SOUTHERN INSTITUTE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY FOR DEVELOPMENT

FINAL REPORT

SURVEY ON WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE IN 6 DISTRICTS OF BNH NH PROVINCE (Districts: Hoi Nhn, Ph M , Ph Ct, Ty Sn, An Nhn, Tuy Phc)

2010

ABBREVIATION
ADB CARE CPC DARD DONRE DOC DPC DPI EIA JIBIC M&E PPC SONRE WB VND Asian Development Bank International CARE Vietnam Commune Peoples Committee Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Department of Natural Resources and Environment Department of Construction District Peoples Committee Department of Planning and Investment Environmental Impact Assessment Japan Bank for International Cooperation Monitoring and Evaluation Provincial Peoples Committee Section of Natural Resources and Environment World Bank Vietnam Dong

TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. B. I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 6 RESEARCH METHODOLGY ............................................................................ 7 RESEARCH APPROACHES............................................................................. 7 1. Quantitative sampling ...................................................................................... 7 2. Qualitative sampling ......................................................................................... 8 3. Secondary data collection............................................................................... 8 C. RESEARCH RESULTS ...................................................................................... 8 PART I. STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCIES AND SERIVCE PROVIDERS... 8 I. ENVIRONMENT RELATED STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCY ................. 8 1. Institutions and relations among environment related state management agencies...................................................................................... 8 2. Human resources of state management agencies in the field of environment....................................................................................................... 11 3. Inspection and monitoring on clean water supply and environmental sanitation............................................................................................................ 12 4. Archives and periodical reports .............................................................. 13 5. Training and communication activities ................................................. 14 6. Participation of institutions and mass organizations........................ 16 7. Results of implementing basic environmental indicators of 2009. 17 8. Planning ......................................................................................................... 20 9. General assessment on state management in the field of clean water supply and environmental sanitation ......................................................... 21 II. Situation of projects on centralized water supply, solid waste and waste water treatment, and environmental sanitation in the project area23 1. Centralized water supply........................................................................... 23 2. Solid waste treatment................................................................................. 27 3. Waste water................................................................................................... 28 PART II: FOR HOUSEHOLDS ................................................................................ 30 I. DESCRIPTION OF INTERVIEWEES AND SURVEYED HOUSEHOLDS 30 1. Characteristics of interviewees ............................................................... 30 2. Households characteristics..................................................................... 31 II. DOMESTIC WATER ......................................................................................... 33 1. The situation of existing domestic water sources of households . 33 1.1. The situation of existing water sources of households who do not use piped water ..................................................................................... 33 1.2. The situation of existing water sources of households who connect to piped water ............................................................................... 34 2. Classification of water quality by purposes of household uses .... 35 2.1. Quality of water sources for drinking............................................. 35 II. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING............................. 7

2.2. Quality of water sources for cooking ............................................. 36 2.3. Quality of water sources for bathing .............................................. 37 3. Classification of water quality by sources of water supply............. 38 3.1. The quality of the dug wells .............................................................. 38 3.2. The quality of the drilled wells.......................................................... 40 3.3. The quality of the piped water .......................................................... 42 4. Accessibility to water sources and water storage devices.............. 43 5. Water treatment methods before use..................................................... 44 6. Water consumption of households ........................................................ 46 7. Assessment of piped water supply services for households ......... 46 8. Local awareness in terms of their not using piped water ................ 49 9. Local awareness in the areas where piped water is inaccessible . 50 III. SOLID WASTE AND ENVIORNMENTAL SANITATION.......................... 51 1. The situation of solid waste collection/treatment, waste water treatment and environmental sanitation in the surveyed area............ 51 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. Solid waste treatment situation of the households................ 51 Waste water treatment situation of the households .............. 53 Other environmental sanitation related problems .................. 53

2. Local awareness of solid waste collection/treatment, waste water treatment, environmental sanitation, and epidemic diseases............. 54 3. Assessement of the necessity of using solid waste collection services and willingness to use them ........................................................ 56 3.1. Necessity of the solid waste collection services ........................ 56 3.2. Willingness to use solid waste collection services of local people ........................................................................................................................... 58 4. Assessment of existing solid waste collection services in the survey areas ...................................................................................................... 58 4.1. Existing solid waste collection services in the locality............. 58 4.2. Assessment on existing services of local people in the survey area .................................................................................................................. 59 4.2. Some recommendations on supply of solid waste collection services........................................................................................................... 61 5. Communication activities and awareness building of local people in environmental sanitation ............................................................................... 63 5.1. The situation of communication activities in the surveyed areas ........................................................................................................................... 63 5.2.Some recommendations on communication activities .............. 64 PART III: RECOMMENDATIONS ON POLICES ..................................................... 66 I. CLEAN WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION............................................ 66 1. Recommendations to state management agencies and mass organizations..................................................................................................... 66

1.1. Local awareness of water source protection and use of clean water is increased........................................................................................ 66 1.2. It is needed to have a comprehensive mechanism to develop rural centralized water supply works in the province so that it is convenient to manage and operate these works and integrate sources of funding effectively.................................................................. 66 1.3. Promulgation of assistance policies to encourage rural people, poor households, ethnic groups to use clean water.......................... 67 2. Recommendations to clean water supply providers ......................... 67 2.1. It is needed to consult local people about basic indicators before clean water service projects are implemented .................................... 67 2.2. It is needed to regularly monitor and improve water supply quality during project implementation and management................. 68 II. SOLID WASTE ISSUES AND SOLID WASTE COLLECTION/TREATMENT ................................................................................................................................... 69 1. It is needed to increase local awareness of environmental sanitation through a model of regional self-management groups ......................... 69 2. It is needed speed up communication activities for keeping surrounding sanitation in order to make changes in local behaviors69 3. It is needed to provide support and investment in solid waste collection services for their improvement ................................................ 70 4. Investment in wastewater treatment systems from domestic use, livestock, and production .............................................................................. 71 III. SOME POLICIES TO FACILITATE LOCAL PEOPLE TO USE CLEAN WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION............................................. 71 1. Short-term policies...................................................................................... 72 2. Long-term policies ...................................................................................... 72

A. INTRODUCTION
Bnh nh is one of poor provinces with high density of population. Though rural infrastructure and economic conditions have been significantly improved recently, local people are facing with a difficult life and environmental problems. Clean water supply, wastewater and solid waste management, are currently considered as a key environmental concern of rural people and local authorities. Except to Ty Sn district, other remaining districts of 6 surveyed districts (Hoi Nhn, Ph M, Ph Ct, Tuy Phc, and An Nhn) are located in the delta region, close to the South China Sea. Hence, water sources are generally salined and aluminated. On the other hand, abundant use of underground water sources and water contamination by agricultural and livestock production, and domestic waste, ect are seen as key factors of polluted environment. This might directly affect health and living conditions of local people accordingly. Main purposes of this survey are to: 1. Have a quantitative description about current status of the project area, namely: o Problems related to domestic water sources, solid waste, waste water, and environmental hygiene; o Degree of existing services in water supply and environmental hygiene; o Degree of awareness of problems related to domestic water sources and environmental hygiene o Affordability and willingness of local people to use improved services in water supply and environmental hygiene. 2. Describe capacities of governmental institutes and organizations in providing such services, including private service providers, during the project/program implementation, operation and maintenance. 3. Develop basic indicators of each expected result of the Logical framework so as to measure project achievement later on, including indicators given to agencies in charge of planning, design, and implementation of rural water supply systems and of strengthened solid waste management systems; indicators of increasing awareness of using safety drinking water and protecting water sources as well as protecting environment through solid waste collection and treatment. The Final Report consists of four (4) key components. Firstly, the Report will present research methodologies, included approaches, data collection and analysis methods. The Report will then analyze the current status of centralized clean water supply projects, waste collection systems, disposal areas, and other environment and sanitation projects, state management agencies and related service providers. In this section, some areas related to project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation (M&E), data archives, training programs and advanced technology will be reviewed. The Report will also present households characteristics, existing use of water sources, solid waste treatment, and other relevant sanitation and environment, local awareness of above mentioned problems, affordability and willingness to use centralized clean water supply and strengthened solid waste collection services in the future. Based on the above analysis results, the last section will recommend basic indicators, which shall be a basis for making action plans, monitoring and evaluation of the project in the coming time.

B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
I. RESEARCH APPROACHES The survey is carried out through various approaches. The most important and initial approach is given to project stakeholders, including: Beneficiaries: households; Service providers: water supply works, solid waste collection system, and sanitation and environment; State management agency: state management units; Supporting agencies: mass organizations, social organizations, communities. Another approach is for data collection from different sources, i.e. quantitative questionnaires and household group discussion; data collection of relevant agencies and organizations and in-depth interviews with key individuals; Reports and secondary data sources; and Field observation. Finally, the survey is approached at different levels, line agencies and functional organizations: individuals, community, communes, districts, provinces, and other correlative organizations. II. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING 1. Quantitative sampling It is required that the sampling should: (1) reflect the reality of using water sources, of processing solid waste and sanitation and environment of rural households, (2) assess quality of centralized clean water supply and waste collection services in the rural area for the time being even though there is a small number of households using these services. The sampling is carried out into two stages. Stage 1. Survey locations are identified (a commune/town is seen as a sampling unit). Two communes/towns are selected for each district. Two hamlets are selected for each commune/town. In total, there are 24 hamlets of 12 communes/towns of 6 districts being selected for the survey Step 1: Communes/towns are selected based on following criteria: existing status of water sources and solid waste treatment, degrees of water supply and solid waste treatment services: good, not good, unavailable (In case those services are not available, selection criteria are made based on: residential groups, and transportation route), urgent needs. Communes/towns are selected in consultation and agreement with local leaders to ensure that vital demands are fully covered. (see the Table 1 in the Annex). Step 2: In each commune, two hamlets are selected based on following criteria: (1) In a commune where clean water supply services are available, hamlets with those services are selected; In a commune where clean water supply services are unavailable, one hamlet located in the commune center and another hamlet is far from the commune center are selected. (see table 2 in the Annex) Stage 2: Sampling unit for the survey. Thirty (30) households of each hamlet (who are connected with clean water systems or not, depending on the local living conditions) are interviewed through quantitative questionnaires. The survey is carried out to 720 households as a whole, which is classified into two (2) groups. Group 1 consists of households connected with piped water. These households (i) are connected with piped water and installed with water meters; (ii) are connected with piped water and are not installed with water meters (households are using public water taps); (iii) are connected with piped water and do not use water supply services. Groups 2 consist of households who are not connected with piped water. Step 1: Work with the Commune/Town Peoples Committee to get a list of households of two hamlets as selected in the Phase 1. 7

Step 2. Samples based on systematical random principles, and identify 30 households of each hamlet for the survey. The way of random sampling is that the number of households listed by local staff is divided by the number of surveyed households to get an interval size. That interval size is then taken to wind up with household selection. As a result, 720 households of 24 hamlets are selected, in which 25% of these households are connected to piped water (who are connected with main pipelines and use the water supply services; or who are connected with main pipelines, but do not use the water supply services); and 75% of households are not connected to the centralized clean water supply systems. Alternative sampling: In case sampled households are not living in the surveyed area; have a house but do not live in the surveyed area; or move to another area; are absent from home during the survey; or refuse to give answers to questions, alternative households are selected for the survey. The alternative sampling is applied to the next household in the remaining list. If it is impossible, the next households are taken from the first part of the household list. In reality, there are normally one or two household absent from home for their own business so interviews do not work out. Low ratio of alternative sampling enables the survey to get realizable data. Identification of a representative of each household for the interview: She/he is a head of the household or a spouse of the household head. In case she/he cannot get involved into the interview, the replacement can be made provided that that person has close relationships with that family or well understand of the familys issues. 2. Qualitative sampling In-depth interviews and group discussions are conducted with state management agencies at different levels, clean water supply and waste collection service providers, and households. Fifty nine (59) cases of agencies, institutions, mass organizations at provincial, district and commune levels are interviewed as shown in the Table 3. Besides, 36 group discussions are conducted to 321 interviewees. Main purposes of group discussions are to get characteristic information related occupation, sex, economics, ect.. Five (5) out of 36 group discussions are mixed groups of local authorities, service providers, mass organizations, and household representatives. The number of group discussions, participants, and survey areas are shown in the Table 4. 3. Secondary data collection Available reports and existing data in the locality are also collected during the survey as supplementary data for surveyors during their field survey. These information sources will complement each other and be a basis for analysis of the survey results.

C. RESEARCH RESULTS PART I. STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCIES AND SERVICE PROVIDERS I. ENVIRONMENT RELATED STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCY
1. Institutions and relations among environment related state management agencies The Provincial Peoples Committee (PPC) guides and steers all the activities related to management of water resources, environment, domestic waste and production waste within the province; assigns tasks of various departments, sectors, and the Peoples Committees at lower levels. Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) 8

The DONRE is a professional body under the PPC, acting as an advisory body to help the PPC to execute state management functions in the field of natural resources and environment, including: land, water resources, mineral resources, geology, environment, hydrometeorology, survey and mapping, integrated management of maritime and islands; to carry out public services within its management scope. Functions, tasks, roles, and organization structures of DONRE Bnh nh are regulated in the Decision No. 603/QUBND dated 19 August 2009 of the PPC. Environment Protection Sub-Department under the DONRE shall provide support to the DONRE to fulfill state management functions in the field of environment in the province. The DONRE helps the PPC to implement tasks and obligation of state management in the field of environment protection in the province: guides, organizes and implements programs, plans and assignment on environment protection; periodically steers assessment of environment situation; disseminates and educates laws on environment protection; guides to check, monitors and handles with any violations against the environment protection law; The DONRE shall be responsible for steering and coordinating with relevant departments and sectors to check and develop a system of legal documents (laws and regulations) in the field of management of water resources and solid waste for appropriate exploitation of these water resources; controlling and handling with environmental pollution problems; planning and managing plans on water resources, giving its permissions to projects on water resource exploitation. The Environment Protection Sub-Department shall be responsible for consulting with the Director of DONRE to promulgate or submit to competent authorities for their promulgation or approval of legal documents, programs, projects on environment protection in the province, for organizing and implementing legal documents, programs, projects on environment protection which are promulgated by the Central governmental agencies, the PPC, and the Director of DONRE. o Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD) The DARD shall be responsible for consulting with the PPC to guide the implementation of water supply planning in the province; for coordinating with relevant departments and sectors to make plans on development water supply systems to support production activities and daily life of the rural people; The DARD shall be responsible for steering and coordinating with relevant departments, sectors to develop legal documents in the field of water supply and rural sanitation; The DARD shall be responsible for steering the Rural Water Supply and Environment Sanitation Center to build household-scale waste water treatment models, carrying out capacity building programs on operation and management for technical staff and workers in charge of operating and managing centralized water supply works in the province; for preparing, employing, and training for human resources to operate and manage rural centralized water supply works executed by the DARD or the Center in an effective way. o Department of Construction (DOC) The DOC shall be responsible for consulting with the PPC to guide implementation of the mater plans on solid waste management in the province; for coordinating with relevant departments and sectors to make plans for implementation; The DOC shall be responsible for verifying construction planning of solid waste treatment projects; for checking and monitoring the construction and development of projects as planned;

The DOC shall be responsible for coordinating with relevant departments and sectors to promulgate legal documents in the field of construction and development of solid waste treatment projects. o District/City Peoples Committees (DPCs) The DPCc shall be responsible for organizing and executing state management functions in the field of water resources and environment sanitation within their management area; The DPCs shall be responsible for coordinating with relevant departments and sectors to make plans for investment projects on water supply works and solid waste treatment in the locality; organizing and managing water supply plans and master plans on solid waste management as approved; The DPCs shall be responsible for guiding professional bodies, related Commune/Town Peoples Committees to organizing and setting up management units of centralized water supply works and of solid waste collection/treatment for effective implementation; At district level, the Section of Natural Resources and Environment (SONRE) acting as professional body, provides support to the DPCs to execute state management functions in the field of natural resources and environment within the districts as regulated by the law and directly under the management of the DPCs, and under the professional guidance and monitoring of the DONRE. The SONRE helps the DPCs to execute state management functions in the field of environment protection at district level; guides and organizes implementation of strategies, programs, plans and projects on environment protection; organizes for registration and monitoring implementation of commitment in environment protection; disseminates and educates laws on environment protection; guides to checks, supervises and handles with violations against environment protection laws; handles with any conflict, complaints, accusation, recommendations on environment protection as promulgated in the regulations on complains and accusation and in other relevant legal documents; executes state management functions related to protection environment as authorized by provincial state management agencies related to environment protection; guides the Commune Peoples Committees to execute state management functions related to the environment protection. o Commune/Town Peoples Committee (CPC) The CPC shall be responsible for executing state management functions related to environment protection in the locality as regulated; assigning cadastral staff to take over environment protection duties. State management activities related to environment protection include: to guide, to make plans, and to organize implementation of environment protection work; to keep environment sanitation clean in their local management areas; to encourage local people to set up community regulations on environment protection; to provide guidance on integrating criteria on environment protection into assessment of typical hamlets and residential groups, and households; to identify and to deal with violations against environment protection or to report to higher state management agencies related to environment protection; to manage activities of the hamlets, residential groups and self-management groups in the area of environmental sanitation, environment protection in the locality. Mass organizations such as Womens Union, Youth Union, Farmers Association in coordination with relevant departments and sectors strengthen information education communication activities, mobilize local communities, encourage their members to actively participate in programs on clean water, solid waste and environment sanitation that can be a criteria to assess performance of their members at the end of a year. They are also core groups from provincial level to the grassroots levels provide support and run activities 10

A national week on rural clean water and environmental sanitation, World environment festivals which contribute to changes in behaviors of using clean water for domestic use, to increase awareness, and to positively change in behaviors of solid waste treatment of households and residential areas. Based on above institutions, basically, the state management in the field of environment is run in a systematical way for both in-line and cross departments/sectors, with clear assignment of their functions and tasks. In reality, depending on specific conditions, one section/department of this district can take over of tasks, which is different from a similar section of another district, i.e., on water resources, solid waste, epidemic prevention and environmental sanitation. 2. Human resources of state management agencies in the field of environment As reported on human resources of state management agencies in the field of environment in local areas, the number of officials are working for provincial departments, sectors in the field of clean water supply and environmental sanitation are 75 people, in which 28 people have university degrees in the field of clean water supply and environmental sanitation, and 47 people have vocational school degrees on clean water supply and environmental sanitation. This indicates that provincial human resources are qualified, which can meet basic demands about the state management work related to the environment issues. In 2009, provincial agencies are involved in 8 training courses specialized on clean water supply and environmental sanitation. In the field of water supply, human resources at district and commune levels are extremely limited. At district level, there is not any staff that is fully in charge of this work. These district staff work on various fields and have insufficient professional skills. At commune level, there is not any staff that is fully in charge of this work. Staff in charge of cadastral and construction take over this work. Hence, data collection and archives at grassroots level are inadequate and unsystematic. A majority of staff in charge of clean water supply and environmental sanitation are not equipped with professional knowledge (In some cases, some staff who have experiences in management work only work in a fixed term of office. Then newly appointed staff who have insufficient experience take over that work). Sometimes, 5-10 day training courses are provided by technical specialists (normally some staff who was trained previously will work as trainers for next training courses). Therefore, it is needed to have capacity building programs for specialized staff (Group discussions with staff of Ph M district, Bnh nh province, 2010); The department is only in charge of state management work. There isnt any staff who is fully in charge of one work. At the same time, these staff work in various fields. Human resources are inadequate, and have insufficient professional skills. There isnt close coordination among sectors, while professional skills differ greatly from this sector to anther sector. Hence, mutual agreement and implementation isnt highly effective. (Indepth interviews with management staff of Hoi Nhn district); In terms of professional skills, 50% of staff are qualified, the remaining staff have inappropriate background. A large number of staff become confused at work, because they dont have a background on the environment. Currently, there are one construction engineer, one architect specialized in urban planning, one vocational school staff specialized on transportation, and 1 staff with economics university degree, three collegedegree staff (specialized in electricity, thermochemistry, and mechanics). As a result, it is extremely difficult to work on clean water supply and environmental sanitation (In-depth interviews with management staff of Hoi Nhn district). Currently, human resources in the field of clean water supply and environmental sanitation are insufficient, in terms of state management level and technical issues. For some water 11

supply companies, staff is not equipped with professional knowledge. Hence, the DARD (the rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation center) will organize training courses specialized in operation and management for a pool of technical workers who in charge of operating rural centralized water supply works in the province in the future. 3. Inspection and monitoring on clean water supply and environmental sanitation Inspection and monitoring on clean water supply and environmental sanitation is carried out based on existing regulations. o Domestic water supply Inspection and monitoring on clean water supply and environmental sanitation is carried out based on regulations promulgated at the National Technique Standards QCVN 02: 2009/BYT as follows: - Inspection before supplying a water source: Test all the water quotas of A, B level, which is carried out by the water supply companies. - Periodical inspection + Regarding the quota of A level: Test this water quota, at least once every three months, which is carried out by the water supply companies; inspect, monitor a test at least once every six months, which is carried out by competent agencies (take water samples of 100% of water supply companies in their management areas; take random samples of water which are self-reflected by individuals, households for domestic use); + Regarding the quota of B level: Test this water quota, at least once every three months, which is carried out by the water supply companies; inspect, monitor, an test at least once every year, which is carried out by competent agencies (take water samples of 100% of water supply companies in their management areas; take random samples of water which are self-reflected by individuals, households for domestic use); - Some cases must be monitored suddenly: When test results of water hygiene or epidemic surveys indicate a danger of polluted water sources; When some unexpected environmental issues happen, which may affect quality of water sources; When it is exceptionally required. Sudden monitoring and decisions on monitoring levels are made by competent governmental agencies. o Environmental sanitation Responsibilities for implementing and monitoring committed environmental protection activities: Any organization and individual has a waste disposal related activities should be responsible for following contents of the approved Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report or environment protection commitment or certified environmental sanitation registration (if it have); for reporting outstanding issues and solid waste management every six months to the DONRE. The DPCs and CPCs shall be responsible for guiding, organizing and supervising implementation of contents of the environmental protection commitment. Environment protection monitoring and inspection in the province is carried out every six months. In addition, depending on specific situations, competent authorities shall have unplanned monitoring missions to small production factories, solid waste treatment agencies, polluted areas to find out corrective solutions to minimize pollution problems. Contents are required for monitoring as follows: - Check the sanitation situation of original water sources: protection walls in the area of drilled wells; construction works (including construction works of the water works); culverts, canals, drains where waste water is discharged; cattle, poultry or other animals; 12

waste water, human waste, animal waste, carscases, signboards of water source protection areas, screen cleaner, ect. - Check water treatment process, including: original lakes/tanks, water treatment using differization and demanganization process (if have), sedimentation tanks, filtration tanks, post treatment tanks, chemical substances (types, names, source, preservation, deadline, uses, storage); tools for chemical mixtures, water treatment chemical shortage, protection equipments when a problem occurs (for water supply factories); water control devices; - Check results of factory water quality tests from the last test to the present time, and archives on water quality - Check the quality of domestic water: based on national technical standards QCVN 02: 2009/BYT (in terms of physiochemical elements, ect) Monitoring is undertaken by following competent levels, as follows: - Agricultural sector (in charge of water supply): the DARD (the Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center), the DPCs (Agriculture and Rural Development Section/Economics Section); - Natural Resources and Environment Sector: DONRE (Environmental Protection SubDepartment) - Health Sector: Department of Health (Preventive Medical Care Center), Medical Care Section (Preventive medical care team); - Science and Technology Sector: Department of Science and Technology (Analysis and Testing Center) Recently, monitoring activities related to water supply and environment in the province is carried out quite effectively. However, some organizations are not highly aware of environment protection, only for their own benefits, so they are sometimes not cooperative with monitoring missions in the field of environment. Only when competent authorities put pressure on these organizations and use some administrative measures, they become more cooperative, though they are extremely reluctant. As shown in the Table 5, at provincial level, monitoring activities are carried out every quarter, every year and on basis of unplanned schedules. These missions mainly focus on three contents: assessment of water quality, environmental sanitation, and the situation of rural centralized water supply works. At district level, monitoring activities dont follow a fixed schedule. In Hoi Nhn, Ph M, and An Nhn districts, monitoring activities have available reports; however, their contents are insufficient. In the remaining districts, this information has not been kept as archives. In the reality, monitoring missions related to clean water and environmental sanitation is not periodically carried out, and their results are not highly efficient. Only some warnings or no administrative measures are given to violations related to polluted environment such as noodle production in Hoi Hng commune, animal husbandry activities in the residential areas, wastewater, and solid waste, ect 4. Archives and periodical reports Archives are done based on regulations of state management agencies, specifically: o Responsibility assignment - The DARD shall be responsible for keeping documents related to development of water supply infrastructure (supply of domestic water, irrigation), and results of implementing indicators in the province; the Section of Agriculture and Rural Development, Economics shall be responsible for keeping documents related water supply infrastructure and results of implementation in the district/city; 13

- The DONRE (Natural Resources and Environment Information Center) is authorized by the PPC to collect, process, keep as archives, use, and provide information related to natural resources and environment in the province; the Section of Natural Resources and Environment shall be responsible for keeping all the data related to the natural resources and environment in the district/city; the CPC shall be responsible for keeping all the data related to natural resources and environment within their management areas. o Documents for archives and archiving schedules - Data on water resources includes quantity and quality of surface water, underground water; hydrogeology surveys; exploitation and use of water resources, catchment-basin planning; management, exploration, and protection of water sources, results of issue, extension, revoking, license of exploitation and use of water resources; filling in and caulk of drilled wells; elements affecting water resources. Data on environment include: results of environmental surveys; data biodiversity; data on strategic environment assessment, environmental impact assessment, environmental protection commitment; results of compensations on environmental damage as approved by the competent government authorities; lists and information on solid waste sources, which cause polluted environment; areas with pollution, degradation, environmental problems, areas in a danger of environmental problems; list of organizations which causing serious environmental pollution; survey results of environmental situation, toxic waste, common solid waste; data on environmental observations, results of issue, extension, and revoking of environmental license. (Table 6) Until now, nearly all data on environmental resources have been updated as regulated. It is fairly convenient for collecting and updating data by application of information technology into data archiving. However, in some organizations, data archiving is not fully paid attention to, especially at grassroots levels. Tools for data archiving are poorly equipped. A pool of staff in charge of data archiving has insufficient skills, resulting in inadequate data and insufficient use of these data. At district level, there isnt a specialized organization, which is fully charge of environmental problems, so it is also difficult for state management in the field of environment at grassroots levels. In addition, sections/departments in charge of clean water supply and environmental sanitation management also differs from this district to another and assigned work is also not similar. Hence, it is difficult to update periodical data on ongoing programs in the locality and to get an overall picture of these related problems. Though, each district has one section/department in charge of rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation, important tasks (such as construction investment, operation, use, management, degrees of services, implementation status, maintenance, and periodical monitoring of water quality) for operating water supply works, solid waste collection, and solid waste treatment works are not clearly identified, so as to assess outputs as well as limitations of each works. During in-depth interviews, it is indicated that Functions and management tasks of the section are not specifically identified, still are general and unclear. There are not specific schedule for concrete activities. There are sometimes periodical reports. In principle, there should be monthly and quarterly reports; however, it doesnt work out. (In-depth interviews with management staff of the Section of Commerce of Ph M district). 5. Training and communication activities At provincial level, communication programs are regularly organized, especially for A national week on rural clean water and environmental sanitation, World Environment 14

Day. There is a great variation of communication approaches: propaganda, posters, actions for awareness increase, training programs on increasing awareness of rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation for beneficiary targets, information dissemination through public media (through radios, newspapers), short dramas, thematic reports to broadcast through provincial radio and television channels. Communication scopes are spread in the whole province, especially to rural and remote areas, areas with ethnic groups. Almost all participants are technical staff from provincial to grassroots levels, leaders of mass organizations at district level; commune leaders, in-charge staff and mass organization at different levels; staff in hamlets and households in beneficial areas; education sector (pupils, teachers), health sector (in charge staff). However, it is required that impact and efficiency of these activities on local people should be considered. Table 7 indicates a brief description of training and communication activities at provincial and district level. It is shown that 29 training courses have been organized with participation of 1,455 people. Training contents are extremely important, i.e. training, implementation and evaluation of implementation results of monitoring and evaluation indicators of rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation, and awareness increase on rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation. At district level, in Hoi Nhn there are various training courses and communication programs on implementation of indicators of rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation, as well as awareness increasing programs for staff of competent authorities and mass organizations. These activities have attracted 3,506 people. There are also some training courses and communication programs in Ph M, An Nhn, and Tuy Phc; however, it mainly focuses on implementation of indicators of rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation only, and it less attracts participants to join. Other districts also carry out some types of these activities; however, no information on these activities is provided. At grassroots level, staff in charge of training courses and communication programs dont have any relevant background on water supply and environmental sanitation. In-depth interviews indicate that: training courses and communication programs are currently organized in form of movement or are integrated with other programs. Especially at commune level, training courses and communication programs seem unknown to local people, and there are not enough staff with sufficient professional skills in water supply and environmental sanitation. In general, there isnt any communication program on clean water supply and solid waste as well as environmental sanitation: When it is needed, the commune only encourages local people to keep the environment clean. People in charge of management work like us as well as mass organizations dont have sufficient professional skills, so how we can talk about these types of topics. We are also in charge of other work and arent specialized in this professional work. We also dont have professional staff in this field. These programs havent been developed in a systematical way. (In-depth interview with staff at management level of Ct Lm Commune Peoples Committee); (ii) There isnt any training course on environmental sanitation in this commune yet, nobody has talked about environmental sanitation, i.e. safe water sources, and environment. In general, there isnt any dissemination activity about the environment. A team of communicators doesnt have necessary professional skills. One man who is working in the field of cadastral and land management is mainly in charge of environmental issues. So far, we dont have any opportunity for joining a training course. In case there are programs on environment and clean water supply, there should be specific contents, clear action plans, some funds, and the commune can manage effectively, coordinate, and play a key role in communication activities (In-depth interviews with the management level of M Chu commune of Ph M district). There isnt any training course on environmental sanitation as well as any document on this topic for 15

reference. This is a difficulty for capacity building of in-charge staff as well as awareness increase for local people in this field. In term of information dissemination, the commune organized meetings with its members and talked about environment related problems. These contents were developed and integrated with other thematic topics. (In-depth interviews with the management level of Phc Lc commune, Tuy Phc district). 6. Participation of institutions and mass organizations As surveyed, local people and pupils are not much concerned about these activities. Only two main programs are organized, i.e. A national week on rural clean water and environmental sanitation, World Environment Day. Specific data on participation of pupils in activities in surveyed districts have not been provided; however, in-depth interviews indicates that training-communication-education activities are not paid attended to in schools. For the time being, there are not training courses as well as communication programs on environmental issues in the schools. It is explained that human resources for these activities are not available, no professional knowledge is equipped, these contents are not mentioned in the school regulations, and especially there are no contents and a source of funds for communication programs in the school. This shortcoming cannot be blamed for the school. (In-depth interviews with management staff of M Hip Primary School of Ph M district). Regarding water sources and environmental sanitation, the school is not responsible for education programs on this topic, as it is a specialized topic, go beyond the schools capacities and its functions. There are not teachers, and staff who are specialized in this field. There are only health care staff who in charge of caring health of pupils in the school only. (In-depth interviews with management staff of Ty Sn Primary School, Ty Sn district). Numerous reports and information dissemination programs through public media are mainly done at provincial level. At district level, there is no information about these programs. During in-depth interviews, it is shown that mass organizations mainly run communication programs through verbal dissemination and integration activities into other local meetings. Mass organizations almost disseminate information in local meetings and it is mainly verbally informed about. There are no illustration pictures. There arent separate thematic programs directly disseminating to local people. Except to Womens Union, there are also separate thematic dissemination programs, cross-cutting activities, information exchange, and competition on professional understandings, workshops, and information dissemination on food security. In addition, there are some other support programs such as revolving funds for building latrines, bathrooms. Households who have not been listed for get revolving funds, they can get from saving funds of Womens Union (5 million/household). In 2008, Environmental Protection Association was set up. There are some information dissemination programs on use of bottles and jars, waste disposals, birth flu. In terms of dissemination organizations, there are no specific regulations on levels of organization. For small groups, communication programs can be done verbally. For the large scale programs, it may need to rent projectors and hire a music band. (Group discussion with staff of Ph M staff). Mass organizations, Womens Union, Farmers Association regularly run information dissemination activities; however, they are mainly cross-cutting activities. Every year, the district also provides some budgets to organize training courses for communicators in the commune (a separate thematic training course, once per year). However, these communication programs are only cross-cutting activities in the hamlet. Womens Union gets documents from the Clean Water Supply Center, make photocopies, and send to collaborators. Based on these documents, these collaborators will disseminate this information to local people. There are no people who can provide in-depth knowledge to local people. Hence, they have to coordinate with relevant sectors. Regarding 16

communication skills, commune staff get 10 points of the main content, but only can disseminate 7 points. At different levels, information to be disseminated gradually is lost, and become inadequate as its original. 7. Results of implementing basic environmental indicators of 2009 The Table 8 indicates basic indicators of water sources and the ratio of households using these sources in 2009 per area. At provincial level, approximately 18.6% of rural households (including in towns) use piped water (private and public meters), the remaining households mainly use dug and drilled wells. Out of which, there are 80.1% of hygienic dug wells and 86.4% of hygienic drilled wells. It is also shown that distribution of piped water sources greatly differs across 6 surveyed districts and 12 communes. Ph M, Tuy Phc, and An Nhn are three districts where the number of households use piped water with their own water meters is higher than average level (11.6%, 14.7%, and 15.5% respectively). These ratios do not fall into surveyed communes, as the survey mainly focuses on areas with difficulties in water sources. Regarding dug wells, there is not much difference in clean water, though northern and coastal areas have lower ratios. This ratio in drilled wells is higher and quite similar, except to Hoi Hng commune with low ratio (49.1%). In some communes, some indicators cannot be measured. Once again, this indicates weakness of statistics and data archiving at grassroots levels. These above indicators are extremely basic to assess the situation of water sources and quality of water sources being used by households. Although the ratio of organizations/agencies using water is not much more than the ratio of households, they still play a significant role due to its benefits to local people. Schools, health care centers, hospitals, ect are areas where need to have clean water sources. It is shown in the Table 9 that water sources used for offices and agencies are mainly taken from drilled wells, making up 90%, and it is quite common that some areas also have dug wells such as Ph M district. There are few offices and agencies using piped water making up a very low ratio. In general, offices and agencies have either dug or drilled wells; some agencies can connect to various water sources, not only one water source. Kindergartens, heath care centers, hospitals, schools, and governmental agencies are areas where water sources are relatively adequate. However, in some areas water still are not sufficiently supplied, especially schools in Ph M district. Among 193 schools, nearly 84 schools (making up 43.5%) are not supplied with water sources. Ph Ct, Ty Sn, and An Nhn districts cannot provide any relevant data, indicating that data archiving is not well done. During in-depth interviews, it is indicated that: The school is currently using drilled wells. Water in five areas of the school are heavily aluminated. In each area, one water-tap is installed. Actually, each area has 3 different buildings, there should be 3 water taps; however the school has not a sufficient budget for this installation. Water is tested in the school, and its hygiene standards are not secured (In-depth interviews with management staff of Primary School No. 3, Hoi Hng commune, Hoi Nhn district). Currently, the district health care center use water from drilled and dug wells (15 drilled wells and 4 dug wells). Water sources are aluminated. Drilled well is more aluminated than dug wells. Water sources, which are being used by the health care center, are pumped into the elevator tanks without any water treatment method. There are two reasons to explain why the health care center have not used piped water: (1) The piped water source has just been connected for 3-4 months, so it is not contracted yet. (2) The Health Care Center thinks that these costs are relatively high, so it is being considered for their use. In the whole district, there isnt any health care center where piped water is connected, except to use of drilled and dug wells. (In-depth interview with management board of Ph Ct district Health Care Center). 17

In terms of sanitation, as shown in the Table 10, it is estimated for the whole rural area of Bnh nh province, the ratio of households having sanitary latrines is approximately 50.2%, in which 28.5% are septic tank latrines, 14.5% are latrines with double vaults. It means that around 50% of households in the rural area dont have latrines or with unsanitary latrines it is quite a high ratio. The ratios of households with sanitary latrines is the highest in Hoi Nhn district, Ph Phong town of Ty Sn district, Binh Dinh town of An Nhn district, Phc Lc commune of Tuy Phc district. On the contrary, in some areas such as Ph Ct district, Vnh An commune of Ty Sn district, ratios of households without latrines or with unsanitary latrines is extremely high. Latrines greatly affect health and the spread of digestive problems. Therefore, this is one of the highest indicators related to environmental sanitation, which some local areas need to reach at in the coming time. For offices and organizations, almost all of them have latrines, mainly are septic tank latrines; however, there is still a low ratio of organizations which dont have any latrine (see the Table 11). The ratios of schools in Ph M district, which dont have latrines, are extremely high (86 locations dont have latrines, making up 44.6% of the total locations of schools in the district). Some markets, and offices in the district dont have latrines. Hoi Nhn and An Nhn are two districts, which have the highest ratios of latrines. However, due to insufficient data on these indicators in some other districts, it is impossible to compare this problem in a systematical way. As a result, markets and schools are areas where ratios of sanitary latrines are lower than governmental offices. Insufficient data/information of some districts shows that monitoring, statistics and archiving of basic indicators at district and commune level is not well functioned. In general, clean water supply and environmental sanitation in schools, health care centers, and other public areas in the rural areas are though concerned about, results are still low compared to actual demands. A number of schools still lack water supply and sanitation works or have these kinds of work, which cannot meet factual demand. To compare above water supply works with targets set in the Decision No. 104/QD-TTg dated 25 August, 2000 All the kindergartens, schools, and other education institutes, hospitals, clinics, offices, markets in the rural areas are supplied with clean water and have sufficient sanitary latrines, no targets have been fully achieved. o Solid waste management As estimated by solid waste collection management/transportation companies in the district/city in the province, the volume of domestic solid waste in Bnh nh province is approximately 306.6 ton/day. In which, the volume of solid waste of Quy Nhn city makes up 58% of the amount of solid waste of the whole province. Solid waste collection: In Quy Nhon city, the ratio of waste collection is approximately 58%, it is approximately 15-30% of the additional volume in the towns. Health solid waste: Approximately 700 ton/year, in which harmful health solid waste is approximately 100 ton/year (Source: A master plan of solid waste management of urban areas and industrial zones in Bnh nh province until 2020) The Table 12 indicates the ratios of agencies/organizations with solid waste and waste water management systems of surveyed districts. It is shown that health care centers, hospitals have higher ratios of using solid waste and waste water methods than other types of organizations, especially in Hoi Nhn district. This ratio is the lowest in the markets. Large scale production units also have to have solid waste and waste water treatment systems; however, there are no sufficient information in reports and data archiving. There are differences in task assignment for management agencies in different professional fields to work on environment issues, while there isnt any professional organization. Hence, various district cannot provide relevant information. 18

There is few organizations having standard solid waste and waste water treatment systems in surveyed districts. For the time being, health care centers and markets are applying home-made solid waste and waste water systems, which cannot ensure necessary environmental sanitation conditions for the community. In terms of animal husbandry, households with large-scale animal husbandry production are annually supported to build biogas plants by agriculture, science and technology, environment sectors for the rural areas. It helps to minimize pollution in animal husbandry production. However, households with medium scale animal husbandry production are coping with some difficulties in waste treatment. In-depth discussions indicate that: Some households have biogas plants for waste treatment from pig raising. On average, one household has 70 pigs. Some households dont have biogas plants, which affects surrounding environment. Actually, when biogas tanks become full due to a high amount of livestock waste, it also makes pollution and have a bad smell (In-depth interviews with management staff of Ct Tin commune of Ph Ct district). There is one market in the commune. The market is on business five times per month. When the market is active, there is one waste collector working on that day. There is a small open land near the market. When the market is closed, waste collector burn or bury waste to clean up the market. (In-depth interviews with management staff of M Chu commune of Ph M district). The commune health care center has applied health waste separation methods, in which any type of medical waste is burnt and then buried (In-depth discussion with management staff of M Chu commune of Ph M). Though basic norms have been covered, it is still agreed that clean water supply and environmental sanitation management is not well integrated. Currently, construction investment in rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation in the province are undertaken by numerous departments, sectors, organizations. Therefore, data collection, management, assessment of work quality still meet some difficulties. Operation and management of centralized water supply works after their completion of competent authorities, especially at district and commune levels are not well paid attention to. After their completion, these works are handed over to commune authorities for their operation and management; however, technical workers normally lack sufficient professional skills, and additional materials and chemicals are seldom provided as a supplementary source. Some required operation and management steps are skipped, which dont work out based on operation procedures. Consequently, water quality is reduced, service quality become worse, operation of these works is not efficient, maintenance work is inadequate, and investment efficiency cannot be seen. Integration of various programs/projects in the same area is not well paid attention to. Mobilization of resources, economic components, and local contributions in the beneficiary areas for further expansion of water supply networks to each household is still slow. Consequently, it takes time for centralized water supply projects to increase their efficiency. Communication education and social mobilization play very important roles; however, guidance and concerns in this field are highly limited, in terms of communication tools and human capacities. A process of socialization in the field rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation has not been developed. There is a lack of pilot models and/or samples for further study and upscaling in the province. Collection of domestic and healthcare waste has achieved some positive results, however, it still differs from one location to another. In towns, it is considered as initial achievement (approximately 15-30% of the total volume). In other rural areas, waste almost is buried or burnt in streams and canals, which seriously polluted environment. 19

