CONTENT

1 About the Group

2 Area of Study
3 Acknow|edgement
4 Work|ng |an and Schedu|e
S Study Cb[ect|ves
6 Genera| 1asks dur|ng Lxper|ment
7 Lxtra Mater|a|s dur|ng Lxper|ment
8 Ana|ys|s
81So|| Ana|ys|s
' lx,r+muf ^: +l =m,l+uz Thu+(v
' lx,r+muf : lfrm+u=f+u Txfvr +l
' lx,r+muf : lfrm+u=f+u "=fr ufuf +l
' lx,r+muf l: lfrm+u=f+u rz=u+ ufuf +l
lx,r+muf l: lfrm+u=f+u ^+r ufuf +l
lx,r+muf l: lfrm+u=f+u ,H +l
lx,r+muf : lfrm+u=f+u +l rz=u+>m> +u +l

82uant|tat|ve Lco|ogy Ana|ys|s
(1) Lxper|ment n uadrant Samp||ng 1echn|que
(2) Lxper|ment I Samp||ng 1echn|que Us|ng L|ne 1ransect

9 Conc|us|on and Summary
10keference
118|b||ography
12rob|ems Incurred dur|ng Lxper|ment










OUT THE SROUP



Group Leader
ANG CnLL 1LL



Group Member

CnIA LW kANNG



CnCNG LL SCNG
29081992
92082914S319

kAM kA kLCNG



LLL WLI kCNG
14021992
920214146243











4ckNOwLu6MN1



We wou|d ||ke to g|ve acknow|edgement to those peop|e who gave us a |ot of
he|ps gu|des and |nstruct|ons W|thout them our b|o|ogy pro[ect cou|d not
comp|ete successfu||y

I|rst of a|| we wou|d ||ke to thank our teacher n Iath|ah who gave us adv|ces
and gu|des 8es|des we wou|d a|so ||ke to thank the |ab ass|stant for h|s efforts and
he|ps on preparat|on of apparatus and mater|a|s throughout the exper|ment

Next we hoped to g|ve a spec|a| thank to our schoo| for prov|d|ng us fac|||t|es
needed |n the exper|ment such as apparatus and mater|a|s

8es|des we wou|d ||ke to thank everybody for g|v|ng us many gu|des and he|ps
espec|a||y our sen|ors who gave us many gu|de||nes and comments to us dur|ng
process|ng th|s pro[ect Cf course we a|so ||ke to thank for our parents and
c|assmates wh|ch a|so contr|bute |n our pro[ect

I|na||y for persona||y I ||ke to thank my group members to show the|r
cooperat|on |ndependence and more W|thout the|r cont|nuous support and
he|ps the pro[ect m|ght not be ab|e to f|n|sh comp|ete|y

We apprec|ate and thank for everyone

















IN1kCDUC1ICN



1he exper|menta| pro[ect |s d|v|ded |nto 2 components so|| ana|ys|s and
quant|tat|ve eco|ogy ana|ys|s

Ior so|| ana|ys|s var|ous exper|ments are carr|ed out to |dent|fy so|| propert|es
1h|s |nc|udes so|| samp||ng techn|que determ|nat|on of so|| texture determ|nat|on
of so|| water content determ|nat|on of so|| organ|c content determ|nat|on of so||
a|r content determ|nat|on of so|| pn and determ|nat|on of so|| organ|sms present
|n so||

Wh||e for quant|tat|ve eco|ogy ana|ys|s 2 exper|ments are carr|ed out to
ca|cu|ate the dens|ty of p|ant spec|es that surv|ve |n certa|n hab|tats such as pond
terrestr|a| and aquat|c 1hey are
(1) uadrant samp||ng |n systemat|c and random procedure
(2) L|ne transect samp||ng
























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WCkkING LAN

DA1L LkLkIMLN1 CAkkILD CU1 NC1L




















DA1L SCIL ANALSIS UAN1I1A1IVL LCCLCG ANALSIS
A 8 C D L I G n I
SS1LMA1IC kANDCM
































WCkkING SCnLDULL












































A11LNDANCL


NAML
ANG CnLL 1LL

CnIA LW kANNG

CnCNG LL SCNG

kAM kA kLCNG

LLL WLI kCNG

























S1UD C8ILC1IVLS


1he purposes of th|s exper|ment pro[ect are

1 Learn|ng the bas|c pr|nc|p|es of eco|ogy through student's own efforts
11L|ements of ecosystem b|os|s and ab|os|s
12Dynam|c re|at|onsh|p of e|ements and f|ow of energy through
ecosystem
2 Us|ng the s|mp|e apparatus and |nstruments |n eco|og|ca| stud|es
3 Learn|ng the methods of co||ect|ng and ana|yz|ng eco|og|ca| data
4 Incu|cat|ng nature |ov|ng att|tude
S Wr|t|ng an eco|og|ca| study report
6 Incu|cat|ng good mora| va|ues cooperat|on |ndependence
se|fconf|dence



























