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Today
Today
Stationary and non-stationary signals. Short-time Fourier transform. Wavelet transform. Multiresolution processing.
Image pyramids. Subband coding.
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Constant Spectra
Stationary signal x (t) = cos (5t 2) + cos (10t 2) + cos (20t 2) + cos (50t 2) Signal in spatial domain Fourier transform of signal
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Frequency Components
Stationary signal Non-stationary signal
Both signals constitute of the same frequency components. The signals are undistinguishable in the Fourier domain. Fourier transform is not suitable for analysis of non-stationary signals.
M. Gavrilovic (Uppsala University) L16 Wavelets and multiresolution 2008-05-22 5 / 20
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Assume some portion of non-stationary signal as stationary. Divide signal into small segments, such that stationary assumption holds. Choose windowing function w of width equal to signal segment. Position window at t = 0, multiply signal with window, then Fourier transform as with any other signal (t - new information). Position window at t = . . . a.s.o. one Fourier transform for each time step.
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t ,f =
t
x (t) t t
ej2ft dt
STFT of signal FT of signal multiplied by window function. Non-stationary signal STFT spectra
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Wavelet Transform
1 |s|
x (t)
t s
dt
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Wavelet Transform
Wavelet transform.
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Compute reduced-resolution approximation of input image. Done by ltering (approximation lter) and downsampling. Upsample output of (1) and interpolate. This creates a prediction image. Compute the differences between the prediction in (2) and the input image in (1). This difference is called the prediction residual and can later be used to reconstruct the original image.
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Subband Coding
One dimension
Image is decomposed into a set of bandlimited components (subbands). Two-band lter bank for one-dimensional subband coding and decoding. Its spectrum splitting properties. Filter banks satisfying (n) = x(n) are called x biorthogonal.
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Subband Coding
Two dimensions
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The basis functions of the Haar transform are the simplest known orthonormal wavelets. Used as lter banks in subband coding. Discrete wavelet transform using Haar basis functions. Approximations (64 64, 128 128 and 256 256) that can be obtained from wavelet transform.
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Start MATLAB. Run wavemenu (part of wavelet toolbox). Select Wavelet-2D. Load an image from
/it/sw/matlab/current/... .../toolbox/wavelet/wavedemo/*.mat.
3 4
Experiment with different families, types, levels and results of different compression levels. Look at the families of wavelets by going to Display Wavelet Display.
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