1

Chng 1
BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

1.1 MT S V D V BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

V d 1. Mt x nghip cn sn xut 3 loi bnh: bnh u xanh, bnh thp cm v bnh
do. Lng nguyn liu ng, u cho mt bnh mi loi, lng d tr nguyn liu, tin
li cho mt bnh mi loi c cho trong bng sau:

Nguyn liu Bnh u xanh Bnh thp cm Bnh do Lng d tr
ng 0,04kg 0,06kg 0,05kg 500kg
u 0,07kg 0kg 0,02kg 300kg
Li 3000 2000 2500

Hy lp m hnh bi ton tm s lng mi loi bnh cn sn xut sao cho khng b ng
v nguyn liu m li t c cao nht.
Gii
Gi
1 2 3
, , x x x ln lt l s bnh u xanh, bnh thp cm, bnh do cn phi sn xut.
iu kin: 0
j
x , 1, 2, 3 j = . Khi
1) Tin li thu c l:
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( , , ) 3 2 2,5 f x f x x x x x x = = + + (ngn).
2) Lng ng c s dng l:
1 2 3
0, 04 0, 06 0, 05 x x x + + (kg)
khng b ng v nguyn liu th:
1 1 1
0, 04 0, 06 0, 05 500 x x x + + .
3) Lng u c s dng l:
1 3
0, 07 0, 02 x x + (kg)
khng b ng v nguyn liu th:
1 3
0, 07 0, 02 300 x x + .
Vy ta c m hnh bi ton
(1)
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( , , ) 3 2 2,5 ax f x f x x x x x x m = = + +
(2)
1 1 1
0, 04 0, 06 0, 05 500 x x x + +
1 3
0, 07 0, 02 300 x x +
(3) 0
j
x , 1, 2, 3 j = .
Ta ni y l bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh 3 n tm max ca hm mc tiu.
V d 2. Gi s yu cu ti thiu mi ngy v cc cht dinh dng m, ng, khong
cho mt loi gia sc tng ng l 90g, 130g, 10g. Cho bit hm lng cc cht dinh dng
trn c trong 1g thc n A, B, C v gi mua 1kg thc n mi loi c cho trong bng sau:

Cht dinh dng A B C
m 0,1g 0,2g 0,3g
ng 0,3g 0,4g 0,2g
Khong 0,02g 0,01g 0,03g
Gi mua 3000 4000 5000
2
Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh khi lng thc n mi loi phi mua
tng s tin chi cho mua thc n t nht nhng p ng c nhu cu dinh dng mi
ngy.
Gii
Gi
1 2 3
, , x x x ln lt l khi lng (g) thc n A, B, C cn mua.
iu kin: 0
j
x , 1, 2, 3 j = . Khi
Tng khi lng cc cht dinh dng c trong thc n cn mua l
m:
1 2 3
0,1 0, 2 0, 3 x x x + + (g)
ng:
1 2 3
0, 3 0, 4 0, 2 x x x + + (g)
Khong:
1 2 3
0, 02 0, 01 0, 03 x x x + + (g)
p ng c nhu cu dinh dng ti thiu mi ngy th tng khi lng cc cht dinh
dng c trong thc n cn mua khng th nh hn cc nhu cu ti thiu mi ngy v cc
cht dinh dng nn ta c cc iu kin:
1 2 3
0,1 0, 2 0, 3 90 x x x + +
1 2 3
0, 3 0, 4 0, 2 130 x x x + +
1 2 3
0, 02 0, 01 0, 03 10 x x x + +
Tng s tin phi chi mua s thc n trn l
1 2 3
3 4 5 x x x + + (ng)
Yu cu bi ton l s tin chi cho mua thc n t nht nn ta c iu kin
1 2 3
3 4 5 min x x x + +
Vy ta c m hnh bi ton
(1)
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( , , ) 3 4 5 in f x f x x x x x x m = = + +
(2)
1 2 3
0,1 0, 2 0, 3 90 x x x + +
1 2 3
0, 3 0, 4 0, 2 130 x x x + +
1 2 3
0, 02 0, 01 0, 03 10 x x x + +
(3) 0
j
x , 1, 2, 3 j = .
V d 3. (CHLH 2009) Mt c s sn xut g d nh sn xut ba loi sn phm l bn,
gh v t. nh mc s dng lao ng, chi ph sn xut v gi bn mi sn phm mi loi
c tnh trong bng sau:
Cc yu t Bn Gh T
Lao ng (ngy cng) 2 1 3
Chi ph sn xut (ngn ng) 100 40 250
Gi bn (ngn ng) 260 120 600
Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh s sn phm mi loi cn phi sn xut
sao cho khng b ng trong sn xut v tng doanh thu t c cao nht, bit rng c s
c s lao ng tng ng vi 500 ngy cng, s tin dnh cho chi ph sn xut l 40
triu ng v s bn, gh phi theo t l 1/6.
3
Gii
Gi
1 2 3
, , x x x ln lt l s bn, gh, t cn phi sn xut. Ta c cc iu kin:
1 2 3
, , 0 x x x .
Tng ngy cng v chi ph d nh sn xut l:
1 2 3
2 3 x x x + + (ngy cng)
1 2 3
100 40 250 x x x + + (ngn ng)
khng b ng trong sn xut ta c cc iu kin sau
1 2 3
2 3 500 x x x + +
1 2 3
100 40 250 40000 x x x + +
Theo t l gia s bn v s gh ta c iu kin sau
1 2
6x x =
Tng doanh thu theo d kin l
1 2 3
260 120 600 x x x + + (ngn ng)
tng doanh thu t c cao nht ta c iu kin
1 2 3
260 120 600 ax x x x m + +
Nh vy, m hnh ton hc ca bi ton l
(1)
1 2 3
260 120 600 ax x x x m + +
1 2 3
2 3 500 x x x + +
(2)
1 2 3
100 40 250 40000 x x x + +
1 2
6x x =
(3)
1 2 3
, , 0 x x x .

1.2 PHN LOI DNG BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

1.2.1 Dng tng qut ca bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh
Bi ton QHTT dng tng qut vi n n l bi ton c dng
(1)
1 1 2 2
( ) max(min)
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
(2)
1 1 2 2
, 1, 2, ,
i i in n i
a x a x a x b i m
(
(
+ + + =
(
( =

L K
(3)
0
0 , 1, 2, ,

j
x j n
tuy y
(
(
=
(
(

K
Trong
(1) l hm mc tiu.
(2) l h rng buc chnh.
(3) l rng buc du.
(2) v (3) c gi chung l h rng buc ca bi ton.
4
Khi
Mi vector
1 2
( , , , )
n
x x x x = K tha (2) v (3) c gi l mt phng n (PA)
ca bi ton.
Mi phng n x tha (1), ngha l ti hm mc tiu t gi t nh nht (ln
nht) trn tp cc phng n c gi l mt phng n ti u (PATU) ca bi
ton.
Gii mt bi ton QHTT l i tm mt phng n ti u ca n hoc ch ra rng
bi ton v nghim, ngha l bi ton khng c PATU.

1.2.2 Dng chnh tc ca bi ton QHTT

(1)
1 1 2 2
( ) max(min)
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
(2)
1 1 2 2
, 1, 2, ,
i i in n i
a x a x a x b i m + + + = = L K
(3) 0, 1, 2, ,
j
x j n = K
Nhn xt. Bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc l bi ton QHTT dng tng qut trong
Cc rng buc chnh u l phng trnh.
Cc n u khng m.
V d. Bi ton sau c dng chnh tc
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 4 6 min f x x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
4 12
12 3 3
6
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, 2,3, 4
j
x j =
1.2.3 Dng chun ca bi ton QHTT
Bi ton QHTT dng chun l bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc
(1)
1 1 2 2
( ) max(min)
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
(2)
1 1 2 2
, 1, 2, ,
i i in n i
a x a x a x b i m + + + = = L K
(3) 0, 1, 2, ,
j
x j n = K
Trong
Cc h s t do u khng m.
Trong ma trn h s t do c m vector ct n v:
1 2
, , ,
m
e e e K .
1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
, , ,
0 0 1
m
e e e
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
K
M M M

Khi :
Cc n ng vi cc vector ct n v c gi l cc n c bn. C th n ng vi
vector ct n v
k
e l n c bn th k.
5
Mt phng n m cc n c bn u bng 0 c gi l phng n c bn.
Mt phng n c bn c m thnh phn dng c gi l khng suy bin.
Ngc li mt phng n c bn c t hn m thnh phn dng c gi l suy
bin.
V d. Xt bi ton QHTT sau
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 4 6 min f x x x x x = +
(2)
1 4 5
1 3 6
1 2 3 4
12
12 3
6
x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ + =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6
j
x j =
Ta thy bi ton trn c dng chnh tc, hn na
Cc h s t do u khng m
Ma trn h s rng buc A l
1 0 0 1 1 0
12 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
A
(
(
=
(
(


C cha y 3 vector ct n v
1
e (ct 5),
2
e (ct 6),
3
e (ct 2).
Do bi ton c dng chun, trong
n c bn th nht l
5
x
n c bn th hai l
6
x
n c bn th ba l
2
x
Nhn xt. Trong bi ton trn, khi cho n c bn th k bng h s t do th k, cn cc n
khng c bn bng 0, ngha l cho
2 6 2 1 3 4
15, 3, 6, 0, 0, 0 x x x x x x = = = = = = ta c mt
phng n c bn ca bi ton (0, 6, 0, 0,12, 3) x = .
Phng n ny khng suy bin v c 3 thnh phn dng. Ta gi y l phng n c
bn ban u ca bi ton.
Ch . Tng qut, trong bi ton QHTT dng chun bt k, khi cho n c bn th k bng
h s t do th k ( 1, 2, , k m = K ), cn cc n khng c bn bng 0, ta c mt phng n
c bn ca bi ton. Ta gi y l phng n c bn ban u ca bi ton.

1.3 BIN I DNG BI TON QHTT
1.3.1 Dng tng qut v dng chnh tc
Ta c th bin i bi ton dng tng qut v dng chnh tc bng cc bc sau
Bc 1. Kim tra h rng buc chnh
1) Nu c rng buc chnh dng
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b + + + L th ta cng vo v tri rng
buc n ph
n k
x
+
, ngha l ta thay rng buc
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b + + + L trong bi
ton bng rng buc
1 1 2 2 i i in n n k i
a x a x a x x b
+
+ + + + = L .
6
2) Nu c rng buc chnh dng
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b + + + L th ta tr vo v tri rng
buc n ph
n k
x
+
, ngha l ta thay rng buc
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b + + + L trong bi
ton bng rng buc
1 1 2 2 i i in n n k i
a x a x a x x b
+
+ + + = L .
Ch . Cc n ph l cc n khng m v h s ca cc n ph trong hm mc tiu l 0.
Bc 2. Kim tra iu kin du ca n s
1) Nu c n 0
j
x th ta thc hin php i n s
j j
x x

= vi 0
j
x

.
2) Nu c n
j
x c du ty th ta thc hin php i n s
j j j
x x x

= vi
, 0
j j
x x

.
Ch . Khi tm c PATU ca bi ton dng chnh tc ta ch cn tnh gi tr ca cc n
ban u v b i cc n ph th s c PATU ca bi ton dng tng qut cho.
V d. Bin i bi ton sau v dng chnh tc
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 4 6 min f x x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 3
1 3
1 2 3
4 6 5 50
7 30
2 3 5 25
x x x
x x
x x x
+

+ =

(3)
1 2
0, 0 x x
Gii
Thm vo bi ton n ph
4
0 x bin bt phng trnh
1 2 3
4 6 5 50 x x x + v phng
trnh
1 2 3 4
4 6 5 50 x x x x + + = .
Thm vo bi ton n ph
5
0 x bin bt phng trnh
1 3
7 30 x x + v phng trnh
1 3 5
7 30 x x x + = .
i bin
2 2
x x

= vi
2
0 x

.
i bin
3 3 3
x x x

= vi
3 3
, 0 x x

.
Ta a bi ton v dng chnh tc
(1)
1 2 3 3
( ) 3 2 2, 5( ) max f x x x x x

= +
(2)
1 2 3 3 4
1 3 3 5
1 2 3 3
4 6 5( ) 50
7 ( ) 30
2 3 5( ) 25
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x

+ + + =

+ =

(3)
1 2 3 3 4 5
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 x x x x x x



1.3.2 Dng chnh tc v dng chun
T bi ton dng chnh tc ta c th xy dng bi ton dng chun nh sau
1) Khi gp h s t do 0
i
b < ta i du hai v ca rng buc th i.
7
2) Khi ma trn h s rng buc A khng cha ct n v th k l
k
e , ta a vo n gi
0
n k
x
+
v cng thm n gi
n k
x
+
vo v tri phng trnh rng buc th k c
phng trnh rng buc mi:
1 1 2 2 k k kn n n k k
a x a x a x x b
+
+ + + + = L .
3) Hm mc tiu m rng ( ) f x c xy dng t hm mc tiu ban u nh sau
i vi bi ton min: ( ) ( ) ( gia) f x f x M an = +

.
i vi bi ton max: ( ) ( ) ( gia) f x f x M an =

.
Trong M l i lng rt ln, ln hn bt k s no cho trc.
V d 1. Bin i bi ton QHTT sau v dng chun
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x = + + +
(2)
1 2 3
1 3 4
1 2 3
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 4
j
x j = K
Gii
Bi ton trn c dng chnh tc, trong v phi ca phng trnh rng buc th ba l
-25 < 0. i du hai v ca phng trnh ny ta c
1 2 3
2 3 5 25 x x x + =
V (2) tr thnh
1 2 3
1 3 4
1 2 3
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + =

+ =

Ma trn h s ca rng buc l
4 6 5 0 1 0
7 0 1 1 0 0
2 3 5 0 0 1
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\

V A cn thiu 2 vector ct n v l
1
e v
3
e nn bi ton cha c dng chun.
Thm vo bi ton hai n gi
5 6
, 0 x x v xy dng bi ton m rng c dng chun nh
sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x Mx Mx = + + + + +
(2)
1 2 3 5
1 3 4
1 2 3 6
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K
V d 2. Bin i bi ton QHTT sau v dng chun
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 2 max f x x x x x = + + +
8
(2)
1 2 3
1 3 4
1 2 3
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 4
j
x j = K
Ta xy dng bi ton m rng dng chun nh sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
( ) 3 2 2 max f x x x x x Mx Mx = + + +
(2)
1 2 3 5
1 3 4
1 2 3 6
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K
Ch .
n ph: Tng qut chuyn thnh chnh tc
n gi: Chnh tc chuyn thnh chun
V d 3. Bin i bi ton QHTT sau v dng chun
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x = + + +
(2)
1 3
3 4
1 2 3
9 15 50
6 2 120
3 5 45
x x
x x
x x x
+

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 4
j
x j = K
Gii
Thm vo bi ton 2 n ph
5 6
, 0 x x ta c bi ton c dng chnh tc nh sau
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x = + + +
(2)
1 3 5
3 4
1 2 3 6
9 15 50
6 2 120
3 5 45
x x x
x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K .
Bi ton trn cha c dng chun.
Ta thy cc v phi ca hai phng trnh rng buc th 2 v 3 u m nn bng cch i
du hai v ca cc phng trnh ny ta c
(2)
1 3 5
3 4
1 2 3 6
9 15 50
6 2 120
3 5 45
x x x
x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ + =

Ma trn h s rng buc l
A =
0 9 15 0 1 0 0
0 0 6 2 0 0 1
1 3 5 0 0 1 0
| |
|

|
|

\

9
V A cn thiu mt vector ct l
2
e nn bi ton cha c dng chun.
Thm vo rng buc chnh th hai n gi
7
0 x ta c bi ton dng chun nh sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 7
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x Mx = + + + +
(2)
1 3 5
3 4 7
1 2 3 6
9 15 50
6 2 120
3 5 45
x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 7
j
x j = K .
Ch . Quan h gia bi ton xut pht v bi ton m rng
Mi quan h gia bi ton xut pht (A) v bi ton m rng (B) nh sau
B v nghim suy ra A v nghim
B c nghim c hai trng hp:
1) Nu mi n gi ca PATU bng 0 th b n gi ta c PATU ca A
2) Nu c t nht mt n gi > 0 suy ra A khng c PATU

Chng 2
PHNG PHP N HNH

2.1 PHNG PHP N HNH GII BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH
DNG CHUN
2.1.1 Thut ton gii bi ton max
Bc lp th nht (bng n hnh th nht)
1) Lp bng n hnh xut pht
V bng n hnh v ghi vo cc thnh phn sau ca bi ton dng chun
Dng 1. Ghi cc n ca bi ton (k c n ph)
Dng 2. Ghi cc h s ca cc n trong hm mc tiu
Ct 2. Ghi cc n c bn ca bi ton theo th t t n c bn th nht n n c
bn cui cng, ta gi ct ny l ct n c bn.
Ct 1: Ghi tng ng cc h s ca cc n c bn trong hm mc tiu, ta gi ct
ny l ct h s c bn.
Ct 3. Ghi cc s hng t do ca h rng buc chnh theo th t t trn xung di,
ta gi ct ny l ct phng n.
Ct 4. Ghi ma trn iu kin A ca bi ton.
Tnh h s c lng
j
ca cc n ( 1, 2, , )
j
x j n = K v ghi tng ng vo dng di ct
4, vi
j
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(cot1) ( ) ( )
j j j
A hsx = (
j
hsx : h s ca n
j
x trong hm mc tiu).
Ch . Nu
j
x l n c bn th 0
j
= .
Tnh tr s
0
(cot1) (cot 3) f = v ghi di ct 3.
2) Xc nh phng n c bn xut pht
10
Vi bng n hnh va lp c th phng n c bn xut pht
0
x ca bi ton c
xc nh nh sau: Cho cc n ct 2 nhn gi tr tng ng ct 3, cc n cn li nhn
gi tr 0. Tr s ca hm mc tiu ti phng n c bn xut pht
0
x l
0
0
( ) f x f = .
3) nh gi tnh ti u ca phng n c bn xut pht
Du hiu ti u. Nu h s c lng ca cc n u khng m, 0,
j
j th
phng n c bn xut pht
0
x l phng n ti u ca bi ton. Thut ton kt thc
vi kt lun: Bi ton c PATU l
0
x v GTTU l
0
( ) f x .
Du hiu ca bi ton khng c PATU. Nu c n khng c bn
k
x c h s c
lng m v ct iu kin
k
A ca n c cc thnh phn u khng dng, 0
k
<
v 0;
ik
a i th bi ton khng c phng n ti u. Thut ton kt thc vi kt lun:
Bi ton khng c PATU.
Nu khng xy ra c hai trng hp trn th thut ton tip tc trong bc lp th hai
Bc lp th hai (Bng n hnh th hai)
1) Tm n a vo
Trong tt c cc 0
j
< ta chn 0
v
< nh nht (ta nh du * cho 0
v
< nh nht
trong bng). Khi ,
v
x l n m ta s a vo h n c bn. Ct
v
A c gi l ct
ch yu.
2) Tm n a ra
Thc hin php chia ln lt cc s ca ct phng n cho cc s dng ca ct ch
yu v ghi cc thng s
i
vo ct cui cng.
Xc nh min{ }
r i
= (Ta nh du * cho
r
nh nht trong bng). Khi
r
x l n
m ta a ra khi h n c bn. Dng c cha
r
x c gi l dng ch yu. S dng
nm trn dng ch yu v ct ch yu c gi l h s ch yu.
Ch . Nu ct ch yu ch c mt s dng th s dng l h s ch yu, dng c
s dng l dng ch yu, n nm trn dng ch yu l n c a ra.
3) Lp bng n hnh th hai
Ct 2: Thay n a ra bng n a vo, cc n c bn cn li gi nguyn. Dng c
n a vo gi l dng chun.
Ct 1: Thay h s ca n a ra bng h s ca n a vo, cc h s ca cc n c
bn cn li gi nguyn.
Cc thnh phn cn li c xc nh theo dng nh sau
Dng chun = Dng ch yu chia cho h s ch yu.
Dng th i = Dng th i (c) a
iv
.dng chun. (a
iv
: s nm trn giao ca dng i v
ct ch yu).
Cc h s c lng v tr s ca hm mc tiu trong bng th hai c tnh v ghi
nh bng th nht.
4) Xc nh v nh gi phng n c bn th hai (nh bc lp th nht)

11
2.1.2 Thut ton gii bi ton min
Gii tng t bi ton max vi ch sau
iu kin ti u: 0,
j
j
iu kin khng c PATU: 0
k
> v 0,
ik
a i
n c chn a vo: n ng vi 0
k
> ln nht.
V d 1. Gii bi ton QHTT sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5
( ) 2 5 4 6 max f x x x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 4 5
2 3 4 5
2 5 6
6 2 9 32
2 3 30
3 36
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + + =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K .
Gii
Bi ton trn c dng chnh tc vi cc v phi ca cc phng trnh rng buc trong (2)
u khng m.
Ma trn h s ca rng buc
1 6 0 2 9 0
0 2 1 1 0 0
0 3 0 0 0 1
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\

V A cha 3 ct n v
1
e (ct 1),
2
e (ct 3),
3
e (ct 6) nn bi ton c dng chun
trong :
n c bn th nht:
1
x
n c bn th hai:
3
x
n c bn th ba:
6
x
Ta gii bi ton bng phng php n hnh








0
2.32 4.30 184 f = + = .
1 3 6
0 = = =
2
2.6 4.2 0.3 5 25 = + + + =
4
2.( 2) 4.1 0.0 1 1 = + + + =
5
2.( 9) 4.3 0.1 6 0 = + + + =

x
1
2
x
2
-5
x
3
4
x
4
-1
x
5
-6
x
6
0
i

2
4
0
x
1

x
3

x
6

32
30
36
1
0
0
6
2
3
0
1
0
-2
1
0
-9
(3)
1
0
0
1



184 0 -25 0 1 0 0
12
Trong bng trn ta thy 0, 1, , 6
j
j = K nn bi ton c PATU l
0
(32, 0,30, 0, 0, 36) x = v
0
184 f = .
V d 2. Gii bi ton QHTT sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
( ) 6 3 min f x x x x x x x = + + + +
(2)
1 2 4 6
1 3 6
1 4 5 6
15
2 2 9
4 2 3 2
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K .
Gii
Bi ton trn c dng chnh tc vi v phi ca phng trnh rng buc chnh th hai l 9.
i du hai v ca phng trnh ny, ta a v bi ton sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
( ) 6 3 7 min f x x x x x x x = + + + +
(2)
1 2 4 6
1 3 6
1 4 5 6
15
2 2 9
4 2 3 2
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K .
Ma trn h s ca rng buc
1 1 0 1 0 1
2 0 1 0 0 2
4 0 0 2 1 3
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\

V A cha 3 ct n v
1
e (ct 2),
2
e (ct 3),
3
e (ct 5) nn bi ton c dng chun
trong :
n c bn th nht:
2
x
n c bn th hai:
3
x
n c bn th ba:
5
x
Ta gii bi ton bng phng php n hnh













x
1
6
x
2
1
x
3
1
x
4
3
x
5
1
x
6
-7
i

1
1
1
x
2

x
3

x
5

15
9
2
-1
-2
4
1
0
0
0
1
0
-1
0
2
0
0
1
(1)
-2
-3
15


26 -5 0 0 -2 0 3*
-7
1
1
x
6

x
3

x
5

15
39
47
-1
-4
1
1
2
3
0
1
0
-1
-2
-1
0
0
1
1
0
0

-19 -5 0 0 -2 0 0
13
Trong bng 1 ta thy tn ti
6
3 0 = > v trn ct tng ng c
13
1 0 a = > (
23
2 a = v
23
3 a = ) nn ta chn n a ra l
6
x , n a vo l
2
x , h s ch yu l
13
1 a = . Sau
tnh cc dng bng 2 bng cng thc sau
d
c
= d
cy
, d
2
= d
2
+ 2d
c
, d
3
= d
3
+ 3d
c
.
Trong bng 2 ta thy tn ti
4
1 0 = > m
4
0, 1, 2, 3
i
a i = nn bi ton min ang xt v
nghim.
V d 3. Gii bi ton QHTT sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5
( ) 2 6 4 2 3 max f x x x x x x = + + +
(2)
1 2 3
2 3 4
2 5
2 4 52
4 2 60
3 36
x x x
x x x
x x
+ + =

+ + =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 5
j
x j = K .
Gii
Bi ton trn c dng chnh tc vi v phi ca phng trnh rng buc trong (2) u
khng m.
Ma trn h s rng buc l
1 2 4 0 0
0 4 2 1 0
0 3 0 0 1
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\

V A cha 3 ct n v
1
e (ct 1),
2
e (ct 4),
3
e (ct 5) nn bi ton c dng chun
trong :
n c bn th nht:
1
x
n c bn th hai:
4
x
n c bn th ba:
5
x
Ta gii bi ton bng phng php n hnh















x
1
-2
x
2
6
x
3
4
x
4
-2
x
5
3
i

-2
-2
3
x
1

x
4

x
5

52
60
36
1
0
0
2
4
3
(4)
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
52/4*
60/2

-116 0 -9 -16* 0 0
4
-2
3
x
3

x
4

x
5

13
34
36
1/4
-1/2
0
1/2
(3)
3
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
13.2
34/3*
36/3
92 4 -1* 0 0 0
4
6
3
x
3

x
2

x
5

22/3
34/3
2
1/3
-1/6
1/2
0
1
0
1
0
0
-1/6
1/3
-1
0
0
1

310/3 23/6 0 0 1/3 0
14
Trong bng I ta thy tn ti cc 0
j
< :
2 3
9, 16 = = v trn mi ct tng ng c h
s dng. Ta chn
3
16 = m nh nht v n a vo l
3
x , khi trn ct tng ng
c cc h s dng l
13 23
4, 2 a a = = nn ta lp cc t s
1 2
52 / 4, 60 / 2 = = . Ta chn
1
52 / 4 = nh nht v n a ra l
1
x , h s ch yu l
13
4 a = . Sau bin i bng I
bng cc php bin i sau:
d
c
= d
cy
/4 , d
2
= d
2
- 2d
c
, d
3
= d
3
.
Bin i tng t cho bng II.
Trong bng III ta thy 0, 1, 2, , 5
j
j = K nn bi ton ang xt c PATU l
0
(0, 34 / 3, 22 / 3, 0, 2) x = vi
0
( ) 310 / 3 f x = .