GLNLkAL 1ASkS IN
LkLkIMLN1AL kCILC1



1he exper|menta| pro[ect |s d|v|ded |nto 2 components

A So|| Ana|ys|s
1o carry out var|ous exper|ment to |dent|fy so|| propert|es
1h|s |nc|ud|ng

1 So|| samp||ng techn|que
2 Determ|nat|on of texture of so||
3 Determ|nat|on of water content |n so||
4 Determ|nat|on of organ|c content |n so||
S Determ|nat|on of a|r content |n so||
6 Determ|nat|on of pn of so||
7 Determ|nat|on of type of so|| organ|sms |n so||

8 uant|tat|ve Lco|ogy Ana|ys|s
1h|s task |s to ca|cu|ate the dens|ty of p|ant spec|es that |s surv|ve |n a
certa|n hab|tat such as pond terrestr|a| and aquat|c
1h|s |nc|ud|ng

1 uadrant samp||ng |n systemat|c and random procedure
2 L|ne transect samp||ng














Lk1kA MA1LkIALS USLD
DUkING
LkLkIMLN1AL kCILC1



8es|des the apparatus and mater|a|s prov|ded by schoo| we a|so used extra
mater|a|s to carry out our exper|menta| pro[ect It can he|p to |ncrease the
eff|c|ency and accuracy of the resu|t obta|ned It a|so he|ps us to m|n|m|ze the
wastage of t|me and stam|na
8e|ow |s the ||st of extra mater|a|s we used dur|ng the process

1 noe
8reak|ng up so|| and soften the so||
2 Marker
Ior mak|ng mark on every spec|mens
3 1ree 8ranch
Used for ||ne transect
4 Work|ng Grove
Ior m|n|m|ze the probab|||ty to get |n[ury dur|ng exper|ment
S 1|n Can
Ior var|ous uses for so|| ana|ys|s
6 ku|er
8est for measure
7 Sc|ssors
Ior cutt|ng ||ne and others
8 Scoop
Ior soften the so||
9 Newspaper
Ior var|ous uses
10aper] tab|e
kecord|ng data and resu|ts
11Camera
1ak|ng p|ctures for ass|gnments or pro[ects
1o observe the s|tuat|on



ANALSIS




Ak1 A SCIL ANALSIS



Ak1 8 UAN1I1A1IVL LCCLCG
ANALSIS














Ak1 A SCIL ANALSIS

A SCIL SAMLING 1LCnNIUL

1 1here are a few techn|ques that can be used for so|| samp||ng
2 Any techn|que that |s used for so|| samp||ng must be one that ma|nta|ns the so||
samp|e |n |ts natura| cond|t|on so that the resu|ts obta|ned from |ts study
|||ustrate the actua| character|st|cs of the so||
3 1here are severa| of methods used for so|| samp||ng techn|que one of the
method |s sore bore W|th th|s method so|| samp|e can be obta|ned from
var|ous depths As such th|s method |s su|tab|e for the study of the
character|st|cs of the d|fferent |ayers of a spec|f|c so|| prof||e






























Lxper|ment
urpose 1o obta|n the so|| samp|e and study |t

Apparatus Meta| cy||nder and p|ston ( to d|g out so|| )

rocedure

a) 1he meta| cy||nder |s pressed |nto the so||
b) 1hen the meta| cy||nder |s turned so that the so|| |n the cy||nder
w||| be separated w|th the so|| outs|de
c) 1he meta| cy||nder |s pu||ed out from the so||
d) 8y us|ng the p|ston the so|| samp|e |s removed from the cy||nder




























Conc|us|on D|fferent types of so|| samp|es are co||ected from d|fferent reg|on
So|| samp|e co||ected have d|fferent |ayer of texture wh|ch cons|sts of
humus sand c||t and other components
8 DL1LkMIN1A1ICN C1 1nL 1Lk1UkL CI SCIL


Introduct|on
1 1he texture of a so|| |s determ|ned by the rat|o of the sand (coarse
and f|ne) s||t and c|ay |n |t
2 1he s|zes of these d|fferent part|c|es are c|ass|f|ed as shown |n
tab|e be|ow
Ak1ICLL Ak1ICLL DIAML1Lk (mm)
Grave| 2
Coarse sand 2 02
I|ne sand 02002
S||t 0020002
C|ay 0002
S|ze c|ass|f|cat|on of so||
part|c|e fo||ow|ng the |nternat|ona| standards

