Haberland Presentation 2009

BL Research Innovations for Future Mobile Systems (LTE)
WTS conference 09 Praque 22.4.-24.4.09

Bernd Haberland
(Bernd.Haberland@alcatel-lucent.de)
Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Research LTE Technology Integration

CONFIDENTIAL. All rights reserved. Alcatel-Lucent. Passing on and copying of this document, use and communication of its content is not permitted without prior written authorization.
Outlook
LTE advanced
Requirements Candidate Technologies
SON Technologies (Selforganized Networks) PA evolutions, Wideband PA Innovations accros Bell labs research domains
Enabling Technologies for LTE advanced xGPON as Network MIMO Enabler Application Enabling technologies
Content distribution concepts (CDN) Service differention
Summary and Conclusion
2 - Bernd Haberland
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
LTE advanced
Requirements
Bernd Haberland Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Research LTE Technology Integration

Targets for LTE, LTE advanced

LTE
(3GPP,) Peak data rate DL Peak data rate UL Peak spectrum efficiency DL Peak spectrum efficiency UL Average spectrum efficiency DL Average spectrum efficiency UL Cell edge spectrum efficiency DL Cell edge spectrum efficiency UL
4 - Bernd Haberland
LTE advanced
1Gb/s (low mobility) 100 Mb/s
(high mobility)
100Mb/s @20MHz (2RX) 50 Mb/s (1TX) 5 bit/s/Hz (2RX) 2.5 bit/s/Hz (2RX)
3 ..4 times R6 1.69 bits/Hz (2x2 ant) 2 ..3 times R6 0.028 bits/Hz (1x2 ant) 2 .. 3 times R6 0.05 bits/Hz (1x2 ant) 2 .. 3 times R6 0.028 bits/Hz (1x2 ant)
IMT-Advanced requirements are to be met, better exceeded High spectrum flexibility, e.g. spectrum allocations up to 100 MHz Aggregation of different bandwidths Service: 60 VoIP channels / MHz Backward compatibility to LTE
Performance targets in 3GPP TR 36.913 v8.0.0 Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced), June 2008
500 Mb/s 30 bit/s/Hz (8x8 ant) 15 bit/s/Hz (4x4 ant) 3.7 bit/s/Hz (4x4 ant) 2 bit/s/Hz (2x4 ant) 0.12 bit/s/Hz (4x4 ant) 0.07 bit/s/Hz (2x4 ant)
LTEadv Requirements: Targets for average spectrum efficiency

Radio env. Ant. Config
Case 1 [bps/Hz/cell]
Micro
Indoor
Rural/ High speed
UL 1x2 1.2
X X
2x4 DL 2x2
2.0
2.4
4x2
2.6
4x4
3.7 X: not applicable
X
5 - Bernd Haberland
LTE advanced
Candidate Technologies

Candidate Technologies for Performance Improvements with LTE Advanced
Enabling Technology Lower Backhauling Latency
Candidate Technology for LTE Advanced

Coordinated multi-point transmission and reception
Beamforming/ Spatial Component ICIC
Mobility enhancements
Accelerated Procedures (Access, HO)
Additional Standardized Measurements
Collaborative MIMO/ Network MIMO
Time/Freq. Dynamic ICIC
SON Management
Dynamic Spectrum Access
Larger Bandwidths
Support of wider bandwidth up to 100 MHz
7 - Bernd Haberland
Options within one cell
Keep the number of antennas: Improve the bits / Hz for single link Improve receivers, channel feedback, link adaptation, scheduling Introduce layered transmission (RDMA) Increase the number of antennas Improve the link budget ( by Beamforming ) Increase the re-use of spectrum per km (using MU MIMO / SDMA) Take contribution from SU MIMO operation (for UEs in good radio conditions)
8 - Bernd Haberland
LTE advanced Technologies:
1. Single Site Processing
SU MIMO: To increase the data rate per user Today: 2 data streams -- tomorrow: 4 data streams; cross-polarization MU MIMO supported by Beamforming To increase cell average datarate Mobile Pairing algos Station user signal d
Base Station #1 linear/ non-linear precoding
user signal d1 user signal d2 user signal d3 user signal d4
user signal d2
Mobile Station #2
user signal d
Receiver Enhancements: user signal d Today MMSE receivers -- tomorrow interference cancellation Rx Packet Scheduler with Cross-Layer optimization From QOS awarness to HRQ 3D Beamforming (altern.to cell structures) Azymuth, elevation, cross-polarization Adaptive MIMO (TX-Div,SU-MIMO,MU-MIMO) RDMA for LTE (increase of spectral efficiency) OFDM Next generation (IMTadv fragmented spectrum allocations)
9 - Bernd Haberland
Mobile Station #3
Efficient feedback concepts for MU-MIMO The best /worst companion concept
BS 2
Codebook
Index 1 2 Weight vector w1 w2
FDD DL Reference BS 1 symbols
User 1
PMI, CQI + BCI/WCI, Delta CQI for BS 2, BS3 Backhaul connection
BS 3
UEs measure channel and report best beam index (preferred rank 1 PMI) for their serving cell UEs further measure channels from a set of dominant interfering cells UEs report best-companion (BCI) or worst-companion PMIs (WCI) for the set of interfering cells UEs report CQI for the case that the best-companion PMIs are not used and for the case that the best companion PMIs are used (Delta-CQI).
Additional low-rate-feedback enabling COMP beam coordination based on coordinated scheduling

