Lli'L 'IJru]rnl1.tiki b~g~~ill ibeJlta, ,mi~u.g,~l(tl;l j-M:lig b..'I!ik.
tJiil!.J'! ~. ;n' iD'iQwD,wae
j'_ •

N~'n.~l!,;!inSi~aJ:l w.iiSi

'IV.

-II 'L. ~ ..lW • 11..'b.. !!"l;i!I!!!5:JJ:S

'T'I

:i?" .r,

1-,1~

.e

iliOil' l~ 10'~

itJ.]......'~' ;O-'l'":"!,~ ••~ 1(;, Fii;UdlL

'''Ch;e:miEdlr. ~I!nisi.nl' ~ ,Hd:Uctl.iD~im! .Re.s~~

_.

Edl"h~{jln; dl :bt~dl~~Mt)'!oID'.OO,Mh:::t~pb.eU.
Il.nn~k HM!'J!mpi;;r'l1!i Idn S!1Il!lllK'l' 'a'NI$~'tj, [.eH~8.k pJ;-ikt'iZli:t; dhm, ~~l!J.1b!.H1igan:~ w~ S.. ibe.rik~:r~' U1:coe

K;unj.ttl'L:~inah, i!3;tb ;;
~tii~~u"s

ib ~iljaJr,i' uJ'.EaIlI

Copy rig hted m ateri al

Pc IJJg:llh:lnan. ·dad 'btlo:rru;k: e:aJJem:gu :~airl. meni~d;. pan:ltS [;rlak mda:iti\Bgar hukuliIIJ lootr.l]!J)odi:rllamib. p£rtar.fli,3. El'l€l[-gi. '['r:'tap k.ebl, ~eiiJ3. p~d1atS ;'lldalmh btUlltJlJk ~ne.r~~ meskil.,pUJD berada dalam 'b ~. f;ti#lj,~tj'tirlS ;'iJtnlii J"'fj~'m.'fj 'e'..EUit:tgn.• L' • .~'.-,," ~~.!l'iw.ii,
~IJStrun~, :tt~lmiI.Uli

k'eanll.."1Jn, y.an,g paJing acai:" Denpn ,I]H~:]i];gga'bnllgkan :~:uaku.m rer ... modinmfttika ,pe~JiD;m dM k~dl]ai kiln dap8.[ 1lm.,e:mLyi:mpin1l~allJ
(JIiu;.1lm jl:iLgat [':i!.}m JlIIl:L ;.'])(J!a~an
"~~ I" .,"
.jl ~

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fo,~jjru5\L Ku~t(imutuk, [p~ng~:ope:~ar.IJ'~rS!ablli[ ,rtd<illah.lPembe:nwk~ ~11lmfe(,f~cdi)e![ tt~Wri[lalS~ ~'rii;, .0'I~' i~'bi~l y ,17C1ljk;i!if (klLillra.ng 5Italbi~1

,Hlt~ditb~!]tiimgb_j] !1;ieJlj~,[ii,!Ill101ek.u1~en:nHI~,(CAMl3.,i'iilli 6,,7). Ha:mpiiir semua ke'Jj9i, ~d~~er-Iberg,lt-~Tu;ung psda pembell;:lfiL energj ATr' k~ ,n:1.Q~,elkI!l~,,i~i.~, ~nda~Yi ~.r1!!,n':rfei!: gugUti1 :f~sf'll'[.Mlsa'~.y,::~'i'A]']? ~lm :m~m,lmeralldka[l!_ (rnem'bexi rtemJ!,~) p~clJa []e~:e:r,sJmin Qmf dm,g.lD cara. m!i;i!]itr:al1~~fll;tr fo.sht Ib~protein bnt_~k~,i] Of@t;,

Su~_'m aF~ni~nnc

:rall~ sarIl,g,u
:[nn~lll.pa-tihah2ll1, ~.rnt::r-g,E, 'b,r;;bas y:~ulg ,d~:~dIJu.~ pads. ~(},ndli~i .tt:!l[!d~. -~r.!i ',n",~, tIi:Mt]):i" ,l1illiJIu~ • II:1;.lrn.bliLWl un:.1lI ~,~;S~.ti.. !LIi1I! 1- I' ,!'I.e, Uli,l!a", :},~!Jl~~" 'lIe-~ -- jj,'; R..!,-.- - :" -,.' Ji, ~, ,"i_._~ _'~I -.\.JI, 1- : ' '" A am d~tl~~, konrJ~8i($~t_~dJ[tr., Keroo. :reaksc~'mttj~~, ,dlaia~, ~.ir!gkl!u~~,a[JJ $'fll:~bll' b~bn d~I'a!~~ ~~JbiY~; ;r,e~bl~,J:G ~Si!.tI],gg[iJlilj-'a, ~~813.h ~lkil:;u ~13 :lkJk8.1hno:~! 7,8:%,Je'bih 'b>e~_x' d~bil:rndl~iI!gJrn:nn, ,d}eng;t.fi " .l"'U_ iL '11-I JI ~" A,_ -,-=:-' d 1K'©iI~il;U.s;lj energi ::y,~Ili,g tlwii1Jua>&un 0.I Ii... ,:l~.'IJI.m~~US:"lr .P P~'_ ~l ~_ Ji" ,;. :6~.e~:i dM.
,,<' ~ 'I
0

Bed~]lg 'bGk'~If];a,!:l'Iie~ggluF'l;a:b~ All} ~e"C(,\~ eerus ,l1iiLet.ii,er~$; iHiL ul"<i,p;i ATJP' ;:iA~a]a!h, .slIm;lb~rorb,Jr.E' ~l[lg d~.pat ~ d~perbiLha!'1!.d, y:Lf.lg &]fi~t dIn:,g,:e.fi~ ,d\t:rig.'lll r;aX'a p;Etl~mbaha[JJ ws::fuJt ke ADP (.G,,\_~R~I\ 6",,3:)';,SliJdus ,A;:T.r.' bergeeak de.DJJ,~D ~tI,ij!(U
y;a:Ii!:g

],[i'l . . !l.Ull,

or. .. ,-' . .", .' - "'k -. l-cla- [- JiTP,. ,f,n[IJ,g d",,' k '-. ,- - ,"~ "' - . "_-." d .'. d"i:r~g~!I]e_nl~i 'iiipel' ",_~{.u_._ ,1 OFil~m!l]SI. . ,.an '.. [ . , ,(j;rl'h ,'S'fU._,~ ill!;], JI~~ .IlLI. C tIiULiIJIi;, 1.iI.3pat uu,geUiif.IT-8,SI, ffiiil'.L<aJ.II1I, ,!,mm:iIJi[lI.ias~, - ,', '~':Ii lil"'II'~1'!;'TT.ii;';JI='I', -~ -- -, _j'j -. ' , :- , ',' ' __Ii _~, , - C, i',;'! ,:__\!Ie~~
,n:l],Q.) . -~ '::
-.-' . -:-J
.