2.2 PHNG PHP N HNH M RNG GII BI TON QUY HOCH
TUYN TNH DNG CHNH TC
Thut ton n hnh m rng gii bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc tng t nh thut ton
n hnh gii bi ton QHTT dng chun nhng c mt s lu nh sau
1) Do hm mc tiu m rng l ( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x angia = +

i vi bi ton min v
( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x angia =

i vi bi ton max, nn trong bng n hnh ct h s c

th c cc h s ph thuc M. Khi dng cui cc h s s c dng aM b + , do
ngi ta thng chia dng cui thnh hai dng nh: Dng trn ghi a v dng di ghi b.
2) V M l mt i lng dng rt ln, nn khi so snh cc s hng aM + b v cM + d ta
c quy tc sau
a c
aM b cM d
b d
=
+ = +

=

0
0
0
0
a
b
aM b
a
b
>

+ >

>

,
a c
b d
aM b cM d
a c
b d
>

+ > +

>

3) Trong bng n hnh u tin cc n gi u c trong n c bn. Mi khi mt n gi b
a ra khi h n c bn th khng bao gi ta a n gi tr li na, v vy trong
bng n hnh ta c th b i cc ct ng vi cc n gi.
V d 1. Gii bi ton QHTT sau
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
10
15
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
Gii
a bi ton v dng chun:
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
+ Mx
6
+ Mx
7
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
+ x
6
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
+ x
5
= 10
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
+ x
7
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh

















PATU: x = (0, 8, 0, 2), f(x) = 18.
V d 2. Gii bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = - 2x
1
- x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
max
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
- x
4
= 2

- x
2
- 7x
3
+ 3x
4
3
- 3x
3
+ 2x
4
7
x
j
0, j = 1,2,3,4.
Gii
a bi ton v dng chun:
f(x) = - 2x
1
- x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
max
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
- x
4
= 2

- x
2
- 7x
3
+ 3x
4
+ x
5
= 3
- 3x
3
+ 2x
4
+ x
6
= 7
x
1
6
x
2
3
x
3
2
x
4
-3
x
5
0
M
0
M
x
6

x
5

x
7

4
10
12
1
-1
0
(1)
0
2
1
0
1
-2
1
-2
0
1
0
-6 -3 -2 3 0
1 3* 2 -4 0
3
0
M
x
2

x
5

x
7

4
10
4
1
-1
-2
1
0
0
1
0
-1
-2
1
(2)
0
1
0
-3 0 1 -3 0
-2 0 -1 2* 0
3
0
-3
x
2

x
5

x
4

8
8
2
-1
0
-1
1
0
0
0
1/2
-1/2
0
0
1
0
1
0
18 -6 0 -1/2 0 0
16
x
j
0, j = 1,2,3,4,5,6.

Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh

.







PATU: x = (0, 0, 11, 20), f(x) = 31.

Chng 3
BI TON I NGU

3.1 nh ngha

Cho (P) l bi ton QHTT c dng chnh tc nh sau
1 1 2 2
( ) max(min)
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
0, 1, 2, , .
n n
n n
m m mn n m
j
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
x j n
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
=
L
L
KKK
L
K

T bi ton (P) ta lp c bi ton QHTT (D) nh sau v ta gi bi ton (D) l bi ton
i ngu ca bi ton (P)
1 1 2 2
( ) min(max)
m m
f y b y b y b y = + + + L
11 1 21 2 1 1
12 1 22 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
( )
( )
( )
m m
m m
n n mn m n
a y a y a y c
a y a y a y c
a y a y a y c
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
L
L
KKK
L

x
1
-2
x
2
-1
x
3
1
x
4
1
x
5

0
x
6
0
-2
0
0
x
1

x
5

x
6

2
3
7
1
0
0
1
-1
0
(2)
-7
-3
-1
3
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
0 -1 -5* 1 0 0
1
0
0
x
3

x
5

x
6

1
9
8
1/2
7/2
3/2
1/2
5/2
3/2
1
0
0
-1/2
-1/2
(1/2)
0
1
0
0
0
1
5/2 3/2 0 -3/2* 0 0
1
0
1
x
3

x
4

x
5

11
20
20
2
5
3
2
4
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
31 7 6 0 0 0 3
17
Ch . Bi ton (D) c lp t bi ton (P) theo nguyn tc sau
1. S n ca bi ton (D) bng s rng buc chnh ca bi ton (P) v s rng buc chnh
ca bi ton (D) bng s n ca bi ton (P).
2. H s ca n
i
y trong hm mc tiu ca bi ton (D) l s hng t do
i
b trong h rng
buc chnh ca bi ton (P).
3. Cc h s ca cc n v h s t do trong rng buc chnh th j ca bi ton (D) l cc
h s tng ng ca n
j
x trong h rng buc chnh v hm mc tiu ca bi ton (P).
4. Nu (P) l bi ton max th (D) l bi ton min v h rng buc chnh ca bi ton (D)
l h bt phng trnh vi du . Nu (P) l bi ton min th (D) l bi ton max v h
rng buc chnh ca bi ton (D) l h bt phng trnh vi du .
5. Cc n ca bi ton (D) u c du ty .
3.2 Cch lp bi ton i ngu
Bi ton i ngu c lp trc tip theo quy tc sau, gi l quy tc i ngu

(P) (D)
1 1 2 2
( ) max
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
1 1 2 2
( ) min
m m
f y b y b y b y = + + + L
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b
(
(
+ + +
(
( =

L
0
0
i
y
tuyy
(
(

(
(


0
0
j
x
tuyy
(
(

(
(


1 1 2 2 j j mj m j
a y a y a y c
(
(
+ + +
(
( =

L

V d. Tm bi ton i ngu ca bi ton sau
a)
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 5 min f x x x x x = + +
(2)
1 2 3 4
1 3 4
1 2 3
4 6 5 5 50
7 30
2 3 5 25
x x x x
x x x
x x x
+

+ + =

(3)
1 2
0, 0 x x .
b)
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 2 8 max f x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
7 4 2 28
3 3 10
2 3 15
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ +

+ =

(3)
1 2 3
, , 0 x x x .
Gii
a) Bi ton i ngu l
18
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 50 30 25 max g y y y y = +
(2)
1 2 3
1 3
1 2 3
1 2
4 7 2 3
6 3 2
5 5 5
5 1
y y y
y y
y y y
y y
+ +

+ =

+ =

(3)
1
0 y ,
2
y ty ,
3
0 y .
b) Bi ton i ngu l
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 28 10 15 min g y y y y = + +
(2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
7 3 2 2
4 3 1
2 3 8
y y y
y y y
y y y
+ +

(3)
1
0 y ,
3
0 y .

3.3 Cp rng buc i ngu
Trong mt cp rng buc i ngu (P) v (D) nh trong nh ngha th ta c n cp rng
buc i ngu nh sau:
Trng hp 1.
1 1 2 2
( ) max
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
1 1 2 2
0 , 1, 2, ,
j j j mj m j
x a y a y a y c j n + + + = L K
Trng hp 2.
1 1 2 2
( ) min
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
1 1 2 2
0 , 1, 2, ,
j j j mj m j
x a y a y a y c j n + + + = L K
V d. Tm bi ton i ngu v ch ra cc cp rng buc i ngu ca cc bi ton QHTT
sau:
a)
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 2 3 min f x x x x = + +
(2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3 2
4 3
2 6
3 5 7 8
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

(3)
1 2 3
0, 0, 0 x x x .
b)
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 3 4 max f x x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ + +

+ =

+ +

(3)
1 2 3
, , 0 x x x .
Gii
a) Bi ton i ngu
19
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 3 6 8 max g y y y y y = + +
(2)
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 1
3 7 2
4 2 7 3
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y
+ + +

+ +

+ + +

(3)
2 4
, 0 y y ,
3
0 y .
H rng buc chnh ca bi ton (P) c 3 bt phng trnh v bi ton (P) c 3 iu kin v
du ca n s nn cp bi ton i ngu (P) v (D) c 6 cp rng buc i ngu
1 2 3 2
1 2 3 3
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4
2 1 2 3 4
3 1 2 3 4
4 3 0
2 6 0
3 5 7 8 0
0 2 3 1
0 3 5 2
0 4 2 7 3
x x x y
x x x y
x x x y
x y y y y
x y y y y
x y y y y

+
+
+ + +
+ +
+ + +

b) Bi ton i ngu
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 9 14 19 min g y y y y = +
(2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
5 10 15 1
6 11 16 2
7 12 17 3
8 13 18 4
y y y
y y y
y y y
y y y
+

+ =

(3)
1
0 y ,
2
y ty ,
3
0 y .
H rng buc chnh ca bi ton (P) c hai bt phng trnh v bi ton (P) c ba iu kin
v du ca n s nn cp bi ton i ngu (P) v (D) c 5 cp rng buc i ngu sau:
1 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4 3
1 1 2 3
2 1 2 3
3 1 2 3
5 6 7 8 0
15 16 17 18 19 0
0 5 10 15 1
0 6 11 16 2
0 7 12 17 3
x x x x y
x x x x y
x y y y
x y y y
x y y y
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+


3.4 nh l i ngu
nh l lch b yu. iu kin cn v phng n
0
x ca bi ton (P) v
phng n
0
y ca bi ton (D) u l phng n ti u l trong cc cp rng buc i
ngu ca bi ton : Nu mt rng buc tha mn phng n vi du bt ng thc thc
s th rng buc cn li phi tha mn phng n vi du bng.
ng dng. Nh nh l lch b yu, khi ta bit c mt phng n ti u ca mt
trong hai bi ton ca cp bi ton i ngu th ta c th tm c tp phng n ti u ca
bi ton cn li. ng dng ny thng c s dng trong vic gii quyt cc vn ca
bi ton QHTT.
V d 1. Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau
20
f(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 3x
4
max
2x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ 2x
4
20

x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 4x
4
= 18
2x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
4
16
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Hy lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
Gii
a. a bi ton v dng chun:
f(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 3x
4
Mx
7
Mx
8
max
2x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ 2x
4
+ x
5
= 20

x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 4x
4
+ x
7
= 18
2x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
4
x
6
+ x
8
= 16
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh















.

PATU: x = (3, 0, 5, 0), f(x) = 18.

b. Bi ton i ngu
g(y) = 20y
1
+ 18y
2
+ 16y
3
min
2y
1
+ y
2
+ 2y
3
1
y
1
+ 2y
2
+ y
3
2
y
1
+ 3y
2
+ 2y
3
3
2y
1
+ 4y
2
+ y
3
3
y
1
0, y
3
0.
x
1
1
x
2
2
x
3
3
x
4
3
x
5

0
x
6

0
0
-M
-M
x
5

x
7

x
8

20
18
16
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
(3)
2
2
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
-1
-1 -2 -3 -3 0 0
-3 -3 -5* -5 0 1
0
3
-M
x
5

x
3

x
8

14
6
4
5/3
1/3
(4/3)
1/3
2/3
-1/3
0
1
0
2/3
4/3
-5/3
1
0
0
0
0
-1
0 0 0 1 0 0
-4/3* 1/3 0 5/3 0 1
0
3
1
x
5

x
3

x
1

9
5
3
0
0
1
3/4
3/4
-1/4
0
1
0
11/4
7/4
-5/4
1
0
0
5/4
1/4
-3/4
18 0 0 0 1 0 0
21
Theo nh l lch b yu, ta c h phng trnh ti u sau

=
= + +
= + +
0
3 2 3
1 2 2
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
y
y y y
y y y

Gii h phng trnh ta c PATU: y = (0, 1, 0) v g(y) = 18.
V d 2. Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
10
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)

a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
Gii
a. a bi ton v dng chun
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
+ Mx
6
+ Mx
7
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
+ x
6
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
+ x
5
= 10
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
+ x
7
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh



















x
1
6
x
2
3
x
3
2
x
4
-3
x
5
0
M
0
M
x
6

x
5

x
7

4
10
12
1
-1
0
(1)
0
2
1
0
1
-2
1
-2
0
1
0
-6 -3 -2 3 0
1 3* 2 -4 0
3
0
M
x
2

x
5

x
7

4
10
4
1
-1
-2
1
0
0
1
0
-1
-2
1
(2)
0
1
0
-3 0 1 -3 0
-2 0 -1 2* 0
3
0
-3
x
2

x
5

x
4

8
8
2
-1
0
-1
1
0
0
0
1/2
-1/2
0
0
1
0
1
0
18 -6 0 -1/2 0 0
22
PATU: x = (0, 8, 0, 2), f(x) = 18.

b. Bi ton i ngu
g(y) = 4y
1
+ 10y
2
+ 12y
3
max
y
1
- y
2
6
y
1
+ 2y
3
3
y
1
+ y
3
2
- 2y
1
+ y
2
2y
3
- 3
y
2
0.
Theo nh l lch b yu, ta c h phng trnh ti u sau:

1 3
2
1 2 3
2 3
0
2 2 3
y y
y
y y y
+ =

+ =

Gii h phng trnh ta c PATU: y = (0, 0, 3/2) v g(y) = 18.
V d 3 (CHLH 2009). Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
3 4 5 ax
2 3 2 30
23
3 2 4 10
0; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
j
x x x x x m
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x j
+ +
+ + =
+ =
+ + +
=

a. Hy gii bi ton trn bng phng php n hnh.
b. Hy lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v tm mt phng n ti u ca bi
ton i ngu .
Gii
a. Thm vo bi ton n ph
6
x ri i du rng buc chnh th ba, ta c bi ton
ph sau:
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 ax
2 3 2 30
23
3 2 4 10
0; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
j
x x x x x m
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x j
+ +
+ + =
+ =
+ + =
=

Ma trn iu kin
2 1 3 2 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
3 2 1 1 4 1 0 0
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\