10 - Bernd Haberland
MU-MIMO with and without Best Companion signaling (multi-link simulation result) Relative gain in total average sector throughput
140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Urban macro Urban micro min. Beam dist. Best Comp.
Simulation assumptions (see appendix A.5) Using a subset of the LTE-codebook DL FDD 10MHz@2.1 MHz 4 Tx linear array, 2 Rx MU-MIMO pairing of 2 users Intra-cell interference fully modeled Inter-cell interference taken from Geometry of 19*3 sector system with 500m ISD and statistically modeled SCME channel
subband SINR cdf
subband SINR cdf 1 0.9 0.8 BCI no BCI
SINR per subband at decoder input

1 0.9 0.8 BCI no BCI
cumulative probability
cumulative probability
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -40
Urban macro
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -40
Urban micro
Conclusion: With very small additional feedback signaling overhead (0.8 kbit/s), throughput gains in the order of 20%
20 30 40
-30
-20
-10
0 SINR dB
10
20
30
40
-30
-20
-10
0 SINR dB
10
Optimized precoding Closed Loop MIMO, optimized codebooks

Comparison of different Antenna Systems and Precoding Matrices, 500m ISD
500 1x1 Single Antenna TX 500 1x2 Single Antenna TX
600
optimized codebook
Cell Border Throughput [kbit/s]
500
500 2x2 CL TX Div & PSRC (36.211) 500 4x2 CL TX Div & PSRC (36.211)
Gains with optimum codebook

4x2 2x2 36.211 codebook
400
500 4x2 Directional CL TX Div & PARC, 4 Beams, 4 Wts 500 4x2 Directional CL TX Div & PARC, 16 Beam, 8 Wts
300
1x2
200
1x1
100
0 1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Spectral Efficiency [bit/s/Hz/sector]
1.8
1.9
2.0
We go for downloadable codebooks in 3GPP: precoding will be adaptable per cell. Low impact on UE.
Multi-cell situation: two appoaches

Interference avoidance Network MIMO
Reduce / Avoid inter-cell interference (using space and frequency) Interference co-ordination Co-ordinated scheduling Use beamforming Use signals from neighbor cell constructively Network MIMO
LTE advanced Technologies: Multi site processing (COMP)

Interference Management
Fractional Frequency reuse (FFR) Inter-site/sector Beam Coordination Multi-site coordinated Scheduling
reuse3 reuse1 Sector B Sector C reuse1 reuse3 Sector B Sector C reuse3 reuse1 reuse3 reuse1 Sector A reuse3 reuse1
Sector A
reuse1 Sector A reuse3 Sector B Sector C
Net-MIMO between BS (DL & UL)

Backhauling bandwidth minimization Latency minimization
Throughput (bps/Hz/base
reuse1 reuse3
reuse1 Sector A reuse3 Sector B Sector C
reuse1 reuse3
reuse1 reuse3
Spectral efficiency increase (interference limited context)
reuse1 reuse3
reuse1 reuse3
Distributed coherent scheduler concept
Conventional, Network MIMO
Higher sectorization (option for DL)

grid of beams within sectors Beam coordination between sectors
#8 #7 #6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1
30 20 15 10 5 0
25
Uplink: Users to Bases
Downlink: Bases to Users
Factor of 3
Factor of 5
(1,1) (2,2) (4,4) (1,1) (2,2) (4,4)

(Base antennas, terminal antennas)
Classification of COMP schemes / 3GPP for LTE
Downlink
High gains - pilot overhead - backhaul requirements Longer term
Uplink
High gains - Backhaul requirements!
Joint processing coherent combining

X2 Backhaul * Additional BW > 70 Mbps X2 Latency 1-5 ms
Joint processing coherent superposition

(Radio samples or softbits)
X2 Backhaul *
backhaul requirements
(bandwidth, latency)
* Calculation assumptions for the additional required X2 BW : 4 eNBs (20MHz) and 10 UEs in COMP area
15 RA3 summary | Feb 2008 15| - Bernd Haberland
spectral efficiency
Joint processing non-coherent combining Co-ordinated scheduling (per sector or per beam)
X2 Backhaul Additional BW is negligible Latency <10 ms
Collaborative MIMO : Lower gains Spectrum re-use!
Additional BW > 640 Mbps(Radio Samples) > 200 Mbps (Softbits) > 40 Mbps (user data) Latency < 1 ms
Co-ordinated scheduling
Efficient interference reduction
X2 Backhaul Additional BW is negligible Latency <10 ms
Network MIMO: Potential performance gains under ideal conditions Uplink: Users to Bases [V07] Downlink: Bases to Users [KFV06]
Factor of 5 Factor of 3 Hexagonal cellular network with coordination up to 4 rings of cells. Uplink: MMSE detection among coordinating bases Downlink: DPC transmission among coordinating bases Eliminate 10% of users with lowest SINR; maximize minimum rate supported by remaining users. Equal rate criteria for a given channel realization. Ideal assumptions: perfect channel knowledge, synchronization, etc.
30 Throughput (bps/Hz/base) 25 20 15 10 5 0
(1,1)
(2,2)
(4,4)
(1,1)
(2,2)
(4,4)
Conventional: SU MIMO, no coordination Network MIMO

(Base antennas, terminal antennas)
DL Network MIMO (coherent case) What is needed to make it real?