Mi~~,nJfa~ s~at!U),~dl,Oi~~~ang ~e-dla;rn;g bdb:~jOl y m~,d.:n.UJr.~'~a.!I:lg seluruh kump:uJm .AJ'.P:.mi.~, [kl!f'<l,~~.!~ . $iblJi, ~l~rm, ~-dap ,rn,e:'Iitit" :~.ju p~[-:g,anH"ii~11sepellt~ :itu. ,~tl>!;!~:~g~ilJ'n'ool'b'ul10 ,
Oti;\pa!l:"
-'-1 . ",.;-

A~)[). ~n[,d·m, J~.J:I)!Jj~j;t~!lks_J} m,~]~gkI(J;,r:iJs;~~i .ATf' ~imrii: stb~r-a:~ m

mbiUh.nya ,SetiJ:aJp .ha~t 'Kamna 5:11i1~.t1il :p,mse-s. ["£vB:lisibel. tij;d~k d~_[);t~ [b~[t'jM~[l m,e]m~,

,r~jJJi. blJlcit pa<ib. ,kedlLl;;:IJ, ~r-ah,l' r~J8il:l,e['a:si. Nn~1 d\aVil AD!J'

'f'i;rlin"-'IIFI: "~"li" l'IrU :IlI.!I_m ~IJII)WI~~JV.' ~,;;;; -i",;.-,t]l'-"m--" .lill L. l!l" ~i!l_~MI_~IIJltJ <M rv!:~,~.~1L

'p1ld~"

Copy rig hted m ateri al

tli\i;ha,diiip :substj[;i];~ akan menguu·~I]gi ju ~ntd.~T!I~l'gi ur.ma;i ';rang; d:Hs:c['a~ unruk :Uirtel ~.pal S~W. k~~an. rr~~i~i •. 'T.emilJ1lili[ aik:tif d:,;[ra:~ j'!litgfi mellyediakru1J suaeu li:~kl:mg1t~~ fniUkro ~lI1g kO\fj,dysif. hagu su:!'lu J:eiIiLisrea ks i. rerren ru, ,Mtialnya" •• '~,.~ L •f "ii"II_," • d". JiM [em:P'~ ~!um._: :n;leITl!IJlq~~t ;:uaJ!f:l aID1U.m1.0 ,e1ll,gmJ ,raJllit::3lL s:;um,:P,I:tit:g:
gangg,Ui±1Ji

:~..s

'I'~'I._, "' (gugw, 'It) y,~~~g ~Ldik {be1rsifa:li::a;s.am), 'IDt.mpIDJI· dtif. htl d.ap~t[ ,m.O!lic.tttJ 1 erliZiLm.. menj!acl.i ka.n.Iong pH 'Rindou.b, daliUll ,5l!:~ ,lrniJJg bJ~Sru:lyd hersifa~ ne[r:aiL 'l?ada. kasus seperti lti]]~ :su~tiiJ ttEru-y~~mi bl~) M~di k bL~~ ,m.emudah!bn trnillsfer H.' lee ;SUbSU'9IC sebsgsl ~rulg~lh .p;en~i,~J{ll· D.ing1rungan. ,firsLk dan kitniam S~'~ akan ~._'L·· .~~~' ".' ,m:1J.empen;gaF.WlJl. ,atuj'Vli.l;a~ efi7Jm. dallam.. m~~g.ka:t~i:sL\:,~r~ltu. ,Me.bo;~me ~~ll:1'll dal'~, kiJ.l[:a~.isi:!l adaJah ra:mrlp~.i :~~UliJS rempar ~bifiY, d~lannl.reak~ilcimia~ .. ,A~k[i¥,L[~.aiU. el'llz~:m du,pL!_[I.~ ,oj~ :Iilkt01f'nll,gk!L'itn,~ uml]m~ ~ Karumg~,ble~amI;g, POOSf-li,Jlll ballkal1l mdibadi::an p'eni~[]jwb[!l ikati ~p'e:rtv :gyhJU. dill:n pHi< daD juga. oJ!~h ,fikoot kim.iam ren:tl'il'm

aJrtif. ._ :lllJJ.engpb:ih. SlU!bstt.U mMJrui produk. :Keltllb SM.W :pO\Pm~i ep~lJl. telah ,JJe~,llih~ i5a'IrulL~iiI!lunya ,Qljrn tirntuk. merung'lawn. :~uotluikti\l'h;ilS '3d~lall ,mef!3mbahbn.· ]~b:ib ibdiOY*. ,I~ ef.l!itim. Set l{~;dMg,bdamtg :mdalwbn eara i~ily,aiw d~M mern,'b:l!lat ,Ie'hih b:u.y-ak :
'. -, L Je~.IUUal'lll'

d- -I·~'. :[~i, I=~ .;i]J[I, a9!!.l

,-~-=

·"I:iil''''i'i'~~ l'II.~.~.... I~L I!·..,.....,nid I'll t:em:mrt ..'~ Un, ...... ln!Ii!IJIil!II] lv-glJi h".....,....,[' ."'!;""-- _ _'_ I :ct"" c.

;aDiL. O<[i], :semeitilmr,~ iI1ifi!~m.snl,b,s;rrn[: dian: m!n~l ~am:p:~i!.1g kovrut' ~,

:iWiI.liilO

rn'llim ~s:t:bm~r U~,tbh k'Ul,[I'lIJnl! ,pa.d~ ,re.il~~i aksn beri itu me.EWg:emJb~Hkftirn, [~jltsj ~:ampi:_ng; k~~~I'Ulya ,s'€mlJla" &€h.iIJJ~. ke
.....---.--:---'~"""""f:t' !lJ1..n~pa~ !l!JJH;u, I " [Cooi. 'I!e~ftdi
_'IL.", ~:,_,. 1_"~
'M' ..... " ;1! .... ~~lli!iL

yang

*i~ar.3!. ~1:~USU5, :m~mpenga.rllll]l,

LL

'il·

~[[]].

,lltlll.

_,_~I'i,m,"'ae[e~ah s ""H'~O!'J!.'_~ '"

,.,

ll)B::l!bl deUl!lD';li'I'li, ~he::~um iD~_

--

PelJgamh S~~:h,~i. p,;H d411:

