LAB NO TITLE OBJECTIVE

:1 : THE PROCESS OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND THE OPERATION OF AM TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER (MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR). : 1) 2) 3) To investigate the process of amplitude modulation To interprets the operation of AM transmitter and receiver (modulator and demodulator) To apply the theory to practical application.

EQUIPMENT : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) PROCEDURE : 1) Connection of ANACOM 1/1 (The Double Sideband AM Waveform) The experiment was carried out after the entire requirement has be obeyed that is the connection of ANACOM 1/1 with power supply is correct and also the initial condition must be ensured based on the manual book. The carrier waveform has been examined at the input to the modulator at test point 9 (tp9) and the frequency and peak-to-peak voltage is recorded. Next, the information signal at test point 1 (tp1) is examined. Then, the oscilloscope is adjusted so that two or three complete sinewaves is formed. This is an audio which is going to be used to amplitude modulate the carrier signal. The frequency and peak-to-peak voltage is recorded. After that, by using the audio signal on tp1 to trigger the oscilloscope, DSB AM signal is examined at the output modulator at tp3. Lastly, the AM waveform is recorded. Curriculum manual (AT02) ANACOM 1/1 application module ANACOM 2/1 application module Oscilloscope and probe Power supply and probe Multimeter and probe

2) Connected the ANACOM 1/1 between ANACOM 1/2 (The Double Sideband Transmitter And Receiver) The ANACOM 1/1 and 1/2 must be connected and also its initial condition must obeyed as shown in manual book. Then, by using the oscilloscope the depth of modulation of the transmitter output at tp13 is measured. The ANACOM board should be placed about 6 inches (150mm) apart. The receiver tuning control is adjusted until the audio signal ANACOM 1/1 can be clearly heard. To start investigate the polarization of the antenna, both antenna should be fully extended and vertical and then RF gain on NACOM 1/2 is reduce to minimum and The AUDIO AMPLIFIER volume also adjusted until the tone is just audible. By leaving the receiver antenna in a vertical position, the transmitter antenna is lowered to the horizontal so that it is a right angle to the receiver antenna. The received volume is reduced significantly owing to the opposite polarization of the antenna. Both antennas is returned to vertical position and on the receiver board the RF Amplifier gain preset is increased to its midpoint and volume preset adjusted until the tone is just audible. On the double beam oscilloscope, set the oscilloscope input to AC and by using Channel 2 to trigger the channel and monitor the audio input signal at tp14 (at ANACOM 1/1). Next, use the channel 1 to monitor the RF Amplifier output at tp12 on ANACOM 1/2. The oscilloscope is adjusted so that two or three complete audio pattern in the AM waveform is shown and the observation is recorded.

RESULT

Fig 1 the carrier waveform at tp9

Fig 2 the information signal at tp1

Table 1 Test point 9 1 Frequency (Hz) 34.87k 3.272k Peak-to-peak voltage (V) 146m 2.64

Using the audio signal on tp1 to trigger the oscilloscope, the DSB AM signal is examined at the output of the modulator at tp3. The AM waveform is recorded.

Fig. 3: DSB AM signal examined at the output of the modulator at tp3 by using the audio signal on tp1

Table 2:

Test point 3

Frequency (Hz) 3.294k

Peak-to-peak voltage (V) 2.72

Fig 4 : Waveform at tp13 on ANACOM

The depth of modulation of the transmitter output at tp13 on ANACOM : Table 3 Vmax (V) 188 Frequency (Hz) 2.043 Vmin (V) -176m Pk-Pk (V) 364m

DISCUSSION: Efficiency of the transmitter set and superheterodyne receiver From equation,

Where;

Em 100 Ec

There are some problem in using TRF; 1. Tracking the tuned circuit is the main problem of TRF receivers. 2. The tuned circuit must variable in receiver because it can set to the frequency of the desired signal. 3. Another problem with TRF receivers is that selectivity varies with frequency. They have 3 distinct disadvantages that limit their usefulness to single-channel, low-frequency applications. 1) The primary disadvantage is their bandwidth is inconsistent and varies with center frequency when tuned over a wide range of input frequencies. This is caused by a phenomenon called the skin effect. At radio frequencies, current flow is limited to the outermost area of the conductor; thus, the higher the frequency, the smaller the effective area and the greater the resistance. As a result, the selectivity of the input filter changes over any appreciable range of input frequencies. If the bandwidth is set to the desired value for low-frequency RF signals, it will be excessive for high-frequency signals.

2) The second disadvantage is its instability due to the large number of RF amplifiers all tuned to the same center frequency. High-frequency, multistage amplifiers are susceptible to breaking into oscillations. This problem can be reduced somewhat by tuning each amplifier to a slightly different frequency, slightly above or below the desired center frequency. This technique is called stagger tuning. 3) The third disadvantage is their gains are not uniform over a very wide frequency range because of the non-uniform L/C ratios of the transformer-coupled tank circuits in the RF amplifiers.

CONCLUSION For the conclusion, at the end of the experiment, we have able to investigate the process of amplitude modulation so that can give the best resut for this experiment. Besides that, we are able to interprets the operation of AM transmitter and receiver (modulator and demodulator).Finally we have to apply the theory to practical applications.