Large gains for large co-ordinated areas (e.g. 4 rings/ 182 sectors) Multiple TX sites increase delay spread - long CP costs 20% of resources CSI: data to be compressed and transferred with low delay and a minimum of uplink resources. Requires large number of DL pilots (orthogonal in code, time and/or freq) LTE R8:17% DL resources for 4 orthogonal pilots Requires dedicated pilots per stream CSI: Amount of DL channels to be estimated explodes for increasing number of coordinated cells.
Synchronisation between eNB required
traffic CSI backhaul
Strong increase of backhaul traffic
Enabler for DL Network MIMO Robust multi-cell channel estimation* (HHI)

* Volker Jungnickel et al, Multi-Cell Channel Estimation using Virtual Pilots, in IEEE 67th Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC2008-Spring, Singapore, May 2008.
cell planning
Common pilots are scrambled with cell-specific sequence in time domain (low mobility). Sequence design exploits partical correlation (e.g. Hadamard, DFT). Closer cells are identified by sequences which can be orthogonalized already using shorter correlation window, distant cells by sequences which need a larger window.
Enabler for DL Network MIMO Calibration of distant antennas
Basic principle: Distribute optically RF carrier to neighboring sites

Required phase jitter: 50 ps Jitter due to polarization mode dispersion: 2 ps for 20 km link
(C)WDM multiplex for digital & clock
Central Unit
Reference oscillator
Remote Radio Head

RF modulation D/A digital in
WDM link clock+radio data
Analog E/O transmitter Digital baseband Digital E/O transmitter
System is static for ~ 1s

Summary on DL Network MIMO

Situation today Highst theoretical gains among all DL COMP methods For Downlink FDD: Theoretical gains of the method are consumed by impairments
e-.g. Uplink is consumed by Channel state signalling Pilots consume large part of Downlink Feasible for Central Unit/ Remote Radio configurations
NetMiMO in DL among eNodeBs needs further progress on enablers as Synchronisation and antenna calibration Principles are established Pilots First proposals Efficient channel feedback ideas for single sector, to be extended
Co-ordinated scheduling
Coordination area
around every cell is defined a coordination area with the cell in the center a cell coordinates only with cells within its coordination area
Establish data basis for interference estimation

correlation matrix describing every channel between every BS antenna and UE antenna within a given coordination area around each cell
requires knowledge of inter-cell channels
Coordinated uplink sounding

BS measures all inter-cell channels within its coordination area
BSa ca2 ca1 UE1 cell 1
cell 2 BSb cb2 cb1
Optimize scheduling & beamforming/Tx power per UE within coordination area

1. select UEs with lowest mutual interference to be scheduled on same resource and 2. balance their SINR/throughput by adapting Tx power/beam pattern/direction
UE2
Co-ordinated scheduling Combination with SDMA using 4x2 Grid-of-fixed beams
1000 900 5-percentile throughput [kbps] 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 spectral efficiency [bit/s/Hz] 2.5 3 1x2 SIMO 2x2 SU-MIMO (TxDiv + PARC) 4x2 Grid-of-fixed-beams 4x2 SDMA (GoFB) 4x2 SDMA (GoFB) + intra-site Coop
+ Inter-Node B + Inter-Node B Co-ordination Co-ordination + Intra-Node B + Intra-Node B BF co-ordination BF co-ordination
7x3 cells with wrap around, av. 10 users per cell 10 MHz BW Control and pilot overhead considered Score based proportional fair scheduling NGNM case 1 parameter set: 500m ISD, 3km/h, 20 dB Penetr. loss
SDMA w/o SDMA w/o BF co-ordination BF co-ordination

COMP in Uplink / Macro diversity
Single sector
Reception in 2 sectors Inter-site COMP
Simpler situation than DL: single point of transmission

Forwarding of radio samples Forwarding of softbits ( soft combining ) Forwarding of data (selection combining)
COMP in Uplink - (Distributed RRH case)

(Berlin set-up)
Remote Radio Head
Princple
Simulation results for 1x4 antenna
configuration
(QPSK 1/3, near-uncorrelated antennas)

Block Error Rate
(1st transmission, with 95% confidence interval)
Normalized Throughput
100 90 80
Throughput (kbps)
Remote Radio Head
100,0%
10,0%
BLER
70 60 50 40 30 20
AWGN 2 Rx PedB3 4 Rx PedB3 2 Rx AWGN 4Rx
1,0%
SM fibre, 1,25 Gb/s
10
0,1% -8,0 -3,0 2,0 7,0
0 -8,0 -3,0 2,0 7,0
actual avg. SNR [dB]
actual avg. SNR [dB]
Smart NodeB Central Unit
for frequency-selective channel
Up to 4.5 dB SNR gain
especially on cell edge
Throughput gain
Clear improvement of Uplink throughput for UEs at cell edge