].[[;ga:[

::U:IJilIl dl m~na .s-e:j umlah 'IDe:ltentu. len,'l~:m,memtg,ubih 5i!ill~strn[' ~:t'te.llj~dliprcduk; seba_gi~n merupablll :Flulngsi dari :kODl1ien[wi ~}~V~ ,$~.l1~~ Se~,l~~hm,~<1.F!iy,a1( molakul suJllstlrat ya:ng rersedia, ra~; l
,frefnilin. S€r.lflg m.Q'T~krnl.-,m,o[€kw.,crsci~j~.t,mlm'farw1ci. t~Pti1t :ak~if [ molenl tlnzi:rn., ,Ak:_wll. ((1i[:l:P.i., ttrd.3pa[ lreJ:,t:Jt.b~i:~asarll dslam mem:rurn ~cce-paJrnn, n:wi, d.cD!;?fl cara mena.ml~'i1hlk~u'jjlebjh ba_ny:sk ~. . SULlit['3Jt i_. suaru- Il._-- -- ,-- -"."'eJi!ZUll "ang '~e::a[J~, __ '- __ ,~_. . li a_j;;:g, suaru ~;a,u. - b --- ti..'C -. troIllSemLl["N_SI M-,~ cidk tC~tIJtruiO ~OlUilf1eDn~_$i ~'lJ~$~Mil" i~ll, :i)~j'U1irn_eJlj~~i: eukup 'l1il~ggi,

pa.d_a, nab 5 bdrw::iiJ,srruklUill' dp. rum,¢Dsi. pootdrld

S~UIJ,~t

sensitif '~.bad;ap' li:ffil:gki1n~nnya+

Seba$ti~ SMm :prore[rJ(~,:SY3iW, c.n~rnil ,l]lflmpuny,aU. ,k)():ljlj,disi. 'oe;rt:enru, oj, m~:!J~, enzi III ~:r5~blJ.t d'ap;;L'~ bd«:[j;] :Seem ~iPumaJ~ k~a, U~g'kjLUii;,g;HlJ 'me:r~buJtmen,dtdruwg' ,1oo\litfo;m'IJasi y.~g p~l1ng ~df bagl n,~~kul.:n:xi;nl '~e[F'e
sebut.

Sul~~me-rupabo sallai sam :hikto[ :lin,~lJJDg8!n~[litiiil& ,~a]am, akttiv:ulta,~ ~:uartllil ensirn {GIiJ"M'[SJJ,R 6,13a)" Sa:rnri,~. pj,]da SlEt.tnil ~id~
~ece,pa!l'an,saatu ,r.robl enz:imatik me;~i.llg,ku s.~pa]an dmg,an ,Itle~ !ITIL![lgbmp suLhD.1~ ~~'bagiillJj]dli;s~.b~h~a:aiIJ bOOt'Hl. stilhsn:]f. ,ibn bee, 1t1lil'Il:mibn, d,~'agmttmp~:~ aktif ,le'hiJ]. .ttiing' kesika melekal ,im

,~-1t"Ii1gg"" s-em: t:li ee .1-til 'I:'" ~;~akclf ,I;"· :se__m'u ,ni'H~~e:__kld n!zi'[lJIi Siudah i) eada e eo u. ~-"' . 'I:;t d;Hterlltp~rri 011el't subs l'UJtt Segern SODehil produk me nun ggal bn
er e -, ,--------------

""" -:- _-_,~ ~~Jjlr; ,[;'_--- ..-.J'.. I=-~ II ""jb';:;I'ii:'," ~ Iu!"'mpa~ ~ 1... D1v ...,It,l;,l;U""~ \i!O=~~

sera,tr.15i sobs~ir. seperti

:I" ~Ill "b!t1 mssuk. :P-didll kon,...--.... ---- -hn,i].en:ri rn ieu diblab!!1 ~ienga~.a]nij, ,ke.. l
~IOO' l~'~'1;::1

be"r'~l
Gep~n

:Ie'hifi, OOpiaJt! NaIFiIJIJ]] &(l:mi~~" di

r,eak.si
It,['1zi.ml'tmtlik akan

menurun

ltu, kedrastls, ,i\tlrt'MU rerm.aJ,

~.iJlUSiUJill:t1

,i!nrl:rn
(i!.\~Ikmse)

Subm'llIil:

(s~kmos;ll

o
18-1

IG'A!MMR

16.1:2:[Ii Slklus :ka~aU1fk,SlilIatu

Tsmpat

aklif.

_,

:Eiii.dm

Id:;!'i:~

erWinl!'. Pada lOi:m~ohl lill, en!2l'm sljJkra~ ,m~f!g'kata'iisis hid~ol~S<i8SU~F08~: men'ja:di g'llikcsa de"1 '(rukitOS8. ® Ketika 'tempat, akitijf !@I~zlm. lidak ~Itempali Q1E1h SiJQSIIfa-I, (kO'$'omlg) dan '5:jjD!5traltn~a ~rsedlh;t! mak~ :sikh.!s tty i~ka!n di'mul'a:L tID ~rn:ple1(_5 ern.im",s.ubstMt iitlj(a~ t\efb9f1wk:~ika :~a,lbs!lFat itu IIlllI~mJasu'ki t'~mpat, alkJj~ dan, te.iiitat me(laluli [Katiiln lema~. lempa! 'ak~if'itu akaln rne!llgalamT p~nuti:Jiaha!i1! :b~lltuk i!Jntu'k me:ll'Qe.limn!l;lii
~$1l~D'5i1ra~k~k~fI ( '~erlindl!!k~ij. @_

.' Prodt:Jk
dllepi:lli~

5;],:~b5t~tya_IlS

1[:eJrueillia

,6ubslnrll LtU aJk~n diiirlba!h m~njaci pooduk t5a~t bera'CIa d~dailam t~mpat :~ktif itu, @ Erndilil1 akan meJl1tibebas'k.'31n p~odukW!y,a,dan lempat ,akt Imy'a, 'ke'rm!l.Doi!Jn:! d~pM, ditempan:i IliIiI~te·~tril :stliD5,trat y,a~~1~r!'1l,. Sab;gTa_1l ~ ~@aksi f!lQtaOO1[~Eil18b8~i!fia-n:l~ilJal, ~anl sualu emim depat m~NlgkeflaJlslls ~e-a~i maJ~1a;UlUlpun~alksi ballk. ,Atah
~elBitif ~eaktan1 l!!BanlprOOhJ~'
Jf!-e',jlg~~I~~iSi rEI~~~] ~ng !featsl malma, ')i'GlU'lIg akallii i1ilililnong, !eru!l~a Ibaugaf!wnlg pad~ ~Of!:s~n.t~i

emim ,al{:an

l!TIi!iBng.~;u-.afrii Ike

..•Sl[!b~~t'.lt d~y~

~Mtlmb.EiIiil!;l'an.

m~r!joldi prod~k
$y,h$If'-.,il 'b~li'ik~itaiil,

d$n;goa~

I:lt?~'!l1!

Copynf]ht8d matenal

Ilennik <l1krlf yang d~~rab:nkafi olr.b In Dilr::l:t!ll rul ili'iUUJ.:

GAMIBA!R 6..1'7 • ,Ko~,~ra-tIYl~a8,. lDaiJ~l'!ils~~w molelkJUI e:!1Zim dengafl bainyak '5tl~~nU~!penglkalSflI saUJ mo;leku~sUcstiia~,~Eida, LWllipa-t ,akRf' sawl SUDUfdl :akaiml Imafl(!jababkan $!3mua Sl! bUWltt i!W!
m:en§!ambil 1k00FiifiC!lmilliSl~i' ,iSlkli~!, ~liIiI1jjji mB!kani~ime
~8:ooDiO'j(~1i1

'imindJuk5i1 ,(frJtJ.uoed fit).