3 1here are two types of techn|ques to determ|ne the texture of a
so|| samp|e
a) So|| f||ter or s|eve
In th|s method the types of part|c|es |n a so|| samp|e are
determ|ned by us|ng a f||ter or so|| s|eve w|th d|fferent mesh s|zes
1o determ|ned the rat|o () of sand s||t and c|ay part|c|es of a so||
type a so|| samp|e |s |n|t|a||y dr|ed |n the oven then we|ghed and
s|fted us|ng a s|eve w|th a 2mm mesh s|ze to remove grave|
(s|ze2mm)
1he product of th|s s|ft|ng |s s|fted aga|n us|ng the s|eve w|th a very
f|ne mesh (02mm 002mm) to separate sand wh|ch |s then
co||ected and we|ghed
art|c|es that are ab|e to pass through the f|ne mesh of these
s|eves are then co||ected |n a fa|r|y |arge evaporat|ng d|sh of known
we|ght 1he d|sh and |ts contents are then we|ghed
After we|gh|ng d|st|||ed water |s added to the contents are st|rred
and then |eft for a few hours to sett|e 1he c|oudy supernatant
||qu|d that |s obta|ned |s then stra|ned 1h|s step |s repeated a
number of t|mes unt|| the f||trate are c|ear
S||t |eft |n the evaporat|ng d|sh |s then dr|ed and we|ghed to obta|n
|ts we|ght and percentage of s||t |n the so|| samp|e under study
Irom the percentage of sand and s||t obta|ned above the
percentage of c|ay can be determ|ned by subtract|on of these
percentages from 100



8ased on the percentage of sand s||t and c|ay the texture of the
so|| samp|e can be determ|ned by referr|ng to the texture tr|ang|e
Ior examp|e |f the percentage of sand |s 30 s||t 40 and c|ay
30 thus the texture of the so|| be|ng stud|ed |s peaty c|ay |n
character

Item We|ght (g)
content
we|ght
-
x 100
So|| Samp|e a
Stone and grave| b
Sand S||t and C|ay a b
Sand c
-
x 100 x
Lvaporat|ng d|sh d
Lvaporat|ng d|sh + s||t + c|ay e
Lvaporat|ng d|sh + s||t f
S||t f d (-d)
-
x 100 y
C|ay 100 (x+y) z

Mechan|ca| ana|ys|s to determ|ne so|| texture



b) art|c|e sed|mentat|on
In th|s method An approx|mate|y S00
3
of water |s added to a
so|| samp|e (from wh|ch stones and grave| have been removed) |n a
measur|ng cy||nder (1000m|) and then shak|ng |t v|gorous|y
1he contents of the cy||nder are |eft for approx|mate|y 48 hours for
the so|| part|c|es to sett|e
1hen the he|ght of each |ayer |s measured and the percentage of
each type of part|c|e |s ca|cu|ated us|ng the fo||ow|ng formu|a

ercentage of sand component
we|ght d
we|ght | e
x 100


4 In order to determ|ne the texture of the so|| our group had used
the second method that |s the part|c|e sed|mentat|on





Lxper|ment

urpose 1o determ|ned the texture of the so||

Apparatus S00
3
measur|ng cy||nder
300
3
water
100
3
so|| samp|e

rocedure
a) So|| samp|e |s added to the measur|ng cy||nder and covered w|th water
b) M|xture |s then shaken v|gorous|y
c) M|xture |s a||owed to sett|e out accord|ng to dens|ty and surface area of
part|c|es for 48 hours
d) Lach vo|ume of the var|ous fract|ons of so|| samp|e |s measured











kesu|t

1he percentage of stone sand and c|ay components of so|| samp|e |s ca|cu|ated

Iormu|a
ercentage of so||
we|ght d
we|ght | e
x 100

1ype of so|| Vo|ume of
so|| (
3
)
We|ght of
so|| (g)
ercentage
()
Grave| 1S17 1163 1163
Coarse Sand S417 4186 4186
I|ne Sand 2817 2170 2170
C|ay 32S0 2481 2481
1ota| 13001 10000 100



D|scuss|on

Irom the resu|t the so|| samp|e conta|ns 1163 of grave| 4186 of coarse
sand 2170 of f|ne sand and 2481 of c|ay Accord|ng to the so|| texture d|agram
we found that the so|| samp|e we exam|ned |s category as sandy c|ay |oam 1h|s
type of so|| samp|e conta|n a ||tt|e amount of humus |nd|cate the so|| |s qu|te
su|tab|e for growth deve|opment and da||y act|v|t|es of p|ants and so||
m|croorgan|sms


Conc|us|on
1he so|| samp|e exam|ned |s sandy c|ay |oam wh|ch cons|sts of 1163 of
grave| 4186 of coarse sand 2170 of f|ne sand and 2481 of c|ay 1he content
of each component on so|| such as humus c|ay f|ne sand and others are |mportant
as |t can act as edaph|c factor and |nf|uences the growth and ex|stence of certa|n
p|ant and so|| organ|sms' commun|t|es




