Improved fairness Candidate for LTE advanced
COMP: Dynamic Intercell Interference Coordination
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

P
Self configuring and optimizing Network
Hand Over failure reduced by 5 fold

1 P 2 3 4 5 6 7 f
Increased the throughput up to 27% Performance increase in call set up
5 6
Improve performance at cell edge
Self-optimizing frequency planning
COMP: Dynamic Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) on terminal mobility

Frequency Pattern green cell
a. Mobile is scheduled to sub-band 3 with negligible interference from orange cell b. Mobile is scheduled to sub-band 2, where orange cell radiates with lowered power c. Mobile is handovered from green cell to orange cell d. Mobile is scheduled to sub-band 4, where green cell radiates with lowered power e. Mobile is scheduled to sub-band 3 with negligible interference from cell 1
a
P Pfull 1 2
b a b d c
P
e e d
Frequency Pattern orange cell
Pfull 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 f
SON Technologies

Selforganizing Systems
Self-X Architecture
Vision of fully distributed self-management

NEM less network management Fully autonomous, distributed RAN optimisation Self-x functions in UE and eNB
measurements, UE location info alarms, status reports, KPIs distributed self-x algorithms
high level network performance tuning performance monitoring KPIs alarms
NM OSS
Itf-N X2-Itf
Network Management
Network management in NM OSS focussed on

network planning alarm and performance monitoring high level performance tuning
self-x
LTE RAN
self-x
eNB
RAN selfoptimization
self-x
eNB
OSS: Operation Support System NEM: Network Element Manager
eNB
Self-Organizing Radio Access Network

RAN configuration use cases:
Add/Remove cell incl. power saving cell Neighbourhood relation configuration and optimisation for LTE
RAN optimization use cases

Cell coverage optimization Mobility robustness optimisation Interference optimisation for LTE - Colouring Schemes Load Balancing
tools for RAN planning, configuration and optimisation
deployment new site, add new cell, capacity upgrade
failure cases
performance optimisation
conventional parameter configuration
self-configuration
self-optimisation
QoS optimization use cases

Scheduler operation optimisation for LTE MIMO Mode Selection Optimisation for LTE
Self-configuration of eNB Radio Parameters

Automatic self-configuration of radio configuration parameters deployment of new cells/sites and removal of cells/sites switching on/off of cells (power consumption, special locations and events) Principle: finding similar neighbors using network features learning optimized configuration from similar neighbor eNBs/cells
distributed approach reduction of centrally provided data to an absolute minimum
parameter retrival
self-configuration own properties classification config-parameter classification learning from similar neighbours
neighbour selection by similarity metric
operator templates only for:

new features enable preferences initial defaults
config. parameter calculation

outlier filter parameter adaptation negotiations with neighbours
operational phase
self-optimisation
Self-configuration of eNB Radio Parameters

Approach: eNB selects suitable similar neighbors
best mapping reference configurations w.r.t HW-configuration, features, environment based on similarity metrics
LTE RAN
new eNB
self-x
download of configuration parameters

from selected eNBs
self-x
eNB selfconfiguration negotiations
self-x
X2 Itf operational eNB operational eNB
scheme for parameter classification

rules for parameter adaptation and calculation
parameter adaptation and calculation

consistency check of input parameters (removal of outliers) post processing algorithms according to parameter classification scheme parameter adaptation to local situation and neighborhood neighbor reconfiguration where necessary
Automatic Neighbour Relation (ANR) Function: Generation of NRT list W-CDMA needs detailed Neighbour Relation Table (NRT) for UE measurements UE are configured by NodeB which cell to be measured (e.g. for HO) Centralized NRT planning required No such restriction in LTE all UEs can measure the Physical Cell ID (PCI) of all neighbours eNB can request the UE to measure the Cell Global ID (CGI) related to the PCI PCI/CGI is the key info needed in NRT to map it further to the IP address of eNB
X2 Setup between the eNBs to enable handover
Cell A Phy-CID=3 Global-CID =17 Cell B Phy-CID=5 Global-CID =19
1) report(Phy-CID=5, strong signal)
Bell Labs decentralized proposal Start with empty NRT list Generation of NRT only based on UE measurements Update/fine tuning (blacklist) based on handover optimisation
3) Report Global-CID=19
2b) Read BCH()
2) Report Global-CID Request (Target PhyCID=5)
NRT Simulation (Hexagonal Grid layout 57 cells)

Inter Site Distance = 500 m
95% Quantile of the NRT Completion Time
1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
3 km/h 30 km/h 120 km/h
HO Drops Due to Incomplete NRT

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
3 km/h 30 km/h 120 km/h
Time [sec]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 No. of UEs Per Cell
HO Drop [%]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 No. of UEs Per Cell
Summary: NRT list setup only based on UE measurement is feasible Convergence time sufficiently short
Self-optimization of handover parameters Decentralized optimization within each radio cell