TeRla\ r.en"[3!lIl,g: S;:';£F~i'l't~ baru cHi'mUl~re$w;lr:am.

ddun kimia kelhidl1patl,: t:i~jiJt«l/n

Fdhru ,ingfu 'ooJlg,Wti ke:hid'~,pu~diorgptl:JJ~;saiJtka, ke d~ $!!i3:m lU!AlJi'_kj, '!lin~l ,s<~rlJ!!~tl!lnlltScid~; dengan sedap pen~bali.Ul tUlI1g11:at :kererawuan~ :sl:fat barn, alka.D:I. mUll,ctd ,~ebag~ t~mbma.fl
IGAMBAR 16,18: iii Organal, dan 1k>et8rawrain $~!'i!JJkturatl da11l.am ImmabD~l15me.Membran mempaFihisi (melil1!baQ1;.~g~, sel ~eukariotik m~nj!Jdi ~$~g~i ru~ngiill'!lJIfI.boli~;i~la~ @'rga!1a~,~sii!i1!gFrm.si!!lgl der!fgaiil lkum,plJl\aitf el'il~hn ya~g: iirI~akiJk8fti '~iI"IN:S~~pe~iflik, Or:ganel ~trug dihJnjykkarl df S1!ni,djsabyt mllotliof!d'rla, ~dalahl tempat te~ad Iny,a 1i'e,spilf:39i lS.elul'e:r (TE;:M).

,~iif'atbagia!Jl,-h!lgian kQ:Al,~'ni;!'F.L ~ng ~I.[dla ada. ]P,a,da Bah 2..6 ,ki.'~ ~;a!h, .m~n!gli$ra_ibn 1lclmi'::Jl, ke:b.id;,u;~n. cl~'~®W-,fElie,!:lgggn~k~Jl ~t~a,~,~j,:rodlulksi!l]:lrn.i~. AJcn~, I:etap~:kiea juga '[ie-Jah.'IUI!'dljli, .m~.
ngem'ba)l]g!.an
SI1Ia,IU

paJld.a!ugan

'~'e,llLt-al'lJ_g keih.id.'~,pan,

y,~.ng!'eb~:h

~f,i~.'~r.a¥v ~ba:,g.aJmana::Id~, ('dab melhil'~ ba~i.rn.;['_~ :5lL~![~lfa~

ban, ,mlJ~,cI]~, ,d!en.;ga.~ :a:dJa~, ,pef!Jil'lJ_,gka'~~1'L ~e$e'¥a'~~rn!ll;
,:Kii~,telih ,m,e,liJhaJt b~, JIli!-.I1i]aJ.t'll1l, air )fM:IlSaneJJJ! dan begim p:~ruf.un~ 'b~i, :kcM.d\~,pa[IJd:i a.ws BUliin!U ini~ ~ih:a¥i~bn *.ri. inl,er~ :ibl maLeknl,.,i]II.'o]e'l.ta] an.r ya:H.:g, jlJ,ga ,mL£l.rup:aka:.irn, saaru [peoga.tu!.r.an ~rom~om :~id]\o:g;;e:mL ob~,gellJ png 'begiru, terarur; 'Kli,[8" dan,
j

·b.e'lHuk <bn, fliiU'J!,gsi suatUJ poo1mem ~ng ooik, merupekan .kO:IM:t,k1.ll.emd_darl hi:DJ'm :m;'~k~!J~ pdunef~ ;sel\:TL-lUJicrer dan rersler, Ov&ri .p'1td~,'bltb ini kii:a «:~aH:l ~;ndaHttbohwlfl Ine[abo1ism'e. y,a]t]J, kerer~,rna~[l :kum~~,r;a·Im~;:r1l1el:IJ(llriJd~i ,kehicJgiP~rh ~Tjjeny~kat'll keiJ[U;~ma, y~,u~_g~mQn__w a01tara. ri:~~, jeeis melekul ~llg berIM:LlalLl,till~Ml b
sustu se] ~ng lero~ilf,i,h;i]'~,

rc~)d, men:)f(:derb8Jn3~an brl]m~rnlil1, 'alai] :kcrngarnan

,t)£g'Dik y;m,g l~~i'tJjj.
t

,~{l:ffiLyawR.

bmr ~ K;'llrnkter kimiaw,j klU'holJl;, ;utamu]'J, ki t'3, j lilga 't~illl :mel]b~[ huwa si:li'lII: Sefliy.a~, ~rgi]ILikyan,g l][i:u!-t.
h~, be.ubUulJl1 clJen,~fi
,pe!],~tJlH'S_n

De.I'IJ_,~, cara. mel:e,r.l:g.kaiJ?:~' g3!mbar.a!u l.. urnt1l.~ .k~~,n~eogem~i .mtlllt<JJ'bo:lime de..[iiJ:g;a.n _peilllda]iul.lilJaIl ~' .s.tru:ktl!ui!.I~y,a daI.an;l :slliar:tu ~I, :ra:llg dipismbn menjadi :ru~ngaJl],-rua~~nl .kilta telah
.memb~llIJ~JliLS1llatllJ, ~;flmba:[i1ID ~:e; l]\ni,'[

.lITfid()t!L!i,rnJ ~ng

speslflk

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~. . 'L -.~ • _I'~:· I· l'C\Ii'us-mc:n;!:,ru~ ,f]fHiimpCI:\UW1~~!t!ll1Wl'llEl}"!1 se.ndir:U. §kll,hati manusia, DiI.i~nra~ mil1miLdl:ll'IIlL[""lllilm~ ,repaJI'!Ilh dari _ -~:-,-- '~' I L ., -~'.--,I:~ lLa!IiiJtu.rr.lO ~iI3\1tU :ffiI.ya si2 oaf' 'P!::.1IfJ:iLI:J:.
,~kiOf!Dm;, se~ I.nitl seeaea

L __ ~'i" '~ iI'~.t.. artau se k IIlmpll! I3111. ~ct.dU, .smOOOO'.u !j,l.l!Llart iGJ!(MBAll ,- ,- ':::rib,!; '1J' • -I" 7. ~,.;;r.rU.I" ,Lnz:~m, .~S'0Im, mehj(ud 'mtnu:ed yaIlJ,g di:md:Mi dafJl '~t1!O:mom,e~ Q~g~~iJk dl~ ~gmjhalika;1lJ k~ sirosnl UJllitlla.k [dig)lilln~, ,liilJ,gi. :O~Il~[I 'ba!fl:man