Thm vo bi ton hai n gi
7 8
, x x ta c bi ton m rng sau
23
1 2 3 4 5 7 8
1 2 3 4 7
2 3 4 5 8
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 max
2 3 2 30
23
3 2 4 10
0; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8.
j
x x x x x Mx Mx
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
x j
+ +
+ + + =
+ + =
+ + =
=

Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh

x
1
1
x
2
-3
x
3
-4
x
4
1
x
5
5
x
6
0
i

-M
-M
0
x
7

x
8

x
6

30
23
10
2
0
-3
1
1
2
-3
-1
-1
(2)
1
-1
0
-1
-4
0
0
1
15*
23

0 -1 3 4 -1 -5 0
-53 -2 -2 4 -3* 1 0
1
-M
0
x
4

x
8

x
6

15
8
25
1
-1
-2

1/2
5/2
-3/2
(1/2)
-5/2
1
0
0
0
-1
-4
0
0
1

15 0 7/2 5/2* 0 -5 0
-8 1 -1/2 -1/2 0 1 0
1
-4
0
x
4

x
3

x
6

39
16
65
-2
-2
-7
2
1
5
0
1
0
1
0
0
-3
-2
-9
0
0
1

-25 5 1 0 0 0 0

Trong bng n hnh th ba ta thy h s c lng ca cc n u khng m nn bi
ton m rng c nghim l:
0
0
(0, 0,16, 39, 0, 65, 0, 0); 25 x f = = .
Ta thy trong PATU ca bi ton m rng cc n gi u nhn gi tr 0 nn bi ton
cho gii c v c nghim nh sau:
0
0
(0, 0,16, 39, 0, 65, 0, 0); 25 x f = =
b) Bi ton i ngu vi bi ton cho l:
1 2 3
1 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3
3
30 23 10 min
2 3 1
2 3
3 4
2 1
4 5
0
y y y
y y
y y y
y y y
y y y
y y
y
+
+
+
+
+ +
+

Do bi ton cho c PATU l
0
(0, 0,16, 39, 0, 65, 0, 0) x = nn ta c h phng trnh ti u
sau:
24
3 1
1 2 3 2
3 1 2 3
0 3
3 4 5
0 2 1
y y
y y y y
y y y y
= =

+ = =


= + + =


Vy bi ton i ngu c mt PATU l
0
(3, 5, 0) y = v GTTU l:
0
( ) 25 g y = .

BI TP
Phn I
1.1 nui mt loi gia sc ngi ta s dng 3 loi thc n A
1
, A
2
, A
3
. T l (%) cc cht dinh
dng D
1
, D
2
c trong cc loi thc n A
1
, A
2
, A
3
v gi 1kg mi loi nh sau:

Cht
dinh dng
Loi thc n
A
1
A
2
A
3

D
1
D
2

30
20
20
20
20
30
Gi mua 8000 6000 4000

Yu cu trong khu phn thc n ca loi gia sc ny l: cht dinh dng D
1
phi c t nht l
70g v nhiu nht l 100g, cht dinh dng D
2
phi c t nht l 50g v nhiu nht l 80g. Hy lp
m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh khi lng thc n mi loi cn mua sao cho tng chi ph
thp nht v bo m cht lng theo yu cu.
1.2 C hai loi thc n I v II cha 3 loi vitamin A, B, C. Hm lng vitamin trong mi
n v thc n nh sau:

Loi thc n Vitamin
A B C
I

II
2
4
3
1
4
5

Gi mt n v thc n th I l 3, v II l 7. Mt khu phn n phi c ti thiu 5
n v A, 4 n v B v 8 n v C. Tm mt cch n tt nht (t tin nht v dinh
dng). Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton.
1.3 Mt x nghip c k hoch sn xut ba loi sn phm A
1
, A
2
, A
3
t 3 loi nguyn liu
N
1
, N
2
, N
3
c tr lng tng ng l 50kg, 70kg v 100kg. nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu
(kg/SP) v li nhun (ngn ng/SP) khi sn xut mt sn phm c cho trong bng sau

Nguyn liu Sn phm
A
1
A
2
A
3

N
1
N
2

N
3

0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
Li nhun 8000 6000 4000
Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton lp k hoch sn xut ti u bit rng lng
sn phm A
3
ch c th tiu th c ti a 400 sn phm.
1.4 nui mt loi gia sc trong 24h cn c khi lng ti thiu cc cht: Protit, Gluxit,
khong tng ng l: 90, 130, 20 gram. T l phn trm theo khi lng cc cht trn c
trong cc loi thc n A, B, C v gi mua 1kg thc n mi loi nh sau:
Cht Loi thc n
25
dinh dng A B C
Protit
Gluxit
Khong
10
30
2
20
40
1
30
20
3
Gi mua 3000 4000 5000

Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh khi lng thc n mi loi cn
mua sao cho tng chi ph thp nht v bo m cht lng theo yu cu.
2.5 C hai loi sn phm A, B c gia cng trn 3 my I, II, III. Thi gian gia cng mi
loi sn phm trn mi my cho bi bng:

Loi
SP
My
I II III
A

B
4
2
3
1
2
4
Thi gian cho php ca mi my I, II, II ln lt l 100, 300, 50 gi. Mt n v
sn phm A li 6000 , B li 4000 .
Vy cn phi sn xut bao nhiu sn phm mi loi li ti a. Hy lp m hnh
ton hc ca bi ton.
1.6 Trong mt chu k sn xut, nh my s dng hai loi vt liu V
1
, V
2
sn xut 3 loi
sn phm S
1
, S
2
, S
3
. Lng vt liu V
i
dng sn xut mt n v sn phm S
j
v gi bn
mt n v sn phm S
j
cho bi bng sau:

VL SP
S
1
S
2
S
3

V
1
V
2

4
2
2
6
5
3
Gi bn 12000 8000 14000

Bit rng s n v vt liu V
1
, V
2
nh my c ln lt l 10000 v 14000. Yu cu
lp k hoch sn xut ca nh my, xc nh s lng sn phm mi loi cn sn xut sao
cho tng thu nhp ln nht.
1.7 Gi s yu cu ti thiu mi ngy v cc cht dinh dng m, ng, bo cho mt
loi gia sc tng ng l 50g, 80g v 20g. Cho bit hm lng cc cht dinh dng trn c
trong 1g thc n A, B, C v gi mua 1 kg thc n mi loi trong bng sau:
Cht
Dinh dng
Loi thc n
A B C
m

ng
Bo
0.1g
0.3g
0.05g
0.2g
0.1g
0.02g
0.2g
0.1g
0.01g
Gi mua 8000 6000 4000
Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh khi lng thc n mi loi phi
mua tng s tin chi cho mua thc n t nht nhng p ng c nhu cu dinh dng
mi ngy.
1.8 Mt x nghip c k hoch sn xut ba loi sn phm A, B, C t 2 loi nguyn liu N
1
,
N
2
c tr lng tng ng l 50kg, 70kg. nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu (kg/SP) v li
nhun (ngn ng/SP) khi sn xut mt sn phm c cho trong bng sau
Nguyn Sn phm
26
liu A B C
N
1

N
2

0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
Li nhun 5000 2000 6000

Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton lp k hoch sn xut ti u bit rng lng
sn phm B ch c th tiu th c ti a 300 sn phm.

Phn II
2.1 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
10
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)

a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.2 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = 2x
1
- 5x
2
+ 4x
3
+ x
4
min
3x
1
+ x
2
+ 4x
3
- 6x
4
20

x
1
+ x
3
- 2x
4
6
3x
1
- x
2
+ 2x
3
5x
4
= 24
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.3 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = x
1
+ 3x
2
- x
3
+ 3x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
- 2x
3
+ x
4
6

- x
1
+ x
3
10
2x
2
- 3x
3
+ x
4
= 20
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.4 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = - 2x
1
+ 3x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
4x
5
max
3x
1
- 2x
2
+ x
3
4x
4
+ 2x
5
= 9

7x
1
- 3x
2
- 7x
4
+ 5x
5
= 14
4x
1
- 2x
2
4x
4
+ 3x
5
= 8
x
j

0, j = 1,2,3,4,5.
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v h phng trnh ti u ca bi ton i
ngu .
2.5 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:

f(x) = - 3x
1
- 2x
2
- 3x
3
- 5x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ 2x
4
18

2x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 4x
4
= 12
x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 2x
3
+ 3x
4
11
27
x
j

0, j = 1,2,3,4.
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.6 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = - 2x
1
- x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
max
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
- x
4
= 2

- x
2
- 7x
3
+ 3x
4
3
- 3x
3
+ 2x
4
7
x
j
0, j = 1,2,3,4.
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.7 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 3x
4
max
2x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ 2x
4
20

x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 4x
4
= 18
2x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
4
16
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Hy lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.8 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = 15x
1
+ 8x
2
+ 10x
3
max
- 3x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 4x
3
3

2x
1
- x
2
+ 2x
3
4
- 4x
1
- 5x
2
+ 2x
3
1
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Hy lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
Hng dn v p s
Phn I
1.1 Gi x
j
, i = 1, 2, 3 ln lt l s gam thc n A
1
, A
2
, A
3
cn phi mua. Khi m hnh
ton hc ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 8x
1
+ 6x
2
+ 4x
3
min
0.3x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.2x
3
70
0.3x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.2x
3
100
0.2x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.3x
3
50
0.2x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.3x
3
80
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
0
1.2 Gi x
1
, x
2
l lng thc n I v II trong mt khu phn. Khi m hnh ton hc ca
bi ton l:
f(x) = 3x
1
+ 7x
2
min
2x
1
+ 4x
2
5
3x
1
+ x
2
4
4x
1
+ 5x
2
8
x
1,
x
2
0
1.3 Gi x
1
, x
2
, x
3
ln lt l s sn phm A
1
, A
2
, A
3
cn sn xut. Khi m hnh ton hc
ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 8x
1
+ 6x
2
+ 4x
3
max
0.2x
1
+ 0.1x
2
+ 0.1x
3
50
28
0.1x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.1x
3
70
0.1x
1
+ 0.3x
2
100
x
3
400
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3)
1.4 Gi x
j
, i = 1, 2, 3 ln lt l s gam thc n A, B, C cn mua. Khi m hnh ton hc
ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 3x
1
+ 4x
2
+ 5x
3
min
0.1x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.3x
3
90
0.3x
1
+ 0.4x
2
+ 0.2x
3
130
0.02x
1
+ 0.01x
2
+ 0.03x
3
20
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3)
1.5 Gi x
1
, x
2
l s n v sn phm loi A v B cn sn xut. Khi m hnh ton hc ca
bi ton l:
f(x) = 6000x
1
+ 4000x
2
max
4x
1
+ 2x
2
100
3x
1
+ x
2
300
2x
1
+ 4x
2
50
x
1
, x
2
0 .
1.6 Gi x
j
(j = 1,2,3) l s n v sn phm S
j
cn sn xut. Khi m hnh ton hc ca
bi ton l:
f(x) = 12000x
1
+ 8000x
2
+ 14000x
3
max
4x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 5x
3
10000
2x
1
+ 6x
2
+ 3x
3
14000
x
j
0, j = 1,2,3.
1.7 Gi x
j
, i = 1, 2, 3 ln lt l s gam thc n A, B, C cn mua. Khi m hnh ton hc
ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 8x
1
+ 6x
2
+ 4x
3
min
0.1x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.2x
3
50
0.3x
1
+ 0.1x
2
+ 0.1x
3
80
0.05x
1
+ 0.02x
2
+ 0.01x
3
20
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
0
1.8 Gi x
j
, i = 1, 2, 3 ln lt l s sn phm A, B, C cn sn xut. Khi m hnh ton
hc ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 5x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 6x
3
max
0.2x
1
+ 0.1x
2
+ 0.1x
3
50
0.1x
1
+ 0.1x
2
+ 0.2x
3
70
x
2
300
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
0
Phn II
2.1 a. PATU: x = (0, 8, 0, 2), f(x) = 18.
b. PATU: y = (0, 0, 3/2) v g(y) = 18.
2.2 a. PATU: x = (18, 0, 0, 6), f(x) = 42.
b. PATU: y = (0, -13, 5) v g(y) = 42.
2.3 a. PATU: x = (0, 10, 0, 0), f(x) = 30.
b. PATU: y = (0, 0, 3/2) v g(y) = 30.
2.4 a. PATU: x = (2, 0, 3, 0, 0), f(x) = -1.
2.5 a. PATU: x = (0, 4, 0, 1), f(x) = -13.
b. PATU: y = (0, -2, 1) v g(y) = - 13.
29
2.6 a. PATU: x = (0, 0, 11, 20), f(x) = 31.
b. PATU: y = (5, 0, 3) v g(y) = 31.
2.7 a. PATU: x = (3, 0, 5, 0), f(x) = 18.
b. PATU: y = (0, 1, 0) v g(y) = 18.
2.8 a. PATU: x = (1/5, 0, 9/10), f(x) = 12.
b. PATU: y = (7, 0, -9) v g(y) = 12.





