9) Differentiate between the functions of lymphocyte T cells and lymphocytes B cells. Lymphocyte T cells play a central immunity.

role in cell-mediated

Lymphocyte B cells play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). Plasma B cells (also known as plasma cells) are large B cells that have been exposed to antigen and produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies, which assist in the destruction of microbes by binding to them and making them easier targets for phagocytes and activation of the complement system. make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells(APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction.

the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors (TCR).

T helper cell (TH cells) assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells, or CTLs) destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection. Memory T cells are a subset of antigenspecific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), formerly known as suppressor T cells has the major role is to shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress auto-reactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus. Natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are a special kind of lymphocyte that bridges the adaptive immune system with the innate immune system.

Memory B cells are formed from activated B cells that are specific to the antigen encountered during the primary immune response.

an essential component of the adaptive immune system.

10) What are plasma cells and mega karyocytes?

Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, and effector B cells, are white blood cells that produce large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. As such, they are an important part of the immune system. Plasma cells are formed from B cells. Like all blood cells, plasma cells ultimately originate in the bone marrow; however, these cells leave the bone marrow as B cells, before terminal differentiation into plasma cells, which usually happens in lymph nodes. Once produced, B cells mainly stay within the bone marrow and wait until an antigen appears in the body. The antigens bind to the B cell and stimulate it to form plasma cells. The plasma cell then produces antibodies to destroy the pathogen.

The megakaryocyte is the giant cell of bone marrow containing a greatly lobulated nucleus, from which mature blood platelets originate. It is responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting. Megakaryocytes normally account for 1 out of 10,000 bone marrow cells but can increase in number nearly 10-fold in certain diseases. In general, megakaryocytes are 10 to 15 times larger than a typical red blood cell, averaging 50-100 m in diameter. During its maturation, the megakaryocyte grows in size and replicates its DNA without cytokinesis. As a result, the nucleus of the megakaryocyte can become very large and lobulated, which, under a light microscope, can give the false impression that there are several nuclei. Megakaryocytes are derived from hematopoietic stem cell precursor cells in the bone marrow.