Pelltalsikan ~,Y.B:[llig: :rctp,roi,mn ol,ch tlinm ~jroOOilltiifb,y3, SeJllidliri :pe.mling ,d:;lj;am, per:kem.ban~Jil ~l~.;smc'., Sdamall"a]b_soo[,mJ;rus!, '~"~--- -.J -- - - ...... ~.~"-:II·. ,p~--~~~ riT'i'·I~.~n u.'''''''-''.'''' ..... m,;;. .... ~,I_, _;lli;..U'II a~.~,r,"''''[i!roiltl P,C[IJiU:l!I; 1'JiiI,,,,,._.~~lliJi, "IiiL!liru'O, ~'.,~ :.;ruJi~)'!lIl. 1.il!'V'~Vill~ ""'.,u~ .. ~'II•."... .!L,tiJ!~~.,
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IGA_NlBAR 7.19' Ptemkslsti;im!e;. '~elrokcSiso:m b8~mlbJk, >a9ak b'ulat dan s~~'1'!9 ~miliKi hlli WtJranl ~mil kiilis'tBll 'yan@ iiiiilin;gkin !sale merupakia:n kum,p~~n biiuily,ak emim" iP:erokslm.rn i~ibera.da, dallam Si81! Id~lEn_ P"Bnmt;i!til!tan k:81Ukma.rnJny,a d~ng6n dua Moro,pPas diCln saba iiflitakoilil~rr'ofi. 'ClQ1la:nelbMg~fie~ tn'i' beJoe~,asam:a den~~nl peJOk~s(tm
1!l1

Fuf!.~ '~_g p~l[lg je~ d:arj ~il~bl~oo"EI, j~ :allJruk, ,IRtl.lJiLkrillkml dylYm1~ ,1Di~bnilS p~~a $-e'I,~, ,m~5mpEf~bn, bcnitllikruya. I[Jji ~~pt p~ani:~g: l[J;~ttk S~]h.tWUIJ, yanl dd.ak. mern;tUllikD dhldmg u ~ .. :I{¢k~, d3JJl, 1k~I~fflJljjjmfllJ ;5:~t:Oskdcl!nti yang m,enga,!Jlmbll ~ ,ka.~,~oo ,didM:~ p~dJ!i,;u5iJ~ktum,~ Seper.d ~J;.d~~h geod;esi~, ,s:iooskelettlfIJ dis~!lJbhlw oleb. kesei ~llbaIlWtO,:!t_~taM ga:~.' ~~ Y'Sll,g ~'er,l~w:a!],:DiI. ~s: dijlre.rihkan CllleJ1, l!!!DSUo-unSI]f,Illi)i1lJ. : :Seillirln,i~ :s.~~, lS~prti ,r.mi~' .b~m m~m~~,ru ,mc.fftti.:ix:liImha:m"... bn PJsi:si, 'bag,jrnnJlm,gi1Ul w~ bDmI;ph ,s.imskelemJl DaulJ,pa_kJ!jJl, ttmpnrt:l~r~;iBru~: bM~ lo,f.g3tleL 'd~ bmlLb:.JiiJ R1Qlekt!!!1 e.n~IM si'~ot. Abn '~lr:a:pi~:si'~~ke~~OO'fD, ,lfibilR1,dlinamis d:~pad.a, ~11L,gka hcwom., .s~oo.skdcnlil d;apat sOCHa, COPl1lJt diibon,gku d~'il3Jm ~,!i.t hagJJi[nJ :5t!I, dM dhakiJIt 3!rnu 001i:.ltSWl dJ rem,pat 'h-afil~,~: fWIe&l{g:J~ u'bah, 'Doeltl.'mk ttl, tterKbl]t, ShooJkdeton ju~, Ir~lt'l]b;;!;t: d~~~l ~~be~~~, j~~:i~' otilw~.S m (s-e~k_) :[let iscibih ~lbi:ii~lms~l,J]leml,caJrn.:p pe.mJh!.aban l:~m,part,~I, nmaY~flj perge~ 'bagi~, d yang: lehi~, -a:rei:balrus.:MO'd~~tas;,~
'~m.lmmll'~ mel1l,biJruhkl3;rn. ~ilJtt;~i :si:~!1}',SkJ::m~iJll dCnJ,g*I!D protc_illil y~awgl di9~U![ moook~l ,motor {~MBJUt, 7.21}. 'Tif:FJna:paJr bmyom ronwh motllilitas'~el., om~'.u[ moto~ ,5im5b:_~i!:it:on m~1Ji,gg:9y.m,g~ M

,aa]am 'rurtgsj mid~Wli~

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b~j~u ,1m' IrmjlmDllllrya: da.l~

dkoJ'il!ll d3J], sMy:awa be~b~h~yaJabul:ra G,engan ,mie~l!lr.l!_f:tslie:r hi:,dl'ogerl! dru;,i,,~~n 'he, (i!k~~~~n., Hl!;O'Z :~ng IdJihenJt:u 'o:ieh mi;la''bo[is.lR~ pe!oob!~1iiom ,i:itl[ s~[])&ir~ k[':a£u[l~
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:~dJL1!Flg suatiJ '~JJ1.zim :~~g; m~b~ MiOi! men;jadi 3Jid:. Berada pads. m~tl!, ~m3 uml,ruk oo:z:im ,]nn& ,R1en,gha!.lllliikaln. hidmgen yS;_llli,g: ~t-oib_ida m;:[L['pUln, ,enum yag memhuang ~e.[[r,aw.il, beraeun inti
:rmu~!,!IlJ'p~ m~:IDL'Ji:b,~~D b~mD;il

Sltmkt!L!l,r[iLl~1Ul, '

~e[ meda]am

:m~

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'~ri~l~m ~~

SruDpt fe~drl~ basi.:filJ1igs.i:~Y,ll~'

:~: dtsfob!l,ll~ gI~)QksJjiSom, dlilt',enUL!LOO

jta!l']n,~, peDrEm.pa:ft :~~ma.k,daei bi,ji, mm:bLllian. 'Org-U!!1J~, ina :unc:1iIJ,gandJiJDg ~n2iim,y,D,g mmgitwaii (~e!l,~ni;5~il~i) :~m_~uibtLha~

asitm, ]emak mCfi]ru:U ~d~; :~Qg .P~tdi,gu Dld~~, eleh ~(~ji~_Qg ~~etLmi~ '[(Q!lhuh sebagai swn;ber m.e1Ji dan sumiber 'bdm,[JJ, ,~:pa.i
'hiji, 1~,sGblJ[ d~pat ,m~EI:gbas~bB :g,ulan,ya, ,5C'lttlrl,Bi;j d.e eM,a fo~lMliDt~l~. n,ciIJ~ Seff!rti I~Q~'fD]" ,peJ1obis@([M, 'bl!abn: UJn:iI:S, daJr,i SiSte.l11 leJTI:dlQme~br~~" ~\t',o'~iwJWI, ,im,i, ~umb4h deoga:n 100~a .r:n1Jr;,~,g~ :ga;bllln~. p,rotei!l!1l d~ ~i!pi]d, I diblllla.'t daJi!JJm ,iioo5'O']~ dm ,m~rm:p~l'hami;yai, jumlahmya d!e~1]j m~mbdah lC1li;ri, mCRij3i~i dna

°"m.

rang

~t£Ii1lh, m~t:IJ~,

ukiliJrarn,

[~iI~ij],I~i::lJ.

n..".jl-e,t~,ij)imll1

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=:1 ,_j= - --- -N~~.~-,:1L\W',0IlI ,wg,u1l13K-lWlliya

~hU bliO~o:,glkir,poor :ba!1.Wfl, or:~e] sel etJ~riiOidlk :!l11~~,gatmbg__g ' bdbas daJam ~hoQ'SQl. Tetapi, p~lThye([lip1!lr,Irn.aiil!n ,m:akrdisJ..:opi caa,ya,
dan, mruk.ro~kopi, elektron :ID~l~, m~[lglLul1g,kapb.li a~g,y,a &itruke~ I~w'~, j~J:tin;m ,~e1l!allY!I.u ,~r; membenmtl~ di ~[l!l1Jru._k y :sh(,)pIM~:1~, I(GM.-'illtilil 7 ,:2ij)" Sh·w!ke~e~Oi!w,memahilkan, ,pernu l].t~_ma d.3!lalro [Je!Jlp~ganulS~~al1lJ !:~rWornr d:J:1JJ ,ai:r.i,vila;!l i!iisl.