1
Chng 1
BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

1.1 MT S V D V BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

V d 1. Mt x nghip cn sn xut 3 loi bnh: bnh u xanh, bnh thp cm v bnh
do. Lng nguyn liu ng, u cho mt bnh mi loi, lng d tr nguyn liu, tin
li cho mt bnh mi loi c cho trong bng sau:

Nguyn liu Bnh u xanh Bnh thp cm Bnh do Lng d tr
ng 0,04kg 0,06kg 0,05kg 500kg
u 0,07kg 0kg 0,02kg 300kg
Li 3000 2000 2500

Hy lp m hnh bi ton tm s lng mi loi bnh cn sn xut sao cho khng b ng
v nguyn liu m li t c cao nht.
Gii
Gi
1 2 3
, , x x x ln lt l s bnh u xanh, bnh thp cm, bnh do cn phi sn xut.
iu kin: 0
j
x , 1, 2, 3 j = . Khi
1) Tin li thu c l:
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( , , ) 3 2 2,5 f x f x x x x x x = = + + (ngn).
2) Lng ng c s dng l:
1 2 3
0, 04 0, 06 0, 05 x x x + + (kg)
khng b ng v nguyn liu th:
1 1 1
0, 04 0, 06 0, 05 500 x x x + + .
3) Lng u c s dng l:
1 3
0, 07 0, 02 x x + (kg)
khng b ng v nguyn liu th:
1 3
0, 07 0, 02 300 x x + .
Vy ta c m hnh bi ton
(1)
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( , , ) 3 2 2,5 ax f x f x x x x x x m = = + +
(2)
1 1 1
0, 04 0, 06 0, 05 500 x x x + +
1 3
0, 07 0, 02 300 x x +
(3) 0
j
x , 1, 2, 3 j = .
Ta ni y l bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh 3 n tm max ca hm mc tiu.
V d 2. Gi s yu cu ti thiu mi ngy v cc cht dinh dng m, ng, khong
cho mt loi gia sc tng ng l 90g, 130g, 10g. Cho bit hm lng cc cht dinh dng
trn c trong 1g thc n A, B, C v gi mua 1kg thc n mi loi c cho trong bng sau:

Cht dinh dng A B C
m 0,1g 0,2g 0,3g
ng 0,3g 0,4g 0,2g
Khong 0,02g 0,01g 0,03g
Gi mua 3000 4000 5000
2
Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh khi lng thc n mi loi phi mua
tng s tin chi cho mua thc n t nht nhng p ng c nhu cu dinh dng mi
ngy.
Gii
Gi
1 2 3
, , x x x ln lt l khi lng (g) thc n A, B, C cn mua.
iu kin: 0
j
x , 1, 2, 3 j = . Khi
Tng khi lng cc cht dinh dng c trong thc n cn mua l
m:
1 2 3
0,1 0, 2 0, 3 x x x + + (g)
ng:
1 2 3
0, 3 0, 4 0, 2 x x x + + (g)
Khong:
1 2 3
0, 02 0, 01 0, 03 x x x + + (g)
p ng c nhu cu dinh dng ti thiu mi ngy th tng khi lng cc cht dinh
dng c trong thc n cn mua khng th nh hn cc nhu cu ti thiu mi ngy v cc
cht dinh dng nn ta c cc iu kin:
1 2 3
0,1 0, 2 0, 3 90 x x x + +
1 2 3
0, 3 0, 4 0, 2 130 x x x + +
1 2 3
0, 02 0, 01 0, 03 10 x x x + +
Tng s tin phi chi mua s thc n trn l
1 2 3
3 4 5 x x x + + (ng)
Yu cu bi ton l s tin chi cho mua thc n t nht nn ta c iu kin
1 2 3
3 4 5 min x x x + +
Vy ta c m hnh bi ton
(1)
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( , , ) 3 4 5 in f x f x x x x x x m = = + +
(2)
1 2 3
0,1 0, 2 0, 3 90 x x x + +
1 2 3
0, 3 0, 4 0, 2 130 x x x + +
1 2 3
0, 02 0, 01 0, 03 10 x x x + +
(3) 0
j
x , 1, 2, 3 j = .
V d 3. (CHLH 2009) Mt c s sn xut g d nh sn xut ba loi sn phm l bn,
gh v t. nh mc s dng lao ng, chi ph sn xut v gi bn mi sn phm mi loi
c tnh trong bng sau:
Cc yu t Bn Gh T
Lao ng (ngy cng) 2 1 3
Chi ph sn xut (ngn ng) 100 40 250
Gi bn (ngn ng) 260 120 600
Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh s sn phm mi loi cn phi sn xut
sao cho khng b ng trong sn xut v tng doanh thu t c cao nht, bit rng c s
c s lao ng tng ng vi 500 ngy cng, s tin dnh cho chi ph sn xut l 40
triu ng v s bn, gh phi theo t l 1/6.
3
Gii
Gi
1 2 3
, , x x x ln lt l s bn, gh, t cn phi sn xut. Ta c cc iu kin:
1 2 3
, , 0 x x x .
Tng ngy cng v chi ph d nh sn xut l:
1 2 3
2 3 x x x + + (ngy cng)
1 2 3
100 40 250 x x x + + (ngn ng)
khng b ng trong sn xut ta c cc iu kin sau
1 2 3
2 3 500 x x x + +
1 2 3
100 40 250 40000 x x x + +
Theo t l gia s bn v s gh ta c iu kin sau
1 2
6x x =
Tng doanh thu theo d kin l
1 2 3
260 120 600 x x x + + (ngn ng)
tng doanh thu t c cao nht ta c iu kin
1 2 3
260 120 600 ax x x x m + +
Nh vy, m hnh ton hc ca bi ton l
(1)
1 2 3
260 120 600 ax x x x m + +
1 2 3
2 3 500 x x x + +
(2)
1 2 3
100 40 250 40000 x x x + +
1 2
6x x =
(3)
1 2 3
, , 0 x x x .

1.2 PHN LOI DNG BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

1.2.1 Dng tng qut ca bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh
Bi ton QHTT dng tng qut vi n n l bi ton c dng
(1)
1 1 2 2
( ) max(min)
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
(2)
1 1 2 2
, 1, 2, ,
i i in n i
a x a x a x b i m
(
(
+ + + =
(
( =

L K
(3)
0
0 , 1, 2, ,

j
x j n
tuy y
(
(
=
(
(

K
Trong
(1) l hm mc tiu.
(2) l h rng buc chnh.
(3) l rng buc du.
(2) v (3) c gi chung l h rng buc ca bi ton.
4
Khi
Mi vector
1 2
( , , , )
n
x x x x = K tha (2) v (3) c gi l mt phng n (PA)
ca bi ton.
Mi phng n x tha (1), ngha l ti hm mc tiu t gi t nh nht (ln
nht) trn tp cc phng n c gi l mt phng n ti u (PATU) ca bi
ton.
Gii mt bi ton QHTT l i tm mt phng n ti u ca n hoc ch ra rng
bi ton v nghim, ngha l bi ton khng c PATU.

1.2.2 Dng chnh tc ca bi ton QHTT

(1)
1 1 2 2
( ) max(min)
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
(2)
1 1 2 2
, 1, 2, ,
i i in n i
a x a x a x b i m + + + = = L K
(3) 0, 1, 2, ,
j
x j n = K
Nhn xt. Bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc l bi ton QHTT dng tng qut trong
Cc rng buc chnh u l phng trnh.
Cc n u khng m.
V d. Bi ton sau c dng chnh tc
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 4 6 min f x x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
4 12
12 3 3
6
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, 2,3, 4
j
x j =
1.2.3 Dng chun ca bi ton QHTT
Bi ton QHTT dng chun l bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc
(1)
1 1 2 2
( ) max(min)
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
(2)
1 1 2 2
, 1, 2, ,
i i in n i
a x a x a x b i m + + + = = L K
(3) 0, 1, 2, ,
j
x j n = K
Trong
Cc h s t do u khng m.
Trong ma trn h s t do c m vector ct n v:
1 2
, , ,
m
e e e K .
1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
, , ,
0 0 1
m
e e e
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
K
M M M

Khi :
Cc n ng vi cc vector ct n v c gi l cc n c bn. C th n ng vi
vector ct n v
k
e l n c bn th k.
5
Mt phng n m cc n c bn u bng 0 c gi l phng n c bn.
Mt phng n c bn c m thnh phn dng c gi l khng suy bin.
Ngc li mt phng n c bn c t hn m thnh phn dng c gi l suy
bin.
V d. Xt bi ton QHTT sau
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 4 6 min f x x x x x = +
(2)
1 4 5
1 3 6
1 2 3 4
12
12 3
6
x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ + =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6
j
x j =
Ta thy bi ton trn c dng chnh tc, hn na
Cc h s t do u khng m
Ma trn h s rng buc A l
1 0 0 1 1 0
12 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
A
(
(
=
(
(


C cha y 3 vector ct n v
1
e (ct 5),
2
e (ct 6),
3
e (ct 2).
Do bi ton c dng chun, trong
n c bn th nht l
5
x
n c bn th hai l
6
x
n c bn th ba l
2
x
Nhn xt. Trong bi ton trn, khi cho n c bn th k bng h s t do th k, cn cc n
khng c bn bng 0, ngha l cho
2 6 2 1 3 4
15, 3, 6, 0, 0, 0 x x x x x x = = = = = = ta c mt
phng n c bn ca bi ton (0, 6, 0, 0,12, 3) x = .
Phng n ny khng suy bin v c 3 thnh phn dng. Ta gi y l phng n c
bn ban u ca bi ton.
Ch . Tng qut, trong bi ton QHTT dng chun bt k, khi cho n c bn th k bng
h s t do th k ( 1, 2, , k m = K ), cn cc n khng c bn bng 0, ta c mt phng n
c bn ca bi ton. Ta gi y l phng n c bn ban u ca bi ton.

1.3 BIN I DNG BI TON QHTT
1.3.1 Dng tng qut v dng chnh tc
Ta c th bin i bi ton dng tng qut v dng chnh tc bng cc bc sau
Bc 1. Kim tra h rng buc chnh
1) Nu c rng buc chnh dng
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b + + + L th ta cng vo v tri rng
buc n ph
n k
x
+
, ngha l ta thay rng buc
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b + + + L trong bi
ton bng rng buc
1 1 2 2 i i in n n k i
a x a x a x x b
+
+ + + + = L .
6
2) Nu c rng buc chnh dng
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b + + + L th ta tr vo v tri rng
buc n ph
n k
x
+
, ngha l ta thay rng buc
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b + + + L trong bi
ton bng rng buc
1 1 2 2 i i in n n k i
a x a x a x x b
+
+ + + = L .
Ch . Cc n ph l cc n khng m v h s ca cc n ph trong hm mc tiu l 0.
Bc 2. Kim tra iu kin du ca n s
1) Nu c n 0
j
x th ta thc hin php i n s
j j
x x

= vi 0
j
x

.
2) Nu c n
j
x c du ty th ta thc hin php i n s
j j j
x x x

= vi
, 0
j j
x x

.
Ch . Khi tm c PATU ca bi ton dng chnh tc ta ch cn tnh gi tr ca cc n
ban u v b i cc n ph th s c PATU ca bi ton dng tng qut cho.
V d. Bin i bi ton sau v dng chnh tc
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 4 6 min f x x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 3
1 3
1 2 3
4 6 5 50
7 30
2 3 5 25
x x x
x x
x x x
+

+ =

(3)
1 2
0, 0 x x
Gii
Thm vo bi ton n ph
4
0 x bin bt phng trnh
1 2 3
4 6 5 50 x x x + v phng
trnh
1 2 3 4
4 6 5 50 x x x x + + = .
Thm vo bi ton n ph
5
0 x bin bt phng trnh
1 3
7 30 x x + v phng trnh
1 3 5
7 30 x x x + = .
i bin
2 2
x x

= vi
2
0 x

.
i bin
3 3 3
x x x

= vi
3 3
, 0 x x

.
Ta a bi ton v dng chnh tc
(1)
1 2 3 3
( ) 3 2 2, 5( ) max f x x x x x

= +
(2)
1 2 3 3 4
1 3 3 5
1 2 3 3
4 6 5( ) 50
7 ( ) 30
2 3 5( ) 25
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x

+ + + =

+ =

(3)
1 2 3 3 4 5
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 x x x x x x



1.3.2 Dng chnh tc v dng chun
T bi ton dng chnh tc ta c th xy dng bi ton dng chun nh sau
1) Khi gp h s t do 0
i
b < ta i du hai v ca rng buc th i.
7
2) Khi ma trn h s rng buc A khng cha ct n v th k l
k
e , ta a vo n gi
0
n k
x
+
v cng thm n gi
n k
x
+
vo v tri phng trnh rng buc th k c
phng trnh rng buc mi:
1 1 2 2 k k kn n n k k
a x a x a x x b
+
+ + + + = L .
3) Hm mc tiu m rng ( ) f x c xy dng t hm mc tiu ban u nh sau
i vi bi ton min: ( ) ( ) ( gia) f x f x M an = +

.
i vi bi ton max: ( ) ( ) ( gia) f x f x M an =

.
Trong M l i lng rt ln, ln hn bt k s no cho trc.
V d 1. Bin i bi ton QHTT sau v dng chun
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x = + + +
(2)
1 2 3
1 3 4
1 2 3
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 4
j
x j = K
Gii
Bi ton trn c dng chnh tc, trong v phi ca phng trnh rng buc th ba l
-25 < 0. i du hai v ca phng trnh ny ta c
1 2 3
2 3 5 25 x x x + =
V (2) tr thnh
1 2 3
1 3 4
1 2 3
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + =

+ =

Ma trn h s ca rng buc l
4 6 5 0 1 0
7 0 1 1 0 0
2 3 5 0 0 1
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\