Socialization and privatization of solid waste management has been run by local areas; however, there is a shortage of mechanism to stimulate these organizations. Almost all the local areas have to provide additional financial support to these organizations for continuity of activities. There are available models for recycling, reusing and processing compost; however their results are still unclear. Medical solid waste burners have been invested in three health care centers only (a hospital of Bng Sn area, a hospital of Ph Phong area and a pulmonary tuberculosis hospital), in which their capacity can be served for their volume of waste only. A majority of solid waste dumpsites in the province are illegal, open, and unhygienic ones, which have caused pollution to the surrounding environment. Industrial waste has not been treated as instructed. Although there are some models and pilot projects, failure still occurs after the project completion. Though some results can be recognized, it should be admitted that implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection in the province is still insufficient and ineffective. For example, supervision and management of violations against the Law on Environmental Protection of enterprises in industrial zones and industrial groups has been strengthened; however, its efficiency is low. Different types of waste water, smoke, noise, ect have caused environmental pollution in industrial zones, which has not been overcome. The reason is that a large number of enterprises have not discharged waste water into a public waste water collection system of the industrial zone At district level, state management in the field of environmental protection in industrial zones has not been paid attention to. Some enterprises have not prepared reports on environmental impact assessment, only around 50% of them has developed dossiers related on environment. Nearly all the industrial zones have not developed centralized waste water treatment works. Environment pollution in numerous industrial zones has not been handled with. In addition, the number of enterprises who should be punished for their violations against environment is lower than the actual figures. Forms of punishment are still insufficient to stop them from causing these kinds of violations. Numerous business enterprises have been irresponsible for environment protection. 8. Planning o Clean water supply Decision No. 5284/Q-BNN-KH dated 20 November, 2000 of Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development is for approval of rural water supply and environmental sanitation planning of Bnh nh province for the period of 2000-2010. (Currently, a consultancy company is reviewing for any adjustment of this plan). Accordingly, Bnh nh needs to reach following criteria until end 2010: + 85% of rural households can access clean domestic water for their consumption of 60 liters per person per day; + 70% of households have sanitary latrines for their use; + 100% of education institutions, schools, heath care centers in the rural area are supplied with clean water and developed with sanitary latrines. According to the master plan on socio-economic development of Bnh nh province until 2020, till 2015, 100% of local people are supplied with clean water for their domestic use, and till 2020, all the rural households use clean water, as indicated at national clean water standards, with a consumption of at least 60 liters per person per day, use sanitary 20

latrines, and ensure their personal hygiene and commune/hamlet environmental sanitation. o Solid waste treatment Decision No. 637/Q-UBND dated 27 August 2009 of the Provincial Peoples Committee approved a master plan on urban solid waste management and solid waste management of industrial zones in the province until 2020. Accordingly, until 2015, 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhn city, 70% of total domestic solid waste in other urban areas are collected and treated; 100% of domestic solid waste in urban areas are separated at source. It is targeted till 2020 that, 80% of total domestic solid waste is collected and treated. Accordingly, targets in clean water, sanitation and solid waste have been set for the year of 2010, 2015, and 2020. The PPC has guided relevant departments and sectors in local areas to implement these activities. However, these guidance still have some weak points: It is only targeted at clean water and environment in the rural areas, but not for solid waste treatment. Objectives of waste water treatment has been developed yet. Investment implementation meets some difficulties because (i) project plans are normally unpractical, (ii) local contributions are not mentioned, mainly depending on planning objectives, (iii) it sometimes doesnt meet demand of local beneficiary communities, and (iv) participation of local people in the projects seem to be invisible, and (v) investment capitals are still limited. However, development of above mentioned planning projects has strategically outlined an overall picture on strategic orientation and an overall picture on water supply and solid waste management in the province. It is also a basis for relevant local departments and sectors to make plans for implementation, to call for investors for their involvement in, and to attract investment capitals of international organizations. In the surveyed districts, basic indicators on clean water and sanitary latrines as follows: Until 2010, at least 82% of households use clean water, which shall be increased to 100% in 2015. Some districts have to reach higher ratios such as An Nhn and Tuy Phc (to 90% in 2010). Until end of 2010, at least 60% of households have sanitary latrines in districts, which should be increased to 85% in 2015 (see the Table 13). Until end 2010, 50% of total domestic solid waste in towns and rural centralized residential groups are collected and treated; 80% of solid waste in industrial zones are separated, collected, and treated by applying appropriate methods. Until 2015, 70% of total domestic solid waste in towns and rural centralized residential groups are collected and treated; 100% of solid waste in industrial zones are separated, collected, and treated by applying appropriate methods. Until end 2010, 100% of total waste discharged by production units is treated in accordance with regulated treatment standards before it is discharged into the environment. 9. General assessment on state management in the field of clean water supply and environmental sanitation o Clean water and sanitation In a word, with positive concern and active guidance of Executive Committees of the Party at different levels, of the PPC, of relevant departments and sectors in the province, legal documents on water supply and sanitation in the province have been promulgated, which is a basis for execution and implementation. In addition, specialized planning projects have been set up, which can be served for monitoring and implementation. Moreover, regulations on implementation management are also developed. 21

However, water supply and sanitation in the rural areas are one of extreme difficulties for monitoring and implementation - low benefits, losses for a long time, mainly for serving. Therefore, socialization of these fields is coping with various difficulties, especially in attracting economic sectors for their involvement. Some organizations, which work on rural water supply and sanitation currently, have to prepare additional budgets to maintain its operation. Recently, management and development of rural clean water supply infrastructure has created a relatively satisfactory/better picture. So far, in the rural areas of Bnh nh province, a shortage of domestic water in the dry season is partly overcome. Investment implementation and operation of large-scale rural clean water supply projects have been implemented, i.e. water supply for East Tuy Phc, for Bnh Tng and Vnh An communes of Ty Sn district, 9-town water supply, which outline a new appearance for potential rural areas. In addition, operation and management of rural clean water supply works has been gradually run in a professional way, especially with active involvement of the agricultural sector. It is initially satisfactory when the DARD directly assign tasks for the Rural Clean Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center to operate and manage rural clean water supply works. With a existing pool of qualified staff, the Rural Clean Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center will play a core part in operation and management of rural clean water supply works in the province in the coming time. In the future, based on different sources of funding, the DARD shall invest in construction of inter-commune/inter-district large-scale works (i.e. Ph Ct water supply, water supply for Ty Giang and Ty Thun-Ty Sn communes, water supply for Nhn Ho-An Nhn commune, water supply for southeast Hoi Nhn, water supply for Ph M coastal area, ect...). It is one of positive changes to integrate socio-economic development of rural areas into the urban areas. However, post-investment management is coping with some difficulties: projects/works is managed by local authorities; works are invested by the Program 134, 135; management and operation has not been paid attention to in an efficient way; almost all the works are handed over to local authorities for their management (the CPCs) or involved organizations have insufficient capacities; maintenance work is not highly concerned about; works are quickly downgraded and cannot make full use of its capacity, resulting in ineffective/wasteful investment. o Solid waste management Thanks to concerns and guidance of Executive Committees of the Party and of competent authorities at different levels, and of relevant sectors, solid waste collection and treatment in the province has gone through positive changes recently. So far, local areas in the province have made plans and invested in building solid waste dumpsites; however, nearly all of them in districts are not hygienic no treatment of flowing water from garbage and scattered disposal of solid waste. Dumpsites are only for temporary disposal of waste and are not circled with surrounding walls. Management and operation of solid waste dumpsites is not well functioned, causing pollution to the surrounding environment. Currently, domestic solid waste in the province has not been separated at source. A total amount of solid waste is collected and transported to dumpsites by some types of vehicles. In the dumpsites, recyclable solid waste is separated and collected by a pool of waste collectors. The remaining waste is buried or burnt. The amount of solid waste for composting production is not worth considering. At district level, solid waste collection is only being connected in towns and residential areas along the main roads. The ratio of waste collection is low, making up 15-30%. Solid waste collection/treatment organizations almost do not work effectively, and additional budgets are needed for their annual losses. There is a variation of operation models. i.e. 22

co-operatives, public transportation unit, private enterprises. However, tools and vehicles for solid waste collection of some organizations are poorly equipped (In Ty Sn and Ph Ct districts, ect, there are no specialized vehicles). II. Situation of projects on centralized water supply, solid waste and waste water treatment, and environmental sanitation in the project area 1. Centralized water supply According to the Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center, there are currently 119 rural centralized water supply works with various types of water supply, and numerous operation and management models (table 14a,14b, 14c). Regarding types of water supply, there are 84 gravity works and 34 conduction pump works. Regarding management models, 3 water supply works are managed by the Clean Water Supply Center, 7 works are managed by the Water Supply Company, 8 works are managed by enterprises, 4 works are managed by the District Management Boards, 6 works are managed by co-operatives, and 91 works are managed by the Commune Peoples Committee. Among 6 rural water supply management models as mentioned above, the model managed by the Commune Peoples Committee is the most common. Recently, rural centralized water supply works have been implemented through different investment sources such as the National Target Program on Rural Clean Water and Environmental Sanitation; Program 134, 135; loan capitals (World Bank, ADB); capital for resettlement, funding (Kingdom of Belgium, Holland, JIBIC, International CARE Vietnam), ect. On the basis of above a source of funds, a number of relatively large-scale works have been implemented by the province, including: Phc Sn Water Supply Works of Tuy Phc district (water is supplied to 32.000 people), 9-town Water Supply Project (water is supplied to 110,435 people), Water Supply Works for Bnh Tng and Vnh An communes of Ty Sn district (water is supplied to 13,000 people), ect, which have initially led to satisfactory results. In the coming time, large-scale works continued be implemented by the province based on above investment capitals, including: Ph Ct District Water Supply Works (which is funded by the Kingdom of Belgium and water is supplied for households in 7 communes of Ph Ct and Tuy Phc districts); Nhn Ho Commune Water Supply Works of An Nhn district (water is supplied to approximately 28,000 people); ng Nam Water Supply Works of Hoi Nhn district (water is supplied to households of 4 communes); Coastal Commune Water Supply Works of Ph M district (water is supplied to households of 5 communes); Water Supply Works of Nhn Hu and Nhn M communes of An Nhn district. As a whole, a pool of staff in charge of operation and management of rural centralized water supply works in the district areas, mainly at grassroots level, has low backgrounds. In some units, some staff has insufficient professional skills. In terms of equipment and technology, 24 out of 119 works are equipped with a complete water treatment system, in which some works are equipped with an automatic control system (Phc Sn Water Supply Works of Tuy Phc district, and a 9 Town Water Supply Works Project). However, there is still some primitively equipped water supply works (i.e. gravity water supply works in the mountainous communes), it is quite difficult to control the water quality. In general, a number of centralized water supply works in the province dont work effectively, which mainly focus on low-capacity works managed by the locality poor performance and degradation of works. To overcome this situation, the Provincial Peoples Committee (PPC) issued Regulations on operation and management of rural domestic water supply works of Bnh nh province dated 3 March, 2010. It is a basis for monitoring and implementation of relevant sectors at different levels. 23

For the time being, awareness building programs on rural clean water is almost run by the Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center. Mass organizations from provincial to grassroots level seldom involve in these communication programs. For water supply works/projects, which are implemented and managed by the district level and/or relevant departments/sectors, communication programs to increase awareness of local people in the project area do not work out. In 6 project districts, there are 33 centralized clean water supply projects in total, including 5 works in Hoi Nhn district, 10 works in Ph M district, 5 works in Ph Ct district, 5 works in An Nhn district, 4 works in Tuy Phc district, and 4 works in Ty Sn district. In terms of technology, 19 out of 33 works are equipped with complete water treatment systems. However, some works are simply constructed (only with sedimentation, filtration, and without dehydrators). It is normally difficult to control the water quality. In terms of management models, 14 works are managed by the Commune Peoples Committee, 8 works are managed by enterprises, 3 works are managed by the District Management Boards, 5 works are managed by co-operatives, and 3 works are managed by the Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center. In terms of the design capacity, nearly all the works are designed with small and medium capacities, from a works with capacity of 50 m3/day for Giang hamlet of Vnh An commune to another works with capacity of 3,850 m3/day for local people of Bng Sn-Tam Quan group. Though some water supply works are working at high capacity, some other works only can operate at 30% of its capacity or are out of order. Small-scale supply works are normally managed by Commune Peoples Committees or co-operatives; meanwhile some larger-scale works are managed by enterprises or the Clean Water Supply Center (see the Table 14d). Basically, a pool of staff in charge of operation and management of water supply works in the 6 project districts still have limited capacities. A pool of staff who have high capacity and sufficient professional skills mainly work for water supply factories of Phc Sn (Tuy Phc), of Bnh Tng (Ty Sn), of Nhn Tn (An Nhn), of 9 towns, and of some water supply works managed by the District Management Boards. A pool of staff in-charge of works managed by the Commune Peoples Committee still have insufficient professional skills. Hence, it is required that operation and management units should prepare a capacity building programs for their staff in the future so that they can fully take over the new technological process. In terms of operation regulations, water supply works of 6 districts (except to water supply works of Giang hamlet of Vnh An commune and of Bnh Tn commune) are operating based on regulations on operation and management of rural domestic water supply works of Bnh nh province In terms of communication activities, this area is constituted with over 85% of total population in the whole province. Its territory is complex (made up of mountains, plain, and coastal areas). There is also a high variation in ethnic groups and great differences in local awareness. Therefore, communication activities and awareness increase programs on clean water are mainly carried out in these areas. In the same situation of the whole province, operation and management of rural centralized water supply works in the province still have some difficulties, especially in financial management. For some water supply works, expenses cannot be covered by receipts, they are at loss for a long time, and their capacity isnt fully used, namely: o Hoi Hi commune water supply works, water supply works for Hoi Hi resettlement areas, water supply works of Hoi M commune Hoi Nhn district; o Water supply works of hamlet 7 and hamlet 9 of M Thng commune; M Phong commune water supply works; M Th commune water supply works, M Ti commune water supply works of Ph M district; 24

o East-An Nhn three-commune water supply works; o Rural centralized water supply works managed by the Commune Peoples Committees.

Main reasons of these problems are: o Water consumption is too low, because local people save on water. Nearly all households only use piped water for drinking, and use well water sources, which are not clean, for other domestic use. o A pool of staff and workers in charge of operation and management of some units/organizations have insufficient professional skills and are not well qualified. Some water supply units are irresponsible and are not concerned about water quality. Maintenance services are not well cared, so water quality is insufficient. o The feasibility study and surveys for preparation of investment works is inadequate. As a result, users are not interested in the project/works after its completion. Inadequacy in site survey, water source exploration, analysis of water quality, selection of treatment technologies is a cause of unsecured water quality and negative thinking of local people. Since the Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center took responsibility for operation and management of rural centralized water supply works, it has proved its high efficiency and brings out a new look at operation and management of water supply works. In addition, the District Project Management Boards and co-operatives are seen effective models, which contribute to create a variation in types of operation. To obtain an in-depth assessment of the situation of water supply works, 13 water supply works in towns/districts and communes in the project area are typically analyzed during the survey. The Table 15 indicates sources of funding and ratios of investment of supply water works. On the basis of investment capitals for 13 rural water supply works, it is estimated that, the average investment value for one water supply works is approximately 9.4 billion VND, in which approximately 25% is taken from governmental budgets, 66% is taken from international donors, 5.6% is from local community or investors contribution, and the remaining 3.2% is from private sectors. It is indicated that governmental and international budgets are main sources of funding for water supply works; meanwhile contributions of private sectors and local commune are still low. However, scale of investment of water supply projects, and governmental and international budgets are completely different issues. For some large-scale projects such for Bng Sn, Tam Quan, Hoi Tn, Hoi Ho water supply works, they are mainly funded by international donors. Meanwhile small-scale projects such as Phc Sn water supply works (Tuy Phc), it is mainly financed by the government. On average, design capacities of these water supply works are approximately 1,500 m3/day, in which 500 m3/day is seen as the lowest capacity and 3,850 m3/day is seen as the highest capacity. Depending on total investment and technological process, and average investment value for 1 m3/day is approximately 6 million VND, in which the lowest average investment value is 1.7 million VND and the highest is 20 million VND. In line with total investment and technological process, one water supply works can serve approximately 3,300 households on average, and average investment value per household is approximately 2.8 million VND. Almost all the water supply works has an average investment value per household is from 1 to 2 million VND, and to 4 million VND in some cases.

25

As shown in the Table 16, except to some water supply works, which have been operated just before and after the year of 2000, nearly all works have been run since 2009. In which, only a few water supply works use surface water sources, and others almost use underground water sources. Compared to their design capacity, water supply works is currently working at 43% of water volume on average. Out of them, some water supply works is operating at its original design capacity such as Phc Sn commune water supply works (100%), Phc Thun commune water supply works (97.8%) of Tuy Phc district, and Ty Sn waterworks (93.3%). These are water supply works, which was kicked off as the earliest (in 1996, 2005, and 2001 respectively). Meanwhile, other water supply works, which has been operated since 2009, only reach to 20-30% of its design capacity. This indicates that, it takes more time to enlarge water supply networks and to increase household water consumption. In comparison with yield of water use and design capacity, the ratio of households using water in reality is much higher than the ratio of the design capacity (64.4% of households). For some water supply works which have been just operated, the ratio of households using water is extremely high, but the ratio of exploration capacity is low. For example, for water supply works of Bng Sn, Tam Quan, Hoi Tn, and Hoi Ho, the ratios are 53.1% and 11,6% respectively. This indicates that the average water consumption per household is much lower than it is expected. Currently, it is found that the situation of household water consumption is not as successful as it is expected. Existing consumption capacity is only about 20% of design capacity. Water supply works is not highly sustainable. Water consumption of water supply works is decreasing when it is compared with estimated water consumption. The reason is that some households still use other water sources due to their economic conditions. (In-depth interviews with management levels of Bnh nh Water Supply Company, 2010). This low water consumption is a main cause of unbalance between receipt and expenses of service providers. Besides, other important indicator in term of quality of water supply works is the ratio of the loss of safe water resources. Based on data of 10 water supply works, the average ratio of water loss is 24.2%. It is a quite high ratio, especially for newly invested water supply works. The works with lowest ratio of water loss are Ph M town water supply factory (12%) and East-An Nhn thee-commune water supply works (17%). For some water supply works, this ratio is increased to 30-40%, i.e. Bnh nh town water supply works, and Tuy Phc town water supply works. This is one of the most important problems which need to priorly handled with to increase efficiency of water use. Regarding human resources for operating water supply works, it is shown in the Table 17 that the around 7 people are in charge of one works on average, in which 1-2 are engineers, 2-4 people graduate from vocational schools, and 2 are technical workers. Basically, these human resource are sufficient to requirements of operation and management of a water supply works. However, human resources differ from one location to another. A pool of engineers mainly work for key water supply works. For example, out of 20 engineers, Bng Sn, Tam Quan, Hoi Tn, Hoi Ho water supply works have 6 engineers, Ph M water supply works have 4 engineers making up half of the engineer pool. For some small-scale water supply works, i.e. Phc Sn water supply works and Phc Thun water supply works (of Tuy Phc) are mainly managed by technical workers. Nearly all the water supply works are operated based on management regulations and provide their staff with annual training courses on water issues. However, specific figures of participants are not sufficiently provided. Almost all surveyed water supply works are operated based a model of enterprises, so human resources, management regulations, and annual training courses can mostly meet basic requirements of work management. For works which are managed by the Commune Peoples Committees, the quality of human resources are lower, and elaboration of operation and management and capacity building activities are not paid attention to. 26

A water tariff is a factor, which affect water consumption of customers and economic efficiency of the water supply works. As shown in the Table 18, a charge of one cubic meter of water for domestic use of one household is approximately 3,000 VND, for office operation is approximately 4,000 VND, and for business activities are 6,000 VND. However, water tariffs differ greatly, depending on types of water supply works. For rural clean water supply works, local people can benefit from preferential water prices, in comparison with regular prices. All the rural clean water supply works, which are working through any technological process need to ensure basic standards. Some common indicators of water should be periodically tested. Similar to other rural clean water supply works of Bnh nh province, various small-scale water supply works, which are working through low technological process and managed by the Commune Peoples Committee, are not properly concerned about in terms of quality verification. Therefore, it is difficult to control the water quality. 2. Solid waste treatment In 11 districts/city of Bnh nh province, only An Lo district doesnt have any solid waste collection service. Other mountainous areas such as Vnh Thnh, Vn Canh also have solid waste collection services in the markets and along the main roads of the towns. In Qui Nhn city, a solid waste collection network is quite sufficiently developed, which is operated through Qui Nhn Urban Environmental Company Ltd., in 16 out of 20 wards/communes, and through a community-based composting production and solid waste management board in Nhn Ph ward. Meanwhile other remaining districts only have solid waste collection services in towns and some communes where there are centralized residential groups. The Table 19 indicates solid waste collection providers, scopes of work, and dumpsites in 6 survey districts. In Hoi Nhn district, there are two solid waste collection service providers, i.e. Nguyn Tn Company Ltd., works in 9 communes/towns, and Bng Sn Ty Agricultural Production Co-operative in Bng Sn town. In Ph M and Ph Ct, solid waste collection is provided by the District Public Transportation Unit, in 5 communes of each district. In An Nhn, there are two solid waste collection service providers, i.e An Nhn Urban Environmental Company is operating in 5 communes/towns (including two communes of Tuy Phc district), and Nhn Th Company Ltd., is operating in 5 communes. In Tuy Phc,.H Thanh Landscape and Environment Company Ltd., provides its services to 11 communes and two towns. In Ty Sn, Ph Phong II agriculture production and service co-operative take over waste collection in 4 communes/town. Some districts such as An Nhn, Tuy Phc, and Hoi Nhn have a larger scale of solid waste collection than other remaining districts. However, not all the households in these communes/towns where solid waste collection services are accessible use these services. Solid waste collection is mainly served in towns and along the main roads where there are centralized residential groups only. In the province, the largest area for waste disposal is Long M dumpsite of Qui Nhn city, with an area of 30,000m2. Though it is better planned and managed than in other areas, this dumpsite just can meet some basic technical standards and appears to be overload. .H Thanh Landscape and Environment Company Ltd., of Tuy Phc district also disposes of garbage in this dumpsite. As raised by local people who live nearby the Long M dumpsite that disposal of waste here has caused pollution in the environment and daily life of local people. It also becomes an urgent problem, not only in this area, but also in the areas in the province. Only some dumpsites, which are located in Ty Sn, Ph Ct, An Nhn districts, have quite large scale (from 10.000m2 and more). Other remaining dumpsites are small scale ones, only few thousand square meter. Hoi Nhn is a typical sample, which indicates difficulties in planning permanent dumpsites far from the residential areas. No communes expect to have dumpsite planed in their areas, which 27

result in separation and disruption of solid waste treatment process. A location for dumpsite planning is a pressing social and environmental issue and it is difficult for find out appropriate solutions for the time being. When collecting solid waste at additional sources, almost all the localities function quite well. Human resources used for waste collection/treatment basically meet the current demand. In districts, there are around 5-7 people in charge of waste collection and treatment. However, most of these laborers are unskilled, insufficiently educated, and lack of professional skills. Some solid waste collection providers dont have specialized vehicles to carry garbage to the dumpsites such as in Ty Sn district, and Ph Ct district (currently, dumper trucks are used for garbage transporation). Exisiting solid waste treatement methods are burning garbage on the site, digging holes for burying garbage, and dredging with lime to protect environmental sanitation. Waste separation at source has not been applied, solid waste has not been recycled and reused. Excpetionally, some collection workers pick out waste-paper and plastics for selling to earn more incomes. Dumpsites are almost for temporary use, are not circled by walls, are not sufficiently hygienical. Leakage of waste water isnt treated, and solid waste is naturally disposed of in any place. Existing waste treatment steps are to deodorize, decontaminate, and bury garbage. Dumpsites are constructed in form of half underground and half above the ground. Waste colleciton treatment in the dumpsites is not well operated, which cause arising polutions to the neighbouring environment. Most of waste collection/treatment service providers in the province are some public organizations and private enterprises. These organizations are almost supported by local authorities to purchase equipment, and with operational costs and on-site waste treatment expenses (due to the unbalance between receipts and expenses). Laborers incomes are quite low (600,000-1,000,000 VND per person per month). Service providers fail to do this business due to low collection fees from each household (10,000 VND per household per month). Additionally, they mainly work in a large rural area, with scattered residential groups. It is costly in terms of time consumption when a service provider has to pay for; while transportation distance is far (40km on average for the whole route). Almost all garbage is buried, not recycled and reproduced. Behaviors of waste disposal of local people are critical points. Local people do not well follow up waste collection schedules and dispose of garbage at right collection points, so it is time consuming for collection workers to gather up it. Recently, communication programs on environmental protection have been more concerned about by various sectors and mass organizations. Accordingly, local awareness is highly improved. However, it is needed to regularly run communication programs to help a part of local people positively change their behaviors. 3. Waste water Currently, there is not any centralized wastewater treatment works in 6 project districts. Waste water from domestic use, livestock, and production activities discharged by organizations and individuals are self-treated. Common waste water treatment methods are being applied currently, namely: o For households: it is treated through a biogas plant, with a scale of 2.5-20m3, serving for small production houses. This is a simple technology, easy to be built and convenient to be operated. o For small scale production units: Aerobic treatment system is normally used by foodstuff production and process units. Filtration and sedimentation are normally used by ashlar stone manufacturing enterprises) 28

Currently, waste water from domestic use, livestock, and production activities is one of the main concerns. Livestock waste from households and farms causes environmental pollution in the rural areas to an alarming level. Some small production units seldom use waste water treatment methods, or do not apply water treatment methods properly and still discharge waste water into the environment, causing serious pollution. State management in the field of waste water is facing many difficulties. Some production units often take an affected action to work with monitoring missions, and even are not cooperative with competent authorities.

29

PART II: FOR HOUSEHOLDS

I. DESCRIPTION OF INTERVIEWEES AND SURVEYED HOUSEHOLDS 1. Characteristics of interviewees Quantitative questionnaires are used to interview 720 household representatives during the survey. Out of interviewees, 86.7% of them are household heads or their spouse, and 52% of male interviewees get involved into the survey. There is no much difference in communes and districts when they are compared each other. Regarding ethnic groups, there is a majority of Kinh people (91.8%), and other ethnic groups of Ba Na (8.2%) in Vnh An commune, Ty Sn district. As interviewees are mainly household heads or their spouses, they are beyond mainly middle-aged ones. The average age of the interviewees is 47. There is around 10.3% of interviewees who are under 30 years old, around 51.9% of them who are 30-50 years old, and 37.8% of them over 50 years old. This age structure indicates that interviewees are experienced ones and well understand their family status. The Table 20 also indicates average levels of education in the rural areas. The survey sample also indicates 28.8% of primary-school or lower level interviewees, 46.7% of secondary-school ones, and 24.6% of high-school or higher education level ones. There is no much difference among surveyed districts, except to An Nhn district with 38.7% of high-school interviewees (due to Bnh nh towns contributions). However, there is a much difference when comparing education levels of towns and communes. There are 59.3% of high-school interviewees in Bnh nh town, and then 42.9% in Ph Phong town. Particularly, in Vnh An commune, there are 7% of high-school interviewees only and 78.9% of primary-school interviewees. Much difference in education levels may largely affect awareness and willingness of households to connect water supply, waste water treatment, and sanitation and environment services. Occupational structures reflect levels of economic development, living conditions, and local awareness to a certain extend. It is shown in the Table 21 that around 59.7% of interviewees mainly live on agriculture and forestry production. Around 24% of them live on non-agriculture production activities, including small scale industries, small business, and salaried work (e.g. construction workers, carpenters, ect). Only a small number of interviewees (6.7%) are officials, who are normally well educated. These people have stable jobs and social positions in the rural area. Around 10% of the population is old/sick people or housewives, who do not work outside. These occupational structures are quite popular in rural society of Vit Nam. There are two different aspects when a comparison among various areas is made. To a certain extend, it is a ratio of non-agriculture production activities among different communes. Several communes mainly work on agro-forestry production, so there is a low ratio of non-agriculture activities, i.e. Vnh An, Ct Lm, and M Chu. On the contrary, there is a quite high ratio of non-agriculture activities in some other communes, i.e. Tam Quan Nam (39%), Phc Thng (33.9%), Phc Lc (30.5%). Small scale industries are mainly based on available natural resources, such as products made from coconut fiber, by knitting, ect, which plays an important role in non-agriculture production activities in the commune. Almost remaining communes have a ratio of non-agricultural activities of around 20%. Another difference is a comparison between communes and towns. The ratio of non-agricultural activities of Bnh nh town is around 50.9%, and is 31.7% in Ph Phong town. These occupation structures indicate a higher level of development and higher density of population of some towns and communes that is well-developed with non-agricultural activities than remaining communes. This may influence possible 30

connection to clean water supply, waste collection, and sanitation and environment services.

2. Households characteristics The Table 22 indicates characteristic research of surveyed households. The average household size of those interviewed is around 4.3 people and there is no much difference between communes with districts. A ratio of poor households is around 12.5%; however there is much difference among districts and communes. Tuy Phc and An Nhn districts have a lowest ratio of poor households, 4.1% and 5.9% respectively. Communes of these two districts also have lowest ratio of poor households. Hoi Nhn, Ph M, and Ph Ct districts have a little lower ratio of poor households than the average ratio. A mountainous ethnic commune Vnh An especially has a high ratio of poor households, making up 64.9% of surveyed households. Bnh nh and Ph Phong towns also has a low ratio of poor households. In addition, households with poor books make up 13.6% of 720 surveyed households in 24 communes/towns. Several communes have a high ratio of households with poor books, i.e. Tam Quan Nam (28.3%) and Hoi Hng (16.4%) of Hoi Nhn district, M Hip (19.7%) and M Chu (16.7%) of Ph M district, Vnh An (17.5%) of Ty Sn district. Poor households and households with poor books mainly live in previously revolutionary areas and disadvantaged ones. A living house is a basic indicator which shall reflect local living conditions. As storms/floods often appear, almost households have well-structured and semi-structured houses (99.2%). Around 55.3% of households have semi-structured houses. Only 0.8% of households have temporary houses. There is not too much difference in house quality of different communes. Only Vnh An has lower quality of houses, with 89.5% of semistructured ones. Bnh nh and Ph Phong towns have a high ratio of structured houses (only 28.8% and 38.1% of semi-structured houses respectively). Almost households have a power system connected. However, the distance between a houses to the main road should be taken into account when talking about possibility of connecting to piped water sources, waste collection and wastewater treatment systems. In general, around 22.4% of households live more than 100m far from the main road. Some communes, like M Chu commune, there are even 73.3% of households living far from the main road. A scatter of various households or a long distance from the main road might be an main obstacle to get connection to clean water supply, and sanitation and environment services. Additionally, livestock production in the rural area should be paid attention to. Around 51.3% of households are running livestock production activities, normally inside the garden or nearby their houses. Several communes particularly have a high ratio of livestock production such as M Chu (91.7%), M Hip (73.8%) of Ph M district, Ct Lm (82.5%) of Ph Ct district, and Vnh An (80.7%) of Ty Sn district. Even in Ph Phong town, nearly 28.6% of households are running livestock production activities. This is a main source which causes water and air pollution in the rural area. Incomes are one of the most important indicators which shall reflect local living conditions. It is also a main basis to assess possibility of using clean water supply and environmental hygiene services. Levels of incomes and income structures are shown in the Table 23. In general, the average per capita income of one household is 877.000 Vietnam Dong (VND)/month. Levels of incomes of different areas are highly different. The highest incomes fall into the Bnh nh town (with 1,498,000 VND/month), Ph Phong town as the next one (1,298,000 VND/month). In both Phc Thng and Phc Lc communes of Tuy Phc district, the average per capita income is over 1,000,000 VND/month. In other remaining communes, per capita incomes are lower than the average per capita incomes. 31

Especially households of Vnh An commune of Ty Sn district have per capita incomes of 314,000 VND/month, which is much lower than other remaining areas. Regarding income structures, incomes of trading services, salaried work, and plantation are highest ones, of 21.2%, 20.4%, and 18.8% respectively. Regular salaries, livestock production, and retirement, allowance are also high incomes, 16.9%, 10.6%, and 9.9% respectively. It is showed in households income structures that incomes from agricultural activities are only around 30% of the total income. Other incomes from salaried work and trading services are around 40%. Incomes from salaried work of official economic sector are mainly generated from a small number of local people, who work for local administrative sectors. However, there is a very high difference in income structures of different areas, which much depends on local natural conditions. In some communes, incomes from plantation are over 30% of the total income, i.e. Hoi Hng, M Chu, Ct Lm, Nhn An, and Vnh An. Meanwhile, in some areas, incomes from agriculture are very low, such as Bnh nh town (1.3%), Ph Phong town (4.6%), Phc Lc commune (11.5%). In some communes, incomes from the livestock production are high, included Tam Quan Nam commune, Hoi Hng of Hoi Nhn district, M Chu of Ph M district, Ct Lm of Ph Ct district, and Vnh An of Ty Sn district. Where there is a high density of population such as two towns, incomes from livestock are quite limited. When incomes from livestock play an important role in some areas, it has become a high challenge in planning or reducing the livestock activities in rural areas. There is no much difference in incomes from salaried work among different areas as it depends on popularity and flexibility of the local market. However, there are much difference in incomes from trading services and wages, depending on convenient or inconvenient locations. Apart from Bnh nh town and Ph Phong town, as prominent areas, several communes have high ratios of these two income sources, i.e. Phc Thng, Phc Lc of Tuy Phc district. Normally, these areas have more advanced development levels and better conditions to connect to clean water supply and environmental hygiene services. An in-depth analysis of the income distribution of different residential groups (as shown in the Table 24) that there is considerable difference in 5 income groups. The 20% of the lowest income group only get 257.000 VND/person/month; meanwhile 20% of the highest income group gets 1,940,000 VND/person/month. Although it is 7.5 times of difference in these two groups of the entire sampling, the difference mainly falls into three middle groups against two above groups: 1 ; 1.9 ; 2.7 ; 3.9 ; 7.5. Differences in five income groups of different areas are diverse, but not noticeable. However, a ratio of 20% of the lowest group, as a modest income, indicates that expenses for clean water, waste treatment, and environmental hygiene (if have and even not very high) may become very difficult for households to afford. This is actually an issue that should be taken into account when projects on clean water and environmental hygiene as well as product cost are developed. The Table 25 presents expenses and expenditure structures of different households. In general, average per capita expenses per month of households in 6 surveyed districts are 508.000 VND, in which 46.2% are for meals, 19.9% are for education, 4.8% are for health care, and 4.1% are for electricity costs. The four most basic and important expenses make up 75% of entire households expenses. Only one-fourth of households expenses are for remaining need. This indicates that living conditions of surveyed households are relatively poor. On average, each household currently has to pay 2,000 VND/month and 1,000 VND/month for using waster and waste collection services respectively. This means that 32

0.5% of total household expenses are for clean water, and 0.2% is for waste collection services. In case there is a consideration of households with clean water or waste collection services (that shall be analyzed in the next section), this ratio will be increased. Only onethird of households has used pipe water and even less households has used waste collection services. Expenses for clean water and waste collection services for the time being is an important basis for potential enlargement of future services.