:I1Ii1IKroS,l;'~'Q!P~ Cite ·tro,]!j,!

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.k· ,. pil__ _ mJ

m~mpu'W.al 'D€:lituk; l!i1empak.IEn iteiTlilpat tetta:nia~amya behe~8p;a Q!"ga!'II!!!i1 dian 1!'!ili!!iJ'l.g;ara'hkan ~!Iaka:n ltang laln, dal!ll m!J..mg'Kin m!!!im1:-, ~uat ,se:lliIr1i!ItiI IC a pat bertl.lrm~ bMtlll~atau Ibellgemk.Sltostiie!e!onl sel Ib:l~kall1i :!!fI!iJ.JIng'kin i!'P!!!ilflplJlllyai, piElngamllllr ~ng 1Je!!lllil1g. !!liBli;G8l1ii1 secem [mekal!il~5, ;meng'hanta!rkanl s.iilily"a~~a_rI IPi3nl;gkaan :se.1 ke b~gia~ diiUlmnY!i. [U~~am IFliJi"kmg.mf' ,~tektfm 'y',airnQI ,di,pe~apkafi' in'~!, den9~n W!fn'LQ.d~ y,all!!jl :dike'F!~~ ~~bag)ail p€:n;gslEa~n.d~J~rn (dee:p~ e~:aJ?Jng'~. tam;pak m11!i!rMubilda dailil mL~(>or~larne!J'!l,. Kompom~n keUQei, ~i~o~kflleton"'fila!l'IfI~r! jnmn!Zldi~l; ·~l:dl.ak Itlrt:itiiira,t eli sin!' rm~M).

GAMBAR

'"1.'20

!II!

Siti'J~ l!relettu'Il.

5UOOlWlmvi1 memlIiJ~l

:gij~

Copy n 9hied m aterial

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:u.VJI00

d:rl't~ir'l;- ~~~ .......

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ii!rr-'---·Mikmu,!!'b,u·na,

-----+~~~~

l'MH~l'·
riildM.
0.'1 IIUfm,

fi!1i1~rot!Jb~la dap'at dmnat rfneemoentang' 5epalnjang ~b'!!iik1iJlioya ('fEM.~'o .(ijtl) PenamC'· pan.g 1r!l!8Iir!'tao[!! :s.ilia 1m.~f!Ui"jU'k~ai!i1!·sy;sl:!n~n

:ataYJ is ma ,eU.Jjkafit~t.lk:o. (.a) D:al!iiUill lirIi~'li~l e3!Bklromi IpiiZil!1:amp!i1"!9 lfn)eH1il:!ilij~lig ~ili'ii31 in'i"

'GA!Ms.AR 1.2:4

ii'

1U,I1'rastrukh!l r fta)geliil

~9 + 2 ml~rot:ublJ!lla(TEM)" ~clllJ.!bUh basaJ i YiI!i1!9 !i'iiI.8rnJni!b~,~~~n '$ilii§j .~t@"!.1 flI~~~J~ ~fd ~ memillki' ,o1lfi1clnl :Y,tiffflg ~.erdiri a~a5 sembltlF.iiFi lrfphal mikFolti~ul!l;i1 ('!1llIhuJ'N I08sal ~~fiI struk1uraI ~dell'lltlk ool'i!g~om santrlol'). Kesernoilan ,(kiu'b'le,t sili:!31 E11le:1lfi~e.ntal'llg Ire
8

tubuh baisaJ, tempat saliap' rdooblei ,s€f!iIbnan bi~~l mikrotubut~. ~~dua mllcroilJ.!!bula,6ienlr·a~ silla,b~khlr ,eli altas· tLiouh biaJs;§!J (TElM)"
b'~JljJbY!1g delilg~!!l WIilit;;~Q'~!l!Ibu1~11~11'!iU)lntuk Imeftf'lbeliillUk "inc11ii1 yan,g '~ei'diri!a,ttis

~alall:l.!Jjuruk me.nrurma. '~~1iJ:g;.w, (~ya: ~aifk), Dell.~D berpbung ' ·den,g:aiiiJ rp;tiOl~it:IJ Lttinj. miboilam¢o iJjti ~~.ri H'i,ellill~ctitltk j;:d]mm ng f]g,R-d;~in-eun;si persls .d;u &a]am, p~~ma membrm~ ,.aug m¢l]'iI]xll~UU men~lIklJj91g bentuk sel, Jalilllan bli, memb!U;a;r. ~)i}(~eb tl_~.pi~an
s:it.Qp~3~m.ikluar} ~! tersebu'tt mern.pl!!lfl1~j keke'fH;1\]a_n, senl~·'p@d~t :sIepe:r~i g~~.~y:ang. ·~e!rblwaJ!l~.~ defliga~ .ke~d~<!la!.~ ~it'Q·pl~ma. ddS!n1I nya. :ra;ns :!eo,ih cai~ (~@I). D'aI~ sd b~fIi '~g' terspe.. . 'r -. "aI" ""k gku It ma:.ren"..m~liI I' ... 'mem . b. ran.. ~ 1!i8ma" SI. lJl:aL&U 11111ltlll me:n,;af.li,' .lln.'EaS!
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6]~rn!il!jn. etnt,
F-

.yiiJng .1J:le_~Jltlgbtk[a]il 1~3S ·pe~uJka3ffi1. ltd (G.'hl.\t~.Im '7,26). ~ M]'krofU~uru~lIl. d]lr.'(:na]baik :bIDell~ pe~ya d_~aun :pergemkan alk6n. d.iswml ~j'aJ'ar
,'C,_'.,.--" -.