Identification of
HOCF after RRC connection re-establishment in the selected eNB Ping pong according UE history information Information transfer towards source eNB
Filtered RSRP [dB]
Source Cell Target Cell

Radio problem detection
Hyst(dB)
RLF threshold
TTT (ms)
T1 (e.g. 500 ms) P(ms)
Radio link failure
35 Normalized HO Rate
Time
Normalized HO Rate Vs Residual BLER for ; TTT=0 to 200 ms; 20ms step
Handover Event A3
Handover Command
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BLER [% ]
Statistics about HOCF and Ping pong in the source eNB Output of the optimal setting of handover parameters (e.g. TTT) to be used inside UE
Self-optimization of handover parameters Detection of problematic cell to cell configurations Detection of islands
Identification according to
UE history information Timing advance
Consequences
apply cell individual offset adjust target selection NRT entry
Load Balancing based on HO parameter modification: LTE intra frequency handover

critical in re-use 1 schemes:
no scrambling gain lower limit for usable SINR range especially critical: HO command
potential for load balancing rather low
LTE inter frequency HO

no cell overlap SINR problem
e.g. hierarchical cell structures to be considered: UE velocity vs. cell size, QoS requirements (e.g. GBR, NGBR)
load balancing possible
Inter system HO
also no cell overlap SINR problem
to be considered: service QoS requirements
load balancing possible

HO Rate [1/s]
Load Balancing other approaches for intra frequency LTE: DL Power modification
increased power in unloaded neighbour cells:
0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 0
w/o ICIC
without ICIC
TTTH=0.050 sec TTTH=0.100 sec TTTH=0.150 sec
0,5
1,5
2 2,5 3 BLER [% ]
3,5
4,5
HO Rate [1/s]
requires PA over provisioning UL critical
decreased power in overloaded cell:

possible in interference limited (urban) scenarios degrading indoor coverage to be investigated risk of local coverage spots
0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0
with ICIC
Residual BLER [%] (RLF)

TTTH=0.050 sec TTTH=0.100 sec TTTH=0.150 sec
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
4,5
Residual BLER [%] (RLF)
ongoing investigation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Interference coordination enabled load balancing: IFCO as Enabler

dynamic allocation of subbands for reduced power load reduction by dynamic IFCO based interference reduction seems to have higher potential, ongoing investigation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Self Configuring and Optimizing Network for ICIC
Neighbor relation table is sufficiently filled
Initial coloring
eNode B performs selection of Frequency Patterns (colours) for all its cells
Self-Optimization
Upon change in Neighbor Relation Table
Distributed: running in each eNode B

Coverage Self-optimization
Target: Detection/minimization of coverage problems cell outage compensation support for energy saving (switching off of cells) Approach: automated optimization of antenna tilt, power regarding
areas with low SINR, small coverage spots inclusion of neighbor cells w.r.t. coverage/interference network planning support when tilting not sufficient
Decentralized approach in eNBs Drive test replacement based on UE based measurements

SINR, interference, location info, UE history inclusion of off road areas
statistical evaluation w.r.t. cell global KPIs (RLF, call drops, mapping to cell locations
PA Evolution, Wideband PA

Highly Efficient Power Amplifiers

Holistic Approach
In order to realise highly efficient power amplifiers, an application related holistic approach is required:
Bell Labs activities cover all required activities Power Amplifier Concepts Semiconductor Technologies
Solution!!
Linearization & Clipping

Pout
Pin
Algorithm based Efficiency Improvement Linearisation (Digital Pre-Distortion)

Increased PAR and modulation complexity require reduction of signal dynamic (Clipping) and linearisation techniques like digital pre-distortion (DPD)
Digital Predistortion Class AB High Power Amplifier
Vsat
Vout
Vout
Vin
Vin
Vout
Overall System response
DPD Response
PA Response
Vin Soft Clipping
Hard Clipping
Combination
Algorithm based Efficiency Improvement Example of Power Amplifier Linearisation (single-band)
without DPD With DPD
WG = 2 x 32 mm GaN-Techn. (FhG-IAF) Design BL Alcatel-Lucent Stgt. Frequency: 2.7 GHz (single-band) Class-AB amplifier Drain efficiency without linearisation and clipping: approx. 10 %
(1-Carrier W-CDMA signal)
1-Carrier W-CDMA performance using DPD and reduction of signal dynamic: Pout av.: 43.2 dBm Pout pk.: 49.0 dBm Drain efficiency: 32.6 % 20 % efficiency improvement by use of linearisation and Clipping
Power Amplifier Concept Activities

Addresses Single-Band as well as Multiband Applications
Ranging from preamplifier stages <1 W up to high power >200 W applications!
Bell Labs Germany - Power Amplifier Concept Activities Single-Band Power Amplifier Multi-Band Power Amplifier
Class-AB amplifier
single device two devices, balanced or push-pull
Doherty
single- & two-stage integrated n-way
today time Class-AB mid term

