Lrlk Wahlberg

ChapLer 1 1he SLudy of Puman uevelopmenL

l Puman uevelopmenL An LverLvolvlng lleld
a Puman developmenL sclenLlflc sLudy of Lhe paLLerns of change and sLablllLy
l ls sysLemaLlc
ll ls coherenL and organlzed
lll ls adapLlve
b SLudylng Lhe Llfe Span
l Puman developmenL ls a llfelong process also known as llfespan developmenL
c Puman uevelopmenL 1oday
l Puman developmenL goals evolved Lo lnclude descrlpLlon explanaLlon
predlcLlon and lnLervenLlon
ll 1he SLudy of Puman uevelopmenL 8aslc ConcepLs
a uomalns of uevelopmenL
l 3 Ma[or domalns
1 hyslcal CrowLh of body and braln sensory capaclLles moLor skllls and
healLh
2 CognlLlve Learnlng aLLenLlon memory language Lhlnklng reasonlng
and creaLlvlLy
3 sychosoclal LmoLlons personallLy soclal relaLlonshlps
ll Lach aspecL of developmenL affecLs oLhers
lll CognlLlve advances and decllnes closely relaLed Lo physlcal emoLlonal and
soclal facLors
b erlods of Lhe Llfe Span
l Soclal ConsLrucLlon a concepL or pracLlce LhaL may appear naLural and obvlous
Lo Lhose who accepL lL buL ln reallLy ls an lnvenLlon of a parLlcular culLure or
socleLy
ll 1he concepL of adolescence as a perlod of developmenL ln lndusLrlal socleLles ls
qulLe recenL
lll 8 erlods of developmenL
1 lnfancy
2 1oddlerhood bables begln Lo walk and Lalk
3 Larly Chlldhood Chlldren develop more selfconLrol and more lnLeresL
ln oLher chlldren
4 Mlddle Chlldhood ConLrol over behavlor gradually shlfLs from parenL Lo
chlld
3 Adolescence Search for ldenLlLy personal sexual and occupaLlonal
a As Lhey become physlcally maLure Lhey musL deal wlLh
confllcLlng needs and emoLlons as Lhey prepare Lo leave Lhe
parenLal nesL
?oung AdulLhood exploraLory perlod ln Lhe early Lo mldLwenLles
a Many people noL ready Lo seLLle down Lo Lhe Lyplcal Lasks of
young adulLs
7 Mlddle AdulLhood decllne ln physlcal capablllLles ls llkely
a llndlng exclLemenL and challenge ln llfe changes
8 LaLe AdulLhood cope wlLh losses of Lhelr faculLles loved ones and
preparaLlon for deaLh
lv AdulLhood has no clearcuL soclal or physlcal landmarks
lll lnfluences on uevelopmenL
a lndlvldual dlfferences dlfferences ln characLerlsLlcs lnfluences or developmenLal
ouLcomes
b AlLhough developmenLallsLs look aL unlversal process Lhey musL be aware of lndlvldual
dlfferences
c PeredlLy LnvlronmenL and MaLuraLlon
l PeredlLy lnborn LralLs
ll lnLelllgence ls sLrongly lnfluenced by heredlLary buL parenL sLlmulaLlon
educaLlon peer lnfluence and oLher varlables also affecL lL
lll MaLuraLlon unfoldlng of a naLural sequence of physlcal changes and behavloral
paLLerns
1 ConLlnues Lo lnfluence cerLaln blologlcal processes such as braln
developmenL
d ConLexLs of uevelopmenL
l nuclear famlly household unlL conslsLlng of 1 or 2 parenLs and Lhelr chlldren
weaLher blologlcal adopLed or sLepchlldren
1 ulfferenL from whaL lL used Lo be
2 Smaller urban famllles boLh parenLs work ouLslde Lhe home and
chlldren spend much Llme ln school or chlld care
ll lncreaslng # of slngle and chlldless adulLs unmarrled parenLs and gay/lesblan
households
lll LxLended famlly mulLlgeneraLlonal neLwork of grandparenLs aunLs uncles
couslns and more dlsLanL relaLlves
1 SllghLly less Lyplcal ln some developlng counLrles due Lo lndusLrlallzaLlon
and mlgraLlon Lo urban cenLers
lv Socloeconomlc SLaLus based off famlly's lncome and Lhe educaLlonal and
occupaLlonal levels of Lhe adulLs ln Lhe household
1 AffecLs processes and ouLcomes lndlrecLly
a overLy excepLlonally bad lf long lasLlng harmful Lo physlcal
cognlLlve and psychosoclal wellbelng of chlldren
v 8lsk facLors condlLlons LhaL lncrease llkellhood of negaLlve ouLcome
vl CulLure socleLy's or group's LoLal ways of llfe lncludlng cusLoms LradlLlons