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0 "0

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'smal dan 'fJagt:J\la ...LengaJ11 dYmlein $aw d:clolcesl, imlkro!lJJ!b~l~ me!1oongh~am dDUb:I€it'setl~lafi'ln'il,;:l; m€ftariik~ mt;:il€"pas!, dan hamudlan IiIle!l.Cien,gkeram ,lagL SUdllUS rIilOt.lOf dyn:e'lni Inl ,dl\gerr;a~a!"!1 ,Oieh ATI?~ Doiiibt.e~: tikil 'Iidak da:pat iiTieJ~nG!lJIrjaiUh! ka~li1Ia dir!,llb[if,t itu. se~ra fi~k ,!l:Ijlahandal'am sma. 8eba,gaIi ganHnya.; UlldakaliJ I~all ,d'L'{mleiliil Iffillen,yeb.a.bmn rloi1jbi~1 tru merri!;engkokH

dal~_m.ve~i ~)~Qi3.rtU, yan,S: .k![f3Ll.S :r!JJ!lI:lh' !ysl!jn~nl)[y.~dd~nl sel - il•._" ".. L 'L. 1~-J -'" .. otot.. A,I?l\"i~t .iLt'iJi]!Il.~m.I.o5.I:rn. II1ilGr~am.ggu.:Fm;g: Jawa:1iJi atas .. Ki[lEFU~~U. eel seait.mjp{iJI. Mh5~j[J,y,a; :mbuk miJrn'af.iLamtico }"'rul@; 'lb<:ii"kO;nlrnkffiu ab~ ,moembeflj~!J.k ~~!l1f. :~Mlbel~oo yi"m;g; melJj]e~~~'$unfu :sd hew.~rl y1L~ ~dJ~fI\g mem~l~il dilir,i~, :se~l~g~ sel hew~n l[".erEe~I!U
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IGAM ~AR 1.30 • Junction 'i1lI1l:11r.sejlUle'F IPia P:f] howan . .sa:!]1tuJ~tJFi!,khysusr j'n:]

meftCegfiih lke~JtlJ

m€iI'a;plst p~:mTUI'kaall ibagi.al'Jl ijDlterrual,liibuli OJ,'S'jni, lk_it~ l!uuu'!.gyu!ilakan ~el e:pileliell Y,i1i[lJQImelapJ5'i lis!.!$; ~'Ha~~5l unt~k 1111l~njellas&8n1 'liQ:ii j:eJ1i'is junrIlian ~ntersiSl!JI'eF~ maslng.maslngl ,de:nganIMifiUkrur '¥aiiilQ
t~lfa!l'i5Ipta~

sangat :~liMl~ eprt@lia~. y,at]g

,cit·erru.dtan ~~Iam jeningarm.

e6l[r.BJf1 !'Iil!l!Ilintasi lapisi:~L!l ,s!!!!1 {fpi~l~al.

e'k.5'~rasell1l1terj'
Mis~llflya.

'.-.A' t. -sa j lU,am !Zi1~)JVJa5iTiRI!" "' :tIlIlrtama. ~el..sel yang !~~ lbi!!ir,se:'b~l\aihal'!., trotain m~mbral'!, kll1L11sus P

junr;Ji(!j/j' ketaa epi~elil!!mn! uSUs: halus

!iliI€m,l)~rl~hanka1f1l isi ILllH,JS, hstus ttu t>€l~prsah dl;!!riJcairan krbuh IPl;!ldal '$j~i, yang

meng;elilifilgi seliap, pOIt, y:aU:i[l~uklup

urmltr]k, dil~W~jti lmol\g!ru:1 g!iiram!

~li!a$' g!Uj!Sl; ~£!al'inl

1')erl'aM\aifil9nl che.:ne;pireJ~jjFiil (rEM).

De.!5!n105iom ,rj'unCctian ].al1lgkar). JunClto1J ini iberlun[fSi 5ebag;ai pakilli Iteling, y:aTlg
!iT!€mais.aillg :5€1 lb€l~siiil,tu [p8da l:erTtibarnn

(b)

f!Jrm~stnyaJ"(a) Jinnc.tJo1:l' ketat ,:~iambu.maan

ijni m~lntJ;e:Imh,i~ saibuk

d~nQl8m! lb!iik tErlrn~ujap,

,PaidlBja~ingan ,olDt faFiltuflg, iBliraFi ~Of!l Im€l!altd junclioTr cela'h akan i'rIIel11lgkool'dina84kan Ikootrak5i; seln],..lSL,JUl1c!Ttm (lela~ :Sii3Hgal piElflrt'in@ dalaIm e:mbrjo hewalill. 'Qi m:srnl8ikQlirti.llili~asi' I!ilimiB!iI,I~ ilIrna~a
:sa!lg~t pen1ing
';i":JM!1;I ,g[!~f". IQ~' :;il!\!i!!l ,Ii;, !

~!mi!io.

dan J1f!.ole{k1W1 ke~11la[rmya (TElMj'.

iteU:ln~U;i!imy,~;~beriiL1!Tj,ya ! IDffill"igi:ilbung d~f1gamJ jrJfic1ifm kgl~l, yang In1lem'bantu,~·:sua~.U!! an:uttllp lTapaJt yal11lg p
:$e,1

:5et Membran

~minu

epitelial yan~i klimat Filamn,en ~ifilteim.ediet

yang terbl(:ia!t da,ri 1k'€lr,~ti!1IpFO't~in Y·f;ilngl ~k)i);h mem~~'rtlJat ,ceslirtooom (Tc'M~, ('~J
Jum:.tiorl' ce~fIJh
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k~pt':_ktJ1~m-~rJ.d~J.lgtltlmt1ngguN~!lIl'n t'lUtrgi }tM,« te1'&i1'}~pand.Jfl)U Iht;~·ti~k gmdim H~ :tf;J~~fik m(!n~m-k.'l!:t{;J:~ 1i1{(},'l(jrl/ ~kf'. _ [lalla. mirekolmmli~i enA':1r-:gi. Y!J;H~k. ~embi;'.l!l:tl]ka:1!1 g[a1~icn'b~r.flSri~d~ri rdk5~ rediob ,ek~g9f:!j~k~ da.n ~~.!'II~~;~~ ATP .mJe\rul?~kan, ~,e;~a'_lfan.g,di.~ h:l!_ku_~k~!fLl'et~:p,c kel1l:1u@.s;mQ~i~ ju~, IrE'rja~i. i mmp~.i:.I~i [J.~ d~n d bfl;~-a:I'I!e:k~ ['aga.n" :KI!oropbu: m~.mJ:gg1U]l:~kafi k'C:ffiI]jrn~os:us uut~k meJ.'ltgh8;S~i]kalll. A'fP Se'~illiI:13:foroliilli1\e5.is.~ dM~~Oi'glifi?~ in], Ci111ay~" (dt~ b~lJ~ (~eitlgi kimhtwi.) ,Wtl;e~:l~~akkan ~h:r.;aUil. elekaron me;~t!lil.'uni .~I:1:~i!.ij P'9.Jl~lPl:mi' d~l.tJr.n,n: dan pOmibmn.t:ttk.a:n _ grndii,en H~. :P]"Qka~iQta1' :~ng ci,dlak ,1n~m]Hki rniro,kolld;ui2, !d:i][). kloreplas, m~mL,gh_ajs,Gibn ~r-ad.i~1JJ Hoi' ,m~li:rm,[~~. membran p'bsltit~y.~., G~-, dllIE~,ini ~:en.l:Ilil.J.iao, :~cl1:a[l.g'bp ~lfR :g_~rnJvproiD}O,.ffiI, ti,dik. $1J<3UllIIl.i:Ulk membuat ATP 'D!:llt:ap1i, fuga :m~m/O'.illJ~illk;iUli :iiil'il.nidcl1I dtliln pm-d.'~ Limhafu mdi,nrnl5;u :mi:l~mbrnn~ ltnt!l]'~ ~~H::ar.· ,a~~~:1}cbn,