V A cn thiu 2 vector ct n v l
1
e v
3
e nn bi ton cha c dng chun.
Thm vo bi ton hai n gi
5 6
, 0 x x v xy dng bi ton m rng c dng chun nh
sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x Mx Mx = + + + + +
(2)
1 2 3 5
1 3 4
1 2 3 6
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K
V d 2. Bin i bi ton QHTT sau v dng chun
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 2 max f x x x x x = + + +
8
(2)
1 2 3
1 3 4
1 2 3
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 4
j
x j = K
Ta xy dng bi ton m rng dng chun nh sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
( ) 3 2 2 max f x x x x x Mx Mx = + + +
(2)
1 2 3 5
1 3 4
1 2 3 6
4 6 5 50
7 0
2 3 5 25
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K
Ch .
n ph: Tng qut chuyn thnh chnh tc
n gi: Chnh tc chuyn thnh chun
V d 3. Bin i bi ton QHTT sau v dng chun
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x = + + +
(2)
1 3
3 4
1 2 3
9 15 50
6 2 120
3 5 45
x x
x x
x x x
+

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 4
j
x j = K
Gii
Thm vo bi ton 2 n ph
5 6
, 0 x x ta c bi ton c dng chnh tc nh sau
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x = + + +
(2)
1 3 5
3 4
1 2 3 6
9 15 50
6 2 120
3 5 45
x x x
x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K .
Bi ton trn cha c dng chun.
Ta thy cc v phi ca hai phng trnh rng buc th 2 v 3 u m nn bng cch i
du hai v ca cc phng trnh ny ta c
(2)
1 3 5
3 4
1 2 3 6
9 15 50
6 2 120
3 5 45
x x x
x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ + =

Ma trn h s rng buc l
A =
0 9 15 0 1 0 0
0 0 6 2 0 0 1
1 3 5 0 0 1 0
| |
|

|
|

\

9
V A cn thiu mt vector ct l
2
e nn bi ton cha c dng chun.
Thm vo rng buc chnh th hai n gi
7
0 x ta c bi ton dng chun nh sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 7
( ) 3 2 2 min f x x x x x Mx = + + + +
(2)
1 3 5
3 4 7
1 2 3 6
9 15 50
6 2 120
3 5 45
x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 7
j
x j = K .
Ch . Quan h gia bi ton xut pht v bi ton m rng
Mi quan h gia bi ton xut pht (A) v bi ton m rng (B) nh sau
B v nghim suy ra A v nghim
B c nghim c hai trng hp:
1) Nu mi n gi ca PATU bng 0 th b n gi ta c PATU ca A
2) Nu c t nht mt n gi > 0 suy ra A khng c PATU

Chng 2
PHNG PHP N HNH

2.1 PHNG PHP N HNH GII BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH
DNG CHUN
2.1.1 Thut ton gii bi ton max
Bc lp th nht (bng n hnh th nht)
1) Lp bng n hnh xut pht
V bng n hnh v ghi vo cc thnh phn sau ca bi ton dng chun
Dng 1. Ghi cc n ca bi ton (k c n ph)
Dng 2. Ghi cc h s ca cc n trong hm mc tiu
Ct 2. Ghi cc n c bn ca bi ton theo th t t n c bn th nht n n c
bn cui cng, ta gi ct ny l ct n c bn.
Ct 1: Ghi tng ng cc h s ca cc n c bn trong hm mc tiu, ta gi ct
ny l ct h s c bn.
Ct 3. Ghi cc s hng t do ca h rng buc chnh theo th t t trn xung di,
ta gi ct ny l ct phng n.
Ct 4. Ghi ma trn iu kin A ca bi ton.
Tnh h s c lng
j
ca cc n ( 1, 2, , )
j
x j n = K v ghi tng ng vo dng di ct
4, vi
j
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(cot1) ( ) ( )
j j j
A hsx = (
j
hsx : h s ca n
j
x trong hm mc tiu).
Ch . Nu
j
x l n c bn th 0
j
= .
Tnh tr s
0
(cot1) (cot 3) f = v ghi di ct 3.
2) Xc nh phng n c bn xut pht
10
Vi bng n hnh va lp c th phng n c bn xut pht
0
x ca bi ton c
xc nh nh sau: Cho cc n ct 2 nhn gi tr tng ng ct 3, cc n cn li nhn
gi tr 0. Tr s ca hm mc tiu ti phng n c bn xut pht
0
x l
0
0
( ) f x f = .
3) nh gi tnh ti u ca phng n c bn xut pht
Du hiu ti u. Nu h s c lng ca cc n u khng m, 0,
j
j th
phng n c bn xut pht
0
x l phng n ti u ca bi ton. Thut ton kt thc
vi kt lun: Bi ton c PATU l
0
x v GTTU l
0
( ) f x .
Du hiu ca bi ton khng c PATU. Nu c n khng c bn
k
x c h s c
lng m v ct iu kin
k
A ca n c cc thnh phn u khng dng, 0
k
<
v 0;
ik
a i th bi ton khng c phng n ti u. Thut ton kt thc vi kt lun:
Bi ton khng c PATU.
Nu khng xy ra c hai trng hp trn th thut ton tip tc trong bc lp th hai
Bc lp th hai (Bng n hnh th hai)
1) Tm n a vo
Trong tt c cc 0
j
< ta chn 0
v
< nh nht (ta nh du * cho 0
v
< nh nht
trong bng). Khi ,
v
x l n m ta s a vo h n c bn. Ct
v
A c gi l ct
ch yu.
2) Tm n a ra
Thc hin php chia ln lt cc s ca ct phng n cho cc s dng ca ct ch
yu v ghi cc thng s
i
vo ct cui cng.
Xc nh min{ }
r i
= (Ta nh du * cho
r
nh nht trong bng). Khi
r
x l n
m ta a ra khi h n c bn. Dng c cha
r
x c gi l dng ch yu. S dng
nm trn dng ch yu v ct ch yu c gi l h s ch yu.
Ch . Nu ct ch yu ch c mt s dng th s dng l h s ch yu, dng c
s dng l dng ch yu, n nm trn dng ch yu l n c a ra.
3) Lp bng n hnh th hai
Ct 2: Thay n a ra bng n a vo, cc n c bn cn li gi nguyn. Dng c
n a vo gi l dng chun.
Ct 1: Thay h s ca n a ra bng h s ca n a vo, cc h s ca cc n c
bn cn li gi nguyn.
Cc thnh phn cn li c xc nh theo dng nh sau
Dng chun = Dng ch yu chia cho h s ch yu.
Dng th i = Dng th i (c) a
iv
.dng chun. (a
iv
: s nm trn giao ca dng i v
ct ch yu).
Cc h s c lng v tr s ca hm mc tiu trong bng th hai c tnh v ghi
nh bng th nht.
4) Xc nh v nh gi phng n c bn th hai (nh bc lp th nht)

11
2.1.2 Thut ton gii bi ton min
Gii tng t bi ton max vi ch sau
iu kin ti u: 0,
j
j
iu kin khng c PATU: 0
k
> v 0,
ik
a i
n c chn a vo: n ng vi 0
k
> ln nht.
V d 1. Gii bi ton QHTT sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5
( ) 2 5 4 6 max f x x x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 4 5
2 3 4 5
2 5 6
6 2 9 32
2 3 30
3 36
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + + =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K .
Gii
Bi ton trn c dng chnh tc vi cc v phi ca cc phng trnh rng buc trong (2)
u khng m.
Ma trn h s ca rng buc
1 6 0 2 9 0
0 2 1 1 0 0
0 3 0 0 0 1
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\

V A cha 3 ct n v
1
e (ct 1),
2
e (ct 3),
3
e (ct 6) nn bi ton c dng chun
trong :
n c bn th nht:
1
x
n c bn th hai:
3
x
n c bn th ba:
6
x
Ta gii bi ton bng phng php n hnh








0
2.32 4.30 184 f = + = .
1 3 6
0 = = =
2
2.6 4.2 0.3 5 25 = + + + =
4
2.( 2) 4.1 0.0 1 1 = + + + =
5
2.( 9) 4.3 0.1 6 0 = + + + =

x
1
2
x
2
-5
x
3
4
x
4
-1
x
5
-6
x
6
0
i

2
4
0
x
1

x
3

x
6

32
30
36
1
0
0
6
2
3
0
1
0
-2
1
0
-9
(3)
1
0
0
1



184 0 -25 0 1 0 0
12
Trong bng trn ta thy 0, 1, , 6
j
j = K nn bi ton c PATU l
0
(32, 0,30, 0, 0, 36) x = v
0
184 f = .
V d 2. Gii bi ton QHTT sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
( ) 6 3 min f x x x x x x x = + + + +
(2)
1 2 4 6
1 3 6
1 4 5 6
15
2 2 9
4 2 3 2
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K .
Gii
Bi ton trn c dng chnh tc vi v phi ca phng trnh rng buc chnh th hai l 9.
i du hai v ca phng trnh ny, ta a v bi ton sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
( ) 6 3 7 min f x x x x x x x = + + + +
(2)
1 2 4 6
1 3 6
1 4 5 6
15
2 2 9
4 2 3 2
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ =

+ + =

(3) 0, 1, , 6
j
x j = K .
Ma trn h s ca rng buc
1 1 0 1 0 1
2 0 1 0 0 2
4 0 0 2 1 3
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\

V A cha 3 ct n v
1
e (ct 2),
2
e (ct 3),
3
e (ct 5) nn bi ton c dng chun
trong :
n c bn th nht:
2
x
n c bn th hai:
3
x
n c bn th ba:
5
x
Ta gii bi ton bng phng php n hnh













x
1
6
x
2
1
x
3
1
x
4
3
x
5
1
x
6
-7
i

1
1
1
x
2

x
3

x
5

15
9
2
-1
-2
4
1
0
0
0
1
0
-1
0
2
0
0
1
(1)
-2
-3
15


26 -5 0 0 -2 0 3*
-7
1
1
x
6

x
3

x
5

15
39
47
-1
-4
1
1
2
3
0
1
0
-1
-2
-1
0
0
1
1
0
0

-19 -5 0 0 -2 0 0
13
Trong bng 1 ta thy tn ti
6
3 0 = > v trn ct tng ng c
13
1 0 a = > (
23
2 a = v
23
3 a = ) nn ta chn n a ra l
6
x , n a vo l
2
x , h s ch yu l
13
1 a = . Sau
tnh cc dng bng 2 bng cng thc sau
d
c
= d
cy
, d
2
= d
2
+ 2d
c
, d
3
= d
3
+ 3d
c
.
Trong bng 2 ta thy tn ti
4
1 0 = > m
4
0, 1, 2, 3
i
a i = nn bi ton min ang xt v
nghim.
V d 3. Gii bi ton QHTT sau
(1)
1 2 3 4 5
( ) 2 6 4 2 3 max f x x x x x x = + + +
(2)
1 2 3
2 3 4
2 5
2 4 52
4 2 60
3 36
x x x
x x x
x x
+ + =

+ + =

+ =

(3) 0, 1, , 5
j
x j = K .
Gii
Bi ton trn c dng chnh tc vi v phi ca phng trnh rng buc trong (2) u
khng m.
Ma trn h s rng buc l
1 2 4 0 0
0 4 2 1 0
0 3 0 0 1
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\

V A cha 3 ct n v
1
e (ct 1),
2
e (ct 4),
3
e (ct 5) nn bi ton c dng chun
trong :
n c bn th nht:
1
x
n c bn th hai:
4
x
n c bn th ba:
5
x
Ta gii bi ton bng phng php n hnh















x
1
-2
x
2
6
x
3
4
x
4
-2
x
5
3
i

-2
-2
3
x
1

x
4

x
5

52
60
36
1
0
0
2
4
3
(4)
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
52/4*
60/2

-116 0 -9 -16* 0 0
4
-2
3
x
3

x
4

x
5

13
34
36
1/4
-1/2
0
1/2
(3)
3
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
13.2
34/3*
36/3
92 4 -1* 0 0 0
4
6
3
x
3

x
2

x
5

22/3
34/3
2
1/3
-1/6
1/2
0
1
0
1
0
0
-1/6
1/3
-1
0
0
1

310/3 23/6 0 0 1/3 0
14
Trong bng I ta thy tn ti cc 0
j
< :
2 3
9, 16 = = v trn mi ct tng ng c h
s dng. Ta chn
3
16 = m nh nht v n a vo l
3
x , khi trn ct tng ng
c cc h s dng l
13 23
4, 2 a a = = nn ta lp cc t s
1 2
52 / 4, 60 / 2 = = . Ta chn
1
52 / 4 = nh nht v n a ra l
1
x , h s ch yu l
13
4 a = . Sau bin i bng I
bng cc php bin i sau:
d
c
= d
cy
/4 , d
2
= d
2
- 2d
c
, d
3
= d
3
.
Bin i tng t cho bng II.
Trong bng III ta thy 0, 1, 2, , 5
j
j = K nn bi ton ang xt c PATU l
0
(0, 34 / 3, 22 / 3, 0, 2) x = vi
0
( ) 310 / 3 f x = .