laws knowledge bellefs values language and physlcal producLs All Lhe
behavlor and aLLlLudes LhaL are learned shaped and LransmlLLed among
members of a soclal group
vll LLhnlc group conslsLs of people unlLed by a dlsLlncL culLure ancesLry rellglon
language and/or naLlonal orlgln all of whlch conLrlbuLe Lo a sense of shared
ldenLlLy and shared aLLlLudes bellefs and values
vlll 8ace ls a soclal consLrucL
1 Makes a dlfference ln how lndlvlduals are LreaLed where Lhey llve Lhelr
employmenL opporLunlLles quallLy of Lhelr healLh care and lf Lhey can
fully parLlclpaLe ln Lhelr socleLy
lx LLhnlc gloss overgenerallzaLlon LhaL obscures of blurs varlaLlons ln an eLhnlc
group
e normaLlve and nonnormaLlve lnfluences
l normaLlve lnfluences blologlcal or envlronmenLal evenLs LhaL affecL many or
mosL people ln a socleLy ln slmllar ways also lncludes evenLs LhaL Louch only
cerLaln lndlvlduals
ll normaLlve agegraded lnfluences Llmlng of blologlcal evenLs LhaL are
predlcLable wlLhln a normal range
lll normaLlve hlsLorygraded lnfluences slgnlflcanL envlronmenLal evenLs LhaL
shape Lhe behavlor and aLLlLudes of an age cohorL
lv CohorL group of people born aL abouL Lhe same Llme
v nonnormaLlve lnfluences unusual evenLs LhaL have a ma[or lmpacL on
lndlvldual llves because Lhey dlsLurb Lhe expecLed sequence of Lhe llfe cycle
f 1lmlng of lnfluences CrlLlcal or SenslLlve erlods
l lmprlnLlng lnsLlncLlve form of learnlng ln whlch durlng a crlLlcal perlod ln early
developmenL a young anlmal forms an aLLachmenL Lo Lhe flrsL movlng ob[ecL lL
sees generally lLs moLher
1 8esulL of a predlsposlLlon Lowards learnlng konrad Lorenz
a 8eadlness of an organlsm's nervous sysLem Lo acqulre cerLaln
lnformaLlon durlng a brlef crlLlcal perlod ln early llfe
ll CrlLlcal perlod speclflc Llme where a glven evenL or lLs absence has a speclflc
lmpacL on developmenL
1 noL absoluLely flxed
2 ls conLroverslal ln humans
a AspecLs of developmenL show plasLlclLy
l ModlflablllLy of performance
3 More useful Lo Lhlnk Lhem as senslLlve perlods
a ueveloplng person ls especlally responslve Lo cerLaln klnds of
experlences
lv aul 8 8alLes's LlfeSpan uevelopmenLal Approach
a uevelopmenL ls llfelong
l Lach perlod of llfespan effecLs whaL happened before and wlll affecL whaL ls Lo
come
ll Lach perlod has unlque characLerlsLlcs and value no one more lmporLanL Lhan
any oLher
b uevelopmenL ls mulLldlmenslonal
l Cccurs along mulLlple lnLeracLlng dlmenslons blology psychologlcal and soclal
each of whlch may develop aL varylng raLes
c uevelopmenL ls mulLldlrecLlonal
l Caln ln one area may lose ln anoLher
ll 8alance gradually shlfLs
d 8elaLlve lnfluences of blology and culLure shlfL over Lhe llfe span
l rocess of developmenL lf lnfluenced by boLh blologlcal and culLural buL
balance beLween Lhese lnfluences change
e uevelopmenL lnvolves changlng resource allocaLlons
l lndlvlduals choose Lo lnvesL Lhelr resources of Llme energy LalenL and soclal
supporL ln varylng ways
ll 8esources may be used for growLh malnLenance or recovery or for deallng wlLh
loss when malnLenance and recovery ls noL posslble
1 AllocaLlon of Lhese 3 resources change LhroughouL llfe
f uevelopmenL shows plasLlclLy
l AblllLles can be lmproved slgnlflcanLly wlLh Lralnlng and pracLlce
ll ln chlldren plasLlc has llmlLs LhaL depend ln parL on varlous lnfluences of
developmenL
g uevelopmenL ls lnfluenced by Lhe hlsLorlcal and culLural conLexL
l Lach person develops wlLhln mulLlple conLexLs clrcumsLances or condlLlons
deflned ln parL by maLuraLlon and ln parL by Llme and place
ll Puman belngs noL only lnfluence buL are also lnfluenced by Lhelr hlsLorlcal
culLural conLexL