C DL1LkMINA1ICN CI WA1Lk CCN1LN1 CI SCIL

Introduct|on

1 Water content or mo|sture content |s the quant|ty of water conta|ned |n a
mater|a| such as so|| (ca||ed mo|sture) rock ceram|cs or wood on a vo|umetr|c
or grav|metr|c bas|s
2 Water |n a fresh so|| can be d|v|ded |nto 4 ma|n types
a Cap|||ary water
| It |s the water that w||| rema|ns |n spaces between the so|| part|c|es
|| 1h|s type of water can be consumed by the p|ants
||| 1he percentage for th|s type of water |n so|| |s depend|ng on the s|ze
of the so|| part|c|es 1hat |s the b|gger the part|c|es of so|| the |arger
the content of the water cap|||ary
|v 1hus so|| sand conta|ns |ess water cap|||ary than c|ay
b Water due to the grav|ty
| It |s the water from the ra|n that f|ow |nto the so|| 1he f|ow of th|s
water |s due to the grav|tat|ona| force
|| 1h|s water a|so can be absorbed by p|ants nowever |t rema|ns |n
the so|| for on|y a wh||e after the ra|n storm
c nygroscop|c water
| It |s the water that attracts to the so|| part|c|es by the |ntermo|ecu|ar
force between the so|| part|c|es and the water
|| 1h|s water cannot be absorbed by p|ants 1h|s type of water forms a
|ayer of water mo|ecu|es above the surface of the so|| part|c|es
d Water that he|d by chem|ca| comb|nat|on
| 1h|s |s referr|ng to the water mo|ecu|es that conta|n |ns|de the so||
part|c|es
|| It |s one of the components |n the so|| part|c|es
||| L|ke the hygroscop|c water th|s water a|so cannot be absorbed by
the p|ants

3 nowever on|y cap|||ary water can be ut|||zed by the organ|sms Most so||
organ|sms ||ke earthworm need mo|st cond|t|ons to breathe through the|r sk|n










Lxper|ment

urpose 1o determ|ne the water content |n the so||

Apparatus A|um|n|um fo|| p|e d|sh
8a|ance Cven
Des|ccators 1ongs
1hermometer

Mater|a| 1hree 80g so|| obta|ned from d|fferent |ocat|on

rocedure

a) A|um|n|um fo|| p|e d|sh |s we|ghed wh||e st||| empty 1he mass |s recorded
b) A brokenup so|| samp|e A |s added to the a|um|n|um fo|| p|e d|sh and |s
we|ghed 1he mass |s recorded
c) 1he p|e d|sh conta|n|ng the so|| samp|e |s then p|aced |n an oven and
heated at 100 r ?4 hvr>.
d) After 24 hours the samp|e |s removed from the oven and |s coo|ed |n a
des|ccators
e) When the samp|e |s coo|ed |t |s we|ghed and the mass |s recorded
f) Stage (c) t||| (e) |s repeated unt|| a cons|stent we|ght |s obta|ned (constant
mass)
g) 1he average we|ght of samp|es |s ca|cu|ated and recorded
h) 1he we|ght of water content |n so|| samp|es |s ca|cu|ated by subtract|ng the
average we|ght of so|| samp|e + a|um|n|um fo|| p|e d|sh after heat|ng from
we|ght of so|| samp|e
|) 1he so|| samp|es are reta|ned |n the des|ccators for part D to determ|ne the
organ|c matter conta|n |n a so||














kesu|ts
(a) Data recorded are tabu|ated |n the tab|e be|ow
NC CCN1LN1 SCIL SAMLL
A 8 C
1 We|ght of So|| Samp|e 8000g 8000g 8000g
2 We|ght of A|um|n|um Io|| |e D|sh S47g 318g 398g
3 We|ght of So|| Samp|e + We|ght of A|um|n|um
Io|| |e D|sh (W|thout neat|ng)
8S47g 8318g 8398g
4 We|ght of So|| Samp|e + We|ght of
A|um|n|um Io|| |e D|sh (After
neat|ng)

t
day 6787g 7S27g 6788g
2
d
day 6770g 7S24g 6780g
3
d
day 6768g 7S22g 6778g
S Constant We|ght of So|| Samp|e + A|um|n|um
Io|| |e D|sh (After neat|ng)
6768g 7S22g 6778g
6 We|ght of Water Content |n the So|| 1779g 796g 1620g
7 ercentage of Water |n the So|| 2224 99S 202S



D|scuss|on

So|| samp|es A8 and C are taken from d|fferent reg|ons Irom the exper|menta|
resu|t so|| samp|e A conta|ns the h|ghest water content compared to so|| samp|e 8
and C that |s about 22 of |ts so|| we|ght So|| samp|e C has the second h|ghest
water content In turn so|| samp|e 8 has the |owest water content compared to
others that |s on|y about 10 of |ts we|ght 1hrough the resu|ts obta|ned we
found that so|| samp|e A |s su|tab|e for p|ant and so|| organ|sms to act as hab|tat It
|s because of h|gh water content recorded |nd|cated that more act|v|t|es wh|ch
requ|red water mo|ecu|es can be carr|ed out by p|ants and so|| organ|sms 8es|des
that the h|gh water content of so|| a|so show h|gh organ|c matter content wh|ch |s
necessary to act as nutr|ent for p|ants and so|| organ|sms