II. DOMESTIC WATER

Sources of water used for domestic purposes are basically classified into two main sources: (1) from centralized water supply projects (hereafter called piped water); and (2) from self-explored sources by households themselves such as dug wells, drilled wells, and other water sources. These water sources are mainly used for following purposes: for drinking, for cooking, for bathing, and for watering trees. Classification of multiple use purposes is necessary to assess structures and the potential of using water of households in the future. Although there is a very low ratio of households using piped water in the rural area, it is needed to assess the current operation status and quality of water supply services in order to upgrade and expand the rural water supply programs. As a result, where the piped water supply systems exist, interviewed households are aggravated to create a well sufficient sampling size for possible analysis. Hence, a ratio of households using piped water in the survey sample does not accurately reflect the factual ratio. When analyzing the status of water sources, except to general descriptions, households using or not using piped water are separately grouped. Results (as shown in the Table 26) of household structures based on water sources as sampled indicate that: 449 households live in the area where no piped water is connected, making up 62.4% in total; 243 households in the area where piped water is used, making up 33.8%; and 28 households in the area where pipelines are installed, but are not used, making up 3.9%. These ratios are not similar among different communes and districts, which depends on availability or unavailability of piped water sources. Some communes have a high ratio of using piped water, i.e. Vnh An commune and Ph Phong town of Ty Sn district, Bnh nh town of An Nhn district, Phc Thng commune of Tuy Phc district. Meanwhile, a large majority of remaining communes have a high ratio of households in the area where piped water is not available. Besides, some households in areas where pipelines are installed near their houses do not use piped water; however, they are surveyed to find out reasons for not using it. Classification into three groups enables to analyze various issues related to needs in water sources, quality of water supply services, limitations to be overcome. 1. The situation of existing domestic water sources of households 1.1. The situation of existing water sources of households who do not use piped water The Table 27 shows that the situation of sources of water for drinking of households who do not use piped water. Basically, water sources for drinking in the rural area are mainly taken from dug wells (making up 55.5%), and then from drilled wells (28.2%). There is a quite noticeable ratio of using bottled water (8%) and tank water (4.9%), normally bought from other locations. Drilled wells have been largely used recently in areas where it is possible to get a well drilled since electricity networks were linked to the rural area. However, during group discussions, households said that it still depends on the areas 33

where the underground water is aluminated or salined, or is stuck with rock, or is good and adequate or not? These are important reasons to analyze a quite large difference in ratios of households using drilled wells in various areas. Almost all households in two communes of Ph M district only use dug well water. On the contrary, the number of households using drilled wells in An Nhn district is the highest figure and are double ones using dug wells (57.1% compared to 26.2%). In some areas like Vnh An commune, Phc Thng commune, Bnh nh town, where the centralized water supply system is connected, less households use both drilled and dug wells. Compared to water sources for drinking, the ratios of water sources for cooking are also similar though there is a noticeable decrease in ratios of using bottled water, and an increase in ratios of using both drilled and dug wells (see the Table 28). The difference is that quality of drinking water is more highly concerned; however, it must be bought in almost cases. Meanwhile, households can use their available water sources for cooking. Similar to purposes of drinking and cooking, both drilled and dug wells are two main sources of water used for bathing. The only difference is that households do not have to buy water such as the tank water for bathing, only use their water sources on their own site (see the Table 29). This pattern is similar in all the areas, including towns. Exceptionally, Vnh An commune can access the free of charge of public water sources. This shows restricted uses of water if centralized water supply projects are developed in the rural area. Regarding water sources for watering trees, households not only use drilled and dug wells but also other water sources (see the Table 30). Field observations and discussions with households of the research group indicate that other most commonly used sources are collected from dug ponds in the garden and cultivation lands. Available sources of water enable households to reduce costs of electricity from drilled wells. Result analysis of four most important purposes of using water for drinking, cooking, bathing and watering trees indicate that: for households who are currently not connected to piped water, dug wells are the mainly water source. However, drilled wells are also very important and are the main source of water in some areas. Only a small ratio of households use bottled water for drinking, or tank water for drinking and cooking. However, they almost use drilled and dug wells for bathing and washing, and a large source of pond and lake water for watering trees. It is indicated that needs in water sources are different from multiple purposes and provide some suggestions of assessment of needs and potentials of water consumption in the coming time. 1.2. The situation of existing water sources of households who connect to piped water There are fundamental differences in using water sources for different purposes between households who connect to piped water and ones who do not connect to piped water. Except to the piped water, additional use of available water sources is an important indicator to understand existing uses of these households and to assess their consumption capacities in the future water supply projects. Results of the Table 31 showed that nearly 96.7% and 99.6% of households use piped water for drinking and for cooking respectively. This can easily be understood as piped water is safe as regulated in rural hygiene water standards by the Vietnamese government. In general, there is no large difference in ratios of households using piped water among different areas. However, a few households use drilled well water for drinking. As discussed with local people, in few cases, piped water is heavily contaminated with chlorine, or if some disruptions regularly occur, they use drilled well water, or they still use drilled well water if the water quality is good. 34

The Table 32 shows sources of water used for bathing/washing and watering trees of above mentioned households. It should be noted that only 53.1% of households use piped water for bathing/washing even this piped water source is available. The 46.9% of remaining households use other water sources. The second is the much use of drilled well water (making up 23%), and then is dug wells (8.6%). There are quite large differences in ratios of using water sources for bathing among local areas. Around 60-70% of households in Hoi Nhn, Tuy Phc, and Ty Sn districts use piped water for bathing; meanwhile this ratio is below 30% in An Nhn district. There are also very large differences in ratio of households using drilled and dug wells, mainly depending on households who have drilled or dug wells. In Tuy Phc district, around 29.5% of households use drilled wells, and in An Nhn district, this ratio even comes up with 45.6%. The Bnh nh town has the highest ratio of households using drilled water for bathing, making up 63%. On contrary, there are around 72% of households using dug wells for bathing in Nhn An commune. There is a large distribution of other sources of water and piped water for less priority purposes such as for bathing (compared to purposes for drinking and cooking), which is an important characteristics for considering capacities of piped water consumption of developed projects. For watering trees, the ratio of households using piped water is also lower, making up 32.9%, even it is still the most important source. Drilled wells are also an important water supply source, making up 24.7% of households in total. In addition, other sources of water make up 28.4%, mainly from dug ponds in the garden, which is very convenient for households to water their crops. Field observations and group discussions of the research group shows that a majority of households only use piped water for cooking, drinking, and partly for bathing. Although nearly one third of households use piped water for watering trees, it is only for watering decorative trees, not for other crops in the garden. Therefore, the degree of water consumption for this activity is not high in reality. Nearly half of households who can connect to piped water also use drilled or dug wells for less priority purposes such as for bathing and watering trees. If it is only for cooking and drinking, consumption levels of piped water of each household is very low every month. Many people said that the supply of piped water in the rural is quite new while households already connect to drilled and dug wells. Hence, they continue to use these sources of water until they cannot use them any more, and they then start using piped water. Local people will start using more piped water after drilled wells cannot be explored any longer, if costs for using piped water are not very high. However, dug wells are naturally can be used for a long time, so they are at least used for watering trees and partly for bathing/washing. 2. Classification of water quality by purposes of household uses Water quality used by local households is assessed by two ways: (1) perceptions of 4 characteristics of water sources of a color, a smell, a taste, and clearness of the water; and (2) general assessment on water quality in 4 different degrees: good, quite good, average, and below average. These assessment degrees are used to evaluate quality of water sources used for three main purposes: for drinking, for cooking, and for bathing. 2.1. Quality of water sources for drinking With regards to the local perceptions, over 80% of households said that sources of water for drinking are colorless, smellless, tasteless, and no turbidity. The ratio of water sources without unpleasant tastes is around 95.8%. However, water sources of nearly 20% of remaining households still have colors, smell, unpleasant tastes, and are turbid (see the Table 33). Although it is only a perception, it also reflects quality of water sources and indicates that one fifth of these water sources are not appropriate for households to use. 35

Field observations and discussions between the research group and local people indicate that, sources of water in some areas are lightly or strongly yellow, depending on the degree of aluminum contamination in each specific area. The degree of alum contamination is higher in the dry season, so water color is more yellow. Water sources in some areas have fishy smells, because these areas are normally muddier. However, in the areas where underground water is contaminated with the solid waste of production activities, water even have a bad smell. Although, the ratio of water with unpleasant taste is lower than the ratio of water with other characteristics, water sources in some areas are salined. Therefore, water has a salty taste and is not as pure as other normal water. In addition, dug well water in some areas is turbid, especially in the dry season or during floods, due to multiple substances of water sources. Though degree of assessment is a variation of different areas, there are no large differences, except to Hoi Hng commune of Hoi Nhn district, and Ct Tin commune of Ph Ct district. It is also sensed that water sources for drinking in these two commune are worse than other remaining communes. Nearly half of households in Ct Tin said that drinking water has color and smell, nearly one third said that water is turbid. Over one fourth of households in Hoi Hng also indicated that water has color and smell. Many people said that sources of river and canal water in Hoi Ho commune are polluted by the cassava production activities of Hoi Ho commune, and well water is also contaminated when it is flooded. This is one of important reasons for them to explain that quality of well water is not good. Meanwhile, Ct Tin which is one of areas has water with alum contamination, much muddy soil, and inadequate sources of water for domestic use in the dry season. General assessment of local people of quality of water sources for drinking is shown the Table 34. In general, local people highly value quality of these water sources, 62.1% said that quality is good, 19.9% said it is quite good, 15.6% said it is on average, and only 2.5% said that quality is below average. Although these assumptions are subjective, it also indicates local awareness of water sources. Water sources being used by households are basically acceptable, except to some areas where water sources do not satisfy their expectations and need to be replaced by other water sources. However, there are quite large differences in assessment of quality of water sources among different areas. The quality of drinking water of 3 Northern districts of Hoi Nhn, Ph M, and Ph Ct is lower than it is in 3 Southern districts of Tuy Phc, An Nhn, and Ty Sn. A part of these differences are that the three latter districts have a higher ratios of households using piped water and higher quality of piped water. However, this assessment also reflects that the quality of water sources in some areas is still not good. For example, the ratio of good quality of water sources in Ct Tin commune of Ph Ct district only reaches 28.3%. This is an area where multiple indicators show some difficulties in water sources. 2.2. Quality of water sources for cooking In the perceptions of local people, water sources for cooking are assessed as similarly as ones for drinking, however the quality is a little lower (see the Table 35). These patterns are appropriate to the ratio of water sources used for drinking and cooking of local households. For drinking, some households use bottled water; meanwhile water from dug or drilled wells is still used for cooking. The reason is that ratios of water with no color, no smell, no taste and no turbidity are lower, but not much lower than norms for drinking water. Similarly, the quality of cooking water is generally assessed to be a little lower than quality of drinking water. Accordingly, ratios of good quality of water is a little lower, meanwhile fairly good, average, below average quality of water is relatively higher (see the Table 36). Generally speaking, it is reflected the same in the surveyed areas. Accordingly, the good quality of water sources for cooking only makes up one fifth of households in Ct Tin 36

commune of Ph Ct district and one third of households in Hoi Hng commune of Hoi Nhn district. It is assessed that these are two out of 12 surveyed communes connecting to the worst quality of water sources. 2.3. Quality of water sources for bathing Compared to water sources for drinking and cooking, it is sensed that water sources for bathing is assessed to be much lower (see the Table 37). Only more than 70% of households said that water sources for bathing are satisfactory in terms of their color, smell, and clearness, and 90% of households assessed that there isnt any unpleasant taste. These assessments do correspond with water sources which are being used by households. In awareness of a high number of rural people, water sources for bathing are not considered as a priority in comparison with water sources for drinking and cooking. For this reason, they can directly use water sources from rivers, dug wells, and drilled wells for bathing; meanwhile, some of these water sources are aluminated, salined, turbid, and easily contaminated with impurities. The situation of water sources and the ways of using these sources of households in Phc Lc commune of Tuy Phc district also reflect general characteristics of several coastal communes such as Hoi Hng of Hoi Nhn district, Ct Tin of Ph Ct district, and somewhere else. Box 1: The situation of water sources in Phc Lc commune of Tuy Phc district - Approximately 95% of water sources are aluminated, there is a high shortage of safe water. - 50% of households use bottled water for drinking. The majority of old people boil water to make tea. The remainder use drilled water with a filter for cooking. - Almost all drilled wells which are deep are aluminated (Approximately 7-meter wells are alluminated already. If deeper wells are drilled, they have a salty taste and must go through rocks, and are more costly). - There are two types of alums: Feather alum has a yellow color. The second is the aluminated water. When scooping water out, the water is still clear, but has a fishy smell. It shall be turned into a yellow color when it is kept outside for a long time. However, there is still sufficient water for household use. Dug wells normally have insufficient water in the dry season, so they have to use additional water sources from drilled wells (50% of both drilled and dug wells). In case they do not have drilled wells, they have to ask their neighbors to get more water. - Water sources for bathing are taken from the drilled wells. (Group discussions with households of M Phc 2 hamlet, Phc Lc, Tuy Phc) The quality of water sources for bathing is lower than the quality of water sources for drinking and cooking. The quality of water sources for bathing is generally assessed as follows: 51.3% of households said that it is good, 21.7% said that it is quite good, 22% said that it is on average, and 5% said that it is below average (see the Table 38). This result shows various degrees of priorities given to multiple purposes of water use. Compared to other areas, local people in Hoi Hng commune of Hoi Nhn district assessed the quality of water sources for bathing as the lowest, only 6.6% of the good quality, 14.8% of quite good quality, 65.6% on average, and 13.1% below average. This assessment does correspond with comments of local people here when the surface water in Hoi Hng is contaminated by the waste water from the wheat flour production activities of households in Hoi Ho commune. When the rain is heavy, all the wells in this region are flooded. The quality of water sources in Ct Tin is not highly valued by local people. That the quality of water sources for bathing is not good is the most important 37

contributory factor to the incidence of itchy problems, skin diseases, and gynecological infections. Box 2: Impacts of water sources on health care - Approximately 70% of women have got gynecological problems and scabies due to their use of river water for bathing (when a dam is closed, there is a plentiful quantity of water for their use). (Discussions with female and male groups of An im hamlet, Ct Lm commune, Ph Ct district) - After local people use safe sources of water, it is assessed that their complexion is better and clothes look whiter. (Group discussions with households of T Cung village, Phc Thng commune, Tuy Phc district) - Due to a shortage of the domestic water, local people still have to obtain water from rivers for their household use, even it is known that water from rivers is dirty and polluted, affecting womens health such as gynecological infections, ophthalimia and skill problems of the children (as grown-up children take a bath in the river). (Group discussions with households of Lc in village, Phc Thng, Tuy Phc district).

3. Classification of water quality by sources of water supply 3.1. The quality of the dug wells Dug wells are currently a main source of water used for cooking, drinking and other domestic uses in the rural area. An assessment of capacity of water supply and of the quality of these water sources is one of the most important factor as it directly impacts on the life and health conditions of the local residents, as well as indicates the necessity and possible success of rural clean supply water programs. The Table 39 describes some characteristics of dug wells which are classified by communes and districts. It is shown in the survey results that approximately 49.2% of surveyed households have dug wells. This ratio is quite highly different among local areas. Nearly every household in Ph M district have dug wells, over 60% of households in Ph Ct district and approximately 50% of households in Hoi Nhn district have dug wells. Meanwhile, the ratios of households who have dug wells in Bnh nh town of An Nhn district, Phc Thng commune of Tuy Phc district, Vnh An commune of Ty Sn district are very low. A large use of piped water in these areas is an important cause to indicate the low ratio of dug wells. In the remaining communes, the ratios of households having dug wells are over one forth of households. Dug wells are a main source of water used for domestic activities in the surveyed areas. The popularity of dug wells in the rural areas is more clearly reflected when only the number of households not using piped water is estimated separately. For this household group, the number of households with dug wells reaches to 74.2%. Especially, several communes has a ratio of over 90% such as M Hip, M Chu of Ph M district, Nhn An of An Nhn district, Ph Phong town of Ty Sn district. The remaining communes have a ratio of over 50%. The above high ratios indicate that dug wells are currently an important and common source of water here. The average depth of dug wells is approximately 8 meter and there isnt any large difference among communes and districts. Except to Bnh nh town, dug wells are 1338

meter in depth on average, half as much again the average depth, though few households have dug wells. The standard deviation in average depth of shallow wells is minor (only 3.2 m), which indicates quite equilateral depth in different areas. The water level of dug wells in the dry season is estimated approximately 1.4 m, except to some areas with lower water levels such as Vnh An commune (only 0.3m), and two communes of Tuy Phc (approximately 1m). The difference in water levels in the dry season in various areas in the commune is minor, except to Bnh nh town (1.8m) and Ct Tin commune (1.7m). The high deviation shows that the high number of dug wells in Ct Tin are dried up in the dry season. It should be noted that dug wells still have water in the dry season, but the course of a stream is not sufficiently supplied for high degrees of household uses and for watering trees in the garden in particular. The water level of wells in the wet season is 4.5m on average, but it is only 3m in some areas such as Tam Quan Nam and Phc Thng communes. Though the standard deviation is 2m, there is a plentiful source of water in the wet season. Hence, need of water sources from drilled wells is not a concern. With regards to the volume of water, dug wells in local areas cope with some constraints in the dry season. Although the average depth of dug wells is approximately 13m, only one forth of households obtain water by a basket, and three fourth of remaining households run pumps to get water. This shows that a large majority of rural people currently are willing to invest in purchasing equipment and to pay electricity costs to get in their convenience. With regards to the local perceptions, ratios of households say that dug wells have no color: 70.3%, no smell: 76.9%, no taste: 89.1%, and no turbidity: 73.1% (see the Table 40). Like this, approximately one forth of dug wells do not meet basic requirements of the quality of domestic water. In some areas, the ratios of above standards are very low. For example, in Hoi Nhn district, the ratio of water with no color is 33.3%, and no turbidity: 46.3%. These ratios of Ph Ct district also are lower than the average level, in which Ct Tin commune has the ratio of water with no color is 39.4%, and no smell is 45.5%. Field observations and discussions with local people indicated that well water in some areas in the commune are heavily aluminated, so water normally has yellow color and a fishy taste. Even in Ct Lm commune, where water sources are locally assessed to be better, the status of aluminum contamination is also quite common. Depending on the nature of the underground strata, layers of mud also make the water turbid and have a muddy smell when the water source is dried up. Sources of well water in An Nhn and Ty Sn are less aluminated, so these indicators can meet higher requirements.
Box 3: The situation of water sources in Ct Lm commune, Ph Ct district - The main water source for household use are dug wells (6-9m in depth, if wells are dug more deeply, they must go through layers of rock). The use of drilled wells is less. - Both dug and drilled wells in the hamlet are aluminated; however, drilled well water is more heavily aluminated than the dug well water. When wells are drilled more deeply, they must go through layers of alum water. Drilled wells in the dry season are more heavily aluminated and have a bad smell. - Local people in the hamlet obtain water for drinking without using any treatment system. Approximately 20% of households boil water for drinking. Several households use water filters; however, this source of water isnt sufficiently supplied. Hence, it is only for children, and the adult drink water without any treatment method. - Shortage of well water sources normally occur in May, June, July of the lunar calendar. Hence, it is needed to use drilled wells within the agricultural land (4-5 households together invest in one drilled well to get water for short-term crop production activities. When the shortage of water occurs, local people can obtain water from here or from another neighbor. Water sources for bathing are obtained from the river. (Group discussion with households of An im hamlet, Ct Lm commune, Ph Ct district)

39

Due to its above characteristics, the quality of dug well water is assessed by local people as follows: 50.3% said that it is good, 20.9% quite good, 23.1% on average, and 5.7% below average. However, the water quality as assessed is not similar among different areas. The ratios of good assessment of two communes of Hoi Nhn district is only 16.1%, and of M Hip commune of Ph M district is 37.3%, and of Ct Tin commune of Ph Ct district is 36.4%, which is much lower than the average ratio. In the remaining areas, the water quality is assessed to be better. (Table 41) 3.2. The quality of the drilled wells An addition to dug wells, the second common source of water is the drilled well of households. Some characteristics of drilled wells are presented in the Table 42. The results show that there are 256 drilled wells, making up 35.6% of all the surveyed households, and up to 53.7% of households not connecting to piped water. Compared to the above ratio of households with dug wells, approximately one fourth of the households who do not connect to piped water use both dug and drilled wells. The ratio of households with drilled wells are very different among local areas. The ratios of Tam Quan Nam, Hoi Hng communes of Hoi Nhn district, Ct Lm, Ct Tin of Ph Ct district, Phc Lc of Tuy Phc district, Ph Phong town of Ty Sn district are not much different, with the average ratio of approximately 53.7%. Meanwhile, M Hip and M Chu communes of Ph M district almost do not use drilled wells. In particular, in Phc Thng commune of Tuy Phc district, Bnh nh town of An Nhn district, there is the high number of households with drilled wells, and a few households connected to piped water. This indicates that a large number of households not only connect to piped water, but also use drilled wells for other multiple purposes. Once local people think that the cost of using drilled wells is still lower than the cost of piped water, they continue using drilled wells. This stir up a problem related to the consumption of piped water. The average depth of drilled wells is approximately 18m and the deepest well in M Hip commune of Ph M district is 29m. Ph Ct is a district where the average depth is the lowest, only approximately 10m. In general, drilled wells of the surveyed areas are not much deep and there isnt much difference in depth. Only few households exceptionally use a hand pump, almost all households have drilled wells attached with an electric pump (98.8%). Included with dug wells, a water quality test of above water sources has not been done. The water quality tests have been done for 13 cases only, including for 11 drilled wells and 2 dug wells. With regards to the local perceptions, the results show that the situation of drilled wells is not more satisfactory than dug wells (see the Table 43). The 60.6% households said that water sources from drilled wells have no color, 61.9% of no smell, 82.9% of no taste, and 77,4% of no turbidity. In comparison with dug wells, some indicators of drilled wells are lower in the quality. Similar to dug wells, above indicators in some areas have low ratios. For example, in Hoi Hng commune of Hoi Nhn district, the ratio of water with no color is 35.5%, with no smell is 38.7%, and in Ct Tin commune of Ph Ct district, the ratios are 36.3% and 33.3% respectively. However, there is a higher variation among local areas using drilled wells than the one using dug wells. Some perception indicators, i.e. no color, no smell, no taste, are very high (at the ratio of 90%) in some areas like in Ct Lm commune of Ph Ct, Nhn An commune of An Nhn district, Ph Phong town of Ty Sn district. This indicates that sources of underground water in the further coastal area are better than ones in areas near the beach. With above mentioned characteristics, the quality of drilled well water are generally assessed by local people as follows: 44.8% of good quality, 22.2% of quite good quality, 23.4% on average, and 9.5% below average (see the Table 44). Compared to the dug wells, the degrees of assessment of drilled well water quality are lower. In accordance 40

with perception assessments of drilled well water among various areas, the good assessment of water quality is very high (over 70%) in Ct Lm commune of Ph Ct district, Nhn An commune of An Nhn district, Ph Phong town of Ty Sn district. Meanwhile, the water quality is assessed much lower in two communes of Hoi Nhn district and Ct Tin commune of Ph Ct district. A question here is why some households do not build drilled wells for their use? The results of the Table 45 show, in the total number of households not using drilled wells, the most important reason is that there is no demand (40.1%), then the underground water is aluminated (19.4%), and there are many rocks in the underground strata, and it is hard to drill a well (16.5%). Some additional reasons are that the water is salined and there is a lack of money to build a drilled well. The assessment of the quality of the drilled well water by local people shows that drilled wells are not always an option of local people. Almost few households in Ph M in the survey pattern use drilled wells even though there isnt piped water here. The reason that there is no demand - as the highest ratio, because the dug well water can satisfy the household use or households also use the piped water. In Bnh nh and Ph Phong towns, nearly 100% of the interviewees explained the reason for not using the drilled wells as there is no need of their use (as the piped water system is available here). In the area where there is no piped water connection, the most important reason for their not using drilled wells is availability of dug wells for the household use, then there are many rocks in the underground strata or water sources are aluminated. In Ph M district where there is the lowest ratio of households using the drilled wells, the reason for their no need is 38.1%, and the rock existence of the underground strata is 35.6%. In Ph Ct district, the most important reasons are that there is no need as the highest ratio (41.3%), there are rocks in the underground strata (27%) and the underground water is aluminated ((20.6%).
Box 4: The situation of water sources of M Chu commune, Ph M As water sources in the hamlet isnt still inadequate, and the more deeply the well is dug, the sufficient the water source is. Hence, water sources-related problems is not important. - The water in the hamlet is aluminated and there is scum on the water surface. - A majority of local people use the dug wells (approximately 98%), and a few number of people use the drilled wells (approximately 2%). The dug wells are approximately 4 7m in depth, and the drilled wells are approximately 12m in depth. Some wells near the fish-raising lake are 6 10m in depth, and some near the mountainous area are 8 12m, even up to 20m in depth. Near the mountain pass, some wells are 12m in depth (they are even up to 18m in depth because there is a lack of water sources for household use). - The water sources near the mountainous areas are heavily aluminated, especially in the dry season. Some wells which are located within the mountain are aluminated; however, they are less aluminated than the ones in the nearby area. - However, local people still have adequate water for their use. In case the water source is inadequate, another well can be dug for the household use. - In June, July and August of the lunar calendar, the area nearby the mountain is in a more shortage of water than other areas. Therefore, they dig deeper wells and run a pump to obtain water. In case a sufficient use of water sources can be covered, water is still sufficiently supplied. - The water has not a bad smell. Almost local people have applied for water treatment methods before using or boiling water for drinking. However, sources of ice water are not fully boiled. Approximately 8% of households have water filters. (Group discussions with households of Lc Thi hamlet, M Chu commune, Ph M district)

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Box 5: The situation of water sources in Hoi Hng commune Problems related to the safe water in the locality are a extreme cause of concern. - As the water sources are aluminated, the local people is facing some difficulties. Previously, the UNICEP organization provided support with building public drilled wells in some coastal hamlets where water was inadequate; however, it was not highly efficient. For the time being, some households make use of these usable wells to obtain water for selling to other local people, but this water source is not sufficient. - Currently, there isnt any water supply factory or any connection to piped water. - In the wet season, wells in the commune is flooded and then cannot be used, that affect domestic activities of households during this time. (In-depth discussions with officials of Hoi Hng commune, Hoi Nhn district)

Box 6: The situation of water sources in Ct Tin commune, Ph Ct There isnt any centralized water supply program in the whole commune. - Regarding the water volume, it is sufficiently supplied for both domestic and production activities. There isnt any lack of water in the wet season. - Regarding the water quality, it can be classified into two sources of water: + The Area of hamlet 2 (in the market area, fields and the hamlet center, the water is aluminated, have a yellow color with sediment, and a fishy and bad odor) + The area along the streets and near the foot of the mountain, the water is good and less aluminated - Regarding the drinking water, the majority of local people use the drilled or dug wells for drinking. In the areas where the water is aluminated, the homemade water filters are used for water treatment (by using sand or stone) or the bottled water are bought for drinking. - Regarding the domestic use, the well water without any water treatment methods is used - The area of the hamlet 3 (the agriculture hamlet) is flooded in the wet season; however, the well water is still used. The dehydrant is supplied by the commune health care center for sterilization of water of households (Discussions with the female group of Phng Phi hamlet, Ct Tin, Ph Ct)

Local assessment of the popularity and the characteristics as well as the quality of both dug and drilled well water provides an overview of water sources used by local households who have not connected to piped water yet. The use of dug or drilled wells has reflected the household demands and the capacity of these water sources as needed by the local households. These indicators are extremely important for the further reference when an assessment of demands and potentials for development of the rural safe water supply projects is undertaken. 3.3. The quality of the piped water To understand how the local people assess the quality of piped water is very necessary so as to obtain the success of these centralized water supply projects. Compared to the dug and drilled wells, the indicators of piped water with no color and taste as being used by local people is much higher; however, the indicators of no smell and no turbidity do not prove to be higher (see the Table 46). The ratio of piped water with no color is 89.2% and with no taste is 97.8%. Other two remaining indicators are 76.2% and 69.3% respectively. The discussions with local people showed that the chlorine odor is one of various causes which make local people feel an unpleasant taste of the piped water. In addition, there are 42

some comments that the water is sometimes turbid. However, it is consulted by the technicians that the turbidity occurs as operations in some locality do not follow technical procedures. In terms of these criteria, the quality of piped water in Bnh nh town, Ph Phong town, and Vnh An commune is much higher. Meanwhile, based on other criteria, the quality of piped water in Vnh An commune is much lower (only 56.5% of no color, and 34.8% of no turbidity). Other important comments are provided by local people, i.e. if the water pressure is strong or weak, if the water quality is stable or not (see the Table 47). The results showed that over 80% of interviewees agreed that the water pressure is strong and the water quality is stable, but only 61.9% said that the water supply is not disrupted. It is clear that this is a problem which a small project normally copes with, when the water supply is affected in the dry season or the disruption occurs due to the repairment of broken equipment. Many people said that the piped water is normally turbid in August, September and October, as the rainy months. It is also said that the water is normally turbid in the morning when the water is just discharged. Meanwhile, the water supply is often disrupted in May, June, and July when the summer comes and when water sources are inadequate. The water disruption much depends on the power supply. Therefore, whenever the power is cut off, the water supply is also disrupted. Assessments of the service quality by three above criteria varied across local areas. The service quality of piped water supply in Bnh nh town, Ph Phong town and Tam Quan Nam commune are better than one in other remaining areas. The reason is that the water supply projects here are more modern; meanwhile, the water supply projects in the communes are only rural water supply works. However, the water sources in two towns frequently are disrupted more than in Tam Quan Nam.

4. Accessibility to water sources and water storage devices An important factor which should be concerned about is accessibility to water sources and water storage facility for household use. Normally, rural households frequently use either dug or drilled wells in the garden. However, in some areas where on-site water sources is insufficient or those water sources cannot be used for drinking and for cooking, e.g. it is flooded in the wet season or water is heavily salined in the dry season,. In those cases, local people often have to obtain water from elsewhere. This in one of important indicators which shows difficulties in water sources, and it is therefore a precondition for investment in rural water supply projects. Results as shown in the Table 48 indicate that, approximately 108 households (making up one fourth of the total households who dont use piped water in the survey sample) have obtained water from elsewhere for a certain time a year, though water is mainly inadequate in the dry season. Hoi Nhn and Ty Sn districts are two districts, where the number of households who have to obtain water from other areas is the highest. Approximately 55.6% of households have to obtain other water sources in the distance of below 100m only, and 21.3% is from 100m to 500m. However, approximately 23.1% of households have to obtain water in the distance of over 500m and it mainly concentrates in Hoi Nhn district. Nearly all households in Tam Quan Nam commune of Hoi Nhn district or Phc Thng commune of Tuy Phc district have to buy water from other communes as on-site water sources are salined, neither for drinking nor for cooking. Approximately 80% of households dont have to pay for water costs per sale; however, 20% of remaining households have to pay for water costs per sale. The average cost per sale is around 2,000 VND, but also is 4,000 VND in some areas such as in Ph Ct, An Nhn. 43

Box 7: Inadequacy of safe water and an urgent demand for safe water in Lc in hamlet, Phc Thng commune, Tuy Phc district There is inadequate water for drinking and domestic use, hence local people lack of water for drinking and domestic use. It is time-consumed for going to buy water. Whoever works as workers, they dont have sufficient time for going to buy water, and have somebody else help to obtain water. The lonely old people cannot go out to buy water, one old lady who is over 80 years old lives near my house. There is nobody beside her, who can drive her to the water supply station; she has to ask other people for water. Even water is given to her, she also cannot bring home. For households who buy water in a public water post, they must be in hurry to obtain water when supply is going to be disrupted. Safe water sources are inaccessible, chicken or pigs easily have some diseases, local people are at a loss that affect household economics and make local people poorer.

(Group discussions with households of Lc in hamlet, Phc Thng commune, Tuy Phc district)

As analyzed above, water is used for multiple priority purposes. The first priority which households obtain water from other areas is for drinking (100%), and then for cooking (91.7%) (see the Table 49). Water used for bathing and for other purposes only makes up a small percentage. This indicates the urgent demand for domestic water of local people in these areas. The most common devices which households use for water storage is an elevator tank (51.5%), and they then are small jar, jars, barrels (35.6%) (see the Table 50). Other tools such as (ground) tanks or underground tanks are seldom used because of its inconvenience. This relates to common use of pumps in the rural area. After pumping water, it is kept in the elevator tank; hence, water pressure is strongly increased for use. Meanwhile, (ground) tanks are only appropriate for using water directly from pipelines, not for using pumps to store water like in an elevator tank. An Nhn, Tuy Phc, and Ph Ct districts have used more elevator tanks than other remaining districts, especially ratios of households using this type of tanks are extremely high in two towns due to its convenience and their better economic conditions, compared to the rural areas. 5. Water treatment methods before use One of various behaviors to reflect local awareness of sanitation and health situation is application of water treatment methods before their use, especially for cooking and drinking purposes. Survey results on water treatment methods for drinking in 720 households (see the Table 51) indicated that up to 67.1% of households directly use water sources without any water treatment method, 12.8% of households use sedimentation tank, and an equivalent ratio of households use high-rate water filtration tanks1, and approximately 7.2% of households buy mechanical filters for use. This shows that nearly all households obtain water directly without treatment or use simple filters, but a part of residential groups are concerned about water quality used for drinking. Ratios of water treatment by various methods also relatively varied across local areas. In Ty Sn, An Nhn, and Tuy Phc districts, the ratios of households directly using water sources without treatment are higher than other areas (respectively 85%, 74.8%, and 66.4%). It can partly be that in these areas piped water is accessible with sufficient criteria
1

High-rate filtration tanks which are commonly used in the locality are constituted by brick earth filters. It contains different layers of charcoal, grit, sand to filter/clear alum and organic impurities. Water is taken in smaller cans below and becomes clearer, and have less impurities than primary water sources. .

44

for water quality, but it can partly be that natural water sources are less aluminated than other areas. A high majority of households in Vnh An commune dont use any water treatment method. In Hoi Nhn and Ph Ct districts, ratios of households who dont use any water treatment method is lower than the average level (respectively 52.9% and 53.8%); meanwhile ratios of households using high-rate filtration tanks is the highest (respectively 29.8% and 24.8%). Water contaminated with a high alum content in two survey communes of two above districts is an important reason to explain a use of this filtration method. In Ph Phong and Bnh nh towns where the standard of living is high and a large number of households can connect to piped water, there is still a high ratio of households using water filters for dinking (20.6% and 13.6% respectively). Water treatment methods for cooking are shown in the Table 52. As priority given to water quality for cooking is only a little lower than water quality for drinking, forms of water treatment for both above purposes are fairly similar. The only difference is that people almost use water filters for dinking only (because filtering capacity is excessively low, inadequate for cooking). Thus, there is a considerable increase of ratios of households using settlement tanks or high-rate filtration tanks to obtain water for cooking. As the amount of water used for drinking isnt as worth considering as an amount of water consumption of households, this isnt meaningful to supply of centralized water sources. For bathing and watering trees, local people often obtain water from pipelines directly or use settlement tanks, and seldom use water from high-rate filtration tanks. Above results also correspond with comments of local people during group discussions. Many people in the hamlet use water without any water treatment system. Some households have water filters; however, filtered water is inadequate for all people. Filtered water is then for children to drink, and the adults use untreated water. (Group discussions with households in An im hamlet, Ct Lm commune, Ph Ct district). For drinking, the majority of local people use either drilled wells or dug wells. In the areas where water is aluminated, it is treated by home-made filters (put sand and rock inside the filter box), and some households use bottled water. Domestic water is taken from wells, which is untreated (A discussion with a female group in Phng Phi hamlet, Ct Tin commune). Especially, in the areas where local people are familiar with river water-use practices for bathing, pollution causes numerous health problems for local people.
Box 8: Impacts of water sources on health - Approximately 70% of women have got gynecological problems and scabies due to their use of river water for bathing (when a dam is closed, there is a plentiful quantity of water for their use). (Discussions with female and male groups of An im hamlet, Ct Lm commune, Ph Ct district) - After local people use sources of safe water, it is assessed that their complexion is nicer and clothes look whiter. (Group discussions with households of T Cung village, Phc Thng commune, Tuy Phc district) - Due to a shortage of the domestic water, local people still have to obtain water from rivers for their household use, even it is known that water from rivers is dirty and polluted, affecting womens health such as gynecological infections, ophthalmia and skill problems of the children (as grown-up children take a bath in the river). (Group discussions with households of Lc in village, Phc Thng, Tuy Phc district).

An indicator which clearly reflect local awareness of water sources used and of health is the degree of boiled water for household drinking (see the Table 53). It is shown that nearly all people are aware of importance of boiling water for drinking. Approximately 86.3% of households regularly boil water for drinking, 11.4% sometimes boil water, and 45

2.4% never boil water. An comparison across local areas was made, which indicated that nearly all the communes/towns have an equal or higher ratios than average level, except to Vnh An commune of Ty Sn district. Only 26.3% of households in Vnh An boil water for drinking, other 56.1% sometimes boil water, and 17.5% never boil water. This can be easily understood because Vnh An have a large number of ethnic minorities. Hence, their awareness of impacts of boiled water on health is not high. 6. Water consumption of households Volume of consumption water of households is an important indicator which should be taken in account for an evaluation of use of water sources, and a basis for calculating the capacity of safe water supply projects in the future. The Table 54 indicates degrees of water consumption of households for cooking, drinking, and bathing, as basic needs, which are required to get safe water sources to ensure heath conditions of local people. In the whole survey area, it is estimated that the average water consumption per household is 617 liter per day, in which 30.4% of households using below 200 liter per day, 32.9% of households use from 200 to 500 liter per day, 22.6% of households use from 500 to 1,000 liter per day, and only 14% of households use over 1,000 liter per day. This water consumption also varies across local areas. Tuy Phc, An Nhn, and Ty Sn districts have higher water consumption than in remaining districts. 7. Assessment of piped water supply services for households An important topic which is covered during the survey is assessment of the situation of piped water supply services for households in the survey area. In communes/towns of four (04) districts where piped water is accessible, households mainly used individual water meters. Except to Vnh An commune, local people use public water posts, which is supported by Program 134 a support program to ethnic minorities (see the Table 55). For using piped water, local people have to pay for initial investment costs, i.e. payment for water supply works, costs of installing pipelines from a water meter to a water post. Payment for these costs is not simple for a household in terms of their incomes. Results of the Table 56 shows that for households who have individual water meters, total initial investment costs for connecting to piped water that one household have to pay is around 850,000 VND. In which, a cost for water supply works is approximately 400,000 VND, a contribution for installing public pipelines is approximately 100,000 VND, and a cost for installing pipelines from a water meter to a house is over 300,000 VND. It should be noted that these initial investment costs largely varied across local areas. Households in Tam Quan Nam and Nhn An communes have pay an amount of 1.8 and 1.3 million VND respectively; meanwhile households in Bnh nh town only have to pay below 350,000 VND (only one forth to one fifth of the initial investment costs of two above communes). It is mainly for a cost of installing pipelines to a house. As discussed with households in Tam Quan Nam commune, depending on some specific works, some households are provided a water meter free of charge (while some households have to buy it); however, they have to pay for additional pipelines to connect to the water meter. This cost is equally distributed to all the households who want to connect to piped water. In case there are many people connecting to piped water, this average cost will be reduced. However, a water meter is closely attached to the main pipelines only. For households who live on the two sides of the main street, it is extremely convenient. Meanwhile, the distance from the main pipelines to a house in the rural area is fairly far, even up to some hundred meter. In these cases, initial investment costs can be up to some million VND, and that be actually 46

an obstacle that should be considered to develop a centralized water supply waster system in a rural area.
Box 9: The situation of using public water posts in Kon Jt hamlet, Vnh An, Ty Sn This water source is pumped into two public lakes in the hamlet, where local people can obtain water for cooking and drinking. However, this water source is still inadequate in the dry season, local people have to obtain water for drinking from streams. Local people in the hamlet who directly use this on-site public lake water, they dont have to pay for any fee. Households who connect this water source to their home, they themselves have to pay 3,000 VND/m3. In the wet season or during floods, lake water is turbid, and cannot be used. Local people had to ask 5 households who have wells for water. This water source could only be used for a short time, and it wasnt accessible any longer In 2009, the provincial safe water supply center has invested in a safe water supply station for local people in the hamlet and neighboring communes. This water source has been used for three months. This water source is connected from the Con Gh stream to a lake through a micro-filtration system. Local people can use this water source for cooking and drinking. In this public water lake, local people are not allowed to use it for bathing and washing, only for drinking and for cooking. Local people only boil water to make tea for their guests. Normally, they use water from streams and dont boil it for drinking. Near to the communal house (in the Vietnamese Highlands), there is a small water post. It is only for use during hamlet festivals. Local people together contribute money to pay for water fee. It is managed by the hamlet community. There are only two above lakes for use, so local people sometimes have to queue up for a long time or struggle for water. Water is supplied from morning to afternoon, and is disrupted in the evening (even households who connect this water source into their houses, water is also disrupted). Therefore, it is really difficult to for local people to get water, who work in the field and come back home late. The old people who live far from the lake difficultly access this water source. (Group discussions with households in Kon Jt hamlet, Vnh An commune, Ty Sn district)

Regarding these investment costs, 49.2% of those interviewed said that they are reasonable, 35.1% said that they are relatively high, and 15.7% said that they are extremely high (see the Table 57). Meanwhile, almost all interviewees in Bnh nh town (92.6%) said that they are reasonable (because these costs are below 350,000 VND), this ratio in remaining communes/towns is lower than the average ratio (around 30-40%). In Phc Thng, Nhn An, and Vnh An communes, over 50% of households said that these costs are relatively high. In Tam Quan Nam and Nhn An communes, many interviewees said that these costs are extremely high (because it is more four to five times than in Bnh nh town). As a result, a distance from a house to the main road, where pipelines can be installed, pay a decisive role for installation costs. Regarding procedures and regulations on installation of water meters, nearly all households who are using piped water said that it is extremely convenient (50.8%), or it is relatively convenient (47%) (see the Table 58). Though households in two towns more highly value the convenience, procedures and regulations for installation of water meters are generally convenient in all the areas. Both strong and weak points of water supply services are raised by local people during group discussions. Application procedures are very simple. Any road with a complete design is quickly installed with pipelines. Water meters are provided free of charge. Installation process is quick. However, pipelines connected to a house are not properly installed in terms of technical quality, they are often broken. When a breakdown occurs, it takes time to connect maintenance services. Water 47

management activities are not sufficient. When the public pipelines are broken, it takes time to get them repaired, causing a loss in water. Installation schedules are not informed in advance, so some households who are not at home cannot get installation completed. (Discussions with a male and female group of Vnh Lim group, Bnh nh town, An Nhn district). As discussed with pipe water supply companies and local authorities in various areas, it indicates their concerns about limited water consumption, in which receipts cannot cover payments for any company. Incomes of town people are still low. It doesnt matter with households who are doing business along the highway. For households who live inside alleys or far from the main roads, their water consumption is low. They almost depend on agricultural production, so they must save as they can, only for drinking and cooking. (Indepth discussion with staff of a safe water supply company of An Nhn district). A monthly amount of piped water consumption by households and their charge of water are shown in the Table 59, that clearly reflect the current situation. On average, each household uses 9m3 per month, in which the lowest consumption (6m3) is in Bnh nh town, and the highest consumption (12m3) is in Tam Quan Nam commune. In Bnh nh town, there is a high ratio of households using drilled wells, and in Tam Quan Nam commune water is highly salined. It can be a main reason to explain a large difference in water consumption in these two areas. Though there isnt much difference in various local areas, there is extremely high difference among households. Some households only use 1-2m3 per month; meanwhile some households use around 30m3 per month. If it is compared with the average water consumption of households for cooking, drinking and bathing purposes as analyzed above 600 liter/day (or 18m3 per month), local people only use piped water for 50% of their water demand, and the remaining 50% mainly from drilled wells and/or a part of dug wells. This indicates that piped water consumption may possibly be increased as long as supplementary water sources are inaccessible. Except to Vnh An commune where households dont have to pay for water fee, households using water meters have to pay for electricity fee 23,000 VND on average, in equivalence with 3,000 VND/m3. Generally speaking, the average cost for using piped water of a household is 20,000 VND per month to 30,000 VND per month, making up to 1% to 1.5% of the total monthly costs of a household. Except to some comments in Phc Thng and Vnh An communes, nearly all households said that an expense for such use of piped water is reasonable (see the Table 60). As discussed with local people in areas where piped water is inaccessible, but have a high demand, local people here are willing to pay for monthly water consumption up to 50,000 VND, or even higher charge of water. For the current charge of water and with possibility of double volume of consumption piped water, a monthly fee of a household is around 50,000 VND to 60,000 VND only. However, another possibility should be considered. A majority of those interviewed said that if there is an increase in a tariff basket of piped water, 68% of households will reduce their consumption water, 10% will use other additional water sources, and only 16.5% still keep the same water consumption as before (see the Table 61). This indicates some limited points of increasing charges of water, including an increase in a tariff basket or volume of consumption water. However, when piped water practically benefit to domestic use and health, a charge of 50,000 VND to 60,000 VND per month for household use can be acceptable in the areas where local people is really in need. Regarding piped water supply, as analyzed above, only few interviewees are not satisfied with, nearly all those interviewees in local areas said that they are relatively satisfied with (63.2%) or extremely satisfied with these services (27.7%) (see the Table 62), though there is still some limitations in water quality and management to handle with.