2.2 PHNG PHP N HNH M RNG GII BI TON QUY HOCH
TUYN TNH DNG CHNH TC
Thut ton n hnh m rng gii bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc tng t nh thut ton
n hnh gii bi ton QHTT dng chun nhng c mt s lu nh sau
1) Do hm mc tiu m rng l ( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x angia = +

i vi bi ton min v
( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x angia =

i vi bi ton max, nn trong bng n hnh ct h s c

th c cc h s ph thuc M. Khi dng cui cc h s s c dng aM b + , do
ngi ta thng chia dng cui thnh hai dng nh: Dng trn ghi a v dng di ghi b.
2) V M l mt i lng dng rt ln, nn khi so snh cc s hng aM + b v cM + d ta
c quy tc sau
a c
aM b cM d
b d
=
+ = +

=

0
0
0
0
a
b
aM b
a
b
>

+ >

>

,
a c
b d
aM b cM d
a c
b d
>

+ > +

>

3) Trong bng n hnh u tin cc n gi u c trong n c bn. Mi khi mt n gi b
a ra khi h n c bn th khng bao gi ta a n gi tr li na, v vy trong
bng n hnh ta c th b i cc ct ng vi cc n gi.
V d 1. Gii bi ton QHTT sau
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
10
15
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
Gii
a bi ton v dng chun:
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
+ Mx
6
+ Mx
7
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
+ x
6
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
+ x
5
= 10
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
+ x
7
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh

















PATU: x = (0, 8, 0, 2), f(x) = 18.
V d 2. Gii bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = - 2x
1
- x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
max
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
- x
4
= 2

- x
2
- 7x
3
+ 3x
4
3
- 3x
3
+ 2x
4
7
x
j
0, j = 1,2,3,4.
Gii
a bi ton v dng chun:
f(x) = - 2x
1
- x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
max
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
- x
4
= 2

- x
2
- 7x
3
+ 3x
4
+ x
5
= 3
- 3x
3
+ 2x
4
+ x
6
= 7
x
1
6
x
2
3
x
3
2
x
4
-3
x
5
0
M
0
M
x
6

x
5

x
7

4
10
12
1
-1
0
(1)
0
2
1
0
1
-2
1
-2
0
1
0
-6 -3 -2 3 0
1 3* 2 -4 0
3
0
M
x
2

x
5

x
7

4
10
4
1
-1
-2
1
0
0
1
0
-1
-2
1
(2)
0
1
0
-3 0 1 -3 0
-2 0 -1 2* 0
3
0
-3
x
2

x
5

x
4

8
8
2
-1
0
-1
1
0
0
0
1/2
-1/2
0
0
1
0
1
0
18 -6 0 -1/2 0 0
16
x
j
0, j = 1,2,3,4,5,6.

Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh

.







PATU: x = (0, 0, 11, 20), f(x) = 31.

Chng 3
BI TON I NGU

3.1 nh ngha

Cho (P) l bi ton QHTT c dng chnh tc nh sau
1 1 2 2
( ) max(min)
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
0, 1, 2, , .
n n
n n
m m mn n m
j
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
x j n
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
=
L
L
KKK
L
K

T bi ton (P) ta lp c bi ton QHTT (D) nh sau v ta gi bi ton (D) l bi ton
i ngu ca bi ton (P)
1 1 2 2
( ) min(max)
m m
f y b y b y b y = + + + L
11 1 21 2 1 1
12 1 22 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
( )
( )
( )
m m
m m
n n mn m n
a y a y a y c
a y a y a y c
a y a y a y c
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
L
L
KKK
L

x
1
-2
x
2
-1
x
3
1
x
4
1
x
5

0
x
6
0
-2
0
0
x
1

x
5

x
6

2
3
7
1
0
0
1
-1
0
(2)
-7
-3
-1
3
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
0 -1 -5* 1 0 0
1
0
0
x
3

x
5

x
6

1
9
8
1/2
7/2
3/2
1/2
5/2
3/2
1
0
0
-1/2
-1/2
(1/2)
0
1
0
0
0
1
5/2 3/2 0 -3/2* 0 0
1
0
1
x
3

x
4

x
5

11
20
20
2
5
3
2
4
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
31 7 6 0 0 0 3
17
Ch . Bi ton (D) c lp t bi ton (P) theo nguyn tc sau
1. S n ca bi ton (D) bng s rng buc chnh ca bi ton (P) v s rng buc chnh
ca bi ton (D) bng s n ca bi ton (P).
2. H s ca n
i
y trong hm mc tiu ca bi ton (D) l s hng t do
i
b trong h rng
buc chnh ca bi ton (P).
3. Cc h s ca cc n v h s t do trong rng buc chnh th j ca bi ton (D) l cc
h s tng ng ca n
j
x trong h rng buc chnh v hm mc tiu ca bi ton (P).
4. Nu (P) l bi ton max th (D) l bi ton min v h rng buc chnh ca bi ton (D)
l h bt phng trnh vi du . Nu (P) l bi ton min th (D) l bi ton max v h
rng buc chnh ca bi ton (D) l h bt phng trnh vi du .
5. Cc n ca bi ton (D) u c du ty .
3.2 Cch lp bi ton i ngu
Bi ton i ngu c lp trc tip theo quy tc sau, gi l quy tc i ngu

(P) (D)
1 1 2 2
( ) max
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
1 1 2 2
( ) min
m m
f y b y b y b y = + + + L
1 1 2 2 i i in n i
a x a x a x b
(
(
+ + +
(
( =

L
0
0
i
y
tuyy
(
(

(
(


0
0
j
x
tuyy
(
(

(
(


1 1 2 2 j j mj m j
a y a y a y c
(
(
+ + +
(
( =

L

V d. Tm bi ton i ngu ca bi ton sau
a)
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 3 2 5 min f x x x x x = + +
(2)
1 2 3 4
1 3 4
1 2 3
4 6 5 5 50
7 30
2 3 5 25
x x x x
x x x
x x x
+

+ + =

(3)
1 2
0, 0 x x .
b)
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 2 8 max f x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
7 4 2 28
3 3 10
2 3 15
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ +

+ =

(3)
1 2 3
, , 0 x x x .
Gii
a) Bi ton i ngu l
18
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 50 30 25 max g y y y y = +
(2)
1 2 3
1 3
1 2 3
1 2
4 7 2 3
6 3 2
5 5 5
5 1
y y y
y y
y y y
y y
+ +

+ =

+ =

(3)
1
0 y ,
2
y ty ,
3
0 y .
b) Bi ton i ngu l
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 28 10 15 min g y y y y = + +
(2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
7 3 2 2
4 3 1
2 3 8
y y y
y y y
y y y
+ +

(3)
1
0 y ,
3
0 y .

3.3 Cp rng buc i ngu
Trong mt cp rng buc i ngu (P) v (D) nh trong nh ngha th ta c n cp rng
buc i ngu nh sau:
Trng hp 1.
1 1 2 2
( ) max
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
1 1 2 2
0 , 1, 2, ,
j j j mj m j
x a y a y a y c j n + + + = L K
Trng hp 2.
1 1 2 2
( ) min
n n
f x c x c x c x = + + + L
1 1 2 2
0 , 1, 2, ,
j j j mj m j
x a y a y a y c j n + + + = L K
V d. Tm bi ton i ngu v ch ra cc cp rng buc i ngu ca cc bi ton QHTT
sau:
a)
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 2 3 min f x x x x = + +
(2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3 2
4 3
2 6
3 5 7 8
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

(3)
1 2 3
0, 0, 0 x x x .
b)
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 3 4 max f x x x x x = +
(2)
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ + +

+ =

+ +

(3)
1 2 3
, , 0 x x x .
Gii
a) Bi ton i ngu
19
(1)
1 2 3 4
( ) 2 3 6 8 max g y y y y y = + +
(2)
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 1
3 7 2
4 2 7 3
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y
+ + +

+ +

+ + +

(3)
2 4
, 0 y y ,
3
0 y .
H rng buc chnh ca bi ton (P) c 3 bt phng trnh v bi ton (P) c 3 iu kin v
du ca n s nn cp bi ton i ngu (P) v (D) c 6 cp rng buc i ngu
1 2 3 2
1 2 3 3
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4
2 1 2 3 4
3 1 2 3 4
4 3 0
2 6 0
3 5 7 8 0
0 2 3 1
0 3 5 2
0 4 2 7 3
x x x y
x x x y
x x x y
x y y y y
x y y y y
x y y y y

+
+
+ + +
+ +
+ + +

b) Bi ton i ngu
(1)
1 2 3
( ) 9 14 19 min g y y y y = +
(2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
5 10 15 1
6 11 16 2
7 12 17 3
8 13 18 4
y y y
y y y
y y y
y y y
+

+ =

(3)
1
0 y ,
2
y ty ,
3
0 y .
H rng buc chnh ca bi ton (P) c hai bt phng trnh v bi ton (P) c ba iu kin
v du ca n s nn cp bi ton i ngu (P) v (D) c 5 cp rng buc i ngu sau:
1 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4 3
1 1 2 3
2 1 2 3
3 1 2 3
5 6 7 8 0
15 16 17 18 19 0
0 5 10 15 1
0 6 11 16 2
0 7 12 17 3
x x x x y
x x x x y
x y y y
x y y y
x y y y
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+


3.4 nh l i ngu
nh l lch b yu. iu kin cn v phng n
0
x ca bi ton (P) v
phng n
0
y ca bi ton (D) u l phng n ti u l trong cc cp rng buc i
ngu ca bi ton : Nu mt rng buc tha mn phng n vi du bt ng thc thc
s th rng buc cn li phi tha mn phng n vi du bng.
ng dng. Nh nh l lch b yu, khi ta bit c mt phng n ti u ca mt
trong hai bi ton ca cp bi ton i ngu th ta c th tm c tp phng n ti u ca
bi ton cn li. ng dng ny thng c s dng trong vic gii quyt cc vn ca
bi ton QHTT.
V d 1. Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau
20
f(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 3x
4
max
2x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ 2x
4
20

x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 4x
4
= 18
2x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
4
16
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Hy lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
Gii
a. a bi ton v dng chun:
f(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 3x
4
Mx
7
Mx
8
max
2x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ 2x
4
+ x
5
= 20

x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 4x
4
+ x
7
= 18
2x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
4
x
6
+ x
8
= 16
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh















.

PATU: x = (3, 0, 5, 0), f(x) = 18.

b. Bi ton i ngu
g(y) = 20y
1
+ 18y
2
+ 16y
3
min
2y
1
+ y
2
+ 2y
3
1
y
1
+ 2y
2
+ y
3
2
y
1
+ 3y
2
+ 2y
3
3
2y
1
+ 4y
2
+ y
3
3
y
1
0, y
3
0.
x
1
1
x
2
2
x
3
3
x
4
3
x
5

0
x
6

0
0
-M
-M
x
5

x
7

x
8

20
18
16
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
(3)
2
2
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
-1
-1 -2 -3 -3 0 0
-3 -3 -5* -5 0 1
0
3
-M
x
5

x
3

x
8

14
6
4
5/3
1/3
(4/3)
1/3
2/3
-1/3
0
1
0
2/3
4/3
-5/3
1
0
0
0
0
-1
0 0 0 1 0 0
-4/3* 1/3 0 5/3 0 1
0
3
1
x
5

x
3

x
1

9
5
3
0
0
1
3/4
3/4
-1/4
0
1
0
11/4
7/4
-5/4
1
0
0
5/4
1/4
-3/4
18 0 0 0 1 0 0
21
Theo nh l lch b yu, ta c h phng trnh ti u sau

=
= + +
= + +
0
3 2 3
1 2 2
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
y
y y y
y y y

Gii h phng trnh ta c PATU: y = (0, 1, 0) v g(y) = 18.
V d 2. Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
10
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)

a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
Gii
a. a bi ton v dng chun
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
+ Mx
6
+ Mx
7
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
+ x
6
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
+ x
5
= 10
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
+ x
7
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh



















x
1
6
x
2
3
x
3
2
x
4
-3
x
5
0
M
0
M
x
6

x
5

x
7

4
10
12
1
-1
0
(1)
0
2
1
0
1
-2
1
-2
0
1
0
-6 -3 -2 3 0
1 3* 2 -4 0
3
0
M
x
2

x
5

x
7

4
10
4
1
-1
-2
1
0
0
1
0
-1
-2
1
(2)
0
1
0
-3 0 1 -3 0
-2 0 -1 2* 0
3
0
-3
x
2

x
5

x
4

8
8
2
-1
0
-1
1
0
0
0
1/2
-1/2
0
0
1
0
1
0
18 -6 0 -1/2 0 0
22
PATU: x = (0, 8, 0, 2), f(x) = 18.

b. Bi ton i ngu
g(y) = 4y
1
+ 10y
2
+ 12y
3
max
y
1
- y
2
6
y
1
+ 2y
3
3
y
1
+ y
3
2
- 2y
1
+ y
2
2y
3
- 3
y
2
0.
Theo nh l lch b yu, ta c h phng trnh ti u sau:

1 3
2
1 2 3
2 3
0
2 2 3
y y
y
y y y
+ =

+ =

Gii h phng trnh ta c PATU: y = (0, 0, 3/2) v g(y) = 18.
V d 3 (CHLH 2009). Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
3 4 5 ax
2 3 2 30
23
3 2 4 10
0; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
j
x x x x x m
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x j
+ +
+ + =
+ =
+ + +
=

a. Hy gii bi ton trn bng phng php n hnh.
b. Hy lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v tm mt phng n ti u ca bi
ton i ngu .
Gii
a. Thm vo bi ton n ph
6
x ri i du rng buc chnh th ba, ta c bi ton
ph sau:
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 ax
2 3 2 30
23
3 2 4 10
0; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
j
x x x x x m
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x j
+ +
+ + =
+ =
+ + =
=

Ma trn iu kin
2 1 3 2 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
3 2 1 1 4 1 0 0
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\