Depending on enabling components (e.g. tuneable filter)
Class-E/F
Power-/Envelope-Tracking operation mode
Envelope Elimination & Restoration Class-S, Class-O

long term
Amplifier Designs for higher Efficiency

Amplifier Concepts in Future
Class AB has 40% as efficiency limit (PAR 6 dB). Target for linear amplifiers concepts is to keep peak efficiency of up to 78% Switching amplifiers suffer from power transistor speed
% Efficiency switching and envelope reconstruction
60%
Class S
45
Doherty
30
35%
Envelope Tracking
45-50%
drain voltage modulation to keep efficiency high load modulation to keep efficiency high
30% Class AB actual working horse today Time
Concept-1: Doherty Amplifier Some Results on Symmetrical GaN Doherty (national funded Project ELBA)
Doherty Mode - Balanced Mode - Doherty Prototyp2 @ 2.7 GHz
1-Trger W-CDMA Signal, PAR ca. 5.5 dB
60 50 40 30 20 10
0 -10 ACLR [dBc] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60
Pout (pk) - Doh Pout (av) - Doh Drain-Effizienz - Doh EVM - Doh Pout (pk) - Bal Pout (av) - Bal Drain-Eff - Bal EVM - Bal ACLR -5 MHz - Doh ACLR -10 MHz - Doh ACLR -5 MHz - Bal ACLR -10 MHz - Bal
WG = 2 x 32 mm GaN-Techn. (FhG-IAF) Design BL Alcatel-Lucent Stgt. Frequency: 2.7 GHz (single-band) Gain: 9 dB (small-signal) 1-Carrier W-CDMA performance using DPD and reduction of signal dynamic: Pout av.: 44.9 dBm (50.5 dBm pk.) Drain-Efficiency: 45 % (3GPP ACLR met)
Leistung [dBm], Effizienz [%], EVM [%]
-9
-7
-1 9
-2 5
-2 1
-2 3
SMIQ Leistung [dBm]
10 % efficiency improvement compared to balanced operation

-1 5 -1 3 -1 1
-1 7
-5
Envelope tracking amplifier principle

Modulated supply voltage Amplifier is always operated close to P-1dB compression point (highly efficient), also in case of amplitude modulated signals No multiband limitation (in case of Class-AB RF PA) Concept is multistandard capable
Efficiency
Concept-2: Envelope Tracking Basic Considerations
Back-Off Efficiency Improvement by using Envelope Tracking
ET-Amplifier
Efficiency Improvement @ Back-Off
Backoff Class-AB Output Power
constant supply voltage modulated supply voltage
a) from DAC b) from detector
varying supply voltage!
amplitude modulated signal
dissipated power
First promising lab results for an envelope tracked GaN-based single-band amplifier has been reported with final stage efficiency of approx. 50 % (1-Carrier W-CDMA signal)!
Concept-2: Envelope Tracking Concept Internal ET System - Technical Details - Test Results on Overall System (LDMOS)
modualtor input and output signal
Clearly improved Demo-1 modulator available Promising findings during first HW tests:
(hardware available since three days)
Marker 1 [T1] Ref Lvl 3 dBm

3 0
RBW VBW SWT
30 kHz 300 kHz 2 s 1 [T1]
RF Att
20 dB
-32.71 dBm 2.13616000 GHz
Unit
dBm -32.71 dBm
-10
modulator follows more accurately the input envelope signal SNR > 60 dB improvements identified by first envelope signal conditioning tests DPD correction improvement up to 15 dB for non-ET-modified DPD.
-20
w/o ET 2.13616000 GHz CH PWR 5.98 dBm ACP Up -22.09 w ET & w/o DPD dB ACP Low -19.12 dB w ET &Up DPD & env. cond. ALT1 -33.55 dB
A
ALT1 Low
-30 1VIEW 2VIEW 3VIEW -40
-31.15 dB
1RM 2RM 3RM 4RM
-50
-60
cu2
-70
cu2 cu1 cu1 C0 C0 cl1 cl1 cl2 cl2
-80
Highest measured efficiency up to now: 44 % with GaN technology (3GPP ACLR not met)
-90 -97
Center 2.1405 GHz Date: 5.FEB.2009 17:58:06
5 MHz/
Span 50 MHz
Concept-3: Class-S Amplifier Basic Considerations Basic block diagram of a possible Class-S amplifier
highly efficient Class-E/F or D amplifier
Leistungsverstrker Power amplifier
amplitude and phase modulated signal
amplitude and phase modulated signal
Modulator
DS-modulated signal
Bandpass Filter
Benefits:
high efficiency, theoretically 100 % increased flexibility due to digital control
Challenges:
fast modulator required high switching frequency of RF transistor
Concept Comparison Class-AB - Doherty - Envelope Tracking