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Box 10: Assessment of piped water quality and management in T Cung hamlet, Phc Thng commune, Tuy Phc district: The existing source of piped water is not really clean. There is still some types of mud or yellow scale, and a smell of chlorine in the water. When boiling water, a water pot is scalecoated with yellow or opalescent color (after two-three days of use, the water pot is scalecoated, that must be removed by a knife due to its hard coating). In comparison with water sources from both drilled and dug wells, local people assess that the piped water source is cleaner. An existing tariff of water is acceptable. For poor households, they still use piped water, but save it. A new tariff of water in the future depends on market price at that time. If the water flow is directly supplied, and water quality is good in the future, local people will accept to pay for a higher cost. Water which is connected to an individual household doesnt flow well (normally water flow is weak in the morning; but it is better in the afternoon). For the time being, households have to assign one member to watch for a water supply schedule of a water supply company. Women are normally in charge of this work. A schedule of water disruption is currently not informed, affecting domestic use of local people as unexpected. (Group discussions with households in T Cung hamlet, Phc Thng commune, Tuy Phc)

8. Local awareness in terms of their not using piped water Though nearly all households in the areas where pipelines are connected are using piped water, there is still a low ratio of households who dont use it. As discussed with those people, it indicates two most important reasons: initial investment costs for installation and their possible use is high in comparison with household economic conditions, and households dont have an urgent demand of using piped water (see the Table 63). In terms of initial investment costs, costs for installing pipelines to a household water meter are considered as the highest, and local people think that it is the biggest obstacle for using piped water (21.5% of those interviewed). Another high expense is to get a water meter installed. Even a water meter is provided free of charge, an installation cost from the main pipeline to a water meter is fairly high (normally a group of households together contribute money to pay for this installation cost), making up 15.4% of those interviewed. Up to 18.5% of those interviewed said that they are not in demand as they can use water sources from either drilled or dug wells. Other third important reason is that the main pipelines are installed, but households are not allowed to use, making up 15.4% of those interviewed. Some factors such as water quality or water management are less important reasons to explain why local people dont use piped water.
Box 11: Reasons for not using piped water in the service areas Pipelines are installed in some areas; however, local people dont connect these pipelines to their
houses. They think that the water quality of both dug and drilled wells are still good. When pumping the water for use, there isnt a bad smell or water isnt aluminated. Hence, they continue to use these water sources to save a part of their expenses. On the other hand, it is also difficult for some poor households in the area to afford to connect pipelines into their houses. (A discussion with a female and male group in Vnh Lim hamlet, Bnh nh town, An Nhn district) Households who live in the areas where the main pipelines are installed still dont connect piped water to their houses, due to their insufficient economic conditions and good quality of existing well water sources. (A group discussion with households in Group 3, Ph Phong town, Ty Sn district) Till now, local people have got used to well water, partly affecting the use of piped water. It must be said that piped water is a new product. It must take time to promote their piped water-use practices. It cannot be one or two days for them to use this water source as other goods. (In-depth interviews with staff of the Water Supply Enterprise, An Nhn district)

49

9. Local awareness in the areas where piped water is inaccessible An assessment of potential need is extremely necessary to develop water supply projects in the coming time. In terms of necessity of this service, 452 households were interviewed in the areas where piped water is inaccessible during the survey. The results in the Table 64 indicate that 29% of household think that it is extremely necessary and it has sufficient conditions for implementation, and 13.3% think that it is extremely necessary, but it has insufficient conditions for implementation, and a remaining number of households think that it is not urgent, it is not needed for the time being, and it isnt completely needed. This indicates that a developed water supply project should be supplied to the first household group, and it is required to get prepared for other required conditions to meet a demand of piped water for the second group. For the first household group, Hoi Hng commune of Hoi Nhn district and Ct Tin commune of Ph Ct district have the highest ratios, 59% and 46.7% respectively. This is completely logical as in these two communes, it is surveyed that water sources are heavily aluminated. Some areas in Tam Quan Nam commune of Hoi Nhn district, Phc Thng commune of Tuy Phc district, water sources are salined and safe water is inadequate as raised by local people during group discussions. In addition, in some other communes, approximately 30% of households think that they are in a high demand of piped water and their areas have sufficient conditions to undertake water supply projects. Proper identification of local demand is seen as a prerequisite to develop centralized water supply project successfully. Local people are highly aware of the quality of water sources and their impacts on health. Results in the Table 65 indicate that even piped water is inaccessible, but 89.6% of those interviewed think that piped water is better than water taken from wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, ect; 79.6% of those interviewed think that piped water helps to avoid digestive problems; 63.3% of those interviewed think that piped water helps to minimize skin disease; and 60.2% agree that piped water help to reduce chronic disease as untreated water is contaminated with toxin. Although above ratios are fairly high, other relevant ratios is slowly reduced. The reason is that other questions are related to more specialized contents, which require interviewees to have higher awareness of them. Though it is affirmed that piped water is better and it reduce digestive problems (as it directly related to water sources used by households, causes and effects were well-known to them), there is a large number of local people are not aware of positive impacts of piped water against skin problems and chronic disease (because these disease cannot be realized at once). Based on actual demand of piped water and its impacts on health as mentioned above, a quite high ratio of households (38.1%) are willing to connect to piped water right after piped water supply services are accessible, 27.4% of households will consider their affordability, and approximately 34.5% of households dont have any plan to connect to piped water or dont have any comment (see the Table 66). It can be said that it is the most important indicator to estimate to which extend of connection to piped water if a water supply project is undertaken. Once again, there is the highest ratio of households who are willing to connect to piped water in Hoi Hng commune (72%) and Ct Tin commune (50%). In remaining communes/towns, there are high ratios of households who are willing to connect to piped water, including Phc Lc commune (43.3%),M Hip commune (42.6%), M Hip commune (42.6%), Ph Phong town (39.4%), and Tam Quan Nam commune (36.7%). These are seen as potential areas for possible development of water supply services. The number of households who are willing to connect to piped water will be increased when households are considering their affordability for using this water source. In the areas where local people think that it is not necessary yet and they dont have any intention to use it, centralized water supply projects should not be developed here. 50

Box 12: Some recommendations of local people when a water supply service is developed Local people can use piped water in case it is connected into their houses. They only pay for their monthly water consumption. Before a project is developed, there should be a meeting with local people to consult them in the tariff basket. It is needed to involve local people into monitoring the project during its implementation. Local people can contribute to the project by their labor-days (Discussion female group of Phng Phi hamlet, Ct Tin commune, Ph Ct district)

Specifically, it is needed to understand how local people will use piped water if these projects are implemented. This will play a decisive role to estimate the average water consumption which households will use within a month. Results in the Table 67 indicate that ratios of households use piped water for multiple purposes as follows: 100% used for drinking, 97.3% used for cooking, 24.5% used for bathing, 15.4% used for washing clothes, and 17.4% used for washing dishes and cleaning houses. These above ratios are similar to ratios of households who are currently using piped water. Generally speaking, purposes for using piped water among households arent much different, that can reflect a common sample of households using piped water if it is accessible. The survey also provides specific indicators to estimate an amount of cubic meter of piped water which one household will use if it is accessible. Results in the Table 68 indicate that for above mentioned purposes of using piped water, it is estimated that water consumption of households are extremely low, approximately 3.3 m3 per month only, making up one third of the average water consumption of households who are currently using piped water (8.9 m3 per month). The average water consumption doesnt much vary across local areas, but much varies among households. Some households intend to use piped water for drinking only, so water consumption is not worth considering. Meanwhile few households intend to use some tens of cubic meter of water every month. This may initially be a physical reason. A large number of local people think that piped water is only used for drinking and cooking to save household costs. There is an evidence to indicate that, households who are currently using piped water have to pay an average amount of 23,000 VND per month for their water consumption; meanwhile households in the areas where piped water is inaccessible can pay 22,000 VND for their average monthly water consumption. Such equivalent costs for piped water indicate that water consumption of households in these areas may reach to the same amount of 9 m3 per month per household as households who are currently use piped water. Conveniences of using piped water and a quick adaptation to these conveniences will enable a majority of households to use piped water for bathing and washing. Accordingly, actual water consumption will be much higher than the estimated consumption. Communication programs on impacts of pipe water use on health are an important factor to improve the piped water connection situation for local people.

III. SOLID WASTE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

1. The situation of solid waste collection/treatment, waste water treatment and environmental sanitation in the surveyed area 1.1. Solid waste treatment situation of the households The survey results as shown in the Table 69 indicated that 12 surveyed communes/towns of 6 project districts can be divided into two areas: (1) The area with solid waste collection services consists of 4 communes/towns of Ca Cng Nam hamlet of Hoi Hng commune (Hoi Nhn), Hnh Quang hamlet of Phc Lc commune (Tuy Phc district), Vnh Lim group, Bnh nh town (An Nhn district) and Group 3, Ph Phong 51

town (Ty Sn district); (2) The area without solid waste collection services consists various hamlets of the remaining commune in the survey sample. In the areas where the solid waste collection services are accessible, the majority of households use these services. In Bnh nh town, 100% of the surveyed households also use the solid waste collection services. However, some households live in the area where solid waste collection services are accessible, but they do not use these services, i.e. in Hoi Hng commune (17.9% of households live in the area with solid waste collection services, but they do not use them), in Phc Lc commune (12.9% of households live in the area with solid waste collection services, but they do not use them) (Table 70). Reasons for their not using these services are: (1) They do not need to use these services because they can apply their traditional solid waste treatment methods bury or burn the solid waste. Among households not using solid waste collection services in Hoi Hng commune, approximately 40% of households bury the solid waste, 40% of households burn it, and the remainder applies other solid waste treatment methods. In Phc Lc commune, 100% of households apply the solid waste treatment by burning it. (2) Houses are far from the garbage collection points. For the whole survey sample, it is generally estimated that the average distance from the residential blocks to the main road is 100m, and 22.4% of households live far from the main road with over 100m. In towns, this distance is shorter, but in some districts like Ph M, approximately 43.8% of households live far from the main road with over 100m. This distance is one of various obstacles for their access to the solid waste collection services. In the areas where the solid waste collection services are inaccessible, burning solid waste is applied by almost households (making up 69.1%), burying and disposal of waste on the street are a quite common action (making up 11% and 9.1% respectively). Besides, local people also dispose in the garden or leave it on the river/the lake/the pond (see the Table 71 ). The solid waste treatment methods largely varied across the communes where have a larger residential land, and towns and communes with less residential land. In the rural area where gardens are large, it is common to bury and burn the solid waste. For example, in Tam Quan Nam commune, 76.7% is burning, 20% is burying, and only 1.7% is disposing of in the river/streams. In the towns, two common actions are burning and disposing of waste everywhere. For example, in Ph Phong town, 48.5% of households burn solid waste, 9% buries it, and 30.3% dispose of waste anywhere else. In some communes with a high population density, almost all households dont have a garden, so they can only burn and/or dispose of waste in the street. For example, the ratios of waste disposal everywhere in Phc Thng commune is 16.1%, in Phc Lc is 24.14%, in Vnh An is 17,5%, of the total households not using solid waste collection services. Group discussions indicated that burying or burning solid waste also depend on either dry or wet seasons, and types of solid waste. Local people normally bury solid waste in the wet season as wet solid waste cannot be burnt. They often dig a small house in the garden to keep and then bury solid waste, and dig another hole when one hole is fully occupied. In the dry season, local people often burn solid waste, and only bury a type of solid waste that cannot be burnt. Above results show that in the rural areas where the residential land is large, there is a small quantity of solid waste, there isnt much industrial solid waste, there is a garden to bury or burn solid waste, there is a scatter of residential groups, and it is a far distance to reach solid waste collection points, the solid waste collection services are actually not necessary yet. In these areas, an outstanding issue is the solid waste collection and treatment from markets and traditional trade villages. At present, the solid waste collection and treatment in the rural markets is a form of spontaneous /illegal development, and is not well planned. However, in the areas where there is a high population density and the residential land area is not much, waste disposal in the street has polluted the living environment. For this reason, a need of the solid waste collection services can be 52

considered. In these areas, convenient transportation systems are an important factor to get local people involved. 1.2. Waste water treatment situation of the households The situation of waste water and waste water treatment methods in the surveyed areas are currently a problem that need to be sorted out, especially in the rural areas. Waste water which mainly has polluted the environment is from animal husbandry production such as pig, buffalo, and cow raising. For the whole survey sample, it is estimated that 53.1% of households is running animal husbandry activities. In some areas like Ph M and Ph Ct districts, the ratio of animal husbandry is extremely common. The animal husbandry production situation in the residential areas stir up an urgent problem related to livestock waste treatment, especially in the areas with high population density. Results as shown in the Table 72 indicate that almost all households with livestock production apply a home composting process to get fertilizer for their use (86.1%), and 7.1% households dont apply any waste treatment method. Meanwhile only 7.1% of households with livestock activities produce biogas. In some areas, there is a higher ratio of households with animal husbandry production who have built biogas plants such as Hoi Nhn (17%); however, the number of households has applied this positive method is still very low. Discussions with local officials indicated that the local authorities at different levels have made high efforts to handle with this problem. Two basic solutions are that: Firstly, local households are encouraged to move animal husbandry production to a centralized production area. It is shown that this solution is not feasible due to its costly investment and inconvenience in households management; meanwhile it is a small-scale household livestock production. Secondly, biogas plants should be built for households with on-site livestock production. Although, some technical problems need to be sorted out, i.e. accumulation of impurities in the biogas bag after decomposition, this solution is still considered as an optimal one for the current situation. Capital policies for building biogas plants supported by the local authorities and mass organizations play an important role, and need to be further developed for expansion of this model. 1.3. Other environmental sanitation related problems Apart from solid waste and waste water, a latrine is also a factor which affect the surrounding environmental sanitation, especially in the rural area. Specific data on household latrines in the survey sample as shown in the Table 73 indicate that 30.7% of households have septic tank latrines, 22.5% of households have pour-flush latrines, 13.8% of households have latrines with double vaults, and around 31.9% of households dont have latrines. However, types of latrines varied across areas. In towns and communes nearby the urban areas, almost all households have septic tank latrines or pour-flush latrines, in which households in the towns use more septic tank latrines. The ratios of family septic tank latrines in Bnh nh town is up to 74.6%, in Ph Phong town is 49.2%. Households who live in Phc Lc, Phc Thng communes of Tuy Phc district have quite high ratios of septic tank latrines, 48.3% and 40.3% respectively. Remaining households in these areas almost use pour-flush latrines. Although ratios of latrines with the sufficient hygiene standards is seen as the highest, some households in Tuy Phc dont have latrines. In Hoi Nhn district, approximately one third of households have the septic tank latrines, remaining households use pour-flush latrines and latrines with double vaults, and only a few households dont have any latrine. Hoi Nhn is the district where the ratio of households with latrines is the highest. 53

In the remaining areas, the ratio of households who have latrines with the sufficient hygiene standards is still low. Many areas dont have any latrine. Approximately 98.2% of households in Vnh An commune of Ty Sn district dont have any latrine. These ratios in Ct Lm and Ct Tin communes of Ph Ct district are 85.2% and 41.7% respectively, in Nhn An commune of An Nhn district is 46.7%, in M Hip and M Chu communes of Ph M district are 50.8% and 33.3% respectively. The open defecation on the field or an open land is quite common in many areas; however, it is difficult to handle this issue due to low awareness of local people. The open defecation is an important cause which has polluted the water sources of domestic use and created various disease in the community.

Box 13: Latrines in the rural area For the time being, the latrine construction is also a main concern. A large number of households currently dont have any latrine, in particular septic tank latrines with sufficient hygiene standards. On-field open defecation still occurs to some households. Some households dont use latrines even there are latrines in the houses, because water sources are inaccessible. Every year, the government provides local people with some loans for latrine construction, but only few households get loans. The reason is that local people think loans are insufficient to cover costs of constructing a latrine. Additionally, their family also have some difficulties and cannot invest more money to install it. (In-depth discussions with Peoples Committee of Tam Quan Nam commune, Hoi Nhn district).

2. Local awareness of solid waste collection/treatment, waste water treatment, environmental sanitation, and epidemic diseases General assessment of local people on the situation of solid waste, waste water, and environmental sanitation The survey results showed that the situation of solid waste and waste water in the survey area is one of outstanding issues which need to be sorted out. With regard to the domestic waste: Currently, many areas dont have dumpsites, so domestic waste is disposed of everywhere in the streets or open lands. In the areas where the solid waste collection services are inaccessible, local people dispose of waste in the cemetery, which create an illegal dumpsite. Close to the new Highway 1A (a main route), there is a permanent cemetery, which is planned for clearance. It has become an illegal dumpsite where local people in the neighboring areas dispose of waste. As a results, this area has been polluted. (A mixture of a female and male group who work in various professional fields in Vnh Lim group, Bnh nh town). By this way, illegal and/or temporary dumpsites are generated and there isnt any waste treatment system. There are three temporary dumpsites which are self-managed by the hamlet. Waste is disposed here by all the households. Local people dont dispose of waste behind the house because there isnt any empty land. Temporary dumpsites dont get any basic treatment method, i.e. chemical spraying, mosquito and fly control, and bad smell treatment. Consequently, some households who live around the dumpsite are affected. (A mixture of a female and male group who work in various professional fields in Ca Cng Nam hamlet, Hoi Hng commune). In Phc Lc commune, there are three illegal dumpsites: under the bridge pier, near the railway, and near the highway. When a high quantity of waste is generated, local people themselves near this area burn waste. Additionally, few households near the highway dispose of waste in the river (the HTS5 waterway). Waste from the watershed drift down the river, which lead to waste accumulation and pollution. 54

(A mixture of a female and male group who work in various professional fields in Phc M 2 hamlet, Phc Lc commune). With regard to solid waste in the markets. Dumpsites for waste collection have not been planned in almost all markets, which has polluted the environment. Waste in the markets has not been collected and managed. Market traders themselves have disposed of waste near the river that turn into a dumpsite, and then they burn it. (A male group of Thun Thi hamlet, Nhn An commune). There is no available place for waste disposal. Previously, it was disposed of along the river. Now it is impossible to dispose of waste, so it was accumulated. In the wet season, the heavy pollution occurs, water is stagnated. (A male group of Tng Long 1 hamlet, Tam Quan Nam commune). In Phi Phng market of Ct Tin commune, there isnt any location for waste disposal, it is disposed of in an open land (the market management group then collect waste and dispose of it in the cemetery); water sources for cleaning fishes are poured on the street, leading to a stinking smell (A female agricultural production group, Phng Phi hamlet, Ct Tin commune). Waste and animal carcases are disposed of into the river and canal,the water source of the Bng Sn irrigational canal is polluted by animal carcases. Local people of Tng Long 1 hamlet have use the grille of B40 to prevent animal carcases from the water flow of other hamlets (this canal is heavily polluted, the water source is stinking, local people are afraid of washing their feet there meanwhile this water source is served for agricultural production). (A male group, Tng long 1 hamlet, Tam Quan Nam commune). Existing solid waste treatment methods have polluted the environment, The solid waste treatment situation is still extremely complicated. Over 50% of households have burnt waste as a treatment method, the remaining households dispose of waste on the street, in the river. A large number of households burn waste in a centralized area far from 636A road, as these households do have large gardens. (A male group of Thun Thi hamlet, Nhn An commune, An Nhn district.). Plastic products and nylon bags smell bad when they are burnt (A male group, Thun Thi hamlet, Nhn An commune). Apart from domestic waste, the surrounding environment has been polluted by livestock waste water, domestic waste water, waste water from small production factories, and abattoirs. The stink of the drainage system and manholes affect local people. Its installation is not well planned, and the drainage system is not well integrated. This has made environment polluted. (A mixture of a female and male group who work in various professional fields in group 3, Ph Phong town). Livestock waste water is discharged into the garden, having a stinking smell, affecting neighboring households. We must close the door for the whole day. It will smell bad when opening the door, our visitors cannot sit talking. (Discussions with the female group of Phng Ph hamlet, Ct Tin commune); That a small fish sauce production factory of Thanh Lim hamlet cleans the vessels has polluted the river. Another fish sauce production factory of Thanh Giang hamlet has caused a bad smell during its fish product transportation. The waterworks has disposed of sediment into the field that affects household fields in the hamlet. (A male group, Thun Thi hamlet, Nhn An commune); Waste water of a small fish sauce production factory is directly discharged into the river. The west wind stirs up a bad smell in the whole area (A male agriculture production group, Tn Dng hamlet, Nhn An commune). A small noodle production factory in Hoi Ho has disposed of water into the river. River water is polluted, the fish die. That water is overflowed the cultivation field, which affect the rice and fish-raising lakes along the river. (Discussions with a male group, Tng Long 1 hamlet, Tam Quan Nam commune). Currently, small production factories and service supply units in the district dont have a solid waste treatment system installed, except to hospitals. This issue is still pending; meanwhile a standard treatment process has not been fully followed. Local waste water cannot be controlled. Though this process has been checked, treated, and guided, the 55

waste water related problems are not properly concerned. The main issue is environment related waste water treatment of production factories (In-depth interviews to officials of the Section of Natural Resources and Environment of Hoi Nhn district). In addition, the rural area is also polluted by the use of pesticides and fertilizers for agricultural production: The water sources are now contaminated by the solid waste, i.e. pesticide bags. After their use, local people disposed of these bags and/or sprayers near the field and directly into the river that make water sources polluted. The cattle get diseases and die after their drinking from this water source. (Discussions with male and female young groups who live within An im hamlet, Ct Lm commune); The rural environment is heavily polluted, including both water and air pollution. The reason is that local people use pesticides (and dispose of pesticide bags and sprayers everywhere), that have infiltrated into the water sources. (A mixed male group, Lc Thi hamlet, M Chu commune); Recently, for clearance of a new area, bottles and/or bags for decontamination chemicals are rightly disposed of into the river (A male group with mixed occupational fields in Lc Thi village, M Chu commune). Generally speaking, the environmental sanitation in the surveyed areas is polluted by the domestic waste, market waste, domestic waste water, livestock waste water, and waste water from some small production factories. They almost dont use solid waste/waste water treatment systems or treatment methods are not sufficiently applied. This largely affects heath and the surrounding residential environment Impact assessment of solid waste, waste water, and environmental sanitation related to the health classified by 6 districts of 12 communes One of the impacts that local people are highly aware of are the solid waste, disposal of animals carcases into the rivers/canals, discharge of waste water into the river of small manufacturing factories, disposal of pesticide bags. This affects water sources of canals and rivers and these water sources affect the health and household economics in the areas. In terms of health, group discussions and in-depth interviews at the community level indicated that the polluted water has caused many types of diseases such as an itch and gynecological infections. G Chm river is polluted. When using the water source from this river, local people get an itch (A male group discussion, Tn Dng hamlet, Nhn An commune). In the rural area, there are many types of diseases: cancer, osteoarthritis, influenza, sinusitis, pharyngitis, petechial fever, malaria, and gynecological infections; however, causes of these diseases have not been identified yet. (Female group discussions in Phng Phi hamlet, Ct Tin commune). In terms of economics, Waste water from the noodle production factory in Hoi Ho commune has polluted the environment, fish die, and affecting the shirmp-rasing lake along the river side. (A female group discussion in Cu Li Ty hamlet, Tam Quan Nam commune). 3. Assessment of the necessity of using solid waste collection services and willingness to use them 3.1. Necessity of the solid waste collection services For households in the areas where the solid waste collection services are accessible As shown in the Table 74, households who have used solid waste collection services indicates that solid waste collection services in their residential areas are extremely necessary and local infrastructure is sufficient developed for further development (nearly 56

100% of households agreed with this). During the survey, an attempt is also made to households in the areas where waste collection services are accessible; however, they dont use these services. Though, there are only a few households in this case (10 households only). Out of whom, six (06) households said that in their residential area, it is also necessary and sufficiently developed to deliver the solid waste collection services, only two (2) households said that it is extremely necessary, but the local infrastructure is not sufficient to deliver the solid waste collection services, and two (02) remaining households said that it is completely unnecessary yet. As indicated above, there is a little difference in local awareness of necessity of the solid waste collection services in the areas where solid waste collection networks are accessible. The field observations and discussions with relevant stakeholders indicate that due to scattered residential areas, some households living on the outskirts of the city with large land can bury the solid waste or their houses are quite far from a collection point, so they are not willing to use these services. However, it is necessary to encourage or develop regulations, even administrative measures at grassroots levels and unofficial regulations at the community level, to attract local people to connect the solid waste collection networks in the area with high density of population, and to set up solid waste collection networks for a safe surrounding environmental sanitation. For households in the areas where the solid waste collection services are inaccessible The Table 75 indicates households opinions of the necessity of setting up local solid waste collection services. As seen in the whole project area, only 20.8% of households said that it is extremely necessary to have solid waste collection services in their residential area and it is sufficiently developed to deliver these services; 10.5% of households said that it is extremely necessary, but the local infrastructure is not sufficient to deliver the solid waste collection services; 24.1% of households said that it is necessary, but not urgent; yet up to 41.4% of households said that their residential area are completely not in demand of the solid waste collection services. These above results show that as being aware by the local people, the solid waste collection services are really necessary to approximately 20-30% of surveyed households only. However, a demand of solid waste collection services and sufficient conditions to deliver these services only concentrates on some certain areas, where there is a high density of population, i.e. Ph Phong town of Ty Sn district (42.4%), Phc Thng commune of Tuy Phc district (37.1%); and Ct Tin commune of Ph Ct district (31.7%). The two prerequisites for setting up a solid waste collection network are that local people intensively live in one quite large scale area, and streets are accessible to deliver garbage to the waste collection points. Consequently, even in these areas there is still a higher ratio of households who are not aware of the necessity or where it is needed to satisfy necessary conditions to develop solid waste collection services. For example, in Ct Tin commune, up to 46.7% of households said that solid waste collection services are completely unnecessary. This is really a big obstacle to be able to maintain solid waste collection services based on the fee collection from households. Nevertheless, a large number of households in Ph Phong town extremely desire to be able to connect to solid waste collection services. Various households said that it is really good to have solid waste collection services, hygiene conditions are better ensured: It is needed to have solid waste collection services, as burning, burying or disposal of waste everywhere are also a cause of environmental pollution, especially in the market area (Discussion with the female agriculture production group, who come from quite well-off households in T Cung hamlet, Phc Thng commune). For this reason, solid waste collection services should firstly be delivered in towns, where there are more convenient conditions than other areas. 57

For the remaining areas, almost all households said that solid waste collection services are necessary, but are really not urgent such as Tam Quan Nam commune of Hoi Nhn district (36.7%), Phc Lc commune of Tuy Phc district (37.9%), Nhn An commune of An Nhn district (30%); or completely unnecessary such as Hoi Hng commune of Hoi Nhn district (57.6%), M Hip and M Chu communes of Ph M district (32.8% and 66.7% respectively), Ct Lm and Ct Tin communes of Ph Ct district (40.4% and 46.7% respectively), Nhn An commune of An Nhn district (33.3%), Vnh An commune of Ty Sn district (79%). In these communes, one feasible solution in this context is running information dissemination activities to encourage and increase local awareness on waste collection and waste treatment at household level based on their certain conditions and to their limited context, in combination with to minimize impacts on the environment. In addition, it is also needed to ensure sufficient infrastructure conditions and to increase local awareness before delivering solid waste collection services. 3.2. Willingness to use solid waste collection services of local people Willingness to use solid waste collection services of local people is shown in the Table 76. Based on these options, it is temporarily divided into three groups of local peoples willingness: a group is willing to use, a group who will use if many other people use, and one remaining group will use solid waste collection services if they are accessible. As estimated for the whole survey sample, approximately one fourth of households are willing to use right after these services are accessible, approximately one third of households will use these services if they see many other people do (or some ratios of services prove to be good), and over 40% of remaining households will not use these services if they are accessible. The willing group and the group who will use these services if they see many other people do are mainly focused in some areas such as in Tam Quan Nam (41.7% and 45% respectively), in Ph Phong town (57.6% and 27.3% respectively), in Phc Thng commune (40.3% and 29% respectively). These may be areas where it is the most potential to set up a solid waste collection network in the coming time. The group who will not use these services (if they are accessible), as it isnt urgent, is mainly focused in Vnh An commune of Ty Sn district (82.5%), Hoi Hng commune of Hoi Nhn district (66.7%), M Chu commune of Ph M district (65%), and in almost remaining communes. For these areas, a local person aware that it is inconvenient to develop a solid waste collection network, and it also reflects that there are some insufficient conditions for these types of services. 4. Assessment of existing solid waste collection services in the survey areas 4.1. Existing solid waste collection services in the locality Until now, there are few solid waste collection services in the project area and it they are only available in some relatively centralized residential areas with sufficient infrastructure conditions. Therefore, solid waste collection in local areas is mainly delivered along the Highway 1A and the main transportation roads, namely (see table 77): - In Hoi Nhn district, the Nguyn Tn Construction Company Ltd., (as a private enterprise) is operating in some areas of Bng Sn town, Hoi Tn commune, Hoi Thanh Ty commune, Tam Quan Bc commune, and Tam Quan town. Solid waste collection services have been started in Bng Sn town since 2000, and approximately 10,000 households have used these services. In addition, Hoi Hng market has connected to solid waste collection services since 1998, which is managed by the district level. - In Ph M district, the urban transportation unit is operating in some areas of Ph M town, Bnh Dng town, M Hip commune. In addition, the Chnh Thun solid waste 58

collection service located in Bnh Tr hamlet of M Quang commune has been operated since 2008. Its current capacity is 15m3/day and night, and there are currently 1,166 households using these services. The Dng Liu solid waste collection services which is also located in Bnh Tr hamlet of M Quang commune has been operated since 2008 with its capacity of 6m3/day and night, and there are currently 502 households using their services. - In Ph Ct district, the urban transportation unit is operating in some areas of Ng My town and Ct Hanh commune. This solid waste collection service has been started since 2007 with its capacity of 30m3/day and night, and 2,462 households use this service. - In An Nhn district, there are three (03) organizations operating in the field of solid waste and environment, including: + The An Nhn Urban Environment Company (of An Nhn co-operative) is operating in some residential areas within Bnh nh town, Phc Hng and Phc Quang communes of Tuy Phc district. This service has been started since 2007 with its capacity of 30m3/day and night. It is to serve for 2,500 households; however, the number of households use this service is 5,000 households. + The Gia Pht Company Ltd., (as a private enterprise) is operating in some residential areas within p town, Nhn Hng commune, Nhn Thnh commune, Nhn Hu commune. + The Nhn Th Company Ltd., (as a private enterprise) is operating in some residential areas within Nhn Th, Nhn Tn, Nhn Ho, and Nhn Phc communes. - In Tuy Phc district, H Thanh Environmental Company is operating in some residential areas within Tuy Phc town, Diu Tr town, Phc Lc commune, Phc An commune, and Phc Thnh commune. This solid waste collection service has been started since 2006 with its capacity of 50m3/day and night, and is served for 7,500 households. For the time being, it is only used with a capacity of 21 m3/day and night, with the use of 3,000 households. - In Ty Sn district, Ph Phong Agricultural Production and Services Co-operative are operating in some residential areas within Ph Phong town, Ty Xun commune, and Ty Ph commune. This solid waste collection service has been started since 1998, which is used by 2,850 households. 4.2. Assessment on existing services of local people in the survey area During the survey, interviews are undertaken to households who have used solid waste collection services so as to understand the local assessment on existing services (see the Table 78). Among all the surveyed areas, four (04) communes/towns have solid waste collection services, including Hoi Hng commune, Phc Lc commune, Bnh nh town, and Ph Phong town. There are 138 households using these solid waste collection services. Local assessment is shown based on following factors: In terms of types of solid waste collection Almost all garbage carts can be accessible in front of a house; however, in some communes, local people dispose of garbage at a garbage collection points for the carts solid waste collection. The average distance from the residential block to a garbage collection point is approximately 100m 200m (table 79). It is still inconvenient to set up garbage collection points. It is requested by an A company that there must be a full participation of all the households, and in that case there will be a garbage truck for solid waste collection. However, there isnt any truck for garbage collection, only a garbage carts are used. They request households to dispose of garbage at a garbage collection 59

point, which makes local people unsatisfied. As the company does get collection fees; meanwhile local people still have to dispose of garbage at a collection point. Consequently, some households who do not pay for the collection fee, but they sill dispose of garbage there. Then nobody can know where the garbage is from (In-depth discussions with officials of Phc Lc commune). In some days, the garbage cart passed by my home; however, there isnt any hand bell to inform me of its coming. I did not realize its coming, so the garbage was kept at home for two days. As a result, the garbage became stinking. (Discussion with mixed male and female group in Phc M 2 hamlet of Phc Lc commune). In terms of solid waste collection schedule and its frequency Normally, solid waste collection is scheduled every two-three days. In the urban areas such as Bnh nh and Ph Phong towns, it is scheduled every two days, and in the rural areas, it is scheduled every three days (Table 80). As a whole, local people highly value the frequency of solid waste collection schedules. It is estimated that approximately 53.6% assessed that it is good, and 10.1% assessed that it is very good. Only approximately 18.8% assessed that it is on average, and 8% assessed that is really bad and very bad. However, good assessment is mainly shown in towns (65.5% and 19% of good and very good comments is in Bnh nh town, 83.3% of good comments is Ph Phong town). Meanwhile, other remaining communes generally assessed that it is on average. Assessment on timely schedule of solid waste collection is also similar to assessment on the frequency of solid waste collection. It is also indicated that assessment in two towns is better than in two communes. In terms of the quality of solid waste collection facility Local assessment on solid waste collection facility is relatively positive, i.e. 55.1% said that it is good, 31.2% said that it is on average, and only 9.4% said that it is bad or extremely bad. In Bnh nh and Ph Phong towns, over 70% said that the quality of the solid waste collection facility is good, and the remaining people said that it is on average. However, a number of services have not been equipped with specialized solid waste collection trucks. In the locality, there isnt any specialized truck, so garbage is not fully collected at once (garbage is collected every two days). If garbage trucks are broken, the garbage is accumulated. (Discussions with mixed male and female group, in various occupational fields, of Group 3 of Ph Phong town). In the communes, garbage trucks dont have a good quality. Nearly 40-50% of interviewed households in Hoi Hng and Phc Lc communes said that the quality of garbage trucks is only on average; particularly in Hoi Hng commune, some people said that the quality of garbage collection facility is extremely bad. The truck tank is broken, so waste water is flowing in the street during garbage collection, causing a bad smell to the neighboring community. (Discussion with a mixed male and female group, in various occupational fields, of Phc M 2 hamlet, Phc Lc commune, Tuy Phc district). In terms of convenience of the solid waste collection network Generally speaking, almost all households positively assessed the convenience of the solid waste collection network, i.e. 65% assessed that it is good and very good, 19.6% assessed that it is on average, and only 13% assessed that it is bad or very bad. However, it mainly occurs in the two towns. Up to 96.7% and 86.2% of those interviewed in Ph Phong and Bnh nh towns assessed that the solid waste collection network is good and extremely good. In Hoi Hng and Phc Lc communes, it is mainly assessed to be on average or below average. This indicates that the solid waste collection network is not well planned for a convenience of local people, even it is for both objective and subjective causes. This is an factor that should be more concerned about for improved solid waste collection services in the rural area. 60

 In terms of convenience of waste fee collection Generally speaking, local people positively assessed the convenience of waste fee collection, i.e. 65.9% and 6.5% assessed that it is good and very good. Almost all those interviewed in Bnh nh and Ph Phong towns assessed that it is good; however, it is mainly assessed to be below average in the communes. This indicates that waste fee collection is inconvenient in the rural areas. In terms of working attitudes of waste collection workers Regarding working attitudes of waste collection workers, 55.8% and 5.1% of those interviewed assessed they are good and very good, 36.2% of those interviewed assessed that they are on average, only few assessed that they are very bad. Similar to other aspects, local people in the two towns have better assessment of working attitudes of waste collection workers than in other remaining communes. In terms of the hygiene status of waste collection Generally speaking, over half of those interviewed assessed that the hygiene status of waste collection is good, over one fourth assessed it is on average, but up to 18.8% assessed that it is bad or extremely bad. The good assessment of hygiene status of waste collection is mainly indicated in two towns; meanwhile many of those interviewed in Hoi Hng commune assessed that the hygiene status of waste collection is bad. Waste collection workers are enthusiastic, but they dont make it clean (garbage is scattered everywhere, and is not cleaned up), partly it is due to low payment to the waste collection workers. (Discussions with a mixed male and female group of Group 3 of Ph Phong town). In terms of a current waste collection fee Currently, waste collection fee per household is approximately 6,000 10,000 Vietnam Dong (VND) per month, depending on households who live in the alley or in the main street (in a small alley, it is 6,000 VND/month; in a large alley, it is 8,000 VND/month; in a main street, it is 10,000 VND/month). In almost all areas, it is said that waste collection fee is on average (making up 76.8%), but approximately 19.6% said that is relatively high. It is surprising that almost all those interviewed in communes said that this fee is normal (this ratio in Hoi Hng commune is 91.3%, in Phc Lc commune is 85.2%). Meanwhile, in the towns, it is said that the waste collection fee is relatively high, e.g. 14/30 of those interviewed in Ph Phong town, and 9/58 of those interviewed in Bnh nh town said that collection fee is relatively high. This can be that waste collection fee in the towns is higher than in the communes. General assessment of service quality Regarding characteristics of solid waste collection services, in brief, local people are fairly satisfied with the quality of waste collection services in the locality, i.e. 15.2% of those interviewed are extremely satisfied, 46.4% of them are satisfied, 21% of them are so so 17,4% of them is unsatisfied. In line with specific assessment of solid waste collection services, local people in the two towns are more satisfied than those interviewed in the two remaining communes. Approximately half the households who use waste collection services in two communes are unsatisfied with these service here. Inconvenience of solid waste collection services, fee collection, inadequate waste collection facility, and unhygienic waste collection services are factors that need to be improved to building up the quality of waste collection services. 4.2. Some recommendations on supply of solid waste collection services Dumpsite planning is currently an urgent problem in many local areas in the whole Bnh nh province. Solid waste collection services are accessible in many areas; however, 61

there isnt any centralized dumpsite. Almost all the dumpsites are only for temporary use, and there isnt any solid waste treatment system. When the dumpsites are fully covered, it has caused heavy pollution for residential areas. For this reason, it happens that local people prevent waste collection trucks from deposing of garbage into these illegal dumpsites any longer. Waste collection has been undertaken, but it is not effective. The reason is that there a lack of centralized dumpsites. Local people find out that it is polluted, and then prevent garbage trucks from garbage disposal. Hence, it is extremely difficult for water collection. (In-depth discussions with officials of Hoi Hng Commune Peoples Committee). It is extremely difficult for planning dumpsites as a large number of local people disagree with elaboration of dumpsites in their areas. For example, in Hoi Hng commune, the Commune Peoples Committee has surveyed a location for dumpsite planning for many times; however, it is impossible due to its closeness to the residential area. Another difficulty is that some people desire to use solid waste collection services; however, they are more concerned about the monthly waste collection fee. Local people really desire to access solid waste collection services; however, they are worried about how much they have to pay for monthly collection fee (Discussions with a mixed male and female group, in the various occupational fields, of Cu Li Ty hamlet of Tam Quan Nam commune). If solid waste collection services are accessible, we are willing to use, but worried about the collection fee. (A female and male agriculture production group in ai Khoan hamlet of Ct Lm commune). Hence, in the areas where there is an urgent demand of solid waste collection services, monthly collection fee from households should be firstly considered before these services are supplied. Some interviews and group discussions indicated that some previous projects have ever failed due to this problem. Previously, solid waste collection services were accessible in the locality, they could be operated for a short time, and then did not work out any more. It might be that some people did not pay for waste collection fee. (Group discussions with households in Ca Cng Nam hamlet, Hoi Hng commune). It is also affirmed by service providers that If 90% of households use these services, it is possible to get these services undertaken. If less households use these services, they will be at a loss (In-depth discussions with An Nhn Waste Collection Service Supply Company). It is shown in the survey results that for households who are using solid waste collection services it means that they are experienced in their affordability of collection fee an average payment of 9,000VND per month is appropriate to local people, and other households will use these services. However, levels of waste collection fee as proposed varied across local areas. Meanwhile in Bnh nh town, waste collection fee is approximately 10,000 VND per month, in Ph Phong town and Phc Lc commune, it is approximately 8,500 VND per month, it is proposed that collection fee in Hoi Hng commune is approximately 6,000 VND per month only. However, in the areas where solid waste collection services are inaccessible, the average waste collection fee that households can afford is approximately 6,000 VND per month. Although, there is some variation across communes. Except to Vnh An commune, the poorest commune, waste collection fee can be accepted to be below 3,000 VND/month. Almost all local people in the remaining communes can afford around 5,0006,000 VND per month for solid waste collection services. Households in Ph Phong town, Tam Quan Nam commune and Ct Tin commune can afford around 7,000 VND per month. It is clear that waste collection fee is a high challenge to consider possibility of developing solid waste collection services in the rural area. Therefore, before these services are provided, it is needed to consult local people in monthly waste collection fee and ways of garbage collection. This helps to create a mutual agreement between service providers and service users, which can ensure the sustainability of these services. In the future, solid waste collection services are connected, it is noted that local people should be in 62

discussions and make a decision on waste collection points for garbage collection of garbage trucks. (Group discussions with households of Lc in hamlet, Phc Thng commune). Another factor is that the waste collection facility needs to be well equipped to ensure environmental hygiene such as specialized vehicles. It is needed to ensure that garbage will not be scattered in the street during its transportation, and garbage should be regularly collected. Finally, it is needed to strengthen communication activities, increase local awareness of keeping a clean environment by using solid waste collection services so that solid waste collection services can be supplied in a sustainable way. 5. Communication activities environmental sanitation and awareness building of local people in