Conc|us|on

Irom the resu|t we can conc|ude that so|| samp|e A has the h|ghest water
content wh|ch |s more su|tab|e for p|ants and so|| organ|sms to act as hab|tat
Water content of the so|| |s an |mportant edaph|c factor wh|ch may |nf|uence the
growth of popu|at|on of certa|n p|ants and an|ma|s spec|es Most of the organ|sms
are favorab|e on hab|tat such as so|| as hab|tat due to the h|gh water content and
other factor |nteract|ng w|th each other





D DL1LkMINA1ICN CI CkGANIC MA11Lk CCN1LN1 CI SCIL


Introduct|on

1 So|| organ|c matter |s the organ|c matter component of so|| It can be
d|v|ded |nto three genera| poo|s ||v|ng b|omass of m|croorgan|sms fresh
and part|a||y decomposed res|dues and humus the we||decomposed
organ|c matter and h|gh|y stab|e organ|c mater|a| Surface ||tter |s genera||y
not |nc|uded as part of so|| organ|c matter

2 In stab|e so||s humus dom|nates the so|| organ|c matter fract|on 1hus most
of the benef|ts and propert|es of so|| organ|c matter re|ate spec|f|ca||y to
humus

3 1here are three groups wh|ch |s |mportant |n so||

a) Nonn|trogenous compounds
Lxamp|es are sugar starch ce||u|ose hem|ce||u|oses ||gn|n fats waxes
and am|no ac|ds a|| of compr|se C n and C

b) N|trogenous compounds
Most of wh|ch are prote|n

c) Inorgan|c substances or mater|a|s
Lxamp|es are Ca Mg k S| S A| Ie and Mn wh|ch are presented |n
var|ous compounds whether or not they can be absorbed by p|ants

4 So|| organ|c matter that has been broken down extens|ve|y |s known as
humus numus |ook ||ke a dark heterogenous substances and conta|ns
decay|ng p|ant and an|ma| t|ssue Character|st|c of humus |nc|udes

| n|gh cat|on exchange potent|a|
|| Ab|||ty to comb|ne w|th |norgan|c substances |n the so||
||| Ab|||ty to absorb a |ot of water
|v Ab|||ty to expand and contract

S nence humus |s an |mportant factor |n the aerat|on water potent|a| and
granu|at|on of so||





Lxper|ment

urpose 1o determ|ne the organ|c matter |n the so||

Apparatus Des|ccators and ||d
1r|pod
8unsen burner
Asbestos mat
I|rec|ay tr|ang|e tongs

Mater|a|s Dr|ed so|| samp|e ( kept from prev|ous exper|ment)

rocedure

a) 1he cruc|b|e and ||d |s heated strong|y by 8unsen burner to remove a||
traces of mo|sture 1he cruc|b|e and ||d are p|aced |n the des|ccators to coo|
1hen |t |s we|ghed and |ts mass recorded
b) 1he dr|ed so|| samp|e from the des|ccators |s added |nto the cruc|b|e 1hen
|t |s we|ghed and |ts mass |s recorded
c) 1he so|| samp|e |s heated |n the cruc|b|e wh|ch covered w|th ||d to reheat
for 1 hour to burn off a|| the organ|c matter 1he so|| samp|e |s a||owed to
coo| for 10 m|nutes and |t |s then remove to the des|ccators
d) 1he cruc|b|e and samp|e |s we|ghed when coo|
e) Stage (c) and (d) are repeated unt|| constant mass |n obta|ned
f) 1he we|ght of organ|c matter |n the so|| |s ca|cu|ated by subtract|ng the
we|ght of cruc|b|e + ||d + so|| after heat|ng from we|ght of cruc|b|e + ||d +
so|| after heat|ng
g) 1he exper|ment |s repeated on so|| samp|es taken from d|fferent areas to
demonstrate var|at|on on organ|c content















kesu|t

(a) 1he formu|a g|ven as be|ow
ercentage of organ|c component
we|ght g| tte
e|ght | e
x 100

(b)Data recorded are tabu|ated |n the tab|e be|ow

So|| Samp|e
A 8 C
1 We|ght of Cruc|b|e + L|d 6S00g 6670g 6SS3g
2 We|ght of Cruc|b|e + L|d + So|| (before heat|ng) 9186g 10600g 8S02g

t
hour 9140g 10S23g 8467g
2
d
hour 9132g 10S20g 8463g
3
d
hour 9130g 10S19g 8462g
4 We|ght of So|| Samp|e Used 2686g 3930g 1949
S We|ght of Crgan|c Matter 0S6g 081g 040g
6 ercentage of Crgan|c Matter |n So|| 208 206 20S