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[el,ekn::ron berenergi ini entuk semenrara, Air tt:rl@ran. d.ala~rr.I, p[1G~ 5~ 'gU;l~! ilehingg_a" reak£i, 'te'J,';1tf.L;g fuw~i[l:iD~islah, y31fll;g me'~epa'S Oz
Sieh~-\~~lilplr!odu,lk:~:S;fl!~I.'!!'11,l'i!lIg,. A~k8ep '['o:u e,tek)tm,[JI ,[-m.k~lU t:e'.fang:~ NADP"'! me.ll'upakan ~i?pU!P'llil lDfluanm;a, 'NAD+,! y.aUl.,g 'b~.Ftfiu]iL:g%~ ;sc'ba.gaJ; pemJoo.w:;J:, eh:-ku1::m da]:lI!m rC's?I[',a;si, ~e.~uk.E;, :~dlUa mo~ :lelb!!l.1 it~~seb'lL!l.[ berbeda hamrya ,ha[l(tmli, ,ldalny.n :g.ug1tlS fo:sfii'l ta.mbilh.an, dM-<lJm ,rml!l~lekJu1 NADI>~", Rt:abi, 'oc:t,m,g m~im!ggn;lil11.;akan

m,eoo~ukiii NAD~'* mifii;'i),jooi NADPH de:ilgafi carli :meD;];mb~lk:~'jJn sejp~ng etekrfo~ ber~un~ desgan l]iUhlet]s ,hidoogefiJ, aeeu H'. Ite11kS~ !(e~,a]];g, J'~~gm~~~Uka.1'] AT,P J~gfl-[\ ~emberi, li':el]~g..' b~gl ~~e~am~ajh~lt1,guglll:S trufar .r;iia.d~, D~ ~y~uu. proses 'Y~_ng d:~stb~Jt fi~toro~fol'i.I~L. A : De.n.gan Idel~,i kianc. energi !;:~hru,~ m~,d~~m:l!da d:hib'3h mell~,~d,i, c'~~c~g.~ k~!Il'lj~:ll,wid~hlJjn be;n.UJJk ,dtu~ sellyn~: NA'DPH , ~I)lmb~,r' d~r,u
111lJt!lik,

tCllla~ :ma,t<ihari

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Id~]k:[l'o:n,

,Reab~~e"r,ang',d.u.
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1&ik1U8

!Calvin be-bcj'asa:rn:i\

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b~rupa, mabn:a:n:: g(l:mb1Jr~: um~m

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S(l1belJiaf.mJ:Y<lJ
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,d\dan1l. melekul o,rganiik''Yang telah d:~~ia,pkandalam 1IdQ,ro.pias. P,~ma:s/Ldlran awal :~uubo'n ini lice d:,jl~m, 5l!llnya,W<Jj, ,o,~ni~, d.ikena], sctb~gpri &:balSiD karbon.. SW:us CaJ.vdn ,~emud!im mer.orlili, ,blirbon i~a:fi.ks~i, ini Inct~,jad.i :bI'DoMdrn.tr mel~tili p~illi[tfiDb~an cl.r;:ktro:i1. Tenm;ga !p~roduks~iit1 ini b~~I, dari NADJ1i'~ ro'l~;g']ll1eml?eroleh [6ldkr.r,t""~ berenergl dalam ,reab~ l"frnng, 'Untl:iuk mcnguba1 CO2 !lUie.fij~~i.kaJ:bohid ~U, ,&i.kJiYS Cahrlf!! jlY,~, ,~~jb.ut~hk~H~ ener,gi

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ATP

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d~fil MAD,PH" 'yaFilQ masln'g-meslng Ib~m-uJljgsii ~~bl!':lg\aii €ln€'f@i Ikil1il[,avii dan renag!!ili

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~eljjl'er. ATP y\a~S!di~~oduk$iJ dalsm veak'si ,

terrang fiCil:oSiTr~€!5'iS! IJj~S!'§lnltgj diglJliil~k~n ,ISMu8, CaMI'iI_ Siiklus: C~~'i.i\i!'l:!Ille:r!i1!isu~i:iln

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daram molekYl lo~geri~k"y,ang! (H~bah

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g_afliibar ber1l!:JJb1ya ~bag:at

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denl ~tidaatl dasar kia, keada1tn te~e~~ita~l. FiQ.lon 1iIl~!'iIcl'O'mng ele!fdFcnJ ke o:rbi~al dri m;t!m ele-kliloill itu lllilemii.ki ,er!~i 'lpo~;ef!iS~1 'ya~g I'@i'bih Il]m!g~i. J~~ klorlDfil '!fang 'teri:sonasi diitera ngn, e1Iekli'lOri h~fek9ite5InY~:1. ~er,~ 'tWirt!!n~mbaJli ke'
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berpi.mI:dah ke :3lkSepm'f elektron pr:i:mer;, :rt.eaks,u :dQks tef~ilLcli llIf'ab.ib cabya m~ng,t:'ksims-l ,dektro;t;i, !-re'tiltil.gllt em:r;g~ !f~g I~hi~] ti_I1,~ dala;t;n ldforo6.1 daa aJrseptor d~k[roD ,rn,'t:""iilI,m;gkap dd{[ron 'bt:r~it~~rgi-ti Ijjgg~~r.seb!JJi,f ,:.ibdum, e]ikrroli 1m, d,]pat' loe:mnibruH ke ke~,dt.~n dl~ar ~nJ~iTJ, Dr.afJldklJ~ k),o;f;,o([iL Kl1.o"ro~~ y.~g reriselasi

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Copytlgh:Bd matenal

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~l'Olm..r~'

MEM!~';ij1
'rntMiiJI

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TIL..A:m03ID

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GAMBAR '~IO.15!!!! Model $efiliienla~

(-gr,adieril

Ht)_ Sedikitliily,a ~jg8, langkaih dailam feak~ l'e'Fang berpemnpa;da Slra<iIE!n prolO'J'II ini:, ,A1[''~i!J!'"a'ikt;~UlQIEIh'Fo~isteflll Ipad~ :si.si memDf:3n y:an,Q berln:adapall ,deng:an r1.l!iu,g ~1.;:Ilji;md: lIggill!1 plaiSl(Jkinon1! (P'q). pemDiBwa

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d'!Jk$~

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dal~01i MA[)P\H, <I~n,!1A;-lP;, 'Y~rrig'

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yu;,g, serl!:1.]lil 1Im'.';l!, de!l1~. siklws Kre'l~s da~am arti !bah!W<IJ. materi . 3f.WOI!I, .d:U[C~ ,geDerasi .seteJah mi,'o~~l :mi!!lma:su1cl ~JI] m~ni:Ii1L,g.pilkan ~HdUl5
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