It can be said that almost all people is aware of environmental sanitation, impact of solid waste and waste water on the living environment, and personal health. Burnt waste affects health of local people, as burnt waste is mainly plastic bags, and their plastic melting is smelly and annoying. (A discussion with female group of T Cung hamlet of Phc Thng commune). However, it is very difficult to turn this awareness into action for environment protection. As analyzed above, a number of people have good behaviors in protecting the environment, not disposing of garbage everywhere; however, many people still disposed of garbage on the road, into the river/stream/canal, ... It is a urgent problem to be sorted out for the environment. A question here is that it is needed to strengthen communication activities to make a change in behaviors of local people for environment protection. 5.1. The situation of communication activities in the surveyed areas There is little evidence to indicate that there are training courses and communication programs on environmental hygiene at the grassroots level. Generally, there isnt any information dissemination program on safe water sources as well as solid waste and environmental sanitation. In case some evens may occur, the commune generally encourages local people to keep environmental hygiene only. Even we, who are at management level, as well as mass organizations, dont have any professional skills, so how can we talk about it. (In-depth interviews with management officials of Ct Lm Commune Peoples Committee). There isnt any training course on environmental sanitation in this commune yet, nobody has talked about environmental sanitation, i.e. safe water sources, and environment in general, there isnt any dissemination activities about the environment (In-depth interviews M Chu with management officials of Ct Lm Commune Peoples Committee). Almost all the communication programs on use of safe water sources, and environment protection are cross-cutting activities and verbally informed to local people. There isnt any documentation or illustration for local people to understand easily. There isnt also any thematic talk to directly disseminate to local people. Communication programs seem to be a form of encouragement for self-awareness of local people. In terms of training, there isnt any training course on environmental sanitation as well as any document on this topic for reference. This is a difficulty for capacity building of in-charge staff as well as awareness increase for local people in this field. In term of information dissemination, the commune organized meetings with its members and talked about environment related problems. These contents were developed and integrated with other thematic topics. (Indepth interviews with the management level of Phc Lc commune, Tuy Phc district, Bnh nh province, 2010). 63

Apart from cross-cutting communication programs through meetings, public media, radios, posters on the walls, there are some times communication programs through lectures of provincial and district professional staff. However, these programs are only given to staff at grassroots levels such as of Womens Union, Farmers Association, ect. Meanwhile, a majority of people in charge of communication programs dont have any relevant background. They only talk about something they understand, they dont have sufficient professional skills and inadequate visual aids to disseminate information to local people. People in charge of management like us as well as mass organizations dont have sufficient professional skills, so how we can talk about these types of topics. We are also in charge of other work and arent specialized in this professional work. We also dont have professional staff in this field. These programs havent been developed in a systematical way. (In-depth interview with staff at management level of Ct Lm Commune Peoples Committee); A team of communicators dont have necessary professional skills. One man who is working in the field of cadastral and land management is mainly in charge of environmental issues (In-depth interviews with staff at management level of M Chu commune). In addition, there isnt any available budget to pay for communicators, so their working outputs are not much accordingly. A pool of these staff has to work in various fields; meanwhile their salaries are low. Incentives are not well-paid to enable them to be highly motivated. Forms and ways of existing communication programs are not highly effective. Everything is only verbally informed about in meetings, so local people can only remember a little after that, or they only hear that, but dont take any action, dont apply these knowledge into practices. This is one of main reasons for waste disposal everywhere in the street, into the river/canal, that affect the living environment. 5.2. Some recommendations on communication activities Facing with current situation of environmental sanitation and communication activities, there should be some information dissemination activities to handle with problems related to environment in general, and solid waste and waste water in particular as follows: - Organize thematic talks and information dissemination activities more often - Make changes in organizations steps: + Integrate contents related to environmental sanitation of the daily life into cultural performance programs, short dramas, ect + Identify a core group of collaborators in the community as this group have close contacts with local people, and can directly share information and encourage local people to get involved into relevant programs. + Develop materials with illustration for easy understandings. + Make video clips for communication activities, guidance, and indicate disadvantages of polluted environment - Strengthen capacity, and provide training on professional skills for communicators. - Necessarily introduce professional communicators at higher levels, it is needed to involve members from other areas at district and provincial levels into communication activities. Local people will be more convinced. For communicators inside the hamlet, local people dont like to listen to. There should be close coordination between different 64

sectors and mass organizations. Local people will not be cooperative with any organization who works separately. (local people dont attend meetings, and their messages are not meaningful to local people. (Discussions with female group of Phng Phi hamlet, Ct Tin commune). Once again, it shows that it is needed to build up capacity for staff at management level so that these staff can create prestige in local peoples minds. - Regularly run an environmental hygiene awareness building activities: The Government should encourage all the citizens to clean up public areas on the special occasions so that local awareness can be further strengthened. (In-depth interviews with official of An Nhn district). Box 14: Some typical activities related to waste collection and solid waste treatment 1. Voluntary students help local people to dig a hole for bury solid waste. Every ten households dig one hole for burning solid waste. Waste is burnt in the dry season; and is buried there in the wet season. Everybody is self-aware of this work, any body can burn waste as they are available. (Group discussion. A mixed male and female agricultural production group of Kon Jt hamlet of Vnh An commune) 2. Every month, local people in the hamlet together launch a hygiene program to clean up the hamlet environment; therefore, so waste disposal is not much serious. (Group discussion. A mixed male and female agricultural production group of Kon Jt hamlet of Vnh An commune) 3. For the time being, the Commune Environmental Hygiene Board has encouraged some hamlets such as Ca Cng Nam, Ca Cng, Thch Xun Bc that they should also encourage local people to dig holes to bury waste and buy oil for burning waste. This can be done in the dry season, but it cannot be done in the wet season. Hence, local people have to dispose of garbage in the street. Local people are encouraged to contribute 1,0002,000 VND per month, one hamlet will have approximately 100,000 - 150,000 VND to buy oil for burning waste. (In-depth interviews with officials of Hoi Hng Commune Peoples Committee)

65

PART III: RECOMMENDATIONS ON POLICES

I. CLEAN WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION 1. Recommendations to state management agencies and mass organizations 1.1. Local awareness of water source protection and use of clean water is increased - Local people are not highly aware of protection of domestic water sources. It is quite common that either dug or drilled wells are operated near latrines or livestock production areas in the rural area. It causes pollution of well water sources by these above waste. Tanks are not fully covered after their use, so underground water is polluted. - It is shown that local people use well water, which is not treated or only treated by applying mechanic filtration methods, water is not boiled for drinking, or river water is used for bathing. It indicates that local people are not highly aware of long-term impacts of water sources on their health. Hence, communication programs to increase awareness of local people are a core matter that should be especially concerned about. - As long as there is not any additional method to replace water sources used, it is needed to guide local people on methods of aluminum filtration, smell clearance, ect effectively, instead of their existing water-use practices. 1.2. It is needed to have a comprehensive mechanism to develop rural centralized water supply works in the province so that it is convenient to manage and operate these works and integrate sources of funding effectively. - Regarding planning management, relevant provincial departments and sectors, City/Disrict Peoples Committee should strengthen planning management, classify priority regions for development of water suppy and solid waste treatment works; - Regarding investment in construction works, priorities should be given to construction investment in areas where urgent demands are raised; large scale works shoud be connected at inter-hamlet, inter-commune, inter-district levels; works should be constructed in a sustainable way. Pre-feasiblity of investment works shoud be made and well prepared. Assesment of existing situation need to be truly refelcted. Treatment technological proceses should do respond to sources of inputs. - Regarding post-investment management, post-investment works should be managed and operated by investors who involve in management of construction of works/projects. Or it is needed to assign one person to work with investors in the field of project planning, design, monitoring, management, verification, and adoption/handing over for exploiration. +For previous and ongoing construction works, the first priority should be given to postinvestment management, because it is one of the most important elements, which affect work quality and effciency in investment. Basically, it is needed to involve construction contractors into management, maintainance, operation and post-investment business activities. For the time being, post-investment work management and operation are run based on some following models: the Rural Clean Water Suppy and Environmental Saniation Center, the district water supply management boards, enterprises, private sectors, communities. Due to a shortage of professional skills and management approaches, numerious water supply works is quickly downgraded, broken or insufficent in terms of the work quality. It is needed to have a coordination organization, i.e. Clean Water Suppy and Environment Center, which shall be responsisble for the whole process, from construction to management steps. This organization can hand over technologies and sign a contract with 66

a local person to manage these work under the supervision of this organization. Harmonization between economic benefits and individual/organization responsibilities in water supply works/projects is precondition to avoid that any individual/any organization can also involve in these works, but nobody has responsibilties/duties. It is needed to set up appropriate forms of punishment againts violations on rural water supply activities ot strengthen responsibilties of organizations in charge of management and operation activities. It is extremely necessary to periodically organize training courses on technique and management skills for staff in charge of managing water supply works, which is provided by speicalized organizations. It is surveyed that professional skills of staff at grassroots level is extremely insufficient and training is still limitted. It is needed to elaborate management regulations, which include minimum requirements of management and operation capacities of technical staff and workers (for example, it is required that they have to complete short training courses which are organized and verified by competent authorities) and of standard technical process to ensure water quality as regulated in the national technique standards QCVN 02: 2009/BYT and QCVN 01: 2009/BYT. Work management organizations shall be responsible for managing and operating based on regulated process, for exploring and providing regular maintenance for works; for periodically check the water quality as regulated by themselves; for monitoring, checking, recording in operation and management diary; timely identify and handle with problems and simple repairment to ensure smooth operation of works. +Regarding future works, the first priority is given to investment in areas where there is urgent demand of clean water because these works can meet the local demand and can ensure economic efficiency at the same time. Once both dug and drilled wells can meet daily demand, local people in the rural area still dont want to or only use piped water with low consumption, which will not be economically effective.. It is surved that local opinions are clearly reflected in this sample. In some areas where it is heavily aluminated and salined such as Tam Quan Nam communes, it is important to develope centralized clean water supply works. Hence, surveys and consultations with communities must be well implemted for market assessment before making decisions on construction, supply capacity, pipeline networks, and investment eiffciency. Exploratory boring of water sources is one of the most important factors to select appropriate water treatment technologies and to ensure sustainability of water supply works, especially in coastal areas of Hoi Nhn, Ph M, Ph Ct, Tuy Phc where water is easily salined in the dry season. 1.3. Promulgation of assistance policies to encourage rural people, poor households, ethnic groups to use clean water One of various difficulties which local people is currently facing with is costs for installation of main pipelines into a house and of a water meter. Therefore, a part of costs or full costs for installing pipelines or meters should be supported. Policies on water price support can be done; however, it needs to ensure benefits of organizations in charge of work management, operation, and maintenance. 2. Recommendations to clean water supply providers 2.1. It is needed to consult local people about basic indicators before clean water service projects are implemented + Necessity of services + An amount of cubic meter of water used by households; + Purposes for using water for drinking, cooking and domestic use; 67

+ Affordability for one cubic meter; + Commitment of local people for their participation (if necessary). 2.2. It is needed to regularly monitor and improve water supply quality during project implementation and management + Install pipelines based on technical standards and quality conditions; + Regularly check construction and installation to avoid any possible problem; + Pay attention to water quality: clearness, chlorine smell, ect + An operation organization needs to strengthen to periodically self-check water quality as regulated, and to report test results of water quality to customers so that they can work together with competent agencies to monitor and verify it.
Box 15: Some weak points of water supply works and recommendations - Pipelines are not installed based on technical standards, i.e. broken pipelines are installed for local people, and some water meters do not have covers. Hence, it is needed to install pipelines for households based on technical standards and technical conditions. - In case a technical worker is given some allowances by a household, installation process is quickly completed. - If water consumption is below 2 m3 per month, water meters will be uninstalled. It makes local people worried about. It is needed to get rid of this regulation. - It is needed to make a schedule and keep local people informed so that it is convenient for them to use water supply services. (Group discussion of Vnh Lim group, where clean water supply is accessible, nh town, An Nhn) - It is needed to support poor households with connecting pipelines into a house. - Local people are supported with preferential loans to connect water when it is accessible. - It is needed to check if existing water sources used by households affect health of local people or not so that they can make a decision on using piped water. This is a type of communication activity to enable local people to use piped water for domestic use. (Group discussions in Tn Dng hamlet, Nhn An, An Nhn)

Box 16: Recommendations on forms of service supply - Local people can use piped water in case a water source is directly connected to their house. They only pay for monthly water consumption. - Before project implementation, it is needed to consult with local people about water tariffs - It is needed to involve local people into monitoring process during project implementation. - Local people can contribute to the project by their labor days (Group discussions in Phng Phi hamlet, Ct Tin, Ph Ct) - It is recommended to inform about a schedule of water disruption through a commune cooperative or through a fee collector. - It is recommended to improve water treatment process before water is supply to users. It is needed to avoid that water has some black mud. - Since clean water was supplied, local people have not joined training courses or communication programs on a way of using clean water and impacts of clean water used by households. - Water users do not know how to reflect information of water quality so that they can get accurate feedback. It is recommended to have such information through hamlet meetings or meetings of mass organizations with their members. - Water supply companies should provide training or basic information on ways of water treatment of the water supply factories or ways of using clean water of a household to fee collectors, so that these fee collectors can reply to some urgent questions in case a problem occurs. - Currently, approximately 60% of households in the hamlet can access a clean water source, the remaining households in remote areas do not have main pipelines connected or cannot

68

afford costs of installation and water meters. Poor households still have opportunities of using clean water (if they live near the main road or stay in the same hamlet where pipelines are connected, they themselves manage to pay for costs of installation and for water meters, local authorities dont provide any additional support). - Households who have not accessed clean water sources said that they can pay for initial investment costs of 1,000,000 VND. - Poor households can pay 2,700 VND/m3; however, they cannot afford initial investment costs. (Group discussions in T Cung, Phc Thng, Tuy Phc)

II. SOLID WASTE ISSUES AND SOLID WASTE COLLECTION/TREATMENT 1. It is needed to increase local awareness of environmental sanitation through a model of regional self-management groups - Set up environmental sanitation self-management groups to increase roles of social groups, and to strengthen coordination between mass organizations. In each group or hamlet, an environmental sanitation self-management group is set up, which will cover following specific tasks: + Group participation: some key people (as recommended by local people) play main roles, and work with consultations of representatives of mass organization in the region. + Tasks: These groups shall be responsible for organizing communication activities in the region, handling with environmental sanitation related problems; and mobilize the masses to participate in movements/activities related environmental sanitation every month. - Increase capacity and communication skills for self-management groups. - Speed up some forms of commending and rewarding to encourage local participation. 2. It is needed speed up communication activities for keeping surrounding sanitation in order to make changes in local behaviors - Regularly organize information dissemination sessions - Make changes in modes of organization: + Integrate cultural performance programs and short dramas, which are related to environmental sanitation into the daily life. + Develop materials, which are easy to understand, and illustrated with pictures + Make video clips for communication, guidance and mentioning negative impacts of polluted environment. - Strengthen capacity and training on skills for communicators - It is also said that It is needed to invite somebody from another region at district and provincial level to disseminate information, which will be more persuasive for local people. When communicators in the hamlet talk, other members in the hamlet do not listen to and follow. It is needed to have coordination among mass organizations. Any organization who works separately, local people will not be cooperative. (local people will not join meetings. Their messages are not meaningful to local people). (Female group discussion of Phng Phi hamlet, Ct Tin, Ph Ct). Once again, it is shown that it is needed to strengthen capacity building for management staff so that they can be trusted by local people. - Regularly mobilize the whole community to keep the environment clean: The government should encourage the whole community to clean up public environment on the occasion of anniversary days to gradually increase local awareness. (In-depth interviews with staff of An Nhn district). 69

Box 17: Some typical activities related to solid waste collection and treatment 1. . Voluntary students help local people to dig holes for burying solid waste (on the open land). Every ten households dig one centralized hole for disposal of solid waste. Waste is burnt in the dry season; and is buried there in the wet season. Everybody is self-aware of this work, any body can burn waste. (Group discussion with a mixed male and female agricultural production group of Kon Jt hamlet of Vnh An commune, Ty Sn district) 2. Every month, local people in the hamlet together strengthen a hamlet environmental hygiene programs; therefore, waste disposal is not much serious. (Group discussion with a mixed male and female agricultural production group of Kon Jt hamlet of Vnh An commune, Ty Sn district) 3. For the time being, the Commune Environmental Sanitation Board has encouraged some hamlets such as Ca Cng Nam, Ca Cng, Thch Xun Bc that they should also encourage local people to dig holes to bury waste and buy oil for burning waste. This can be done in the dry season, but it cannot be done in the wet season. Hence, local people have to dispose of garbage in the street. Local people are encouraged to contribute 1,000 2,000 VND per month, one hamlet will have approximately 100,000 - 150,000 VND to buy oil for burning waste. (In-depth interviews with officials of Hoi Hng Commune Peoples Committee, Hoi Nhn)

3. It is needed to provide support and investment in solid waste collection services for their improvement - Firstly, there should be planning on dumpsites. This is an outstanding issue in numerous areas in the whole Bnh nh province. Solid waste collection services are accessible in many areas; however, there are no centralized solid waste dumpsites. Due to an absence of centralized solid waste dumpsites, almost all the dumpsites are illegal/temporary, and there is not any solid waste treatment system. It causes serious pollution, affecting health of local people. Therefore, it happens that local people stop solid waste collection trucks from disposing waste into the illegal dumpsites any more. Solid waste collection is served; however, the problem is a shortage of centralized dumpsites. Local people think that it is polluted and stop it from disposing of garbage, which cause difficulties in solid waste collection. (In-depth interviews with staff of Hoi Hng Commune Peoples Committee, Hoi Nhn). Dumpsite planning is extremely difficult because a majority of local people in various areas oppose against construction of dumpsites in their living areas. For example, in Hoi Hng commune, the commune has ever surveyed locations for planning dumpsites; however, it does not work out due to its closeness to residential areas. Therefore, it is needed to speed up dumpsite planning based standard solid waste treatment systems - Secondly, it is surveyed that a majority of local people are highly aware of using solid waste collection services; however, they are currently concerned about monthly collection fees. Local people desire to access solid waste collection services; however they are worried about how much they have to pay for collection fees every month. (A mixed group of female and male group in various occupational fields of Cu Li Ty hamlet, Tam Quan Nam commune (B)). In case solid waste collection is accessible, they are willing to use it, but are worried about the water tariff. (A female and male agriculture production group of ai Khoan hamlet, Ct Lm commune, Ph Ct district). 70

Meanwhile, solid waste collection companies are at loss, because there are a few households use this waste collection service, receipts cannot cover expenses. Hence, in the areas where there are urgent needs of solid waste collection services, monthly water tariff for households should be paid attention to before services are supplied. For the first period, there should be some support policies on water prices to encourage local participation. Some interviews and group discussions indicated that some previous projects have ever failed due to this problem. Previously, solid waste collection services are accessible in the locality, they could be operated for a short time, and then did not work out any more. It might be that some people did not pay for waste collection fee. (Group discussions with households in Ca Cng Nam hamlet, Hoi Hng commune). It is also affirmed by service providers that If 90% of households use these services, it is possible to get these services undertaken. If less households use these services, they will be at a loss (In-depth discussions with An Nhn Waste Collection Service Supply Company). Therefore, before these services are provided, it is needed to consult local people in monthly waste collection fee and ways of garbage collection. This helps to create a mutual agreement between service providers and service users that can ensure the sustainability of these services. In the future, solid waste collection services are connected, it is noted that local people should be in discussions and make a decision on waste collection points for garbage collection of garbage trucks. (Group discussions with households of Lc in hamlet, Phc Thng commune). - Thirdly, waste collection facility needs to be well equipped to ensure environmental hygiene such specialized vehicles. It is needed to ensure that garbage will not be scattered in the street during its transportation, and garbage should be regularly collected 4. Investment in wastewater treatment systems from domestic use, livestock, and production Local people are encouraged to dig tanks for domestic and livestock waste water treatment to avoid that waste water is flowing into the garden, on the streets, which affect other neighboring households. Local authorities regularly organize campaigns on pesticide control (to kill flies and mosquitoes) to minimize disease and epidemics. Until now, in almost surveyed areas, there are no domestic waste water treatment systems; or in some areas, drainage systems are set up, but with bad quality. Therefore, it is needed to have some infrastructure improvement support projects to ensure environmental sanitation problems based on ABCD approach participatory community approach, specifically: + Identify the situation of wastewater problems, waste water treatment and consult the community how to overcome waste water problems. + Identify available resources of local people and communities for their contributions/participation to the project implementation. For example, labor days and contribution in cash, local involvement during project implementation and management, person who can play a leading role to mobilize programs, ect.. III. SOME POLICIES TO FACILITATE LOCAL PEOPLE TO USE CLEAN WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION It is surveyed that behaviors in health care, environmental protection of local people in the survey area are almost not high/good because traditional customs, practices, cultural and economic elements impact on human action. Therefore, the government should 71

promulgate some policies to make changes in human behaviors for short-term and longterm visions: 1. Short-term policies Provide subsidizes in water prices and monthly water collection in the rural areas, disadvantaged areas to encourage local people to use clean water and ensure environmental sanitation. Strengthen project monitoring and evaluation: enhance supervision and monitoring of project/work implementation. Develop relevant governmental and individual human resources; build up capacities of local staff, and project implementation agencies. Strengthen communication activities through visibility products.

2. Long-term policies - Integrate communication contents related to clean water and environment sanitation into education programs for primary school level, so that pupils can increase their awareness of using clean water and environmental sanitation. Furthermore, pupils who are one of effective communication channel in their families and a motivator for using clean water and environmental sanitation effectively.

72

ANNEXS
Table 1: A list of 12 communes/towns of 6 selected districts during the survey District Hoi Nhn Commune 1 Hoi Hng (Clean water systems are connected; but downgraded. Residential groups lives together. It is a coastal area. Solid waste collection services are provided). M Chu (Clean water systems are not connected. Solid waste collection services are not provided yet). Ct Tin (Clean water systems are not connected. Solid waste collection services are not provided yet). Vnh An (Clean water systems are connected. Solid waste collection services are not provided yet). Nhn An (Clean water systems are connected. Solid waste collection services are not provided yet). Phc Lc (Clean water systems are not connected yet. Solid waste collection services are provided). Commune 2 Tam Quan Nam (Clean water systems are connected; however, Solid waste collection services are not provided yet). M Hip (Clean water systems are not connected. Solid waste collection services are not provided yet). Ct Lm (Clean water systems are not connected. Solid waste collection services are not provided yet). Ph Phong town (Clean water systems are connected. Solid waste collection services are also provided). Bnh nh town (Clean water systems are connected. Solid waste collection services are also provided). Phc Thng (Clean water systems are connected. Solid waste collection services are not provided).

Ph M

Ph Ct

Ty Sn

An Nhn

Tuy Phc

Table 2: List of 24 hamlets of 12 communes/towns of 6 selected districts for the survey District Commune/Town Hamlet Hoi Nhn Ph M Ph Ct Ty Sn An Nhn Tuy Phc Hoi Hng Tam Quan Nam M Chu M Hip Ct Tin Ct Lm Vnh An TT. Ph Phong Nhn An TT. Bnh nh Phc Lc Phc Thng Ca Cng Nam, Ph An Cu Li Ty, Tng Long 1 Vn An, Lc Thi i Thun, Hu Lc Ph Hu, Phng Phi i Khoan, An im Con Giang, Con Jt 1 Ph Xun, Khi 3 Thun Thi, Tn Dng Vnh Lim, Quang Trung Ph M 2, Hanh Quang T Cung, Lc in

73

Table 3: The number of in-depth interviews classified by administrative levels and by organization characteristics
In which Total Province Hoi Nhn Ph M Ph Ct Ty Sn An Nhn Tuy Phc

1. Provincial level Department of Natural Resources and Environment Project Management Board Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Rural Clean Water Supply Center 2. District level District Peoples Committee Economic Section Urban Management Unit Agriculture and Rural Development Section Natural Resources and Environment Section Health Care Center Commercial Center Clean Water Management Board Waste collection service providers Centralized clean water supply providers 3. Commune level Town/Commune Peoples Committee Schools Total

1 1

1 1

1 1 3

1 1

1 2 4 5 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

6 1 1 6 5 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

12 2 1 9 2 1 10 2 1 10 2 1 10 2 1 8 2 1 8

6 59

74

Table 4: The number of group discussions per commune and district No. of group discussion meetings 4 3 2 3 2 4 4 2 3 4 3 2 36

District Hoi Nhn

Commune Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng

No. of participants 29 29 26 29 26 32 31 20 26 29 25 19 321

Ph M

M Hip M Chu

Ph Ct

Ct Lm Ct Tin

Tuy Phc

Phc Thng Phc Lc

An Nhn

Bnh nh town Nhn An

Ty Sn

Ph Phong town Vnh An

Total

Table 5: Monitoring on clean water and environmental sanitation conducted as province/district level Key monitoring on clean Province/District water and environmental Yes/No Quarterly Annual Unplanned sanitation Qualitative assessment of X X X Y water Assessment of clean water Bnh nh X X and environmental sanitation Y province in rural area Assessment of centralized X X Y water supply projects in rural area Monitoring of environmental Hoi Nhn X X Y sanitation Ph M X Monitoring of management Y Monitoring of environmental An Nhn X Y sanitation

75

Table 6: Periodical reports on clean water and environmental sanitation at province/district level Location Bnh nh Province Periodical reports Yes/ No Y Monthly Quarterly Annual Unplanned

Reports on implementation results Reports on the indicator set of rural clean water and environmental sanitation

Hoi Nhn Reports as requested Reports on environmental sanitation situation Evaluation report on the management status of centralized water supply works in the rural area Ph M Report on monitoring and evaluation of rural clean water and environmental sanitation An Nhn Report on implementation of environmental sanitation Periodical reports of relevant sectors, agriculture section, section of natural resources and environment, clean water management sector Y X Y Y X X X

Tuy Phc

76

Table 7: Training and communication activities at provincial and district levels in 2009 Location Bnh nh Province Name of training 1. A seminar on implementation of an indicator set of monitoring and evaluation on rural clean water and environmental sanitation (Decision No. 51/2008/Q-BNN) 2. Training on implementation of an indicator set of monitoring and evaluation on rural clean water and environmental sanitation 3. Evaluation workshops on implementation results of monitoring and evaluation indicators set on rural clean water and environmental sanitation 4. Training on increasing awareness of rural clean water and environmental sanitation (carried out in the project area) Hoi Nhn 1. Assessment of the situation of the rural clean water and environmental sanitation based on the indicator set of 2009 2. Implementation of the clean water project in 4 communes of the Southeast of Hoi Nhn district 3. Capacity building in communication for staff of womens unions of hamlets, wards, communes, towns in the district. 4. Dissemination of laws in environmental protection for manufacturing factories/production units causing polluted environment Ph M An Nhn Tuy Phc Data collection on monitoring and evaluation of rural clean water and environmental sanitation Training on assessment of the indicator set on rural clean water and environmental sanitation 1. Training on monitoring and evaluation of rural clean water and environmental sanitation 2. Training on themes of biogas and filters Ty Sn 1. Increase in awareness of community in clean water, environmental sanitation, and wastewater 2. Monitoring and evaluation of clean water and environmental sanitation, wastewater 3. Implementation of protection and use of clean water 1 1 2 1,300 Times 1 Number of participants 1,455

21

3506

1 1

15

1 2 2

208 123 99

77

Table 8: Water sources and the ratio of households using these sources in 2009 per area
Number of househ olds Drug wells Numb. Of hygieni c dug wells Ratio of hygie nic dug wells (%) Drilled wells Numb. Of hygienic drilled wells Ratio of hygie nic drille d wells (%) Ratio of househ olds use piped water with their own water meters (%) 9.0 0.5 0.5 11.6 1.9 15.5 9.5 14.7 8.3 0.0 0.2 2.9 27.9 Ratio of househ olds use public piped water (%)

Location

Bnh nh province (*) Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town

302,353 51,036 2,810 4,177 41,116 2,433 3,854 43,445 1,669 2,219 42,297 2,416 4,002 44,668 2,580 3,417 31,324 308 5,000

170,820 24,616 890 1,169 26,317 1,844 3,494 30,004 1,612 19,998 839 230 2,146 219 3,224 5 4,600

135,081 17,038 702 824 20,749 1,573 3,043 26,108 1,557 16,632 564 15,008 219 3,224 4,600

79.1 69.2 78.9 70.5 78.8 85.3 87.1 87.0 96.6 83.2 67.2 69.93 100 100 -

71,078 18,926 1,872 1,887 7,871 69 109 7,109 28 687 16,484 923 11,914 1,075 405

63,404 16,428 1,757 926 6,682 49 106 5,960 28 15,533 876 11,229 405

89.2 86.8 93.9 49.1 84.9 71.0 97.2 83.8 100.0 94.2 94.9 94.3 100.0

9.6 5.5 2.5 2.4 1.6 3.2 0.3 0.3 21.4 0.0 0.8 97.1 0.0

(*) Only use for rural area in Binh Dinh province, except to 17 wards of Quy Nhn City

78

Table 9: Water sources used for offices and agencies in 2009

Organizations /agencies Hoi Nhn Kindergartens Schools Health care centers Hospitals Markets Headquarters of the District Peoples Committees Various sectors at district level Headquarters of the Commune Peoples Committees Ph M Schools Health care centers Headquarters of the Commune Peoples Committees An Nhn Kindergartens Schools Health care centers Hospitals Markets Headquarters of the District Peoples Committees Various sectors at district level Headquarters of the Commune Peoples Committees Tuy Phc Kindergartens Schools Health care centers Hospitals Markets Headquarters of the District Peoples Committees Headquarters of the Commune Peoples Committees No. of existing organizations 155 20 51 17 1 32 1 16 17 232 193 20 19 183 17 54 15 1 28 3 50 15 89 1 54 13 1 6 1 50 62 40 11 11 83 25 Dug wells 3 No. of water sources Drilled Piped Nonwells water existence 138 18 50 15 1 32 1 16 6 64 42 7 15 170 40 54 15 5 3 6 30 17 54 54 4 11 9 86 84 2 26.7 20.7 55.0 57.9 45.4 147.1 % compared to organizations Dug Drilled Piped Nonwells wells water exis. 1.9 89.0 90.0 98.0 11.8 88.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.3 27.6 21.8 35.0 78.9 92.9 235.3 100.0 100.0 500.0 10.7 200.0 100.0 60.0 113.3 60.7 100.0 4.7 4.7 37.1 43.5 10.0

2 8 1

10.5 4.4 5.9

3 5

300.0 17.9 3

13

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Table 10: Number of households having sanitary latrines in 2009

Number of househol ds Number of households having sanitary latrines Ratio of households having sanitary latrines (%) In which (%) Septic tank latrines Pourflush latrine Latrines with double vaults Undergro und pit with vent pipe

Locality

Bnh nh province Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town

302,353 51,036 2,810 4,177 41,116 2,433 3,854 43,445 1,669 2,219 42,297 2,416 4,002 44,668 2,580 3,417 31,324 308 5,000

151,826 35,545 2,049 3,207 19,193 1,512 2,555 15,464 107 643 22,049 1,319 3,448 25,335 1,264 1,437 11,485 0 4,339

50.2 69.6 72.9 76.8 46.7 62.1 66.3 35.6 6.4 29.0 52.1 54.6 86.2 56.7 49.0 42.1 36.7 0.0 86.8

28.5 38.0 56.3 42.6 7.7 8.2 11.6 24.0 2.1 6.0 39.7 34.6 65.1 36.7 29.3 38.8 23.9 0.0 75.9

6.3 6.3 3.7 19.7 8.0 8.5 4.3 4.6 3.7 6.6 6.4 9.3 19.3 7.7 8.9 3.3 4.5 0.0 0.9

14.5 25.3 13.0 14.6 27.4 45.5 50.4 6.1 0.3 0.5 5.8 10.7 1.8 11.9 10.8 0.0 8.1 0.0 8.7

0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.3 15.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.3

(*) Only use for rural area in Binh Dinh province, except to 17 wards of Quy Nhn City

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Table 11: Number of organizations having sanitary latrines in 2009

Organizations/ Agencies Hoi Nhn Kindergartens Schools Health care centers Hospitals Markets Headquarters of the District Peoples Committees Various sectors at district level Headquarters of the Commune Peoples Committees Ph M Schools Health care centers Headquarters of the Commune Peoples Committees An Nhn Kindergartens Schools Health care centers Hospitals Markets Headquarters of the District Peoples Committees Various sectors at district level Headquarters of the Commune Peoples Committees Tuy Phc Kindergartens Schools Health care centers Hospitals Markets Headquarters of the District Peoples Committees Headquarters of the Commune Peoples Committees Number of Organizations Septic tank latrines 156 18 50 17 17 20 1 16 17 Pourflush latrine In which latrines Underground with pit with vent double pipe vaults Unavailable latrines

155 20 51 17 1 32 1 16 17

15 2 1

12

232 193 20 19

69 56 13

39 22 6 11

8 2 6

88 86 2

183 17 54 15 1 28 3 50 15

152 17 53 15 7 3 20 12 25

89 1 54 13 1 6 1 13

53 53

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Table 12: Ratios of agencies/organizations with solid waste and waste water management systems
No.of orgs. having waste water management systems Total 76 17 1 32 26 29 20 2 7 232 15 1 28 23 165 20 13 1 6 1 23 10 100.0 100.0 6.1 1 100.0 Ratio of orgs. having waste water management systems (%) 63.2 88.2 100.0 25.0 92.3 41.4 45.0 50.0 28.6 14.7 No.of orgs. having solid waste management systems 48 15 1 8 24 4 2 2 1 Ratio of orgs. having solid waste management systems (%) 63.2 88.2 100.0 25.0 92.3 13.8 10.0 100.0 0.4

Locality

Hoi Nhn Health care centers Hospitals Markets Livestock farms Ph M Health care centers Hospitals Livestock farms An Nhn Health care centers Hospitals Markets Livestock farms Production units Tuy Phc Health care centers Hospitals Markets

48 15 1 8 24 12 9 1 2 34

Table 13: Estimated ratio of population with sanitary water and latrines in 6 surveyed districs by 2010 and 2015 Indicators Unit (District) Hoi Nhn Ph M Ph Ct An Nhn Tuy Phc Ty Sn 2010 % population with sanitary water 82 85 85 90 90 82 % households with sanitary latrines 60 60 60 70 75 60 2015 % population with sanitary water 100 100 100 100 100 100 % households with sanitary latrines 85 85 85 85 85 85

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Table 14a: Centralized water supply works in Bnh nh province 2

Water source Year of Begi nnin g to work Year of finis hing Design capacit y (m3/da ynight) Ex ploi tati on (m3 /da ynig ht) 8 No. of house holds suppli ed with water as design No. of person s supplie d with water as design No. of house holds suppli ed with water in reality No. of person s supplie d with water in reality

S T T

Commun es

Name of WS work

Surf ace wate r

Un der gro und wat er 2

Tra nsm issio n pum p 3

Self flow

A I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9

B An Lo District Th trn An Lo X An Dng X An Dng X An Dng X An Dng X An Ha X An Hng X An Hng X An Hng X An Ngha X An Ngha X An Ngha X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Tn X An Ton X An Ton X An Ton X An Ton X An Trung X An Trung X An Trung X An Trung X An Trung X An Vinh

C 36 CN TT An Lo CN lng Pakthn 2 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN Tr Cong CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3, thn 5 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3, thn 5 CN khu gin dn-thn 2 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN thn 4 CN thn 5 CN thn 6 CN G n CN lng Mithn 2 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN thn 1 CN thn 3, thn 8 CN thn 4 CN thn 5 CN thn 6 CN Lng Trethn 4

1 36 Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt

4 36 T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y

7 2,457

9 4,224 2,302 45 89 44 66 136 89 69 56 58 41 56 44 86 69 45 47 28 18 33

10 19,017 10,360 200 400 200 300 610 400 310 250 260 185 253 200 386 310 205 210 125 80 150 200 250 200 100 288 280 300 70 200

11 1,968 314 61 100 46 70 75 88 35 40 48 27 55 43 69 40 19 21 11 35 32 41 37 28 25 67 62 69 26 43

12 8,845 1,415 269 450 210 320 335 395 142 180 213 120 250 194 310 180 85 95 50 155 144 185 170 125 109 300 280 310 120 194

2004 2008 1998 1999 1998 2002 2006 2001 2007 2005 2006 2006 2008 2001 2002 2005 2001 2001 2004 2008 1999 2001 1999 1992 2008 2007 2006 2003 2008

2004 2008 1998 1999 1998 2002 2006 2001 2007 2005 2006 2006 2008 2001 2002 2005 2001 2001 2004 2008 1999 2001 1999 1992 2008 2007 2006 2003 2008

1,200 20 75 35 40 70 152 36 50 30 30 72 20 30 26 22 20 15 15

30 40 30 15 25 40 50 15 20

44 55 44 23 64 62 67 15 44

14a, 14b, 14c Kt qu thng k t trung tm nc sch v v sinh mi trng tnh Bnh nh

83

3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 II

1 2

X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh An Nhn District Th trn Bnh nh Th trn p X Nhn An X Nhn Tn X Nhn Thnh Hoi n District Th trn Tng Bt H X n Ho Ty X n ngha X n Sn X n Sn X n Sn X n Tng Ty X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X k Mang X k Mang Hoi Nhn District Th trn Bng Sn X Hoi Hi X Hoi Hi X Hoi M X Tam Quan Bc Ph Ct District

CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN thn 4 CN thn 5 CN thn 6 CN thn 7 5 CN TT Bnh nh CN TT p CN 03 x ng An Nhn CN x Nhn Tn CN TT G Gng-Ng My 14 CN TT Tng Bt H CN thn Tn Xun CN x n Ngha CN ng Nh Mi CN khu gin dn CN T1, T2 CN x n Tng Ty CN G Dng T6 CN T1 CN T2 CN T4 CN T5 CN lng O10 CN lng O6, O11

Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt 5 Ng m Ng m Ng m Ng m Ng m 13 1 Ng m Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt 5 B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n 1 B.d n

T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y

2002 1999 1999 1999 1997 2002 2002

2002 1999 1999 1999 1997 2002 2002

30 53 38 20 33 30 30 6,100 1,7 17 64 0 35 0 19 2 65 47 0 93 5 25 0

39 78 55 44 55 36 78 14,355

175 350 250 200 250 160 350 67,993

39 79 54 44 55 37 33 5,081

175 355 245 200 250 165 150 22,661

2006 2006

2009 2009

1,550 1,650

3,571 3,760

17,856 18,800

1,569 1,782

6,526 8,356

3 4

2005 2007

2006 2008

1,330 320

3,361 756

13,400 3,400

1,173 318

5,411 1,376

5 III

2006 13

2009

1,250 2,087

2,907 2,826

14,537 16,284

239 2,059

992 8,268

1 2 3 4 5 6

2006 T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y 2004 2005 2005 2007 2000

2009 2004 2005 2005 2007 2000

600 20 195 44 80 68

1,405 66 266 56

7,023 300 1,200 250 360 630

1,220 7 12 3 6 2

4,483 29 53 15 25 10

80

80 141

7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4

Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt

2006 2008 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2007

2007 2008 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2007

600 75 70 80 70 25 90 70

15 0 75 70 80 70

372 56 44 71 44 93

4,531 250 200 320 200 420 400 200

319 45 40 67 42 66 142 88

1,436 200 180 300 190 300 647 400

90 70 2,6 70 35 0 12 0 80 12 0 2,0 00

88 44

IV

1 2 3 4

5 CN TT Bng Sn-Tam Quan CN Hoi Hi CN Ti nh c Hoi Hi CN Hoi M CN Tam Quan Bc 5

3 Ng m Ng m

4 B.d n B.d n

6,410

11,608

54,252

3,024

14,432

2006 1996 T.ch y 2008 2001

2009 1997 2009 2002

3,850 120 80 360

6,565 1,108 133 667

32,824 4,365 1,000 3,000

699 17

2,965 66

Mt Ng m B.d n B.d n 5 5

5 V

Mt

2003

2005

2,000 3,060

3,135 5,218

13,063 23,465

2,308 1,695

11,401 8,573

84

1 2 3 4 5 VI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 VI I

1 2 3 4

X Ct Chnh X Ct Hanh X Ct Khnh X Ct Minh X Ct Tn Ph M District Th trn Bnh Dng Th trn Ph M X M Chnh X M c X M Phong X M Ti X M Thng X M Thng X M Thnh X M Th Ty Sn District Th trn Ph Phong X Bnh Tn X Bnh Tng X Vnh An Tuy Phc District Th trn Tuy Phc X Phc Quang X Phc Sn X Phc Thun Vn Canh District Th trn Vn Canh Th trn Vn Canh X Canh Hip X Canh Hip X Canh Ha X Canh Ha