D|scuss|on

So|| samp|e A has greater organ|c matter contents compared to other so||
samp|es 1h|s |nc|udes n|trogenous compounds nonn|trogenous compounds and
|norgan|c substances or mater|a|s Irom the resu|t we found that so|| samp|e A |s
more favorab|e by most of the organ|sms |nc|ud|ng p|ant commun|t|es and so||
organ|sms 1h|s |s ma|n|y due to the h|gh concentrat|on of m|nera|s and |ons wh|ch
are g|ve 'raw mater|a|s' to both p|ant and an|ma| Ior examp|e h|gh concentrat|on
of organ|c matter |s needed by most of the p|ant spec|es for synthes|s of usefu|
substance such as prote|n and starch In the meanwh||e so|| organ|sms such as
earthworm a|so obta|n |ts nutr|ents from the so|| wh|ch have h|gh concentrat|on of
organ|c matter 1h|s show that organ|c matter content of so|| |nf|uence both p|ants
and an|ma|s

Conc|us|on

Irom the resu|t so|| samp|e A has a s||ght|y h|gher organ|c matter content
wh|ch |s more favorab|e to most of the p|ant commun|t|es and so|| organ|sms
Crgan|c matter content |n the so|| samp|e can |nf|uence the popu|at|on of certa|n
so|| organ|sms and m|croorgan|sms |n both p|ants and an|ma|s



L DL1LkMIN1A1ICN CI AIk CCN1LN1 CI SCIL


Introduct|on

1 So|| samp|e conta|ns more gas content compare to c|ay wh|ch has the same
vo|ume by def|n|t|on 1h|s |s due to the s|ze of the so|| part|c|es of c|ay and
they are arrange c|ose|y together compared to sand wh|ch compr|ses of
coarse sand and f|ne sand that are not arrange order|y

2 Space between the so||s part|c|es cons|sts of water mo|ecu|es that cause the
d|ffus|on of gas to the so|| become harder 1hus there are on|y a few spaces
that are f|||ed w|th gas |n the c|ay

3 So|| fert|||zat|on w||| |ncrease the so|| aerat|on and |mprove dra|nage 1he
so|| aerat|on a|so |ncreases w|th |ncreas|ng act|v|ty of so|| organ|sms

4 1he gas content |n the so|| atmosphere d|ffers from that of the externa|
atmosphere 1h|s |s because gaseous exchange through d|ffus|on between
so|| and externa| atmosphere |s s|ow carbon d|ox|de accumu|ates and the
oxygen tens|on becomes |ow |n the so|| compared to the externa|
atmosphere

S So|| aerat|on |s gaseous exchange between the atmosphere and so|| a|r
wh|ch |s a determ|nant of so|| product|v|ty Gasses move through a|rf|||ed
pores and |n the d|sso|ve form |n water a||ow|ng for root and m|croorgan|sm
resp|rat|on

6 oor aerat|on can be caused by
a) Compact|on
b) Water|ogged so||s
c) oor dra|nage

7 oor|y aerated so||s are under anaerob|c cond|t|ons can cause a chem|ca|
reduct|on of m|nera|s Mott||ng and g|eyed zones occur Manganese
reduct|on causes b|ack nodu|es to form poor|y aerated zones can occur |n
we||aerated so||s







Lxper|ment

urpose 1o determ|ne the a|r content |n the so||

Apparatus 1|n can of vo|ume about 200
3

S00
3
beaker
Meta| seeker

Mater|a| Water

rocedure

a) 1he empty can w|th |ts open end uppermost |s p|aced |nto S00
3

beaker and the beaker |s f|||ed w|th water above the |eve| of the can 1he
water |eve| |n the beaker |s marked
b) 1he can conta|n|ng the water |s removed carefu||y and th|s vo|ume of
water |s measured |n a measur|ng cy||nder 1he vo|ume A |s recorded 1he
water |eve| |n the beaker w||| fa|| by an amount correspond|ng to the
vo|ume of water |n the can
c) 1he base of the can |s perforated by us|ng a dr||| mak|ng about 8 sma||
ho|es
d) 1he open end of the can |s pushed |n the so|| from wh|ch the surface
vegetat|on has been removed unt|| so|| beg|ns to come out through the
perforat|ons 1he can |s dug out gent|y |t |s turned over and so|| from the
surface |s removed unt|| |t |s |eve| w|th the top of the can
e) 1he can of so|| w|th open end uppermost |s p|aced gent|y back |nto the
beaker of water and so|| |n the can |s |oosen w|th seeker to a||ow a|r to
escape
f) 1he water |eve| |n the beaker w||| be |ower than the or|g|na| |eve| because
water w||| be used to rep|ace the a|r wh|ch was present |n the so||
g) Water |s added to the beaker from a fu|| 100
3
measur|ng cy||nder unt||
the or|g|na| |eve| |s restored Vo|ume of water added 8 |s recorded
h) 1he percentage a|r content of so|| samp|e can be determ|ned as fo||ow

x 100
|) 1he exper|ment |s repeated on the so|| samp|e from d|fferent areas







kesu|t

(a) 1he percentage vo|ume of a|r |n the so|| samp|e |s ca|cu|ated accord|ng
to the formu|a be|ow
ercentage vo|ume of a|r |n so|| samp|e