Class-AB Efficiency Linearity Linearizability Power/mm Gain Complexity RF Design effort Costs Signal bandwidth Total bandwidth
(estimations only - not binding)
Doherty high medium best lowest medium medium medium low medium lowest
Env. Track. high medium best high medium higher low medium medium high
low best best medium high low low lowest high high
Concept-4: Class-O Amplifier (Bell Labs Innovation) Class-O Optical Heterodyning Concept
Idea: Combine a modified Baseband DSM with Optical Heterodyning
BB-signal / E/O 1 + Carrier DSM Synth 2 E/O s2 (carrier signal) Bit Streams s1 (base band signal) O/E s0 = s1*s2 (photo diode) X
Class-D Power Stage (Switch)
Optical Heterodyning: c * (1-1 - 2-1) = fcarrier
DSM(BB-sig * rf-carrier) DSM(BB-sig) * DSM(rf-carrier) Key-Challenge: Signal Processing Problems Carrier DSM Synth and modified / still unknown Principle Problem: Class-D requires discrete on/off input signal but you receive continuos signal due to Heterodyning
Multiband/Multicarrier/Mukltistandard Overview on Investigated - Power Amplifier Cases
Frequency Split into three different Power Amplifier Cases 700 GSM UMTS 3G LTE WiMAX 1 2 1000 1800 2500 3500 MHz
3
Digital Tx TX D/AConv
SDR Tra nsceiver Architecture
TX Frequency Upconversion A/D
Power Amplifier
Feedback: Frequency Downconversion Clock Generation Antenna Network
RX Digital Rx A/DConv RX Frequency Downconversion LNA Module Common part Dedicated part
Class-AB Multiband Case2 Amplifier (final stage) Results (Fix Matching Networks)
40 W av. 1.8 - 2.7 GHz Multiband Amplifier (GaN-Technology, Push-Pull Configuration)
Measured Small-Signal Parameter
20 18 16 14 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16
S21 S11
S21 (dB)
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0
Ud 30 V; Id 0.75 A
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
-18 -20 3000
frequency (MHz)
Result @ 1.8 GHz 44.2 dBm ACLR met!
Results measured using 1 carrier W-CDMA signal with clipping and digital predistortion.
S11 (dB)
Doherty Amplifier (Bell Labs Innovation) Innovative Bell Labs Multiband Doherty Approach Innovative Broadband Doherty Approach
shared main amplifier different frequency bands covered by an own peak amplifier, each unused peak amplifier and signal path is turned off leads to improved load modulation (bandwidth) and thus multiband capability with improved performance First hardware realisation based on GaN-technology is currently ongoing.
Frequency Band 1
Frequency Band 2
Innovations across BL research domains

Innovations across BL research domains
BL research is very broad

Optical, Wireless, Fixed Access, Service Infrastructure Networking, Applications, Enabling Computing technologies Enabling Physical technologies
Cross research domain projects creates new innovation assets

xGPON integration in eNodeBs as enabler of NetMiMO Evolutions in optical PHY Layer/Transport Network Small Cells/Femto Cells in Autonomic Networks in combination with SON in macro cellular environment Open CDN (Content distribution) Framework
Enabler for LTEadv

xGPON for broadband inter basestation and controller communication
emerging fiber-based access networks FTTN, FTTU carrier-class broadband links from a central site to 32-64 remote sites 2.5 Gbps , 1.25 Gbps e.g. aggreg. 1Gbs TX direction data, 1Gbps TX direction data redirect QoS provision by T-CONTs dynamic bandwidth allocation resilience / protection time base distribution (BITS, IEEE1588) outdoor versions for ONUs, OLT
ONU
redundant fiber rings OLT
MIMO graphics src: R. Irmer, HP. Mayer et.al. Commag 2/2009
Next Generation in PONs Higher bitrates 10Gbpsdown, 2.5Gbpsup, 10Gbpsup Lower|higher asymmetry re. down-/upstream (from 2.5:1.25Gbps in GPON) Next-EPON: IEEE 802.3av 10Gbps/[1.25;10Gbps] 1:32 split, 20km Next-GPON: FSAN/ITU-T G.987.x "near-future": NGPON1 (FSAN target consent PHY: 9/'09, TC/OMCI: 6/'10)
XGPON1 (DS 10/US 2.5Gbps) XGPON2 (DS10/US10Gbps) Reach Extender (RE) box (60km/1:128) same fiber plant (reach, split ratio) coexistence with GPON
beyond NGPON1
long-reach (>= 100 km) wavelength division multiplexing modified fiber plant (?) etc.
"far-future": NGPON2 (White-Paper H1 2010)
new-deal
Application Enabling technologies New Alcatel-Lucent Strategy

In addition to our broadband carrier business To offer application enabling solutions Purpose: to help our customers (Mobile operators) Participating in revenues of OTT provider (Google, Amazon ..) In addition to flatrate - payment on demand applications Business Model Mobile operator gets a part of the OTT revenue for transport ALU contribution Technologies to guarantee:
High performance transport
High bandwidth, low latency
Security personalization
Application Enabling technologies (examples)

Content distribution concepts (CDN)
LTEadv plans signalbandwidths up to 100MHz 100MHz can be fragmented Future Data transmission to mobiles:
ultra highspeed with very bursty nature
New Caching Concepts needed

Separation of Control and Content Hierachical scheduler concept
Cache
Control Content
Cache
Control Content
Control
Cache
Content
Cache
Content