CN Ct Chnh CN Ch Gm CN Ct Khnh CN Ct Minh CN Kiu An 10 CN TT Bnh Dng CN TT Ph M CN M Chnh CN M c CN M Phong CN M Ti CN thn 7 CN thn 9 CN M Thnh CN M Th 4 CN TT Ph Phong CN Bnh Tn CN x Bnh Tng CN lng Giang Mt Mt Mt 3 Mt 1

Ng m Ng m Ng m Ng m Ng m 9 Ng m Ng m Ng m

B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n 10 B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n 1 B.d n T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y 3

1999 2001 2005 2008 1998

1999 2001 2005 2009 1998

525 1,000 480 1,000 55 5,250 2,7 10 25 0 1,2 00 50 0 50 0

777 1,224 1,001 2,167 49 9,382

3,500 5,500 4,500 9,745 220 47,019

502 290 621 243 39 3,760

2,752 1,320 3,208 1,137 156 17,636

2006 2006 2003 2002 2007 2002 2000 1999 2001 1998

2009 2009 2005 2005 2008 2002 2000 1999 2002 1998

500 1,200 900 500 150 300 100 300 900 400 3,330

1,084 2,933 2,785 610

5,420 13,200 12,531 2,744 2,654

305 500 1,462 413

1,183 2,321 6,981 2,149

Ng m Ng m Ng m Ng m Ng m Ng m 1 Ng m

70

474

2,135 1,600

175

714

50 14 0

127 881 488

570 3,965 2,200 23,000 223 682 2,098 973 3,315 11,150

31 0

5,049

2000 2005 2008 2007

2000 2006 2009 2008

2,000 60 1,220 50 60 20 0 50

2,001 89 2,889 70

9,000 700 13,000 300

1,265 76 732 25

5,089 457 4,798 806

VI II

4 CN TT Tuy Phc CN ng-Bc Tuy Phc CN Phc Sn CN Phc Thun

4 Ng m Ng m Ng m Ng m

4 B.d n B.d n B.d n B.d n

4,250

2,5 20 42 0 70 0 65 0 75 0 19 0

13,784

63,975

8,064

40,263

2006

2009

1,250

2,795

13,975

1,573

8,818

2000

2002

1,500

4,459

20,000

2,290

10,270

1994

1996

600

2,630

12,000

1,789

9,917

2002

2004

900

3,900

18,000

2,412

11,258

IX

18 CN Sui My CN Sui Phng CN lng Canh Giao CN Sui Khc CN Sui Dip CN Sui D

18

18 T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y

3,716

4,656

20,939

1,587

7,140

Mt

2006

2006

30 10 0 30

68

307

90

405

2 3 4 5 6

Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt

1999 2005 2006 2003 2001

1999 2005 2006 2003 2001

1,500 30 500 80 500

2,891 42 206 77 156

13,000 190 927 350 700

267 71 122 69 89

1,200 322 550 315 400

85

X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Thun X Canh Thun X Canh Thun X Canh Thun Vnh Thnh District Th trn Vnh Thnh X Vnh Hip X Vnh Hip X Vnh Ha X Vnh Kim X Vnh Kim X Vnh Kim X Vnh Kim X Vnh Sn X Vnh Sn X Vnh Sn X Vnh Thnh X Vnh Thnh X Vnh Thun Quy Nhn City X Nhn Chu X Nhn Hi X Phc M Tng ton Tnh

CN K Bng

Mt

T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y

2007

2007

70

78

350

54

242

8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

CN K Bng CN K Nu CN lng Canh Tin CN lng Ct CN lng Chm CN sui B La CN TT x Canh Lin CN H Giang CN K Te CN K Xim CN Sui La Da

Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt

2003 2004 2006 2002 2005 2004 2002 2004 2006 2003 2006

2003 2004 2006 2002 2005 2004 2002 2004 2006 2003 2006

30 76 50 50 50 60 40 50 30 500 70 60

29 45 107 88 44 121 76 89 65 300 174

130 200 480 400 200 547 340 400 292 1,344 782

29 34 67 55 44 119 76 46 65 179 111

130 150 300 250 200 540 340 206 290 800 500

14 CN TT Vnh Thnh CN lng H Ri CN Thnh Quang CN Thc CN akTra, O3 CN lng K6 CN lng O5 CN T.Tm x Vnh Kim (c) CN lng K2 CN lng K3 CN lng K4 CN lng M2 CN lng M3 CN L5, L7

14

3 B.d n

11

3,065

30 0 30 0

4,759

23,138

1,266

5,669

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4

Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt Mt

1999 T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y 2006 2007 2005 2005 2003 2006 2006 T.ch y 2005 2006 T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y T.ch y 2005 2008 2008 2007

1999 2006 2007 2005 2005 2003 2006 2006 2005 2006 2005 2008 2008 2007

1,800 31 50 50 10 28 65 360 350 15 150 50 32 74

3,400 102 44 100 45 110 106 72 233 64 150 127 51 155

17,000 460 200 450 200 500 477 326 1,050 291 677 575 232 700

89 102 44 111 27 88 100 66 175 55 89 91 33 196

354 460 200 499 120 400 450 300 789 250 400 412 150 885

B.d n

B.d n

XI 1 2

3 CN x Nhn Chu CN x Nhn Hi CN x Phc M

3 Ng m Ng m Ng m

3 B.d n B.d n B.d n

730 2000 2002 2000 2004 10 600

12 6 6 40

844 63 696

6,630 288 6,000

857 406 366

3,811 1,854 1,615

2008

2009

120

80 11, 47 8

85

342

85

342

118

87

31

36

82

40,455

76,705

365,71 2

31,45 9

148,44 8

86

Table 14b: Investment Value of Centralized water supply works in Bnh nh province
No District/Communes Name of CWS work Investment value (1000 VN) Investment/pers on (million VND) (1000VN/ng i) Local communities or investors contribution 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31,200,000 8,500,000 8,800,000 0 0 13,900,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,200,000 0 0 1,200,000 0 0 Other

Total Investment value A I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 II 1 2 3 4 5 B Huyn An Lo Th trn An Lo X An Dng X An Dng X An Dng X An Dng X An Ha X An Hng X An Hng X An Hng X An Ngha X An Ngha X An Ngha X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Tn X An Ton X An Ton X An Ton X An Ton X An Trung X An Trung X An Trung X An Trung X An Trung X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh Huyn An Nhn Th trn Bnh nh Th trn p X Nhn An X Nhn Tn X Nhn Thnh C 36 CN TT An Lo CN lng Pak-thn 2 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN Tr Cong CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3, thn 5 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3, thn 5 CN khu gin dn-thn 2 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN thn 4 CN thn 5 CN thn 6 CN G n CN lng Mi-thn 2 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN thn 1 CN thn 3, thn 8 CN thn 4 CN thn 5 CN thn 6 CN Lng Tre-thn 4 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN thn 4 CN thn 5 CN thn 6 CN thn 7 5 CN TT Bnh nh CN TT p CN 03 x ng An Nhn CN x Nhn Tn CN TT G Gng-Ng My 14 CN TT Tng Bt H 14 2,674,000 1,650,000 0 0 100,000 0 80,000 0 71,000 0 0 0 0 0 72,000 60,000 78,000 72,000 71,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67,000 85,000 58,000 57,000 0 73,000 80,000 42,375,000 8,500,000 8,800,000 6,779,000 4,396,000 13,900,000

Gov.

International Orgs.

15 2,674,000 1,650,000 0 0 100,000 0 80,000 0 71,000 0 0 0 0 0 72,000 60,000 78,000 72,000 71,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67,000 85,000 58,000 57,000 0 73,000 80,000 9,475,000 0 0 5,079,000 4,396,000 0

16

18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500,000 0 0 500,000 0 0

19 159.0 0.0 0.0 500.0 0.0 131.1 0.0 229.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 186.5 193.5 380.5 342.9 568.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 382.9 242.9 232.0 285.0 0.0 456.3 228.6

476.0 468.1 505.9 1,292.9 956.2

III 1

Huyn Hoi n Th trn Tng Bt

17,309,000 8,200,000

9,109,000 0

8,200,000 8,200,000

0 0

0 0 1,167.6

87

H 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IV 1 2 3 4 5 V 1 2 3 4 5 VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 VII 1 2 3 4 X n Ho Ty X n ngha X n Sn X n Sn X n Sn X n Tng Ty X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X k Mang X k Mang Huyn Hoi Nhn Th trn Bng Sn X Hoi Hi X Hoi Hi X Hoi M X Tam Quan Bc Huyn Ph Ct X Ct Chnh X Ct Hanh X Ct Khnh X Ct Minh X Ct Tn Huyn Ph M Th trn Ph M X M Chnh X M c X M Phong X M Ti X M Thng X M Thng X M Thnh X M Th Huyn Ty Sn X Bnh Tn X Bnh Tng X Vnh An CN thn Tn Xun CN x n Ngha CN ng Nh Mi CN khu gin dn CN T1, T2 CN x n Tng Ty CN G Dng T6 CN T1 CN T2 CN T4 CN T5 CN lng O10 CN lng O6, O11 5 CN TT Bng SnTam Quan CN Hoi Hi CN Ti nh c Hoi Hi CN Hoi M CN Tam Quan Bc 5 CN Ct Chnh CN Ch Gm CN Ct Khnh CN Ct Minh CN Kiu An 10 CN TT Ph M CN M Chnh CN M c CN M Phong CN M Ti CN thn 7 CN thn 9 CN M Thnh CN M Th 4 CN Bnh Tn CN x Bnh Tng CN lng Giang 4 CN ng-Bc Tuy Phc CN Phc Sn CN Phc Thun 18 CN Sui My CN Sui Phng CN lng Canh Giao 0 0 0 1,170,000 0 2,480,000 1,432,000 448,000 812,000 670,000 0 980,000 1,117,000 43,716,000 30,600,000 615,000 2,119,000 1,097,000 9,285,000 575,000 375,000 200,000 0 0 0 26,595,500 10,000,000 1,388,500 3,902,000 1,444,000 4,737,000 703,000 294,000 225,000 3,902,000 0 14,772,000 0 2,268,000 11,859,000 645,000 19,700,000 7,900,000 4,604,000 3,207,000 3,989,000 18,735,800 489,000 2,800,000 400,000 0 0 0 1,170,000 0 2,480,000 1,432,000 448,000 812,000 670,000 0 980,000 1,117,000 8,147,000 0 615,000 0 747,000 6,785,000 575,000 375,000 200,000 0 0 0 15,207,000 0 0 3,902,000 1,444,000 4,737,000 703,000 294,000 225,000 3,902,000 0 12,959,000 0 2,268,000 10,046,000 645,000 9,000,000 0 3,500,000 2,900,000 2,600,000 16,949,300 489,000 1,400,000 400,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,600,000 30,600,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,000,000 10,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,900,000 7,900,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,650,000 0 0 0 150,000 2,500,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,813,000 0 0 1,813,000 0 2,055,000 0 837,000 80,000 1,138,000 20,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,319,000 0 0 2,119,000 200,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,388,500 0 1,388,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 745,000 0 267,000 227,000 251,000 1,766,000 0 1,400,000 0 1,592.8 215.4 2,105.3 565.3 230.2 267.3 221.6 0.0 3,240.0 912.2 2,150.0 1,845.0 105.2 311.4 526.2 1,784.9 329.3 183.8 394.7 984.1 0.0 107.1 36.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 932.2 140.9 2,119.0 365.7 710.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3,250.0 0.0 547.3 5,728.0 2,240.0 2,537.5 3,350.0 0.0 2,450.0 5,585.0

Th trn Bnh Dng CN TT Bnh Dng

Th trn Ph Phong CN TT Ph Phong

VIII Huyn Tuy Phc 1 2 3 4 IX 1 2 3 X Phc Quang X Phc Sn X Phc Thun Huyn Vn Canh Th trn Vn Canh Th trn Vn Canh X Canh Hip

Th trn Tuy Phc CN TT Tuy Phc

88

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 XI 1 2 3

X Canh Hip X Canh Ha X Canh Ha X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Thun X Canh Thun X Canh Thun X Canh Thun Huyn Vnh Thnh X Vnh Hip X Vnh Hip X Vnh Ha X Vnh Kim X Vnh Kim X Vnh Kim X Vnh Kim X Vnh Sn X Vnh Sn X Vnh Sn X Vnh Thnh X Vnh Thnh X Vnh Thun Thnh ph Quy Nhn X Nhn Chu X Nhn Hi X Phc M Tng ton Tnh

CN Sui Khc CN Sui Dip CN Sui D CN K Bng CN K Bng CN K Nu CN lng Canh Tin CN lng Ct CN lng Chm CN sui B La CN TT x Canh Lin CN H Giang CN K Te CN K Xim CN Sui La Da 14 CN lng H Ri CN Thnh Quang CN Thc CN akTra, O3 CN lng K6 CN lng O5 CN T.Tm x Vnh Kim (c) CN lng K2 CN lng K3 CN lng K4 CN lng M2 CN lng M3 CN L5, L7 3 CN x Nhn Chu CN x Nhn Hi CN x Phc M 118

3,616,000 749,000 473,000 867,900 230,700 356,300 1,084,800 199,600 721,600 326,400 357,000 1,695,000 438,000 1,576,500 2,355,000 6,737,000 0 648,000 384,500 64,900 37,900 0 669,600 378,400 202,300 276,000 649,800 1,668,000 739,600 1,018,000 2,670,000 18,000 2,532,000 120,000 195,859,300

3,616,000 749,000 473,000 867,900 230,700 356,300 1,084,800 199,600 721,600 67,900 357,000 1,695,000 310,000 1,576,500 2,355,000 6,737,000 0 648,000 384,500 64,900 37,900 0 669,600 378,400 202,300 276,000 649,800 1,668,000 739,600 1,018,000 2,320,000 18,000 2,182,000 120,000 93,152,300

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87,900,000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,500 0 0 8,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 350,000 0 350,000 0 8,088,500

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 246,000 0 0 120,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,718,500

3,900.8 2,140.0 675.7 2,479.7 1,774.6 1,781.5 2,260.0 499.0 3,608.0 596.7 1,050.0 4,237.5 1,500.0 1,173.0 3,011.5

Th trn Vnh Thnh CN TT Vnh Thnh

0.0 1,408.7 1,922.5 144.2 189.5 0.0 1,403.8 1,160.7 192.7 948.5 959.8 2,900.9 3,187.9 1,454.3

62.5 422.0 350.9 0

Table 14c: Management Models of Centralized water supply works in Binh Dinh province
Sustainable Development Management Model No District/Commune Name of CWS works

Communities/ People Committee

Hp tc x

DPMU/ Ceter for CWS

Private sector

enterprise

Very sustainable

Sustainble

Not sustainable

A I 1 2 3 4 5 6

B Huyn An Lo Th trn An Lo X An Dng X An Dng X An Dng X An Dng X An Ha

C 36 CN TT An Lo CN lng Pak-thn 2 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN Tr Cong

20 35

21

22

23

24 1 1

25 0

26 0

27 36 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

89

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

X An Hng X An Hng X An Hng X An Ngha X An Ngha X An Ngha X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Quang X An Tn X An Ton X An Ton X An Ton X An Ton X An Trung X An Trung X An Trung X An Trung X An Trung X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh X An Vinh Huyn An Nhn Th trn Bnh nh Th trn p X Nhn An X Nhn Tn X Nhn Thnh Huyn Hoi n Th trn Tng Bt H X n Ho Ty X n ngha X n Sn X n Sn X n Sn X n Tng Ty X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X Bok Ti

CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3, thn 5 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3, thn 5 CN khu gin dnthn 2 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN thn 4 CN thn 5 CN thn 6 CN G n CN lng Mi-thn 2 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN thn 1 CN thn 3, thn 8 CN thn 4 CN thn 5 CN thn 6 CN Lng Tre-thn 4 CN thn 1 CN thn 2 CN thn 3 CN thn 4 CN thn 5 CN thn 6 CN thn 7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

II 1 2 3 4 5 III 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5 CN TT Bnh nh CN TT p CN 03 x ng An Nhn CN x Nhn Tn CN TT G GngNg My 14 CN TT Tng Bt H CN thn Tn Xun CN x n Ngha CN ng Nh Mi CN khu gin dn CN T1, T2 CN x n Tng Ty CN G Dng T6 CN T1 CN T2 12 1

4 1 1 1

2 0 0 1 1 0

3 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 12

2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

90

11 12 13 14

X Bok Ti X Bok Ti X k Mang X k Mang Huyn Hoi Nhn Th trn Bng Sn X Hoi Hi X Hoi Hi X Hoi M X Tam Quan Bc Huyn Ph Ct X Ct Chnh X Ct Hanh X Ct Khnh X Ct Minh X Ct Tn Huyn Ph M Th trn Bnh Dng Th trn Ph M X M Chnh X M c X M Phong X M Ti X M Thng X M Thng X M Thnh X M Th Huyn Ty Sn Th trn Ph Phong X Bnh Tn X Bnh Tng X Vnh An Huyn Tuy Phc Th trn Tuy Phc X Phc Quang X Phc Sn X Phc Thun Huyn Vn Canh Th trn Vn Canh Th trn Vn Canh X Canh Hip X Canh Hip

CN T4 CN T5 CN lng O10 CN lng O6, O11

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

IV 1 2 3 4 5 V 1 2 3 4 5 VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 VII 1 2 3 4

5 CN TT Bng SnTam Quan CN Hoi Hi CN Ti nh c Hoi Hi CN Hoi M CN Tam Quan Bc 5 CN Ct Chnh CN Ch Gm CN Ct Khnh CN Ct Minh CN Kiu An 10 CN TT Bnh Dng CN TT Ph M CN M Chnh CN M c CN M Phong CN M Ti CN thn 7 CN thn 9 CN M Thnh CN M Th 4 CN TT Ph Phong CN Bnh Tn CN x Bnh Tng CN lng Giang

1 1

3 1

1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 0

1 1 1

4 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

4 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 1 1

VIII 1 2 3 4

4 CN TT Tuy Phc CN ng-Bc Tuy Phc CN Phc Sn CN Phc Thun

1 1

0 0 0 0 0

3 1 1 1

1 1 1

IX 1 2 3 4

18 CN Sui My CN Sui Phng CN lng Canh Giao CN Sui Khc

16

2 1 1

18 1

1 1 1

1 1

91

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

X Canh Ha X Canh Ha X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Lin X Canh Thun X Canh Thun X Canh Thun X Canh Thun Huyn Vnh Thnh Th trn Vnh Thnh X Vnh Hip X Vnh Hip X Vnh Ha X Vnh Kim X Vnh Kim X Vnh Kim X Vnh Kim X Vnh Sn X Vnh Sn X Vnh Sn X Vnh Thnh X Vnh Thnh X Vnh Thun Thnh ph Quy Nhn X Nhn Chu X Nhn Hi X Phc M
Tng ton Tnh

CN Sui Dip CN Sui D CN K Bng CN K Bng CN K Nu CN lng Canh Tin CN lng Ct CN lng Chm CN sui B La CN TT x Canh Lin CN H Giang CN K Te CN K Xim CN Sui La Da

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

14 CN TT Vnh Thnh CN lng H Ri CN Thnh Quang CN Thc CN akTra, O3 CN lng K6 CN lng O5 CN T.Tm x Vnh Kim (c) CN lng K2 CN lng K3 CN lng K4 CN lng M2 CN lng M3 CN L5, L7

12

2 1

0 0

14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

XI 1 2 3

3 CN x Nhn Chu CN x Nhn Hi CN x Phc M

118

2 1 1

1 90 6 7 1 14

0 0 0 0 3

3 1 1 1 105

10

92

Table 14d: Centralized water supply works in 6 districts

No I 1 Unit/district Type Capacity (m3/day) Management Existing model Design status 120 80 360 2,000 3,850 500 1,200 900 500 150 300 100 300 900 400 525 1,000 480 1,000 55 1,330 320 1,550 1,650 1,250 900 1,500 2,800 1,250 60 2,000 1,220 50 120 CPC 80 120 2,000 350 250 1,200 500 500 CPC CPC CPC Enterprises

Hoi Nhn Hoi Hi water supply Water supply for resettlment area of 2 Hoi Hi commune 3 Hoi M commune water supply 4 Tam Quan Bc commune water supply 5 Bng Sn-Tam Quan water supply II Ph M 1 Bnh Dng water supply 2 Ph M town water supply 3 M Chnh water supply 4 M c water supply 5 M Phong water supply 6 M Ti water supply 7 8 9 10 III 1 2 3 4 5 IV 1 2 3 4 5 V 1 2 3 4 VI 1 2 3 4 Water supply of hamlet 7, M Thng commune Water supply of hamle 9, M Thng commune M Thnh water supply M Th water supply Ph Ct Ct Chnh commune water supply Water supply for Gm market, Ct Hanh Ct Khnh commune water supply Ct Minh commune water supply Water supply for Kiu An, Ct Tn commune An Nhn Water supply of 3 communes of ng An Nhn Nhn Tn commune water supply Bnh nh town water supply p town water supply G Gng-Ng My town water supply Tuy Phc Phc Thun commune water supply ng-Bc Tuy Phc commune water supply Phc Sn commune water supply Tuy Phc town water supply Ty Sn Bnh Tn commune water supply Ph Phong town water supply Bnh Tng commune water supply Water for Giang hamlet, V nh An commune

Transmission pump Self-flow Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Transmission pump Self-flow Transmission pump Self-flow Self-flow

Enterprises DMB Co-operatives Co-operatives CPC 70 CPC CPC

50 CPC 140 Co-operatives CPC 226 96 75 180 CPC CPC Co-operatives Co-operatives

49 CPC 192 65 640 350 470 750 700 1,800 420 60 750 650 50 Enterprises Water center Enterprises Enterprises Enterprises DMB DMB Water center Enterprises CPC Enterprises Water center CPC

* Notes: CPC = Commune Peoples Committee; DMB = District Management Board

93

Table 15: Sources of funding and ratios of investment in supply water works
Total investm ent (million VND) Gov. In which Int. orgs Local commu nities or investor s contribu tion 2,500 Private sectors Design capacity 3 (m /day) Invest ment/ 3 m of clean water (millio n VND) 4.8 No. of househol ds supplied with water as designed Invest ment/h ouseh olds (millio n VND)

Distri ct

Name of works

Hoi Nhn

Ph M

Ph Ct

An Nhn

1.Tam Quan Bc Water Supply Works 2. Water supply systems of Bng Sn, Tam Quan, Hoi Tn, Hoi Ho towns 1. Clean water supply plant of Ph M town 2. Water supply systems of Bnh Dng town Water supply systems of G Gng/ Ng My towns 1. Water supply systems of p town 2.Water supply works of 3 communes of Eastern An Nhn 3. Water supply systems of Bnh nh town 1. Water supply systems of Tuy Phc town 2. Water supply works of Northeastern Tuy Phc 3. Water supply works of Phc Sn commune 4. Water supply works of Phc Thun commune Ty Sn waterworks

9,500

7,000

2,000

3,167

3.0

27,664

2,766

24,898

3,850

7.2

8,464

3.3

12,460

12,460

1,200

10.4

2,500

5.0

10,000

1,000

9,000

500

20.0

1,103

9.1

14,244

1,424

12,820

1,250

11.4

3,170

4.5

7,800

780

7,020

1,650

4.7

3,827

2.0

7,236

4,456

1,352

1,428

1,330

5.4

4,063

1.8

8,100

810

7,290

1,550

5.2

3,431

2.4

7,700

770

6,930

1,250

6.2

2,251

3.4

Tuy Ph c

4,612

3,525

250

837

1,500

3.1

4,000

1.2

4,210

3,202

1,008

600

7.0

2,400

1.8

3,996

2,627

231

1,138

900

4.4

3,500

1.1

Ty Sn

5,000 9,425

2,500 2,374 6,223 526

2,500 302

3,000 1,583

1.7 6.0

1,200 3,314

4.2 2.8

On average

94

Table 16: Schedule, capacity and effects of supply water works

Oper ation year Distri ct Name Water sourc es Design capacity 3 (m /day) Exploita tion 3 (m /day ) % actual capacity compared to design No. of househ olds supplie d with water as design No. of househo lds supplied with water in reality % of household s is supplied with water in reality compared with design Perce ntage of losses (%)

1. Water supply works of Tam Quan Bc commune Hoi Nhn 2. Centralized water supply systems of Bng Sn, Tam Quan, Hoi Tn, Hoi Ho 1. A centralized water supply factory of Ph M 2. Centralized water supply system of Bnh Dng Centralized water supply systems of G Gng/ Ng My 1. A centralized water supply system of p 2. Water supply works of three communes of Eastern An Nhn 3. A water supply system of Bnh nh town

2005

Surfa ce water

2,000

1,000

50.0

3,167

2,400

75.8

2009

Under groun d water

3,850

445

11.6

8.464

4.496

53.1

24.7

2009

Ph M

Under groun d water Under groun d water Under groun d water

1,200

500

41.7

2.500

1.200

48.0

12.0

2009

500

95

19.0

1.103

1.119

101.5

20.7

Ph Ct

2009

1,250

371

29.7

3.170

2.609

82.3

29.0

2008

Under groun d water

1,650

288

17.5

3.827

1.970

51.5

34.0

An Nhn

2005

Under groun d water

1,330

350

26.3

4.063

1.357

33.4

17.0

2009

Under groun d water

1,550

410

26.5

3.431

2.496

72.7

39.0

95

Table 16: Schedule, capacity and effects of supply water works (cont)

Oper ation year Distri ct Name

Water sourc es

Design capacity 3 (m /day)

Exploita tion 3 (m /day )

% actual capacity compared to design

No. of househ olds supplie d with water as design

No. of househo lds supplied with water in reality

% of household s is supplied with water in reality compared with design

Perce ntage of losses (%)

1. A centralized water supply system of Tuy Phc 2. Water supply works of Northeastern Tuy Phc 3. Water supply works of Phc Sn commune 4. Water supply works of Phc Thun commune A water supply factory of Ty Sn

2009

Under groun d water

1,250

415

33.2

2.251

1.605

71.3

35.0

2002

Tuy Ph c

Under groun d water

1,500

700

46.7

4.000

2.233

55.8

30.0

1996

Under groun d water

600

600

100.0

2.400

2.186

91.1

2005

Under groun d water

900

880

97.8

3.500

2.501

71.5

30.0

Ty Sn

2001

Surfa ce water

3,000

2,800

93.3

1.200

1.550

129.2

20.0

On average (per works)

1,583

681

43,0

3,314

2,132

64.4

24.2

96

Table 17: Scope, education level of human resources of supply water works
Total of labor ers Name In which No. of people with enginee r graduati on No. of people with vocatio nal graduat ion 3 No. of people with technic al training Devel opme nt of mana geme nt regula tions Havin g people join annual trainin g course s No. of people joining annual training

Distric t

1. Domestic water supply works of Tam Quan Bc commune Hoi Nhn 2. Centralized water supply systems of Bng Sn, Tam Quan, Hoi Tn, Hoi Ho 1. Clean water supply factory of Ph M town 2. A water supply system of Bnh Dng town Water supply systems of G Gng/ Ng My towns 1. A water supply system of p town An Nhn 2. Water supply works of three communes of Eastern An Nhn 3. A water supply system of Bnh nh town 1. A centralized water supply system of Tuy Phc 2. Water supply works of Northeastern Tuy Phc 3. Water supply works of Phc Sn commune 4. Water supply works of Phc Thun commune Ty Sn A water supply factory of Ty Sn

11

Yes

16

Yes

Yes

10

Yes

Yes

Ph M

Yes

Yes

Ph Ct

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tuy Phc

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

5 7.2

1 1.5

3 3.7

5 2.0

No

Yes

On average (per works)

97

Table 18: Water price of supply water works

The first cubic meter used by households The first cubic meter used by gov. orgs The first cubic used in business

District

Supply water works

1. Domestic water supply works of Tam Quan Bc commune Hoi Nhn 2. Centralized water supply systems of Bng Sn, Tam Quan, Hoi Tn, Hoi Ho 1. Clean water supply factory of Ph M town Ph M 2. A water supply system of Bnh Dng town Ph Ct Water supply systems of G Gng/ Ng My towns 1. A water supply system of p town 2. Water supply works of three communes of Eastern An Nhn 3. A water supply system of Bnh nh town 1. A centralized water supply system of Tuy Phc 2. Water supply works of Northeastern Tuy Phc Tuy Phc 3. Water supply works of Phc Sn commune 4. Water supply works of Phc Thun commune Ty Sn A water supply factory of Ty Sn

1,790

1,790

3,260

3,800

5,200

7,200

2,400 3,800 3,800 3,800

2,800 5,800 5,800 5,800

8,400 7,200 7,200 7,200

An Nhn

2,000

2,000

2,400

3,800 3,800 2,737 2,737 2,737 2,400 3,046

5,800 5,800 2,737 2,737 2,737 3,600 4,046

7,200 7,200

5,100 6,236

On average (per works)

98

Table 19: Solid waste collection providers, scope of work, and dumpsites in 6 surveyed districts
Districs Services providers Nguyn Tn Company Ltd., Scope of work Dumpsites

Hoi Nhn

Communes along the main roads such as Hoi c, Hoi Thanh, Hoi Thanh Ty, Hoi Ho, Tam Quan town, Tam Quan Bc commune, Hoi Hng, Hoi Chu Bc and a part of Bng Sn town (mainly located by organizations). Bng Sn town (waste is mainly disposed by households).

- A dumpsite in Tam Quan Bc commune; 2 an area of 2,000m , - A dumpsite in Bng Sn town; an area of 2 1,000m

Bng Sn Agricultural Production operative Ph M

Ty Co-

The District Public Transportation Unit

Communes and towns along the main roads: M Hip, Ph M town, Bnh Dng town, M Lc, M Phong,

- A dumpsite in M Trinh commune; an 2 area of 5000m - A dumpsite in M Phong commune; an 2 area of 5,000m

Ph Ct

The District Public Transportation Unit An Nhn Urban Environmental Company

Waste collection is made along the main roads of communes and towns: Ng My, Ct Tn, Ct Tng, Ct Trinh, Ct Hanh, p town, Bnh nh town, Nhn Thnh commune; Communes of Phc Hng, Phc Quang (Tuy Phc district), Communes of Nhn Th, Nhn Tn, Nhn Ho, Nhn Lc, Nhn Phc, 11 communes and 2 towns in the district

A dumpsite in Ng My town; an area of 2 10,000m

An Nhn

A dumpsite in Nhn Ha commune; an 2 area of 12,000m

Nhn Th Company Ltd., Tuy Phc H Thanh Landscape and Environment Company Ltd., Ph Phong II agriculture production and service cooperative

Use of Long M dumpsite, Quy Nhn city; an area of 2 30,000m A dumpsite in Ty Xun commune; an 2 area of 10,000m

Ty Sn

Ph Phong town and communes along the main roads, namely: Bnh Tng, Ty Ph, Ty Xun.

99

Table 20: Characteristics of sex, age, education of interviewees

Sex Locality Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Male 65 53.7 37 61.7 28 45.9 67 55.4 32 52.5 35 58.3 72 61.5 38 66.7 34 56.7 67 54.9 40 64.5 27 45.0 58 48.7 26 44.1 32 53.3 48 40.0 25 43.9 23 36.5 377 52.4 female 56 46.3 23 38.3 33 54.1 54 44.6 29 47.5 25 41.7 45 38.5 19 33.3 26 43.3 55 45.1 22 35.5 33 55.0 61 51.3 33 55.9 28 46.7 72 60.0 32 56.1 40 63.5 343 47.6 Under 30 5 4.1 2 3.3 3 4.9 15 12.4 9 14.8 6 10.0 9 7.7 3 5.3 6 10.0 10 8.2 4 6.5 6 10.0 6 5.0 3 5.1 3 5.0 29 24.2 21 36.8 8 12.7 74 10.3 Age 3050 73 60.3 40 66.7 33 54.1 66 54.5 38 62.3 28 46.7 66 56.4 37 64.9 29 48.3 64 52.5 35 56.5 29 48.3 57 47.9 23 39.0 34 56.7 48 40.0 25 43.9 23 36.5 374 51.9 Above 50 43 35.5 18 30.0 25 41.0 40 33.1 14 23.0 26 43.3 42 35.9 17 29.8 25 41.7 48 39.3 23 37.1 25 41.7 56 47.1 33 55.9 23 38.3 43 35.8 11 19.3 32 50.8 272 37.8 <Primary school 37 30.6 17 28.3 20 32.8 30 24.8 10 16.4 20 33.3 38 32.5 13 22.8 25 41.7 24 19.7 12 19.4 12 20.0 21 17.6 7 11.9 14 23.3 57 47.5 45 78.9 12 19.0 207 28.8 Education Secondary school 63 52.1 32 53.3 31 50.8 67 55.4 33 54.1 34 56.7 57 48.7 34 59.6 23 38.3 65 53.3 29 46.8 36 60.0 52 43.7 17 28.8 35 58.3 32 26.7 8 14.0 24 38.1 336 46.7 > High school 21 17.4 11 18.3 10 16.4 24 19.8 18 29.5 6 10.0 22 18.8 10 17.5 12 20.0 33 27.0 21 33.9 12 20.0 46 38.7 35 59.3 11 18.3 31 25.8 4 7.0 27 42.9 177 24.6 Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

100

Table 21: Occupational structures of interviewees per commune and district

Occupation
Agriculture Nonagriculture Civil officials Unemployment

Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

62 51.7 29 49.2 33 54.1 88 73.3 39 63.9 49 83.1 89 76.1 47 82.5 42 70.0 69 57.0 36 58.1 33 55.9 47 39.8 6 10.2 41 69.5 71 60.7 53 93.0 18 30.0 426 59.7

36 30.0 23 39.0 13.0 21.3 20 16.7 16 26.2 4 6.8 13 11.1 3 5.3 10 16.7 39 32.2 21 33.9 18 30.5 44 37.3 30 50.8 14 23.7 19 16.2 0 0.0 19 31.7 171 24.0

8 6.7 3 5.1 5.0 8.2 6 5.0 3 4.9 3 5.1 8 6.8 1 1.8 7 11.7 8 6.6 5 8.1 3 5.1 7 5.9 6 10.2 1 1.7 11 9.4 4 7.0 7 11.7 48 6.7

14 11.7 4 6.8 10.0 16.4 6 5.0 3 4.9 3 5.1 7 6.0 6 10.5 1 1.7 5 4.1 0 0.0 5 8.5 20 16.9 17 28.8 3 5.1 16 13.7 0 0.0 16 26.7 68 9.5

101

Table 22: Households main characteristics classified by commune and district Househ old with poor book 27 22.3 17 28.3 10 16.4 22 18.2 12 19.7 10 16.7 15 12.8 7 12.3 8 13.3 11 9.0 9 14.5 2 3.3 10 8.4 5 8.5 5 8.3 13 10.8 10 17.5 3 4.8 98 13.6 Semistructur ed houses 61 50.4 32 53.3 29 47.5 77 63.6 37 60.7 40 66.7 65 55.6 28 49.1 37 61.7 68 55.7 34 54.8 34 56.7 52 43.7 17 28.8 35 58.3 75 62.5 51 89.5 24 38.1 398 55.3 Houses far from main roads >100m 15 12.4 9 15.0 6 9.8 53 43.8 9 14.8 44 73.3 33 28.2 12 21.1 21 35.0 34 27.9 18 29.0 16 26.7 9 7.6 0 0.0 9 15.0 17 14.2 10 17.5 7 11.1 161 22.4 Disadvan taged househol ds 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 1.7 3 2.6 3 5.3 0 0.0 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 5.8 7 12.3 0 0.0 12 1.7 Household s with livestock production 58 47.9 30 50.0 28 45.9 100 82.6 45 73.8 55 91.7 71 60.7 47 82.5 24 40.0 56 45.9 27 43.5 29 48.3 33 27.7 5 8.5 28 46.7 64 53.3 46 80.7 18 28.6 382 53.1

Location

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

House hold size 4.4

Poor househ olds 11 9.1 5 8.3 6 9.8 13 10.7 7 11.5 6 10.0 12 10.3 6 10.5 6 10.0 5 4.1 2 3.2 3.0 5.0 7 5.9 1.0 1.7 6.0 10.0 42 35.0 37 64.9 5 7.9 90 12.5

4.3 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.0 4.7 4.2

4.2 4.2 4.0 4.1

4.0 4.3

102

Table 23: Income levels and income structures of households per commune and district
Location Total per capita income/ month In which Incomes from plantatio n Incomes from livestoc k producti on 142 18.3 138 18.8 145 17.8 111 16.4 95 12.3 127 22.0 100 13.8 129 18.5 73 9.7 92 8.8 130 12.0 52 5.2 51 4.2 11 0.7 90 9.9 62 7.5 74 23.4 52 4.0 93 10.6 Incomes from sideline s of HH Incomes from salaried work Incomes from trading services Incomes from regular salaries Incomes from retirement salaries, allowances 77 9.9 60 8.2 94 11.5 71 10.5 85 10.9 57 9.9 32 4.5 51 7.3 15 2.0 59 5.6 94 8.7 23 2.2 125 10.4 207 13.8 44 4.8 102 12.2 46 14.6 152 11.7 78 8.9 Oth ers

Hoi Nhn Tam Q, Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

777 100.0 736 100.0 817 100.0 677 100.0 776 100.0 576 100.0 724 100.0 699 100.0 748 100.0 1046 100.0 1082 100.0 1009 100.0 1203 100.0 1498 100.0 913 100.0 831 100.0 314 100.0 1298 100.0 877 100.0

192 24.8 136 18.5 248 30.3 158 23.4 115 14.8 202 35.0 248 34.2 276 39.5 221 29.6 147 14.1 178 16.4 115 11.4 157 13.1 20 1.3 293 32.0 90 10.8 123 39.0 60 4.6 165 18.8

22 2.9 22 3.0 22 2.7 18 2.7 29 3.7 8 1.3 43 6.0 9 1.2 76 10.2 12 1.1 16 1.5 8 0.7 10 0.8 2 0.1 18 2.0 6 0.7 0 0.0 10 0.8 18 2.1

102 13.2 79 10.7 125 15.4 113 16.7 116 14.9 111 19.3 136 18.7 129 18.5 141 18.9 271 25.9 205 19.0 339 33.6 298 24.8 298 19.9 298 32.7 151 18.1 36 11.3 255 19.6 179 20.4

132 17.1 164 22.3 101 12.4 92 13.6 176 22.6 8 1.3 62 8.6 39 5.6 83 11.1 250 23.9 306 28.3 191 18.9 343 28.5 612 40.9 78 8.6 232 27.9 0 0.0 441 34.0 185 21.2

90 11.7 107 14.5 75 9.1 111 16.4 159 20.5 61 10.6 99 13.7 63 9.1 134 17.9 205 19.6 147 13.6 265 26.2 195 16.2 315 21.0 76 8.3 186 22.4 36 11.4 322 24.8 148 16.9

18 2.3 30 4.1 6 0.7 2 0.3 2 0.2 3 0.5 3 0.4 2 0.3 4 0.5 11 1.1 6 0.6 17 1.6 24 2.0 32 2.2 15 1.7 3 0.4 1 0.3 5 0.4 10 1.2

103

Table 24: Five per capita income groups per month of households 20% below 20% the of the 20% the average lowest average Hoi Nhn* 260 472 721 ** 1.0 1.8 2.8 Tam Quan Nam 264 470 699 1.0 1.8 2.7 Hoi Hng 255 473 754 1.0 1.9 3.0 Ph M 281 495 687 1.0 1.8 2.4 M Hip 292 472 677 1.0 1.6 2.3 M Chu 271 509 700 1.0 1.9 2.6 Ph Ct 305 478 677 1.0 1.6 2.2 Ct Lm 279 491 669 1.0 1.8 2.4 Ct Tin 323 465 690 1.0 1.4 2.1 Tuy Phc 304 493 698 1.0 1.6 2.3 Phc Thng 282 477 714 1.0 1.7 2.5 Phc Lc 348 514 679 1.0 1.5 2.0 An Nhn 285 508 731 1.0 1.8 2.6 Bnh nh town 358 498 738 1.0 1.4 2.1 Nhn An 270 515 728 1.0 1.9 2.7 Ty Sn 194 478 698 1.0 2.5 3.6 Vnh An 185 481 742 1.0 2.6 4.0 Ph Phong town 362 472 688 1.0 1.3 1.9 Total 257 487 702 1.0 1.9 2.7 Note: Five income groups are generated for the entire sampling * Unit: Thousand Vietnam Dong (VND) Location 20% above of the average 981 3.8 1001 3.8 957 3.7 999 3.6 1020 3.5 976 3.6 1007 3.3 996 3.6 1016 3.1 1023 3.4 1048 3.7 1002 2.9 989 3.5 1027 2.9 969 3.6 1037 5.4 958 5.2 1046 2.9 1006 3.9

20% the highest 2266 8.7 2711 10.3 2064 8.1 1790 6.4 1904 6.5 1278 4.7 1873 6.1 1759 6.3 1949 6.0 1861 6.1 2141 7.6 1612 4.6 1947 6.8 2026 5.7 1705 6.3 1921 9.9 1921 5.3 1940 7.5

** Differences of various incomes groups compared to the 20% of the lowest group

104

Table 25: Expenditure levels and structures of households per commune and district
Total per capita expenses per month 555 100.0 628 100.0 483 100.0 422 100.0 477 100.0 366 100.0 418 100.0 391 100.0 444 100.0 599 100.0 626 100.0 571 100.0 614 100.0 729 100.0 501 100.0 440 100.0 201 100.0 657 100.0 508 100.0 In which Expen Expen ses for ses for health electri care city 27 20 4.9 3.5 23 3.7 31 6.4 23 5.5 28 5.8 18 5.0 21 5.1 29 7.5 14 3.1 24 3.9 17 2.7 30 5.3 32 5.3 40 5.4 25 5.0 17 3.9 7 3.5 27 4.1 24 4.8 19 3.0 20 4.1 19 4.4 22 4.6 15 4.1 16 3.8 13 3.3 19 4.3 23 3.8 25 4.0 21 3.7 29 4.8 35 4.8 24 4.8 19 4.2 6 3.0 30 4.6 21 4.1 Expen ses for clean water 3 0.5 4 0.6 2 0.4 1 0.1 1 0.2 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 1 0.2 5 0.8 9 1.4 1 0.2 4 0.6 6 0.8 2 0.4 3 0.6 1 0.4 4 0.6 2 0.5 Expenses for waste collection services Others 0 139 0.0 25.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.1 0 0.0 1 0.2 2 0.3 4 0.5 0 0.0 1 0.2 0 0.0 2 0.3 1 0.2 166 26.5 113 23.4 112 26.6 128 26.8 96 26.4 99 23.6 91 23.4 106 23.8 136 22.7 145 23.1 126 22.1 146 23.7 189 26.0 103 20.5 112 25.5 38 18.9 179 27.3 124 24.3

Location

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

Expenses Expenses for for meals education 257 109 46.3 19.6 289 46.0 225 46.7 194 45.9 218 45.7 169 46.2 198 47.4 179 45.8 217 48.8 261 43.5 255 40.7 267 46.8 281 45.7 335 45.9 227 45.4 219 49.7 141 70.1 289 44.0 235 46.2 126 20.1 92 19.0 74 17.4 80 16.8 67 18.3 83 19.8 78 19.9 88 19.8 150 25.1 175 28.0 124 21.8 120 19.5 120 16.5 120 23.9 70 15.9 8 4.2 126 19.2 101 19.9

105

Table 26: Number of households using and not using piped water in sampling survey.