GF F s sF-GF F s rtFFs
GF F s sF
x 100

GF F r s
GF F s sF
x 100
(b)Data recorded are tabu|ated |n the tab|e be|ow
So|| Samp|e
A 8 C
1 Vo|ume of so|| used 407
3
400
3
401
3

2 Vo|ume of water added to restore or|g|na| |eve| S0
3
SS
3
S1
3

3 Vo|ume of a|r S0
3
SS
3
S1
3

4 ercentage of a|r |n the so|| 1229 137S 1272



D|scuss|on

So|| samp|e 8 conta|ns h|gher vo|ume of a|r content than so|| samp|e A and C
1h|s |mp||es that so|| samp|e 8 have many space between the so|| part|c|es In turn
so|| samp|es A and C have |ess space between so|| part|c|es hence have |ower a|r
content compared to so|| samp|e 8 Irom the resu|t we found that there |s h|gher
dens|ty of so|| organ|sms and m|croorgan|sms ex|st |n so|| samp|e 8 due to |arge
space ex|st between the so||s 1h|s |nd|cates that more resp|rat|on and act|v|t|es on
that area by so|| organ|sms and m|croorgan|sms Such so|| conta|ns more nutr|ents
and m|nera| |ons wh|ch are needed by p|ant for synthes|s of usefu| substances
nence more p|ant spec|es are ||es on so|| samp|e 8 compared to so|| samp|e A and
C wh|ch have |ess a|r content



Conc|us|on

Irom the resu|t so|| samp|e 8 has the h|ghest a|r content wh|ch |s su|tab|e for
p|ant and so|| organ|sms A|r content of so|| samp|e |nf|uence the popu|at|on of
certa|n so|| organ|sms and m|croorgan|sms and hence |nf|uence the so|| aerat|on
and other necessary factor such as organ|c matter and the d|str|but|on of p|ant
commun|t|es



I DL1LkMINA1ICN CI SCIL pn


Introduct|on

1 So|| pn |nf|uences the growth and d|str|but|on of p|ants as we|| as an|ma|s
|n an area

2 1he pn of the so|| |s a measure of the concentrat|on of hydrogen |ons

ex|st|ng |n the so|| so|ut|on |n an area

3 So|| w|th h|gh ca|c|um ox|de or ca|c|um carbonate |s an a|ka||ne so|| (pn 7)
wh||e so|| w|th h|gh amount of humus |s an ac|d|c so|| (ph7) because |t
conta|ns h|gh amount of organ|c ac|d

4 Most of the so||s are ac|d|c |n pn nowever |f the so|| |s too ac|d|c we can
reduced |ts ac|d|ty by add|ng ca|c|um carbonate ca|c|um ox|de and ca|c|um
hydrox|de Cn the other hand |f the so|| |s very h|gh |n pn |t can be reduced
by add|ng ammon|um su|phate

S 1he method that can be used to determ|ne the so|| pn |nc|udes
a) pn meter
1h|s g|ves a d|rect pn read|ng

b) Un|versa| Ind|cator
In th|s method a so|| samp|e of approx|mate 2 g |s p|aced |n g|ass d|sh
and mo|stened w|th the un|versa| |nd|cator 1he co|our change
obta|ned |s compared to the pn co|our chart supp||ed w|th the
|nd|cator

c) pn paper
In th|s method a so|| samp|e so|ut|on |s prepared us|ng d|st|||ed water
1h|s so|ut|on |s then tested w|th pn paper wh|ch w||| show a co|our
change match|ng the spec|f|c pn

6 Cur group has used the un|versa| |nd|cator to determ|ne the pn of the so||








Lxper|ment

urpose 1o determ|ne the pn of the so||

Apparatus Long testtube test tube rack spatu|a and 10F
3


Mater|a| un|versa| |nd|cator

rocedure

a) About 1 cm of so|| and 1 cm of bar|um su|phate wh|ch ensures f|occu|at|on
of co||o|da| c|ay |s added to the test tube
b) 10F
3
of d|st|||ed water and SF
3
of 8Dn un|versa| |nd|cator so|ut|on
are added to the test tube 1he test tube |s sea|ed w|th the bung 1he
contents are shock v|gorous|y and the contents are a||owed to sett|e for S
m|nutes
c) 1he co|our of ||qu|d |n the test tube |s compared w|th the co|our on the
8Dn reference co|our chart and the correspond|ng pn |s read off
d) 1he exper|ment |s repeated on so|| samp|es from d|fferent areas



kesu|t

kesu|ts are recorded |n the tab|e be|ow
So|| Samp|e Co|our of the Un|versa| Ind|cator
after the Lxper|ment
pn Va|ue Character|st|c
of So||
A kedd|shorange S0 Ac|d
8 Green 80 A|ka||ne
C 70 Neutra|