Thm vo bi ton hai n gi
7 8
, x x ta c bi ton m rng sau
23
1 2 3 4 5 7 8
1 2 3 4 7
2 3 4 5 8
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 max
2 3 2 30
23
3 2 4 10
0; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8.
j
x x x x x Mx Mx
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
x j
+ +
+ + + =
+ + =
+ + =
=

Gii bi ton m rng bng phng php n hnh

x
1
1
x
2
-3
x
3
-4
x
4
1
x
5
5
x
6
0
i

-M
-M
0
x
7

x
8

x
6

30
23
10
2
0
-3
1
1
2
-3
-1
-1
(2)
1
-1
0
-1
-4
0
0
1
15*
23

0 -1 3 4 -1 -5 0
-53 -2 -2 4 -3* 1 0
1
-M
0
x
4

x
8

x
6

15
8
25
1
-1
-2

1/2
5/2
-3/2
(1/2)
-5/2
1
0
0
0
-1
-4
0
0
1

15 0 7/2 5/2* 0 -5 0
-8 1 -1/2 -1/2 0 1 0
1
-4
0
x
4

x
3

x
6

39
16
65
-2
-2
-7
2
1
5
0
1
0
1
0
0
-3
-2
-9
0
0
1

-25 5 1 0 0 0 0

Trong bng n hnh th ba ta thy h s c lng ca cc n u khng m nn bi
ton m rng c nghim l:
0
0
(0, 0,16, 39, 0, 65, 0, 0); 25 x f = = .
Ta thy trong PATU ca bi ton m rng cc n gi u nhn gi tr 0 nn bi ton
cho gii c v c nghim nh sau:
0
0
(0, 0,16, 39, 0, 65, 0, 0); 25 x f = =
b) Bi ton i ngu vi bi ton cho l:
1 2 3
1 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3
3
30 23 10 min
2 3 1
2 3
3 4
2 1
4 5
0
y y y
y y
y y y
y y y
y y y
y y
y
+
+
+
+
+ +
+

Do bi ton cho c PATU l
0
(0, 0,16, 39, 0, 65, 0, 0) x = nn ta c h phng trnh ti u
sau:
24
3 1
1 2 3 2
3 1 2 3
0 3
3 4 5
0 2 1
y y
y y y y
y y y y
= =

+ = =


= + + =


Vy bi ton i ngu c mt PATU l
0
(3, 5, 0) y = v GTTU l:
0
( ) 25 g y = .

BI TP
Phn I
1.1 nui mt loi gia sc ngi ta s dng 3 loi thc n A
1
, A
2
, A
3
. T l (%) cc cht dinh
dng D
1
, D
2
c trong cc loi thc n A
1
, A
2
, A
3
v gi 1kg mi loi nh sau:

Cht
dinh dng
Loi thc n
A
1
A
2
A
3

D
1
D
2

30
20
20
20
20
30
Gi mua 8000 6000 4000

Yu cu trong khu phn thc n ca loi gia sc ny l: cht dinh dng D
1
phi c t nht l
70g v nhiu nht l 100g, cht dinh dng D
2
phi c t nht l 50g v nhiu nht l 80g. Hy lp
m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh khi lng thc n mi loi cn mua sao cho tng chi ph
thp nht v bo m cht lng theo yu cu.
1.2 C hai loi thc n I v II cha 3 loi vitamin A, B, C. Hm lng vitamin trong mi
n v thc n nh sau:

Loi thc n Vitamin
A B C
I

II
2
4
3
1
4
5

Gi mt n v thc n th I l 3, v II l 7. Mt khu phn n phi c ti thiu 5
n v A, 4 n v B v 8 n v C. Tm mt cch n tt nht (t tin nht v dinh
dng). Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton.
1.3 Mt x nghip c k hoch sn xut ba loi sn phm A
1
, A
2
, A
3
t 3 loi nguyn liu
N
1
, N
2
, N
3
c tr lng tng ng l 50kg, 70kg v 100kg. nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu
(kg/SP) v li nhun (ngn ng/SP) khi sn xut mt sn phm c cho trong bng sau

Nguyn liu Sn phm
A
1
A
2
A
3

N
1
N
2

N
3

0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
Li nhun 8000 6000 4000
Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton lp k hoch sn xut ti u bit rng lng
sn phm A
3
ch c th tiu th c ti a 400 sn phm.
1.4 nui mt loi gia sc trong 24h cn c khi lng ti thiu cc cht: Protit, Gluxit,
khong tng ng l: 90, 130, 20 gram. T l phn trm theo khi lng cc cht trn c
trong cc loi thc n A, B, C v gi mua 1kg thc n mi loi nh sau:
Cht Loi thc n
25
dinh dng A B C
Protit
Gluxit
Khong
10
30
2
20
40
1
30
20
3
Gi mua 3000 4000 5000

Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh khi lng thc n mi loi cn
mua sao cho tng chi ph thp nht v bo m cht lng theo yu cu.
2.5 C hai loi sn phm A, B c gia cng trn 3 my I, II, III. Thi gian gia cng mi
loi sn phm trn mi my cho bi bng:

Loi
SP
My
I II III
A

B
4
2
3
1
2
4
Thi gian cho php ca mi my I, II, II ln lt l 100, 300, 50 gi. Mt n v
sn phm A li 6000 , B li 4000 .
Vy cn phi sn xut bao nhiu sn phm mi loi li ti a. Hy lp m hnh
ton hc ca bi ton.
1.6 Trong mt chu k sn xut, nh my s dng hai loi vt liu V
1
, V
2
sn xut 3 loi
sn phm S
1
, S
2
, S
3
. Lng vt liu V
i
dng sn xut mt n v sn phm S
j
v gi bn
mt n v sn phm S
j
cho bi bng sau:

VL SP
S
1
S
2
S
3

V
1
V
2

4
2
2
6
5
3
Gi bn 12000 8000 14000

Bit rng s n v vt liu V
1
, V
2
nh my c ln lt l 10000 v 14000. Yu cu
lp k hoch sn xut ca nh my, xc nh s lng sn phm mi loi cn sn xut sao
cho tng thu nhp ln nht.
1.7 Gi s yu cu ti thiu mi ngy v cc cht dinh dng m, ng, bo cho mt
loi gia sc tng ng l 50g, 80g v 20g. Cho bit hm lng cc cht dinh dng trn c
trong 1g thc n A, B, C v gi mua 1 kg thc n mi loi trong bng sau:
Cht
Dinh dng
Loi thc n
A B C
m

ng
Bo
0.1g
0.3g
0.05g
0.2g
0.1g
0.02g
0.2g
0.1g
0.01g
Gi mua 8000 6000 4000
Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton xc nh khi lng thc n mi loi phi
mua tng s tin chi cho mua thc n t nht nhng p ng c nhu cu dinh dng
mi ngy.
1.8 Mt x nghip c k hoch sn xut ba loi sn phm A, B, C t 2 loi nguyn liu N
1
,
N
2
c tr lng tng ng l 50kg, 70kg. nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu (kg/SP) v li
nhun (ngn ng/SP) khi sn xut mt sn phm c cho trong bng sau
Nguyn Sn phm
26
liu A B C
N
1

N
2

0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
Li nhun 5000 2000 6000

Hy lp m hnh ton hc ca bi ton lp k hoch sn xut ti u bit rng lng
sn phm B ch c th tiu th c ti a 300 sn phm.

Phn II
2.1 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau
f(x) = 6x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 2x
3
- 3x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 2x
4
= 4

- x
1
+ x
4
10
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
= 12
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)

a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.2 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = 2x
1
- 5x
2
+ 4x
3
+ x
4
min
3x
1
+ x
2
+ 4x
3
- 6x
4
20

x
1
+ x
3
- 2x
4
6
3x
1
- x
2
+ 2x
3
5x
4
= 24
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.3 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = x
1
+ 3x
2
- x
3
+ 3x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
- 2x
3
+ x
4
6

- x
1
+ x
3
10
2x
2
- 3x
3
+ x
4
= 20
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.4 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = - 2x
1
+ 3x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
4x
5
max
3x
1
- 2x
2
+ x
3
4x
4
+ 2x
5
= 9

7x
1
- 3x
2
- 7x
4
+ 5x
5
= 14
4x
1
- 2x
2
4x
4
+ 3x
5
= 8
x
j

0, j = 1,2,3,4,5.
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v h phng trnh ti u ca bi ton i
ngu .
2.5 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:

f(x) = - 3x
1
- 2x
2
- 3x
3
- 5x
4
min
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ 2x
4
18

2x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 4x
4
= 12
x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 2x
3
+ 3x
4
11
27
x
j

0, j = 1,2,3,4.
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.6 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = - 2x
1
- x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
max
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
- x
4
= 2

- x
2
- 7x
3
+ 3x
4
3
- 3x
3
+ 2x
4
7
x
j
0, j = 1,2,3,4.
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.7 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 3x
4
max
2x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ 2x
4
20

x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 4x
4
= 18
2x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
4
16
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3,4)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Hy lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
2.8 Cho bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sau:
f(x) = 15x
1
+ 8x
2
+ 10x
3
max
- 3x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 4x
3
3

2x
1
- x
2
+ 2x
3
4
- 4x
1
- 5x
2
+ 2x
3
1
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3)
a. Gii bi ton trn
b. Hy lp bi ton i ngu ca bi ton trn v gii bi ton i ngu .
Hng dn v p s
Phn I
1.1 Gi x
j
, i = 1, 2, 3 ln lt l s gam thc n A
1
, A
2
, A
3
cn phi mua. Khi m hnh
ton hc ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 8x
1
+ 6x
2
+ 4x
3
min
0.3x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.2x
3
70
0.3x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.2x
3
100
0.2x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.3x
3
50
0.2x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.3x
3
80
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
0
1.2 Gi x
1
, x
2
l lng thc n I v II trong mt khu phn. Khi m hnh ton hc ca
bi ton l:
f(x) = 3x
1
+ 7x
2
min
2x
1
+ 4x
2
5
3x
1
+ x
2
4
4x
1
+ 5x
2
8
x
1,
x
2
0
1.3 Gi x
1
, x
2
, x
3
ln lt l s sn phm A
1
, A
2
, A
3
cn sn xut. Khi m hnh ton hc
ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 8x
1
+ 6x
2
+ 4x
3
max
0.2x
1
+ 0.1x
2
+ 0.1x
3
50
28
0.1x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.1x
3
70
0.1x
1
+ 0.3x
2
100
x
3
400
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3)
1.4 Gi x
j
, i = 1, 2, 3 ln lt l s gam thc n A, B, C cn mua. Khi m hnh ton hc
ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 3x
1
+ 4x
2
+ 5x
3
min
0.1x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.3x
3
90
0.3x
1
+ 0.4x
2
+ 0.2x
3
130
0.02x
1
+ 0.01x
2
+ 0.03x
3
20
x
j
0 (j = 1,2,3)
1.5 Gi x
1
, x
2
l s n v sn phm loi A v B cn sn xut. Khi m hnh ton hc ca
bi ton l:
f(x) = 6000x
1
+ 4000x
2
max
4x
1
+ 2x
2
100
3x
1
+ x
2
300
2x
1
+ 4x
2
50
x
1
, x
2
0 .
1.6 Gi x
j
(j = 1,2,3) l s n v sn phm S
j
cn sn xut. Khi m hnh ton hc ca
bi ton l:
f(x) = 12000x
1
+ 8000x
2
+ 14000x
3
max
4x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 5x
3
10000
2x
1
+ 6x
2
+ 3x
3
14000
x
j
0, j = 1,2,3.
1.7 Gi x
j
, i = 1, 2, 3 ln lt l s gam thc n A, B, C cn mua. Khi m hnh ton hc
ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 8x
1
+ 6x
2
+ 4x
3
min
0.1x
1
+ 0.2x
2
+ 0.2x
3
50
0.3x
1
+ 0.1x
2
+ 0.1x
3
80
0.05x
1
+ 0.02x
2
+ 0.01x
3
20
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
0
1.8 Gi x
j
, i = 1, 2, 3 ln lt l s sn phm A, B, C cn sn xut. Khi m hnh ton
hc ca bi ton l:
f(x) = 5x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 6x
3
max
0.2x
1
+ 0.1x
2
+ 0.1x
3
50
0.1x
1
+ 0.1x
2
+ 0.2x
3
70
x
2
300
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
0
Phn II
2.1 a. PATU: x = (0, 8, 0, 2), f(x) = 18.
b. PATU: y = (0, 0, 3/2) v g(y) = 18.
2.2 a. PATU: x = (18, 0, 0, 6), f(x) = 42.
b. PATU: y = (0, -13, 5) v g(y) = 42.
2.3 a. PATU: x = (0, 10, 0, 0), f(x) = 30.
b. PATU: y = (0, 0, 3/2) v g(y) = 30.
2.4 a. PATU: x = (2, 0, 3, 0, 0), f(x) = -1.
2.5 a. PATU: x = (0, 4, 0, 1), f(x) = -13.
b. PATU: y = (0, -2, 1) v g(y) = - 13.
29
2.6 a. PATU: x = (0, 0, 11, 20), f(x) = 31.
b. PATU: y = (5, 0, 3) v g(y) = 31.
2.7 a. PATU: x = (3, 0, 5, 0), f(x) = 18.
b. PATU: y = (0, 1, 0) v g(y) = 18.
2.8 a. PATU: x = (1/5, 0, 9/10), f(x) = 12.
b. PATU: y = (7, 0, -9) v g(y) = 12.