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

No piped water 90 74.4 29 48.3 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 60 49.2 0 0.0 60 100.0 28 23.5 0 0.0 28 46.7 33 27.5 0 0.0 33 52.4 449 62.4

Using piped water 17 14.0 17 28.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 61 50.0 61 98.4 0 0.0 79 66.4 54 91.5 25 41.7 86 71.7 57 100.0 29 46.0 243 33.8

Having main piped water but not using piped water 14 11.6 14 23.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 1 1.6 0 0.0 12 10.1 5 8.5 7 11.7 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 1.6 28 3.9

Total

121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

106

Table 27: Situation of drinking water of households not using piped water

Location

Drilled wells

Drug wells

Tanked water

Bottled water

Others

Total

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

32 30.5 19 43.2 13 21.3 3 2.5 3 4.9 0 0.0 39 33.3 15 26.3 24 40.0 28 44.4 0 0.0 28 46.7 24 57.1 4 57.1 20 57.1 11 29.7 0 0.0 11 29.7 137 28.2

29 27.6 11 25.0 18 29.5 111 91.7 52 85.2 59 98.3 70 59.8 39 68.4 31 51.7 29 46.0 0 0.0 29 48.3 11 26.2 0 0.0 11 31.4 19 51.4 0 0.0 19 51.4 269 55.5

21 20.0 9 20.5 12 19.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.9 0 0.0 1 1.7 1 1.6 1 33.3 0 0.0 1 2.4 0 0.0 1 2.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 24 4.9

11 10.5 2 4.5 9 14.8 6 5.0 5 8.2 1 1.7 4 3.4 0 0.0 4 6.7 5 7.9 2 66.7 3 5.0 6 14.3 3 42.9 3 8.6 7 18.9 0 0.0 7 18.9 39 8.0

12 11.4 3 6.8 9 14.8 1 0.8 1 1.6 0 0.0 3 2.6 3 5.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

105 100.0 44 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 63 100.0 3 100.0 60 100.0 42 100.0 7 100.0 35 100.0 37 100.0 0 0.0

0 37 0.0 100.0 16 485 3.3 100.0

107

Table 28: Situation of cooking water of households not using piped water Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Drilled wells 40 38.1 19 43.2 21 34.4 2 1.7 2 3.3 0 0.0 42 35.9 15 26.3 27 45.0 31 50.8 0 0.0 31 51.7 26 65.0 5 100.0 21 60.0 11 32.4 0 0.0 11 32.4 152 31.8 Bottled water 4 3.8 2 4.5 2 3.3 1 0.8 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 1.0

Drug wells 33 31.4 12 27.3 21 34.4 118 97.5 58 95.1 60 100.0 71 60.7 39 68.4 32 53.3 29 47.5 0 0.0 29 48.3 13 32.5 0 0.0 13 37.1 23 67.6 0 0.0 23 67.6 287 60.0

Tanked water 19 18.1 9 20.5 10 16.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.9 0 0.0 1 1.7 1 1.6 1 100.0 0 0.0 1 2.5 0 0.0 1 2.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 22 4.6

Others 9 8.6 2 4.5 7 11.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 2.6 3 5.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 2.5

Total 105 100.0 44 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 1 100.0 60 100.0 40 100.0 5 100.0 35 100.0 34 100.0 0 0.0 34 100.0 478 100.0

108

Table 29: Situation of bathing water of households not using piped water

Locality Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Drilled wells 56 51.4 26 54.2 30 49.2 2 1.7 2 3.3 0 0.0 43 36.8 15 26.3 28 46.7 53 65.4 19 90.5 34 56.7 61 62.9 39 92.9 22 40.0 11 16.7 0 0.0 11 26.2 226 38.2 Drug wells 51 46.8 21 43.8 30 49.2 119 98.3 59 96.7 60 100.0 71 60.7 39 68.4 32 53.3 28 34.6 2 9.5 26 43.3 36 37.1 3 7.1 33 60.0 34 51.5 3 12.5 31 73.8 339 57.4 Others 2 1.8 1 2.1 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 2.6 3 5.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 21 31.8 21 87.5 0 0.0 26 4.4 Total 109 100.0 48 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 81 100.0 21 100.0 60 100.0 97 100.0 42 100.0 55 100.0 66 100.0 24 100.0 42 100.0 591 100.0

109

Table 30: Situation of water for watering trees of households not using piped water

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

Drilled well 49 43.8 21 41.2 28 45.9 1 0.8 1 1.6 0 0.0 49 41.9 20 35.1 29 48.3 58 59.8 24 64.9 34 56.7 57 55.3 35 72.9 22 40.0 10 11.1 0 0.0 10 22.2 224 35.0

Drug well 43 38.4 19 37.3 24 39.3 100 82.6 44 72.1 56 93.3 57 48.7 34 59.6 23 38.3 24 24.7 2 5.4 22 36.7 35 34.0 3 6.3 32 58.2 32 35.6 3 6.7 29 64.4 291 45.5

Others 20 17.9 11 21.6 9 14.8 20 16.5 16 26.2 4 6.7 11 9.4 3 5.3 8 13.3 15 15.5 11 29.7 4 6.7 11 10.7 10 20.8 1 1.8 48 53.3 42 93.3 6 13.3 125 19.5

Total 112 100.0 51 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 97 100.0 37 100.0 60 100.0 103 100.0 48 100.0 55 100.0 90 100.0 45 100.0 45 100.0 640 100.0

110

Total 31: Situation of drinking and cooking water of households using piped water Drinking water Location Drug well Drilled well 16 94.1 Tam Quan Nam 16 94.1 Tuy Phc 59 96.7 Phc Thng 59 96.7 An Nhn 77 97.5 Bnh nh town 52 96.3 Nhn An 25 100.0 Ty Sn 83 96.5 Vnh An 57 100.0 Ph Phong town 26 89.7 Total 235 96.7 2 3.3 2 3.3 2 2.5 2 3.7 3 3.5 3 10.3 7 2.9 Others 1 5.9 1 5.9 1 0.4 Cooking water Tap water 16 94.1 16 94.1 61 100.0 61 100.0 79 100.0 54 100.0 25 100.0 86 100.0 57 100.0 29 100.0 242 99.6 Drug water 1 17 Total

Hoi Nhn

5.9 100.0 1 17

5.9 100.0 61

- 100.0 61

- 100.0 79

- 100.0 54

- 100.0 25

- 100.0 86

- 100.0 57

- 100.0 29

- 100.0 1 243

0.4 100.0

111

Table 32: Situation of bathing water and water for watering trees of households using piped water
Bathing water Location Piped water Hoi Nhn 12 70.6 Tam Quan Nam 12 70.6 Tuy Phc 41 67.2 Phc Thng 41 67.2 An Nhn 22 27.8 Bnh nh town 17 31.5 Nhn An 5 20.0 Ty Sn 54 62.8 Vnh An 33 57.9 Ph Phong town 21 72.4 Total 129 53.1 drilled well 1 5.9 1 5.9 18 29.5 18 29.5 36 45.6 34 63.0 2 8.0 1 1.2 0 0.0 1 3.4 56 23.0 Piped Drug well 4 23.5 4 23.5 2 3.3 2 3.3 21 26.6 3 5.6 18 72.0 10 11.6 3 5.3 7 24.1 37 15.2 Others 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 21 24.4 21 36.8 0 0.0 21 8.6 water 9 52.9 9 52.9 25 41.0 25 41.0 16 20.3 11 20.4 5 20.0 30 34.9 12 21.1 18 62.1 80 32.9 Watering trees Drilled well 2 11.8 2 11.8 24 39.3 24 39.3 32 40.5 30 55.6 2 8.0 2 2.3 0 0.0 2 6.9 60 24.7 Drug well 3 17.6 3 17.6 2 3.3 2 3.3 21 26.6 3 5.6 18 72.0 8 9.3 3 5.3 5 17.2 34 14.0 Total

Others 3 17.6 3 17.6 10 16.4 10 16.4 10 12.7 10 18.5 0 0.0 46 53.5 42 73.7 4 13.8 69 28.4 17 100.0 17 100.0 61 100.0 61 100.0 79 100.0 54 100.0 25 100.0 86 100.0 57 100.0 29 100.0 243 100.0

112

Table 33: Description of drinking water of households

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Colo rless 93 76.9 50 83.3 43 70.5 96 79.3 42 68.9 54 90.0 80 68.4 53 93.0 27 45.0 104 85.2 56 90.3 48 80.0 109 91.6 57 96.6 52 86.7 111 92.5 50 87.7 61 96.8 593 82.4 Color 28 23.1 10 16.7 18 29.5 25 20.7 19 31.1 6 10.0 37 31.6 4 7.0 33 55.0 18 14.8 6 9.7 12 20.0 10 8.4 2 3.4 8 13.3 9 7.5 7 12.3 2 3.2 127 17.6 Smelle ss 100 82.6 53 88.3 47 77.0 103 85.1 50 82.0 53 88.3 82 70.1 53 93.0 29 48.3 83 68.0 36 58.1 47 78.3 99 83.2 45 76.3 54 90.0 112 93.3 56 98.2 56 88.9 579 80.4 Smell 21 17.4 7 11.7 14 23.0 18 14.9 11 18.0 7 11.7 35 29.9 4 7.0 31 51.7 39 32.0 26 41.9 13 21.7 20 16.8 14 23.7 6 10.0 8 6.7 1 1.8 7 11.1 141 19.6 Tastel ess 111 91.7 57 95.0 54 88.5 114 94.2 56 91.8 58 96.7 111 94.9 55 96.5 56 93.3 116 95.1 60 96.8 56 93.3 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 119 99.2 57 100.0 62 98.4 690 95.8 Taste 10 8.3 3 5.0 7 11.5 7 5.8 5 8.2 2 3.3 6 5.1 2 3.5 4 6.7 6 4.9 2 3.2 4 6.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 1.6 30 4.2 No turbidity 103 85.1 54 90.0 49 80.3 93 76.9 45 73.8 48 80.0 90 76.9 49 86.0 41 68.3 106 86.9 53 85.5 53 88.3 103 86.6 53 89.8 50 83.3 97 80.8 41 71.9 56 88.9 592 82.2 Turbidit y 18 14.9 6 10.0 12 19.7 28 23.1 16 26.2 12 20.0 27 23.1 8 14.0 19 31.7 16 13.1 9 14.5 7 11.7 16 13.4 6 10.2 10 16.7 23 19.2 16 28.1 7 11.1 128 17.8 Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

113

Table 34: Qualitative assessment of drinking water of households Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Good 58 47.9 29 48.3 29 47.5 62 51.2 27 44.3 35 58.3 63 53.8 46 80.7 17 28.3 75 61.5 41 66.1 34 56.7 87 73.1 43 72.9 44 73.3 102 85.0 50 87.7 52 82.5 447 62.1 Quite good 33 27.3 20 33.3 13 21.3 27 22.3 13 21.3 14 23.3 27 23.1 4 7.0 23 38.3 23 18.9 13 21.0 10 16.7 21 17.6 11 18.6 10 16.7 12 10.0 4 7.0 8 12.7 143 19.9 Average 26 21.5 10 16.7 16 26.2 27 22.3 19 31.1 8 13.3 22 18.8 6 10.5 16 26.7 21 17.2 8 12.9 13 21.7 10 8.4 4 6.8 6 10.0 6 5.0 3 5.3 3 4.8 112 15.6 Below average 4 3.3 1 1.7 3 4.9 5 4.1 2 3.3 3 5.0 5 4.3 1 1.8 4 6.7 3 2.5 0 0.0 3 5.0 1 0.8 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 18 2.5

Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

114

Table 35: Description of cooking water of households

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

Color less 85 70.2 49 81.7 36 59.0 95 78.5 42 68.9 53 88.3 79 67.5 53 93.0 26 43.3 103 84.4 55 88.7 48 80.0 108 90.8 57 96.6 51 85.0 111 92.5 50 87.7 61 96.8 581 80.7

Color 36 29.8 11 18.3 25 41.0 26 21.5 19 31.1 7 11.7 38 32.5 4 7.0 34 56.7 19 15.6 7 11.3 12 20.0 11 9.2 2 3.4 9 15.0 9 7.5 7 12.3 2 3.2 139 19.3

Smelle ss 90 74.4 51 85.0 39 63.9 102 84.3 49 80.3 53 88.3 79 67.5 53 93.0 26 43.3 81 66.4 34 54.8 47 78.3 96 80.7 44 74.6 52 86.7 112 93.3 56 98.2 56 88.9 560 77.8

Smel l 31 25.6 9 15.0 22 36.1 19 15.7 12 19.7 7 11.7 38 32.5 4 7.0 34 56.7 41 33.6 28 45.2 13 21.7 23 19.3 15 25.4 8 13.3 8 6.7 1 1.8 7 11.1 160 22.2

Tastel ess 106 87.6 56 93.3 50 82.0 114 94.2 56 91.8 58 96.7 110 94.0 55 96.5 55 91.7 116 95.1 60 96.8 56 93.3 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 119 99.2 57 100.0 62 98.4 684 95.0

Taste 15 12.4 4 6.7 11 18.0 7 5.8 5 8.2 2 3.3 7 6.0 2 3.5 5 8.3 6 4.9 2 3.2 4 6.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 1.6 36 5.0

No turbidity 102 84.3 55 91.7 47 77.0 92 76.0 45 73.8 47 78.3 87 74.4 49 86.0 38 63.3 105 86.1 52 83.9 53 88.3 103 86.6 53 89.8 50 83.3 97 80.8 41 71.9 56 88.9 586 81.4

Total Turbidity 19 15.7 5 8.3 14 23.0 29 24.0 16 26.2 13 21.7 30 25.6 8 14.0 22 36.7 17 13.9 10 16.1 7 11.7 16 13.4 6 10.2 10 16.7 23 19.2 16 28.1 7 11.1 134 18.6 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

115

Table 36: Qualitative assessment of cooking water of households Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Good 50 41.3 29 48.3 21 34.4 59 48.8 25 41.0 34 56.7 59 50.4 46 80.7 13 21.7 73 59.8 39 62.9 34 56.7 84 70.6 41 69.5 43 71.7 102 85.0 50 87.7 52 82.5 427 59.3 Quite good 33 27.3 20 33.3 13 21.3 29 24.0 15 24.6 14 23.3 29 24.8 4 7.0 25 41.7 23 18.9 14 22.6 9 15.0 25 21.0 14 23.7 11 18.3 12 10.0 4 7.0 8 12.7 151 21.0 Average 33 27.3 10 16.7 23 37.7 28 23.1 19 31.1 9 15.0 23 19.7 6 10.5 17 28.3 23 18.9 9 14.5 14 23.3 10 8.4 4 6.8 6 10.0 6 5.0 3 5.3 3 4.8 123 17.1 Below average 5 4.1 1 1.7 4 6.6 5 4.1 2 3.3 3 5.0 6 5.1 1 1.8 5 8.3 3 2.5 0 0.0 3 5.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 2.6

Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

116

Table 37: Description of bathing/washing water of households

No turbidit y 74 61.2 43 71.7 31 50.8 92 76.0 45 73.8 47 78.3 85 72.6 49 86.0 36 60.0 99 81.1 46 75.4 53 88.3 99 83.2 44 74.6 55 91.7 93 77.5 38 66.7 55 87.3 542 75.4

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Colorless 54 44.6 38 63.3 16 26.2 95 78.5 42 68.9 53 88.3 77 65.8 53 93.0 24 40.0 88 72.1 42 67.7 46 76.7 97 81.5 43 72.9 54 90.0 108 90.0 49 86.0 59 93.7 519 72.1

Colo r 67 55.4 22 36.7 45 73.8 26 21.5 19 31.1 7 11.7 40 34.2 4 7.0 36 60.0 34 27.9 20 32.3 14 23.3 22 18.5 16 27.1 6 10.0 12 10.0 8 14.0 4 6.3 201 27.9

Smelle ss 69 57.0 44 73.3 25 41.0 102 84.3 49 80.3 53 88.3 77 65.8 53 93.0 24 40.0 71 58.2 27 43.5 44 73.3 97 81.5 42 71.2 55 91.7 108 90.0 54 94.7 54 85.7 524 72.8

Sme ll 52 43.0 16 26.7 36 59.0 19 15.7 12 19.7 7 11.7 40 34.2 4 7.0 36 60.0 51 41.8 35 56.5 16 26.7 22 18.5 17 28.8 5 8.3 12 10.0 3 5.3 9 14.3 196 27.2

Tastele ss 91 75.2 50 83.3 41 67.2 114 94.2 56 91.8 58 96.7 110 94.0 55 96.5 55 91.7 98 80.3 43 70.5 55 91.7 116 97.5 58 98.3 58 96.7 118 98.3 57 100.0 61 96.8 647 90.0

Tast e 30 24.8 10 16.7 20 32.8 7 5.8 5 8.2 2 3.3 7 6.0 2 3.5 5 8.3 24 19.7 19 29.5 5 8.3 3 2.5 1 1.7 2 3.3 2 1.7 0 0.0 2 3.2 73 10.0

Turb idity 47 38.8 17 28.3 30 49.2 29 24.0 16 26.2 13 21.7 32 27.4 8 14.0 24 40.0 23 18.9 16 24.6 7 11.7 20 16.8 15 25.4 5 8.3 27 22.5 19 33.3 8 12.7 178 24.6

Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

117

Table 38: Qualitative assessment of bathing/washing water of households

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Good 26 21.5 22 36.7 4 6.6 58 47.9 24 39.3 34 56.7 58 49.6 46 80.7 12 20.0 59 48.8 26 42.6 33 55.0 71 59.7 30 50.8 41 68.3 97 80.8 46 80.7 51 81.0 369 51.3

Quite good 25 20.7 16 26.7 9 14.8 30 24.8 15 24.6 15 25.0 32 27.4 4 7.0 28 46.7 23 19.0 14 23.0 9 15.0 33 27.7 19 32.2 14 23.3 13 10.8 5 8.8 8 12.7 156 21.7

Average 58 47.9 18 30.0 40 65.6 28 23.1 20 32.8 8 13.3 20 17.1 6 10.5 14 23.3 28 23.1 14 23.0 14 23.3 14 11.8 9 15.3 5 8.3 10 8.3 6 10.5 4 6.3 158 22.0

Below average 12 9.9 4 6.7 8 13.1 5 4.1 2 3.3 3 5.0 7 6.0 1 1.8 6 10.0 11 9.1 7 11.5 4 6.7 1 0.8 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 36 5.0

Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 719 100.0

118

Table 39: Some characteristics of drug wells

% total hous ehold s % total households not using piped water Water level in dry seaso n Stand ard deviati on Water level in wet seaso n

Location

Number of drug wells

Average depth

Sig.

Sig.

Hoi Nhn Tam Q, Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

60 23 37 119 59 60 72 39 33 32 2 30 36 3 33 35 3 32 354

49.6 38.3 60.7 98.3 96.7 100. 0 61.5 68.4 55.0 26.2 3.2 50.0 30.3 5.1 55.0 29.2 5.3 50.8 49.2

57.7 53.5 60.7 98.3 96.7 100.0 61.5 68.4 55.0 52.5 200.0 50.0 90.0 60.0 94.3 102.9 94.1 74.2

8.2 6.5 9.2 8.3 8.9 7.8 7.5 7.4 7.5 6.5 5.5 6.6 8.3 12.7 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.9

3.7 3.6 3.4 3.0 3.4 2.5 3.3 2.2 4.2 2.8 2.1 2.8 4.2 7.0 3.7 1.7 4.0 1.5 3.2

1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.3 0.3 1.4 1.4

1.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.7 0.8 0.0 0.9 0.9 1.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.0

3.8 3.2 4.2 4.5 4.8 4.3 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.2 3.5 4.3 4.6 6.7 4.4 4.8 4.0 4.9 4.5

1.8 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.7 2.4 1.6 3.1 1.7 0.7 1.7 1.8 3.1 1.6 1.3 2.0 1.2 2.0

119

Table 40: Qualitative description of drug wells

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Colorl ess 19 33.3 9 39.1 10 29.4 93 78.2 40 67.8 53 88.3 50 69.4 37 94.9 13 39.4 24 75.0 0 0.0 24 80.0 31 86.1 2 66.7 29 87.9 29 85.3 2 66.7 27 87.1 246 70.3 Color 38 66.7 14 60.9 24 70.6 26 21.8 19 32.2 7 11.7 22 30.6 2 5.1 20 60.6 8 25.0 2 100.0 6 20.0 5 13.9 1 33.3 4 12.1 5 14.7 1 33.3 4 12.9 104 29.7 Smell ess 31 54.4 14 60.9 17 50.0 100 84.3 47 79.7 53 88.3 52 80.6 37 94.9 15 45.5 25 78.8 1 50.0 24 80.0 32 89.4 2 66.7 30 90.9 29 85.7 2 66.7 27 87.1 269 76.9 Smell 26 45.6 9 39.1 17 50.0 19 17.1 12 20.3 7 11.7 20 49.6 2 5.1 18 54.5 7 24.3 1 50.0 6 20.0 4 15.2 1 33.3 3 9.1 5 17.0 1 33.3 4 12.9 81 23.1 Tasteless 38 66.7 15 65.2 23 67.6 112 94.2 54 91.5 58 96.7 67 93.3 38 97.4 29 87.9 29 91.8 1 50.0 28 93.3 33 92.3 2 66.7 31 93.9 33 97.1 3 100.0 30 96.8 312 89.1 Taste 19 33.4 8 34.8 11 32.4 7 7.0 5 8.5 2 3.3 5 10.2 1 2.6 4 12.1 3 21.1 1 50.0 2 6.7 3 15.2 1 33.3 2 6.1 1 3.2 0 0.0 1 3.2 38 10.9 No turbidity 26 46.3 12 52.2 14 41.2 90 75.7 43 72.9 47 78.3 56 80.0 35 89.7 21 63.6 27 85.3 1 50.0 26 86.7 30 86.1 1 33.3 29 87.9 28 82.6 2 66.7 26 83.9 257 73.4 Turbidity 31 54.9 11 47.8 20 58.8 29 24.7 16 27.1 13 21.7 16 29.8 4 10.3 12 36.4 5 20.7 1 50.0 4 13.3 6 30.3 2 66.7 4 12.1 6 19.0 1 33.3 5 16.1 93 26.6 Total 57 100.0 23 100.0 34 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 72 100.0 39 100.0 33 100.0 32 100.0 2 100.0 30 100.0 36 100.0 3 100.0 33 100.0 34 100.0 3 100.0 31 100.0 350 100.0

120

Table 41: Qualitative assessment of drug wells Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Good 9 16.1 3 13.0 6 17.6 59 52.6 22 37.3 37 61.7 45 71.7 33 84.6 12 36.4 18 60.0 0 0.0 18 60.0 19 53.4 1 33.3 18 54.5 26 77.2 3 100.0 23 74.2 176 50.3 Quite good 12 23.9 7 30.4 5 14.7 27 23.0 15 25.4 12 20.0 13 29.0 2 5.1 11 33.3 4 20.0 1 50.0 3 10.0 11 30.6 1 33.3 10 30.3 6 19.4 0 0.0 6 19.4 73 20.9 Below average 9 15.9 4 17.4 5 14.7 5 4.4 2 3.4 3 5.0 4 12.1 0 0.0 4 12.1 2 6.7 0 0.0 2 6.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 5.7

Average 27 48.3 9 39.1 18 52.9 28 28.0 20 33.9 8 13.3 10 15.0 4 10.3 6 18.2 8 26.7 1 50.0 7 23.3 6 18.2 1 33.3 5 15.2 2 6.5 0 0.0 2 6.5 81 23.1

Total 57 100.0 23 100.0 34 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 72 100.0 39 100.0 33 100.0 32 100.0 2 100.0 30 100.0 36 100.0 3 100.0 33 100.0 34 100.0 3 100.0 31 100.0 350 100.0

121

Table 42: Some characteristics of drilled wells

Location

Number of drilled % total wells households 59 28 31 2 2 0 53 20 33 63 26 37 66 43 23 13 0 13 256 48.8 46.7 50.8 1.7 3.3 0.0 45.3 35.1 55.0 51.6 41.9 61.7 55.5 72.9 38.3 10.8 0.0 20.6 35.6

% total households not using tap water 56.7 65.1 50.8 1.7 3.3 0.0 45.3 35.1 55.0 103.3 2600.0 61.7 165.0 860.0 65.7 38.2 38.2 53.7

Average depth 22.3 17.0 27.2 29.0 29.0 9.7 8.8 10.2 17.7 27.0 11.2 23.6 22.7 25.2 10.2 10.2 18.3

Sig. 11.0 8.3 11.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.3 4.6 9.7 6.6 5.1 6.0 5.3 7.0 4.8 4.8 9.8

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

122

Table 43: Qualitative description of drilled wells

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Ph Phong town Total

Colorle ss 29 54.8 18 66.7 11 35.5 2 100.0 2 100.0 30 68.5 18 90.0 12 36.4 37 65.7 9 34.6 28 75.7 44 71.8 24 55.8 20 90.9 12 92.3 12 92.3 154 60.6

Color 29 54.8 9 33.3 20 64.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 23 59.0 2 10.0 21 63.6 26 51.2 17 65.4 9 24.3 21 40.8 19 44.2 2 9.1 1 7.7 1 7.7 100 39.4

Smelle ss 32 62.6 20 76.9 12 38.7 2 100.0 2 100.0 29 68.5 18 90.0 11 33.3 34 59.2 9 36.0 25 67.6 48 75.9 28 65.1 20 90.9 11 84.6 11 84.6 156 61.9

Smell 25 52.1 6 23.1 19 61.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 24 61.9 2 10.0 22 66.7 28 50.5 16 64.0 12 32.4 17 31.8 15 34.9 2 9.1 2 15.4 2 15.4 96 38.1

Tastel ess 44 79.7 24 92.3 20 64.5 2 100.0 2 100.0 49 92.5 19 95.0 30 90.9 36 87.2 2 8.0 34 91.9 65 100.0 43 100.0 22 100.0 13 100.0 13 100.0 209 82.9

Taste 13 31.2 2 7.7 11 35.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 8.1 1 5.0 3 9.1 26 82.3 23 92.0 3 8.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 43 17.1

No turbidity 44 77.3 21 80.8 23 74.2 2 100.0 2 100.0 33 63.8 15 75.0 18 54.5 50 82.0 17 68.0 33 89.2 55 86.0 33 76.7 22 100.0 11 84.6 11 84.6 195 77.4

Turbidity 13 23.3 5 19.2 8 25.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 40.3 5 25.0 15 45.5 12 24.9 8 32.0 4 10.8 10 23.3 10 23.3 0 0.0 2 15.4 2 15.4 57 22.6

Total 57 100.0 26 100.0 31 100.0 2 100.0 2 100.0 53 100.0 20 100.0 33 100.0 62 100.0 25 100.0 37 100.0 65 100.0 43 100.0 22 100.0 13 100.0 13 100.0 252 100.0

123

Table 44: Qualitative assessment of drilled wells Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Ph Phong town Total Good 14 35.3 11 42.3 3 9.7 2 100.0 2 100.0 20 54.5 14 70.0 6 18.2 28 61.6 3 12.0 25 67.6 38 65.3 19 44.2 19 86.4 11 84.6 11 84.6 113 44.8 Quite good 13 23.4 7 26.9 6 19.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 47.1 2 10.0 17 51.5 7 11.3 3 12.0 4 10.8 17 29.2 14 32.6 3 13.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 56 22.2

Average 27 52.2 8 30.8 19 61.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 16.1 2 10.0 6 18.2 14 25.2 8 32.0 6 16.2 8 18.6 8 18.6 0 0.0 2 15.4 2 15.4 59 23.4

Below average 3 9.7 0 0.0 3 9.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 11.4 2 10.0 4 12.1 13 38.1 11 44.0 2 5.4 2 4.7 2 4.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 24 9.5

Total 57 100.0 26 100.0 31 100.0 2 100.0 2 100.0 53 100.0 20 100.0 33 100.0 62 100.0 25 100.0 37 100.0 65 100.0 43 100.0 22 100.0 13 100.0 13 100.0 252 100.0

124

Table 45: Reasons for households do not invest in drilled wells

Hard foundatio n 2 3.2 0 0.0 2 6.1 42 35.6 29 49.2 13 22.0 17 27.0 16 44.4 1 3.7 2 3.2 0 0.0 2 8.7 1 1.9 0 0.0 1 2.6 15 12.7 15 22.1 0 0.0 79 16.5 Water contaiminate d with alum 25 39.7 7 23.3 18 54.5 7 5.9 0 0.0 7 11.9 13 20.6 0 0.0 13 48.1 23 36.5 13 32.5 10 43.5 22 40.7 0 0.0 22 57.9 3 2.5 0 0.0 3 6.0 93 19.4 No available budget for constructing drilled well 1 1.6 0 0.0 1 3.0 5 4.2 2 3.4 3 5.1 5 7.9 1 2.8 4 14.8 3 4.8 1 2.5 2 8.7 4 7.4 0 0.0 4 10.5 33 28.0 32 47.1 1 2.0 51 10.6 No deman d 15 23.8 7 23.3 8 24.2 45 38.1 15 25.4 30 50.8 26 41.3 18 50.0 8 29.6 24 38.1 15 37.5 9 39.1 27 50.0 16 100.0 11 28.9 55 46.6 9 13.2 46 92.0 192 40.1

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

Salined water 17 27.0 16 53.3 1 3.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 17.5 11 27.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 28 5.8

Other s 3 4.8 0 0.0 3 9.1 19 16.1 13 22.0 6 10.2 2 3.2 1 2.8 1 3.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 10.2 12 17.6 0 0.0 36 7.5

Total 63 100.0 30 100.0 33 100.0 118 100.0 59 100.0 59 100.0 63 100.0 36 100.0 27 100.0 63 100.0 40 100.0 23 100.0 54 100.0 16 100.0 38 100.0 118 100.0 68 100.0 50 100.0 479 100.0

125

Table 46: Some characteristics of piped water

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Colo rless 14 87.5 45 86.5 53 98.1 13 56.5 53 93.0 28 96.6 206 89.2 Color 2 12.5 7 13.5 1 1.9 10 43.5 0 7.0 1 3.4 21 10.8 Smell ess 11 68.8 28 53.8 40 74.1 19 82.6 53 100.0 24 82.8 176 76.2 Smell 5 31.3 24 46.2 14 25.9 4 17.4 0 0.0 5 17.2 51 23.8 Tastel ess 14 87.5 49 94.2 54 100.0 23 100.0 53 100.0 29 100.0 226 97.8 Taste 2 12.5 3 5.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.2 No turbidity 14 87.5 43 82.7 47 87.0 8 34.8 24 42.1 24 82.8 160 69.3 Turbidity 2 12.5 9 17.3 7 13.0 15 65.2 29 57.9 5 17.2 67 30.7 Total 16 100.0 52 100.0 54 100.0 23 100.0 53 100.0 29 100.0 227 100.0

Table 47: Evaluation of capacity of tap water

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Strong 14 87.5 34 65.4 49 90.7 19 82.6 45 78.9 26 89.7 187 81.0 Stable water quality 13 81.3 35 67.3 49 90.7 16 69.6 51 89.5 25 86.2 189 81.8 Disrupted water flow 15 93.8 27 51.9 33 61.1 12 52.2 35 61.4 21 72.4 143 61.9

126

Table 48: Distance to unavailable water sources at home Location Hoi Nhn Ph M Ph Ct Tuy Phc An Nhn Ty Sn Total < 100m 5 14.3 3 42.9 4 50.0 9 75.0 2 66.7 37 86.0 60 55.6 100-500m 10 28.6 2 28.6 4 50.0 1 8.3 1 33.3 5 11.6 23 21.3 > 500m 20 57.1 2 28.6 0 0.0 2 16.7 0 0.0 1 2.3 25 23.1 Total 35 100.0 7 100.0 8 100.0 12 100.0 3 100.0 43 100.0 108 100.0

Table 49: Purposes for using unavailable water source at home Location Hoi Nhn Ph M Ph Ct Tuy Phc An Nhn Ty Sn Total Drinking 35 100.0 7 100.0 8 100.0 12 100.0 3 100.0 43 100.0 108 100.0 Cooking Bathing/washing 33 94.3 5 71.4 6 75.0 11 91.7 2 66.7 42 97.7 99 91.7 2 5.7 2 28.6 0 0.0 2 16.7 0 0.0 4 9.3 10 9.3 Others 2 5.7 1 14.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 4.7 5 4.6 Total 35 100.0 7 100.0 8 100.0 12 100.0 3 100.0 43 100.0 108 100.0

127

Table 50: Water storage Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Tank, pail, barrel 52 44.4 23 40.4 29 48.3 42 38.2 28 48.3 14 26.9 39 34.5 20 37.7 19 31.7 36 28.6 25 38.5 11 18.0 29 25.0 8 13.6 21 36.8 58 50.4 53 100.0 5 8.1 256 36.7 Elevator tank 47 40.2 22 38.6 25 41.7 54 49.1 22 37.9 32 61.5 61 54.0 27 50.9 34 56.7 77 61.1 34 52.3 43 70.5 79 68.1 49 83.1 30 52.6 53 46.1 0 0.0 53 85.5 371 53.2 Ground tank 16 13.7 10 17.5 6 10.0 13 11.8 7 12.1 6 11.5 13 11.5 6 11.3 7 11.7 13 10.3 6 9.2 7 11.5 8 6.9 2 3.4 6 10.5 4 3.5 0 0.0 4 6.5 67 9.6 Underground tank 2 1.7 2 3.5 0 0.0 1 0.9 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.4 Total 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 110 100.0 58 100.0 52 100.0 113 100.0 53 100.0 60 100.0 126 100.0 65 100.0 61 100.0 116 100.0 59 100.0 57 100.0 115 100.0 53 100.0 62 100.0 697 100.0

128

Table 51: Water treatment methods for drinking

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

Direct use 64 52.9 33 55.0 31 50.8 84 69.4 42 68.9 42 70.0 63 53.8 34 59.6 29 48.3 81 66.4 48 77.4 33 55.0 89 74.8 43 72.9 46 76.7 102 85.0 56 98.2 46 73.0 483 67.1

Filteredtank 15 12.4 5 8.3 10 16.4 23 19.0 8 13.1 15 25.0 17 14.5 15 26.3 2 3.3 16 13.1 8 12.9 8 13.3 16 13.4 6 10.2 10 16.7 5 4.2 1 1.8 4 6.3 92 12.8

High-rate filtration tanks 36 29.8 20 33.3 16 26.2 7 5.8 5 8.2 2 3.3 29 24.8 2 3.5 27 45.0 14 11.5 1 1.6 13 21.7 4 3.4 2 3.4 2 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 90 12.5

Standardized water filters 4 3.3 2 3.3 2 3.3 6 5.0 5 8.2 1 1.7 8 6.8 6 10.5 2 3.3 11 9.0 5 8.1 6 10.0 10 8.4 8 13.6 2 3.3 13 10.8 0 0.0 13 20.6 52 7.2

Others 2 1.7 0 0.0 2 3.3 1 0.8 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.4

Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

129

Table 52: Water treatment methods for cooking

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Direct use Filtered-tank 58 17 47.9 14.0 35 5 58.3 8.3 23 12 37.7 19.7 85 25 70.2 20.7 44 9 72.1 14.8 41 16 68.3 26.7 61 25 52.1 21.4 35 19 61.4 33.3 26 6 43.3 10.0 84 25 68.9 20.5 49 12 79.0 19.4 35 13 58.3 21.7 87 26 73.1 21.8 43 13 72.9 22.0 44 13 73.3 21.7 102 18 85.0 15.0 56 1 98.2 1.8 46 17 73.0 27.0 477 136 66.3 18.9

High-rate Standardized filtration tanks water filters 45 1 37.2 0.8 19 1 31.7 1.7 26 0 42.6 0.0 10 1 8.3 0.8 7 1 11.5 1.6 3 0 5.0 0.0 31 0 26.5 0.0 3 0 5.3 0.0 28 0 46.7 0.0 13 0 10.7 0.0 1 0 1.6 0.0 12 0 20.0 0.0 5 1 4.2 0.8 2 1 3.4 1.7 3 0 5.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 104 3 14.4 0.4

Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

130

Table 53: The degree of boiled water for household drinking Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Regular 107 88.4 54 90.0 53 86.9 108 89.3 55 90.2 53 88.3 105 89.7 49 86.0 56 93.3 115 94.3 60 96.8 55 91.7 116 97.5 58 98.3 58 96.7 70 58.3 15 26.3 55 87.3 621 86.3 Sometimes 13 10.7 6 10.0 7 11.5 11 9.1 6 9.8 5 8.3 10 8.5 8 14.0 2 3.3 7 5.7 2 3.2 5 8.3 2 1.7 0 0.0 2 3.3 39 32.5 32 56.1 7 11.1 82 11.4 Never 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 1.6 2 1.7 0 0.0 2 3.3 2 1.7 0 0.0 2 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 1 1.7 0 0.0 11 9.2 10 17.5 1 1.6 17 2.4 Total 121 100.0 60 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 122 100.0 62 100.0 60 100.0 119 100.0 59 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.0 57 100.0 63 100.0 720 100.0

131

Table 54: Degrees of water consumption of households for cooking, drinking, and bathing
No. of households used under 200 litters/day 77 63.6 Ph M Ph Ct Tuy Phc An Nhn Ty Sn Total 568 608 685 837 633 617 55 45.5 27 23.1 23 18.9 14 11.8 23 19.2 219 30.4 No. of households used 200500 litters/day 20 16.5 30 24.8 40 34.2 52 42.6 45 37.8 50 41.7 237 32.9 No. of households used 5001000 litters/day 14 11.6 27 22.3 37 31.6 31 25.4 29 24.4 25 20.8 163 22.6 Number of households used above litters/day 10 8.3 9 7.4 13 11.1 16 13.1 31 26.1 22 18.3 101 14.0

Location Litters /day Hoi Nhn 374

Total 121 100.0 121 100.0 117 100.0 122 100.0 119 100.0 120 100.0 720 100.0

Table 55: Types of using piped water of households

Location Water meter Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total 9 29 183 1 0 1 54 23 0 0 52 0 16 0 Water sub-meter