Open CDN in an LTE Solution
Cache Control Cache Control
? Backhaul
eNB eNB MME MME
?
App App Server Server
Caching Opportunities App App Server Server
PCRF PCRF
SGW SGW
PDN-GW PDN-GW
eNB eNB
Radio & Terminal
Evolved Packet Core
Carrier PDN
Public Internet
Controller determines what content is popular/operator has business agreement for and where it should be hosted. Leverages UE storage for pro-active network controlled content push
Full or partial push for instantaneous content access with the remaining fraction to be delivered via a specially configured dedicated bearer (via PCC)
Builds hooks into the LTE system (PCC/QoS linkage)


Service differentiation Service differentiation for payment on demand application
Extension of QOS classes Coexistance with flat rate applications
End-to end solution

EPC, carrier PDH, Cloud computing (puplic internet) Up to MAC layer of eNodeB
Combination with CDN concept

Cache Control Cache Control
? Backhaul
eNB eNB MME MME
?
App App Server Server
Caching Opportunities App App Server Server
PCRF PCRF
SGW SGW
PDN-GW PDN-GW
eNB eNB
Radio & Terminal
Evolved Packet Core
Carrier PDN
Public Internet
Appl Appl Server Server OTT OTT provider provider
Summary (1) Bell Labs offers a variety of innovations for LTE from its research areas LTEadv radio
Multi-antenna Processing (Single Site/Multi-site) performance gains shown
SON
Use cases for selfconfigurtation and self optimization Applicable for Macro- and Small cells
PA evolutions (Doherty, Envelope Tracking, class S, ClassO)

Different power amplifier concepts shown
Doherty, Envelope Tracking, class-S, Class-0
Benefits and drawbacks of the discussed concepts highlighted Promising results and new ideas out of Bell Labs have been shown. Doherty is currently designed into modern Base Stations pushing the overall efficiency to improved values ET solutions coming soon (now in transfer to development) Concepts like digital Class-S and Class-O need more research work Wideband concepts with GaN technologies discussed
Summary (2) Additional significant innovations possible with cross research domain work xGPON integration in eNodeBs as enabler of NetMiMO Evolutions in optical PHY Layer/Transport Network Small Cells/Femto Cells in Autonomic Networks in combination with SON in macro cellular environment Bell labs is fully committed to the new ALU company strategy (2 examples) Content distribution concepts (CDN) Service differentiation

Haberland Presentation 2009

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Haberland Presentation 2009

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

BL Research Innovations for Future Mobile Systems (LTE)

WTS conference 09 Praque 22.4.-24.4.09

Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Research LTE Technology Integration

Summary and Conclusion

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Bernd Haberland Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Research LTE Technology Integration

Targets for LTE, LTE advanced

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

LTEadv Requirements: Targets for average spectrum efficiency

Rural/ High speed

3.7 X: not applicable

Bernd Haberland Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Research LTE Technology Integration

Candidate Technologies for Performance Improvements with LTE Advanced

Enabling Technology Lower Backhauling Latency

Candidate Technology for LTE Advanced

Additional Standardized Measurements

Collaborative MIMO/ Network MIMO

Time/Freq. Dynamic ICIC

Dynamic Spectrum Access

Support of wider bandwidth up to 100 MHz

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Options within one cell

LTE advanced Technologies:

1. Single Site Processing

FDD DL Reference BS 1 symbols

PMI, CQI + BCI/WCI, Delta CQI for BS 2, BS3 Backhaul connection

Additional low-rate-feedback enabling COMP beam coordination based on coordinated scheduling

subband SINR cdf 1 0.9 0.8 BCI no BCI

SINR per subband at decoder input

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -40

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -40

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Optimized precoding Closed Loop MIMO, optimized codebooks

Cell Border Throughput [kbit/s]

Gains with optimum codebook

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Spectral Efficiency [bit/s/Hz/sector]

Multi-cell situation: two appoaches

LTE advanced Technologies: Multi site processing (COMP)

reuse1 Sector A reuse3 Sector B Sector C

Net-MIMO between BS (DL & UL)

reuse1 Sector A reuse3 Sector B Sector C

Spectral efficiency increase (interference limited context)

Distributed coherent scheduler concept

Conventional, Network MIMO

Higher sectorization (option for DL)

Uplink: Users to Bases

Downlink: Bases to Users

(1,1) (2,2) (4,4) (1,1) (2,2) (4,4)

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Classification of COMP schemes / 3GPP for LTE

Joint processing coherent combining

Joint processing coherent superposition

Collaborative MIMO : Lower gains Spectrum re-use!

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Conventional: SU MIMO, no coordination Network MIMO

(Base antennas, terminal antennas)

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

DL Network MIMO (coherent case) What is needed to make it real?

Synchronisation between eNB required

traffic CSI backhaul

Strong increase of backhaul traffic

Enabler for DL Network MIMO Robust multi-cell channel estimation* (HHI)

Enabler for DL Network MIMO Calibration of distant antennas

Basic principle: Distribute optically RF carrier to neighboring sites