D|scuss|on

Irom the resu|ts obta|ned So|| samp|e C |s neutra| compared to so|| samp|es A
and 8 1hrough the observat|on we found that most of the grass spec|es are ||es on
so|| wh|ch |s neutra| such as so|| samp|e 8 1h|s can be proven by the presence of
n|trate |on and other m|nera|s |n the organ|c content of the so|| |nf|uence the
ex|stence of p|ant commun|ty on certa|n area So|| samp|e A |s not su|tab|e to the
p|ant and so|| organ|sms due to the |ow pn



Conc|us|on

Irom the resu|t so|| samp|e 8 |s s||ght|y a|ka||ne wh|ch |s su|tab|e for act as the
hab|tat by p|ant commun|t|es and so|| organ|sms pn of so|| |s an |mportant edaph|c
factor (an ab|ot|c env|ronment factor) wh|ch |nf|uence the ex|stence of certa|n
p|ant spec|es Most of the terrestr|a| p|ant spec|es are favor on so|| pn of s||ght|y
a|ka||ne





































G DL1LkMINA1ICN CI 1nL 1LS CI SCIL CkGANISMS


Introduct|on

1 Crgan|sms ||ve |n the so|| above and a|so be|ow the dead |eaves

2 8ased on the s|ze so|| organ|sms can be d|v|ded |nto three ma|n groups as
fo||ow

a) M|crob|ota
Inc|ude so|| a|gae (most|y green and b|uegreen a|gae) bacter|a and
fung| Most|y of them are heterotroph|c M|crob|ota |s the ma|n ||nk
between decay|ng p|ant and an|ma| t|ssue |n the detr|tus food cha|n

b) Mesob|ota
Inc|ude Nemotodo O/iqochoeto worms such as Pheritmo and var|ous
sma|| arthropods

c) Macrob|ota
Inc|ude |arger |nsects earthworms sna||s cent|pedes and a|so
burrow|ng mamma|s such as mo|es and ground squ|rre|s Most of
these an|ma|s are benef|c|a| to the so|| because they |ncrease so||
aerat|on and |mprove dra|nage

3 Crgan|sms that ||ve |n the so|| can be |so|ated by us|ng 1u||gren funne| and
8aermman funne|

4 1hese funne| techn|que |s based on the negat|ve responses of an|ma|s
towards br|ght ||ght h|gh temperatures and |ow mo|sture 1he br|ght ||ght
force the so|| organ|sms move downwards and they eventua||y fa|| |nto the
beaker of forma||n












Lxper|ment

urpose 1o determ|ne the types of organ|sms |n so||

Apparatus 1u||gren funne| retort stand beaker hand |ens m|croscope
g|ass s||de Mus||n bag c||p and 8aermman funne|

Mater|a| 4 forma||n so|ut|on

rocedure

1u||gren funne|

1 I|rst the so|| samp|e that |s used |s p|aced on a w|re net
2 1hen the |amp |s f|xed and |t |s sw|tched on
3 A beaker |s ha|ff|||ed w|th forma||n so|ut|on |s p|aced under the funne|
4 After one day the forma||n |n the beaker |s exam|ned for organ|sms wh|ch
are then |dent|f|ed
S 1he types of organ|sms are ||sted down
6 1he name of the above organ|sms |s stated and the appearance of the
organ|sms |s drawn


8aermman funne|

1 1he so|| samp|e |s put |nto a mus||n bag
2 1he mus||n bag |s t|ed and |t |s p|aced |nto the funne|
3 1he rubber tube |s fastened w|th a c||p and enough water |s poured |nto the
funne|
4 1he |amp |s f|xed and |t |s sw|tched on
S After one day the c||p |s opened and sma|| amount of water |s |et to f|ow
|nto the beaker wh|ch conta|ns forma||n
6 1he forma||n |n the beaker |s exam|ned for organ|sms wh|ch are then
|dent|f|ed
7 1he types of organ|sms are ||sted down
8 1he name of the above organ|sms |s stated and the appearance of the
organ|sms |s drawn






kesu|ts

1he resu|ts are recorded |n tab|e be|ow
No Name of the Crgan|sm Sc|ent|f|c Name
1 Amoeba 4moebo proteus
2 aramec|um Poromecium coudotum
3 Lug|ena uq/eno viridis
4 Ch|amydomonas ch/omydomonos sp
S Nematodes 4scoris hunbricodes
6 Ant 1opinomo sessi/e
7 Larthworm Pheretimo sp
8 M||||pede Lu/us sp
9 I|ea ctenocepho/ides fe/is


Conc|us|on

1here are many organ|sms ||ve not on|y outs|de the so|| but a|so |ns|de the so||
1hese organ|sms cons|st of m|croorgan|sms and a|so macroorgan|sms