Use of public water sources 0 0 0 0 43 0 43

Total 16 52 54 23 53 29 227

132

Table 56: Initial expenditures to be able to reach piped water sources

Expendit ures for using a public water supply system (1,000 VND) 235 125 29 191 94 98 109

Location

Households having private water m eters

Expenditur es for installation (1,000 VND) 1,839 923 336 1,266 663 836 846

Payment for provider (1,000 VND) 821 436 0 918 269 534 409

Jointpayment with other household s (1,000 VND) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Expenditures for installing pipelines within a house (1,000 VND) 783 362 307 157 300 204 329

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Average Expenditures

16 52 54 23 9 29 183

Table 57: Evaluation of households on initial expenditures for connection to piped water
Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Very high 6 37.5 7 13.5 8 10.4 0 0.0 8 34.8 8 20.0 2 18.2 6 20.7 29 15.7 Quite high 5 31.3 27 51.9 16 20.8 4 7.4 12 52.2 17 42.5 6 54.5 11 37.9 65 35.1 Appropriate 5 31.3 18 34.6 53 68.8 50 92.6 3 13.0 15 37.5 3 27.3 12 41.4 91 49.2 Total 16 100.0 52 100.0 77 100.0 54 100.0 23 100.0 40 100.0 11 100.0 29 100.0 185 100.0

133

Table 58: Households evaluation on procedures and regulations to get a water meter installed Extremely convenient Quite convenient

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

Inconvenient

Total

6 37.5 27 51.9 31 57.4 7 30.4 4 44.4 18 62.1 93 50.8

8 50 25 48.1 23 42.6 15 65.2 5 55.6 10 34.5 86 47.0

2 12.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 4.3 0 0.0 1 3.4 4 2.2

16 100.0 52 100.0 54 100.0 23 100.0 9 100.0 29 100.0 183 100.0

Table 59: Water consumption and expenses for using piped water
Average expenses /month (1000 VND)

Location

House holds

Number of m3/ month

Sig

Mini mum use

Maxim um use

Payment

No payme nt

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

13 52 54 23 57 29 228

12 11 6 8 9 10 8.9

7.6 6.8 4.7 6.4 10.0 6.4 7.5

1.2 2 1 2 0.6 2.5 0.6

30 30 32 25 45 30 45

15 51 54 23 11 29 183

0 1 0 0 44 0 45

32 28 21 16 16 24 23

134

Table 60: Evaluation of households on water price Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Extremely high 2 15.4 3 5.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 18.2 0 0.0 7 3.8 Quite high 1 7.7 18 34.6 3 5.6 2 8.7 6 54.5 6 20.7 36 19.8 Appropriate 10 76.9 31 59.6 51 94.4 21 91.3 3 27.3 23 79.3 139 76.4 Total 13 100.0 52 100.0 54 100.0 23 100.0 11 100.0 29 100.0 182 100.0

Table 61: Attitude of households if water fees are increased (or if water fees are collected)
dug/drilled wells will be constructed Keep using as now

Location

Stop using

Reduced use

Total

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

1 6.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 21.1 0 0.0 13 5.6

11 68.8 47 90.4 35 64.8 20 87.0 20 35.1 24 82.8 157 68.0

0 0.0 0 0.0 4 7.4 2 8.7 16 28.1 1 3.4 23 10.0

4 25.0 5 9.6 15 27.8 1 4.3 9 15.8 4 13.8 38 16.5

16 100.0 52 100.0 54 100.0 23 100.0 57 100.0 29 100.0 231 100.0

135

Table 62: Degree of satisfaction of households with piped water sources as provided In which Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Tuy Phc Phc Thng An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total Extremely satisfied Fairly satisfied Unsatisfied No comment Total

6 37.5 12 23.1 15 27.8 3 13.0 21 36.8 7 24.1 64 27.7 35

10 62.5 5 67.3 37 68.5 12 52.2 33 57.9 19 65.5 146 63.2

0 0.0

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.8 0 0.0 1 0.4

16 100.0 52 100.0 54 100.0 23 100.0 57 100.0 29 100.0 231 100.0

9.6 2 3.7 8 34.8 2 3.5 3 10.3 20 8.7

Table 63: Reasons of households for not using piped water reasons why households not using tap water Costs for installing water pipelines from a water meter into a house is high There are other sufficient water sources, so there is no more demands of other water supply services There are main water pipes, but no connection within this area is provided Costs for installing water meters are high The main water pipeline is installed far from a house, so connection is not possible Water sources are out of capacity There isnt any main water pipeline connected within this area Quality of piped water is not good and unsecured Monthly payment for using tap-water is high Application procedures for installing water meter are complicated Total Quantitative 14 12 10 10 4 5 4 3 2 1 65 Percentage 21.5 18.5 15.4 15.4 6.2 7.7 6.2 4.6 3.1 1.5 100.0

136

Table 64: Necessity of available piped water supply services in any living area
High necessity and available sufficient conditions for implement ation 39 42.9 3 10.0 36 59.0 27 22.3 19 31.1 8 13.3 36 30.8 8 14.0 28 46.7 17 28.3 17 28.3 3 10.0 3 10.0 9 27.3 131 29.0 9 27.3 9 27.3 131 29.0 High necessity but insufficient conditions in infrastructure for implementati on 16 17.6 3 10.0 13 21.3 16 13.2 9 14.8 7 11.7 11 9.4 1 1.8 10 16.7 8 13.3 8 13.3 5 16.7 5 16.7 4 12.1 60 13.3 4 12.1 4 12.1 60 13.3 No necessity for the time being, but future demand may be raised in next years 4 4.4 4 13.3 0 0.0 4 3.3 2 3.3 2 3.3 4 3.4 2 3.5 2 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 21.2 19 4.2 7 21.2 7 21.2 19 4.2

Location

No urgency despite of necessity

No necessity yet

Other comments

Total

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Ph Phong town Total

19 20.9 11 36.7 8 13.1 36 29.8 17 27.9 19 31.7 38 32.5 28 49.1 10 16.7 20 33.3 20 33.3 12 40.0 12 40.0 10 30.3 135 29.9 10 30.3 10 30.3 135 29.9

13 14.3 9 30.0 4 6.6 37 30.6 13 21.3 24 40.0 27 23.1 17 29.8 10 16.7 15 25.0 15 25.0 10 33.3 10 33.3 3 9.1 105 23.2 3 9.1 3 9.1 105 23.2

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 1 1.6 0 0.0 1 0.9 1 1.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.4

91 100.0 30 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 30 100.0 30 100.0 33 100.0 452 100.0 33 100.0 33 100.0 452 100.0

137

Table 65: Comments on water quality of households in areas where piped water is not connected and its effect on health conditions of local people
Comments Piped water has a higher quality than water taken from wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, and springs Use of piped water helps to minimize digestive problems Use of piped water helps to minimize skindisease problems Use of piped water helps to minimize some chronic diseases as untreated water sources is infected with toxic impurities Agree 405 89.6 360 79.6 286 63.3 272 60.2 Dont agree 9 2.0 10 2.2 31 6.9 16 3.5 No Comments 38 8.4 82 18.1 135 29.9 164 36.3 Total 452 100.0 452 100.0 452 100.0 452 100.0

Table 66: Willing to use piped water sources of households in areas piped water is not connected yet
Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Lc An Nhn Nhn An Ty Sn Ph Phong town Total Register as soon as possible 55 60.4 11 36.7 44 72.1 34 28.1 26 42.6 8 13.3 37 31.6 7 12.3 30 50.0 26 43.3 26 43.3 7 23.3 7 23.3 13 39.4 13 39.4 172 38.1 Take a consideration of possible payment of the family 16 17.6 6 20.0 10 16.4 36 29.8 20 32.8 16 26.7 40 34.2 26 45.6 14 23.3 12 20.0 12 20.0 8 26.7 8 26.7 12 36.4 12 36.4 124 27.4 No plans to use piped water sources 18 19.8 12 40.0 6 9.8 50 41.3 15 24.6 35 58.3 36 30.8 22 38.6 14 23.3 22 36.7 22 36.7 15 50.0 15 50.0 8 24.2 8 24.2 149 33.0 Unknown/ no comments 2 2.2 1 3.3 1 1.6 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 1.7 4 3.4 2 3.5 2 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 1.5 Total 91 100.0 30 100.0 61 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 30 100.0 30 100.0 33 100.0 33 100.0 452 100.0

138

Table 67: Households willingness to connect to piped water Drinking Location Cooking Bathing Used for Washing Watering Animal trees husbandry Other washing 17 18.9 8 26.7 9 15.0 10 8.3 4 6.6 6 10.2 24 20.5 14 24.6 10 16.7 18 30.0 18 30.0 1 3.3 1 3.3 8 24.2 8 24.2 78 17.4 5 5.6 4 13.3 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 1.1 1 1.1 1 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.2

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Lc An Nhn Nhn An Ty Sn Ph Phong town Total

90 100.0 30 100.0 60 100.0 119 99.2 60 98.4 59 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 30 100.0 30 100.0 33 100.0 33 100.0 449 100.0

89 98.9 30 100.0 59 98.3 110 91.7 60 98.4 50 84.7 115 98.3 57 100.0 58 96.7 60 100.0 60 100.0 30 100.0 30 100.0 33 100.0 33 100.0 437 97.3

37 41.1 15 50.0 22 36.7 27 22.5 20 32.8 7 11.9 25 21.4 14 24.6 11 18.3 16 26.7 16 26.7 1 3.3 1 3.3 4 12.1 4 12.1 110 24.5

23 25.6 7 23.3 16 26.7 19 15.8 12 19.7 7 11.9 16 13.7 11 19.3 5 8.3 8 13.3 8 13.3 1 3.3 1 3.3 2 6.1 2 6.1 69 15.4

139

Table 68: Estimated consumption of litters used per month and fees for using piped water
No. of househ olds Average consumpti on (1.000 litter) Sig Minim um Maxim um Payment/ month (1,000) Sig Mini mum Maxi mum

Location

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Lc An Nhn Nhn An Ty Sn Ph Phong town Total

91 30 61 121 61 60 117 57 60 60 60 30 30 33 33 452

2.6 2.3 2.8 3.7 3.5 4.0 3.0 2.4 3.6 4.4 4.4 2.5 2.5 3.8 3.8 3.3

2.6 2.5 2.7 5.9 3.6 7.5 4.1 1.8 5.4 5.5 5.5 2.7 2.7 4.1 4.1 4.6

0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.0

12.0 10 12 50.0 25 50 36.0 10 36 30.0 30 15.0 15 20.0 20 50.0

32 38 30 27 34 21 18 16 20 20 20 11 11 16 16 22

17 15 17 19 21 15 11 10 11 12 12 10 10 14 14 16

1 10 1 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 2 2 5 5 1

60 60 60 100 100 80 50 40 50 50 50 50 50 80 80 100

140

Table 69: Situation of using waste collection services Waste collection services Location Tam Quan Nam Cu Li Ty Tng Long 1 Hoi Hng Ca Cng Nam Ph An M Hip i Thun Hu Lc M Chu Vn An Lc Thi Ct Lm i Khoan An im Ct Tin Ph Hu Phng Phi Phc Thng T Cung Lc in Phc Lc Ph M 2 Hnh Quang Bnh nh town Vnh Lim Quang Trung Nhn An Thun Thi Tn Dng Vnh An Con Giang Con Git Ph Phong town Ph Xun Group 3 30 100 1 26 28 30 3.3 86.6 96.5 100 30 30 28 29 33 100 100 100 100 100 4 1 13.3 3.4 23 74.2 5 16.2 Use of service Not use in available area Unavailable waste collection service 30 30 3 30 30 31 30 30 27 30 30 30 32 30 29 100 100 9.6 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96.6

141

Table 70: Situation of using and not using waste collection services in available waste collection service areas
Location Hoi Nhn Ph M Ph Ct Tuy Phc An Nhn Ty Sn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng M Hip M Chu Ct Lm Ct Tin Phc Thng Phc Lc Bnh nh town Nhn An Vnh An Ph Phong town Using waste collection services Not using waste collection services

23

82.2

17.9

27 58

87.1 98.3

4 1

12.9 1.69

30

100.0

Table 71: Waste treatment methods in unavailable waste collection service areas
Location Treatment Methods Burn Bury waste Leave waste in the waste ground in the garden 75 81.0 46 76.7 29 87.9 93 77.2 44 72.1 49 81.7 87 74.9 46 80.7 41 68.3 14 18.0 12 20.0 2 6.1 9 7.5 4 6.6 5 8.3 3 2.8 1 1.8 2 3.3 1 1.7 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 4.2 1 1.8 3 5.0 Total Dispose of waste over ponds, lakes, rivers 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 7.0 2 3.5 5 8.3 Leave waste anywhere Use for compo sting Ot her s

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 9.8 6 9.8 0 0.0 8 7.2 3 5.3 5 8.3

1 3.0 0 0.0 1 3.0 7 8.8 1 1.6 6 10.0 4 4.4 3 5.3 1 1.7

2 2.4 1 1.7 1 3.0 6 9.8 6 9.8 0 0.0 4 4.2 1 1.8 3 5.0

93 100.0 60 100.0 33 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0

142

Table 71: Waste treatment methods in unavailable waste collection service areas (cont)
Location Treatment Methods Burn waste Bury waste in the ground Leave waste in the garden Dispose of waste over ponds, lakes, rivers Leave waste anywhere Use for compo sting Ot her s Total

Tuy Phc

51 56.4

17 22.2 15 24.2 2 6.9 12 20.0 12 20.0 8 8.9

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.0 3 5.0 3 5.3

3 3.3 2 3.2 1 3.5 4 6.7 4 6.7 5 8.8

17 19.4 10 16.1 7 24.1 1 1.7 1 1.7 20 23.9

0.0 0.0 0 0.0 1 3.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

0.0 0.0 2 3.2 0 0.0 1 1.7 1 1.7 4 12. 1 0 0.0 4 12. 1 17 3.0

91 100.0 62 100.0 29 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 90 100.0

Phc Thng

33 53.2

Phc Lc

18 62.1

An Nhn

39 65.0

Nhn An

39 65.0

Ty Sn

50 56.1

Vnh An

34 59.7

5 8.8 3 9.1

3 5.3 0 0.0

5 8.8 0 0.0

10 17.5 10 30.3

0 0.0 0 0.0

57 100.0 33 100.0

Ph Phong town

16 48.5

Total

395 69.1

63 11.0

11 1.9

19 3.3

52 9.1

12 2.1

572 100.0

143

Table 72: Treatment methods of waste water Treatment method Constructed biogas plant for waste water and feaces Natural treatment fertilizer 9 17.0 4 15.4 5 18.5 5 5.0 5 11.1 0 0.0 4 6.1 1 2.2 3 14.3 3 5.7 2 8.3 1 3.5 1 3.2 0 0.0 1 3.6 4 6.3 0 0.0 4 22.2 26 7.1

Location

Total compost 43 81.1 21 80.8 22 81.5 94 94.0 39 86.7 55 100 58 87.9 43 95.6 15 71.4 43 81.1 18 75.0 25 86.2 27 87.1 1 33.3 26 92.9 51 79.7 38 82.6 13 72.2 316 86.1 No action taken 2 3.8 1 3.9 1 3.7 1 1.0 1 2.2 0 0.0 4 6.1 1 2.2 3 14.3 7 13.2 4 16.7 3 10.3 3 9.7 2 66.7 1 3.6 9 14.1 8 17.4 1 5.6 26 7.1 53 100.0 26 100.0 27 100.0 100 100.0 45 100.0 55 100 66 100.0 45 100.0 21 100.0 53 100.0 24 100.0 29 100.0 31 100.0 3 100.0 28 100.0 64 100.0 46 100.0 18 100.0 367 100.0

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

144

Table 73: Types of latrines in households Double Pourvaults onTotal Family septic flush Unavailable site tank latrine latrine latrines composting Others 40 39 32 7 3 121 33.1 32.2 26.4 5.8 2.5 100.0 19 24 10 5 2 60 31.7 40.0 16.7 8.3 3.3 100.0 21 15 22 2.0 1.0 61.0 34.4 24.6 36.1 3.3 1.6 100.0 25 5 40 0 51 121 20.7 4.1 33.1 0.0 42.1 100.0 17 4 9 0.0 31.0 61.0 27.9 6.6 14.8 0.0 50.8 100.0 8 1 31 0.0 20.0 60.0 13.3 1.7 51.7 0.0 33.3 100.0 14 23 8 0 72 117 12.0 19.7 6.8 0.0 61.5 100.0 3 6 1 0.0 47.0 57.0 5.3 10.5 1.8 0.0 82.5 100.0 11 17 7 0.0 25.0 60.0 18.3 28.3 11.7 0.0 41.7 100.0 54 40 12 0 16 122 44.3 32.8 9.8 0.0 13.1 100.0 25 26 5 0.0 6.0 62.0 40.3 41.9 8.1 0.0 9.7 100.0 29.0 14.0 7.0 0.0 10 60 48.3 23.3 11.7 0.0 16.7 100.0 57 26 7 1 28 119 47.9 21.8 5.9 0.8 23.5 100.0 44 13.0 2 0 0 59 74.6 22.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 13 13.0 5 1 28 60 21.7 21.7 8.3 1.7 46.7 100.0 31 29 0 0 60 120 25.8 24.2 0.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 0 1.0 0 0 56 57 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 98.2 100.0 31 28.0 0 0 4 63 49.2 44.4 0.0 0.0 6.3 100.0 221 162 99 8 230 720 30.7 22.5 13.8 1.1 31.9 100.0

Location Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

145

Table 74: Demands of using waste collection services of households in available waste collection service area

Location

High necessity and available sufficient conditions for implementation Number 22 % 95,7

High necessity but insufficient conditions in infrastructure for implementation Number 1 % 4,4

Total

Hoi Nhn Hoi Hng Tuy Phc Phc Lc An Nhn Bnh nh town Ty Sn Phu Phong town Total

Number 23

% 100,0

27

100.0

0.0

27

100.0

58

100.0

0.0

58

100.0

30 137

100.0 99.3

0 1

0.0 0.7

30 138

100.0 100.0

146

Table 75: Demands of using waste collection services of households in unavailable waste collection service areas
No necessity for the time being, but future demand may be raised in the next years 5 5.4 3 5.0 2 6.1 1 1.7 0 0.0 1 1.7 2 3.5 2 3.5 0 0.0 4 6.5 4 6.5 0 0.0 2 3.3 2 3.3 2 6.1 0 0.0 2 6.1 16 2.8

Location

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

High necessity and available sufficient conditions for implementati on 15 22.0 14 23.3 1 3.0 19 25.3 17 27.9 2 3.3 30 27.1 11 19.3 19 31.7 29 33.7 23 37.1 6 20.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 16 37.6 2 3.5 14 42.4 119 20.8

High necessity but insufficient conditions in infrastructure for implementati on 8 10.6 7 11.7 1 3.0 12 16.7 11 18.0 1 1.7 6 5.1 3 5.3 3 5.0 10 11.3 6 9.7 4 13.8 10 16.7 10 16.7 14 20.7 5 8.8 9 27.3 60 10.5

No urgency despite of necessity 32 34.7 22 36.7 10 30.3 29 24.3 13 21.3 16 26.7 28 26.3 18 31.6 10 16.7 23 28.2 12 19.4 11 37.9 18 30.0 18 30.0 8 9.6 4 7.0 4 12.1 138 24.1

No necessity yet 32 43.0 13 21.7 19 57.6 60 55.4 20 32.8 40 66.7 51 43.8 23 40.4 28 46.7 25 27.5 17 27.4 8 27.6 20 33.3 20 33.3 49 73.5 45 79.0 4 12.1 237 41.4

Others 1 1.7 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 1.8 0 0.0 2 0.3

Total 93 100.0 60 100.0 33 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 91 100.0 62 100.0 29 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 90 100.0 57 100.0 33 100.0 572 100.0

147

Table 76: Willingness of using waste collection services in unavailable waste collection service areas Use these services if other people are willing to use, too 34 40.1 27 45.0 7 21.2 29 24.7 12 19.7 17 28.3 37 31.7 19 33.3 18 30.0 31 35.7 18 29.0 13 44.8 19 31.7 19 31.7 15 20.6 6 10.5 9 27.3 165 28.8 Consider if these services are good or not for using 4 7.2 1 1.7 3 9.1 2 1.7 1 1.6 1 1.7 7 6.2 4 7.0 3 5.0 5 5.9 4 6.5 1 3.5 7 11.7 7 11.7 2 2.4 1 1.8 1 3.0 27 4.7 Dont use these services as we dont have any need of using them 29 53.4 7 11.7 22 66.7 60 54.3 21 34.4 39 65.0 48 41.0 23 40.4 25 41.7 23 25.4 15 24.2 8 27.6 22 36.7 22 36.7 51 76.9 47 82.5 4 12.1 233 40.7

Location

Promptly use newly developed services 26 40.2 25 41.7 1 3.0 28 37.1 25 41.0 3 5.0 25 21.6 11 19.3 14 23.3 32 36.8 25 40.3 7 24.1 12 20.0 12 20.0 22 50.4 3 5.3 19 57.6 145 25.3

Others

Total

Hoi Nhn Tam Quan Nam Hoi Hng Ph M M Hip M Chu Ph Ct Ct Lm Ct Tin Tuy Phc Phc Thng Phc Lc An Nhn Nhn An Ty Sn Vnh An Ph Phong town Total

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0 2 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.3

93 100.0 60 100.0 33 100.0 121 100.0 61 100.0 60 100.0 117 100.0 57 100.0 60 100.0 91 100.0 62 100.0 29 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 90 100.0 57 100.0 33 100.0 572 100.0

148

Table 77: Characteristics of waste collection services in 6 districts

Names of hamlets where offices are located Locality Hoi Nhn Hoi Hng market Bng Sn town Bnh Tr, M Quang Bnh Tr, M Quang An Ph zone, Trn Quc Ton street District level District level District level 2008 2008 6 502 Name of works Approv al year Approva l level Starti ng day for oper ation Desig n capa city (m3/d ay) Existing exploitati on capacity (m3/day) No. of households in waste collection service networks as design No. of households are currently provided with waste collection services

Chnh Thun Dng Liu

1998 2000

10,000

Ph M

2008

2008

15

1166

Ph Ct

An Nhn

Bnh nh town Tuy Phc

Tuy Phc Tuy Phc town Group V, Ph Phong town, Ty Sn, Bnh nh

Urban environ mental compan y H Thanh Compan y Ltd.,

2008

District level

2007

30

2462

2007

Provinci al level

2007

30

2500

5000

2006

Provinci al level Provinci al level

2006

50

21

7500

3000

2006 Ph Phong agricultu re producti on and service cooperativ e

2006

12000

15000

Ty Sn

1998

Commu ne level

1998

45

25

5176

2850

149

Table 78: Evaluation of households on quality of these services

Tuy Phc Phc Lc

Hoi Nhn

An Nhn Bnh nh town

Ty Sn Ph Phong town

Hoi Hng n No comments % Very good n % Good Frequencies of waste collection n % Average n % Bad n % Fairly bad n % n Total % Timely services of waste collection No comments n % Very good n % Good n % Average n % Bad n % Fairly bad n 1 4.35 6 26.1 1 4.4 100 15 65.2 23 4 17.4 4 17.4 2 8.7 56.5 13

3 11.1 7 25.9 10 37 3 11.1 4 14.8 27 100

11 18.9 38 65.5 8 13.8 1 1.7 25 83,3 4 13 1 3,3

58 100

30 100

1 3.70 8 29.6 9 33 5 18.5 4

5 8.62 41 70.7 10 17 2 3.4 26 86,7 3 10 1 3,3

150

% n Total % No comments n % Very good n % Good Quality of waste collection facilities n % Average n % Bad n % Fairly bad n % n Total % Convenience of waste collection networks No comments n % Very good n % Good n % Average n % Bad n % Fairly Bad n 1 4.3 9 39 10 43.5 1 100 2 8.7 1 4.3 9 39 6 26.1 2 8.7 23 100 5 21.7 23

14.8 27 100 58 100 30 100

1 1.72 10 37.1 13 48 4 14.8 42 72.4 14 24 1 1.7 23 76,7 7 23,3

27 100

58 100

30 100

2 7.4 9 33 10 37 6 22.2

7 12 43 74.1 7 12.1 1 1.7 29 96,7 1 3,3

151

% n Total % No comment n % Very good n % Convenience of fee collection services Good n % Average n % Bad n % n Total % No comments n % Very good Good Serving attitudes of waste collectors Average n n % n % Bad n % n Total % Hygiene conditions of collection waste services Very good n %

4.3 23 100 1 4.3 1 4.3 6 26.1 12 52.2 3 13.1 23 100 1 4.3 1 6 26.1 15 65.2 2 7 25.9 17 62.9 1 3.7 23 100 27 100 4 38 65.5 14 24.4 2 3.4 58 100 3 5.17 30 100 26 86,7 4 13,3 27 100 58 100 30 100 4 14.8 9 33.3 14 51.9 4 6.9 47 81.1 7 12.7 29 96,7 1 3,3 27 100 58 100 30 100

152

Good

n %

1 4.3 9 39.1 7 30.4 6 26.1 23 100

6 22.2 13 48.1 6 22.2 2 7.4 27 100

39 67.2 11 18.9 3 5.1 2 3.4 58 100

25 83,3 5 16,6

Average

n %

Bad

n %

Fairly bad

n % n

30 100

Total %

153

Table 79: Distance from houses to waste collection points Hoi Nhn Tuy Phc Hoi Hng Garbage carts are in direct services for every house Distance of waste collection site: 1 -100m 101 -200m 201-300m 301-400m 401-500m >500m Phc Lc

An Nhn Bnh nh town

Ty Sn Ph Phong town

19 70.37 23 100.00 4 17.39 8 34.78 4 17.39 3 13.04 3 13.04 1 4.35 8 29.63 6 85.71 1 14.29

58 100

29

96.67

1 3.33 1 100.00

Table 80: Frequencies of waste collection every week

Everyday Hoi Nhn Tuy Ph c An Nhn Ty Sn Hoi Hng Phc Lc Bnh nh town Ph Phong town 4.35 %

Every two days

Every three days

Every four days

Every six days

Every week 21.74 %

4.35%

4 2 3

17.39 % 2 85.19 %

8.70 % 2

8.70% 5

1 5 5 3 0

3.70%

3.70% 2

7.41%

94.83% 100.00 %

5.17%

154

PROVINCIAL QUESTIONAIRE
Province: Bnh nh Reported date:

2009 DATA REPORT Administrative Provincial Level (Water supply and environmental sanitation company) INFORMATION OF SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION COMPANY
1. HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
No c1

BASIC INFORMATION Total households have improved toilet (sanitation) In which, 1. Flush toilet with septic tank, sewage pipes 2. Flush toilet, suilabh 3. Double vault/compost latrine 4. Nh tiu chm c ng thng hi (k hiu gii thch)

Unit Household Household Household Household Household

Data

c2

Total number of dug wells In which, improved dug wells

Well Well Household Well Well Household Household

c3 c4

Total number of households using dug wells Total number of drilled wells In which, improved drilled wells

c5 c6

Total number of households using drilled wells Total number of households using private water meter (private connection) Total number of household using public WS (sharing) Total number of household using waste collection service

c7 c8

Household Household

155

2. Organization/institution
No Numbe r of
(*)

Sources of water supply (WS) Du g wel l Drille d well Tap wate r Rain wate r N o Flus h toile t

Types of toilet Suilab h Doubl e vault latrine Nh tiu ch m N o

Name

c9

Kindergarte n School Medical station Hospital Market District s P.Committe e Districts organizatio ns Provinces P.committe e Provinces organizatio ns

c1 0 c1 1 c1 2 c1 3 c1 4

c1 5

c1 6

c1 6

(*) Mi im xy dng c xem l mt c s. Mt trng nhng nu c xy dng 2 ni c tnh l 2 c s. Ghi tt c cc loi hnh m nhng c s trn c s dng..

Stt

Name

Total

No. of organization with sewage No. of org. with waste system collection system

c17 Medical

station
c18 Hospital 156

c19 Market c20 Breeding

farm
c21 Processing

units (*) (*) only those that pollute surrounding environment

3. INVESTMENT COST
NO Total expenditures for clean WS and environmental sanitation Unit Data

in the province
c22 Total amount of implemented capita c23 In which, 1. Government budget (central & local government) c24 c25 c26 c27 Mil. Million Million Million Million Million Million

2. International support 3. Bank credit 4. Contribution by the people 5. Private investment sanitation II 2. Percentage of implementation compared with plan

c28 1. Budget plan from National target program for rural WS and

4. INVESTMENT RESULTS (total number of projects invested in the province or outside but have provided for provincial citizens, please include number of stations have been out of order or have not been operated)
No List the projects of WS, waste collection , and sanitation 1. 2. 157 Uni t Investe d year Operatio n year Ende d year Capacit y plan Used capacit y Working conditio n (*) No. of household s benefit from

c2 9

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. (*): 1=normal; 2: problem sometimes; 3:problem often; 4:out of order, stop operating

5. ADMINISTRATION AND HUMAN REROURSE

Stt

Organization assigned to be main responsible for managing WS, waste and sanitation?

Unit

Data

c30 1. Name of organization:

2. Responsible for? a. b. c. 3. Sub-organizations?

158

a. b. c. 4. Total number of staffs working in section of WS and sanitation? In which, a. Staffs with advanced knowledge related to WS and sanitation b. Staffs with intermediate knowledge related to WS and sanitation c. Staffs have attend training courses on WS and sanitation d. Staffs without any trainings on WS and sanitation e. Total number of training courses on WS and sanitation that staffs been invited to participate last year? f. Total number of staffs have attended at least one training courses on WS and sanitation last year?
c31 1. Name of organization: Pers. Course Pers.

Pers.

Pers.

Pers.

Pers.

2. Responsible for? a. b. c. 3. Sub-organizations? a. b. c. 4. Total number of staffs working in section of WS and sanitation? In which, a. Staffs with advanced knowledge related to WS and sanitation b. Staffs with intermediate knowledge related to WS and sanitation
Pers.

Pers.

Pers. 159

c. Staffs have attend training courses on WS and sanitation d. Staffs without any trainings on WS and sanitation e. Total number of training courses on WS and sanitation that staffs been invited to participate last year? f. Total number of staffs have attended at least one training courses on WS and sanitation last year?
c32 1. Name of organization:

Pers.

Pers. Course

Pers.

2. Responsible for? a. b. c. 3. Sub-organizations? a. b. c. 4. Total number of staffs working in section of WS and sanitation? In which, a. Staffs with advanced knowledge related to WS and sanitation b. Staffs with intermediate knowledge related to WS and sanitation c. Staffs have attend training courses on WS and sanitation d. Staffs without any trainings on WS and sanitation e. Total number of training courses on WS and sanitation that staffs been invited to participate last year? f. Total number of staffs have attended at least one training courses on WS and sanitation last year?
c33 1. Name of organization: Pers. Course Pers.

Pers.

Pers.

Pers.

Pers.

2. Responsible for?
160

a. b. c. 3. Sub-organizations? a. b. c. 4. Total number of staffs working in section of WS and sanitation? In which, a. Staffs with advanced knowledge related to WS and sanitation b. Staffs with intermediate knowledge related to WS and sanitation c. Staffs have attend training courses on WS and sanitation d. Staffs without any trainings on WS and sanitation e. Total number of training courses on WS and sanitation that staffs been invited to participate last year? f. Total number of staffs have attended at least one training courses on WS and sanitation last year?
Pers. Course Pers.

Pers.

Pers.

Pers.

Pers.

6. CONTROL AND SUPERVISION

c35 What are the main types of Yes/no 1=yes 2=no How often Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly Suddenly

control and supervision applied on section of WS and sanitation? (type X for appropriate box)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

161

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

7. PERIODICAL REPORT
c36 Periodical and unscheduled Yes/no 1=yes 2=no How often Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly Suddenly

report about WS and sanitation in the province? (type X for app. box)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

8. DOCUMENTING
c37 What kinds of documents being kept at province? (type X for

Time (year)

app. box)
1. 2. 3. 4.

162

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

9. TRAINING AND COMMUNICATION

Stt

Trainings and communication on rural water supply and sanitation (RWSS) have been implemented
Yes/no

Unit

Data

c38 Last year, did the company organize any training or

communication program about RWSS for the people?

c39 If yes, what is the content of those activities? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. c40 Total number of people participated in those activities? c41 Did you have any other activity to attract people to Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Pers. Yes/no

participate in last year? If yes, what kind of activity?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Time Time Time Time Time 163

6. c42 Total number of people participated in those activities? c43 Last year, did you have any education program for

Time Pers. Yes/no

students about RWSS? (coordinate with principal) If yes, 1. How many time 2. how many students participated
c44 Last year, did you have any other activity to attract people Time Pers. Yes/no

to participate in?
c45 If yes, what kind of activity? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. c46 Total number of students participated in those activities? c47 Reportages for mass communication last year? Pers. Time Time Time Time

1. Tivi program on RWSS 2. Radio program on RWSS 3. Newspaper program on RWSS 4. Others? a. b. c. 10. PARTICIPATION OF ORGANIZATION/UNIONS
Stt c48

Time Time Time Time

Organization/unions roles for RWSS at province?

Unit

Data

Last year, what kinds of organization/unions participated in RWSS program? (gch cho vo thch hp)
164

1. Women union 2. Farmers union 3. Youth union 4. Veteran union 5. Fatherland 6. Education organizations 7. Medical organizations 8. Volunteer private organizations 8. Others (spc.):

Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no

c49

If yes, how did they contribute?? 1. Giving ideas to improve RWSS 2. Giving ideas for RWSS programs and projects 3. Participating in controlling, evaluating programs and projects on RWSS 4. Member of the programs and projects on RWSS 4. Chair or key members of programs to mobilize people to participate in RWSS activities
5. Others (spc.) Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no

Yes/no Yes/no

Yes/no

11. OTHER PROPOSALS

c50 Please list main proposals for improving RWSS for the province? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Note: Provide unknown information 165

QUESTIONAIRE FOR WASTE DUMP

Province: Bnh nh District: Commune:.. Reported date: 2009 Data Report WASTE DUMP (One report for each garbage dump)
No c1 c2

BASIC INFORMATION Name of the garbage dump: Name of the village/place where the dump exists: 1. Village 2. Commune/town 3. District
Name Name Name Year Level

Unit

Data

c2 c3

Approved year by government Approved level (commune, district, province, central government) Started date of building the dump Finished date of building the garbage dump Garbage dumps capacity 1. Area 2. Capacity to receive garbage 3. When have the garbage dump been fill up?

c4 c5 c6

Day/month/year Day/month/year

m2 m3/date Year

c9

Current capacity of the garbage dump 1. Area 2. Capacity to receive garbage 3. When will the garbage dump be fill up?
m2 m3/date Year

c10 Scope of receiving garbage (make X to appropriate box ) 166

1. Within commune/town 2. Within district 3. Within province

c11 Total capital investment for garbage dump Million Million Million Million Million Million

In which, 1. Government budget (central & local government) 2. International support 3. Bank credit 4. Contribution by the people 5. Private investment
c14 Average capital investment for a garbage dump/person

1. Total costs for building the garbage dump 2. Number of people can use the dump
c15 Management model for garbage dump

Million Person

1. Community model 2. Collective model 3. Private model 4. Company model 5. Others (be specific)
c16 Human resources for garbage dump

Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no

1. Total number of people working for the dump 2. Total number of staffs have engineer degree 3. Total number of staffs have vocational degree 4. Total number of staffs have vocational skills 5. Is there training for staffs every year
c17 Management committee

Person Person Person Person Yes/no

1. Total number of people working for the dump 2. Total number of staffs have engineer degree

Person Person 167

3. Total number of staffs have vocational degree 4. Total number of staffs have vocational skills 5. Number of member have trainings per year
c18 Is there any regulations for managing the garbage

Person Person Person Yes/no

dump (ask for photocopy, if yes)

c19 Performance (current performance/designed %

performance)
c20 1. Do you collect fee for using the dump? Yes/no

(If yes, how much) 2. If yes, how much? 3. Others (specify):

c21 Basic technical parameters of current garbage dump Money/ m3

c22 Methods of treatment at garbage dump?

c23 Does waste classify at dump? Yes/no

If yes, how does the waste classify? 1. 2. 3.

168

4.
c24 If yes, who are responsible for classifying? (make X at appropriate box)

1. Workers of garbage dump 2. Persons who search recycle waste 3. Others (specify):
c25 Please give three most important things to support this garbage dump?

1. 2. 3.
Note: Provide unknown information

169

Household Code

HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONAIRE
To Whom It May Concern, The survey is targeted at daily lives, water sources, garbage and environmental issues in the local area. To get accurate information, we would like to have you reply several below questions. All the related information of your family will be kept secret and only be used for scientific research for the overall development of the province where you are living. Your cooperation is greatly appreciated. Thank you!

Name of household head: Village/hamlet: Commune/town: District:.... Interview date:..... Interviewer:... Editor:.. Data input provider:.

170

I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Q1. Information about family members who are living permanently in the family, including who lives independently in terms of economic matters. Anybody who lives far from home for a long time WILL NOT be listed below.
No Name Relationships Sex Age Ethnicity Education Professional Extra Health background work work conditions Other health problems before
(11)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Household head (HH)

(1): Mark the ordinal number of interviewees with circles (2): Only first names instead of full names should be listed (3): HH=household head; 1=female/male household; 2=children; 3=daughter in law/son in law; 4=farther/mother; 5=grandson/granddaughter; 6=sister/brother; 7=others (4): Male=1; Female=2 (5): Age (based on solar calendar) (6): Ethnicity: 1=Kinh group; 2= Others (7): 1=Primary school or lower; 2=Secondary school; 3=High school; 4=Vocational school; 5=College/University (8)&(9): 1=Forestry/Agriculture/Forestry; 2=extra-work (secondary jobs); 3=Trading/services; 4=contracted workers, freelance workers; 5=Contracted officers, governmental staff, civil servants, army officers, businessmen; 6=Nonemployed people (including the old, retired people, housewives, ill people); 7=Pupils, students; 8=Still young; 9=Others. (10): 1=Very well; 2=Fine; 3=So so; 4=Week; 5=Very week; 9=Dont know (11): 1=No disease; 2=Stomachache; 3=Diarrhea; 4=Cholera, 5=Headache; 6=Others (clearly indicated)

Q2. Can you kindly please let us know if your family is listed as a poor one for local subsidization? 1. Yes 2. No

Q3. Can you kindly please let us know if your family is listed as a revolutionary credited family or subsidized one in the local area? 1. Yes 2. No

Q4. a. What kind of following houses does your family own? A structured house (with a flat roof) A semi-structured house (with brick walls) 1 2 171

Unsettled houses (thatched/bambooed ones) Others: ..........................................

3 4

b. Distance from your house to the main road, where is convenient for vehicle transportation: .m Q5. What kind of following latrines does your house have? 1. Family septic tank latrine 2. Pour-flush latrine 3. Double vaults on-site composting 4. Underground pit with vent pipe 5. Other latrines

6. Unavailable latrines. Q6. Does your family have any lighting system? 1. Yes 2. No 1. Yes 2. No , Move to the question No. 9 For drinking (a) For cooking (b) For cleaning (c) For watering the plants (d)

Q7. Does your family raise any type of cattle (i.e. pigs, buffaloes, cows, goats, ect)?

Q8. If yes, does your family have any treatment methods of waste water and feaces of any form? 1. Constructed biogas plant for waste water and feaces treatment 2. Natural compost fertilizer 3. Others (clearly indicated).. 4. No action taken C9. Which main sources of water does your family use for a daily life? No Water sources (only one main water source should be chosen for using purposes)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tap-water provided by hygiene water supply water A drilled well A dug well Rain-water River/lake/pond/canal/ditch/drain water Spring water extracted from the mountain Rainwater tank Bottled water Other sources (clearly indicated) 172

Q10. In case your family uses a drilled well (see Item 2 of Question No. 9), can you please provide us other detailed information: a. The depth of a drilled well is: .m b. Various ways for pumping water: 1. Hand pumps 2. Electric pumps

C11. In case your family uses a dug well (see Item 3 of Question No. 9), can you please provide us other detailed information: a. The depth of a drilled well is: .m b. Average water levels: 1. For a dry season: .....m 2. For a rainy season:..m c. Various ways for getting water: 1. By bucket 2. Electric pumps

For a family who does not use drilled well (see Item 2 of Question No. 9), can you please let us know: d. Why does your family not create a drilled well? 1. Hard ground formations 2. Salty water 3. Water contaiminated with alum 4. No availabe budget for creating drilled well 5. No demand from the family 6. Others.. 1. No, we dont 2. Yes, we do

Q12. a. Does your family get any test for hygiene water before your use of water? , Continue give an answer in the next part

b. If yes, which type of water sources is tested and which results do you get? Type of water sources tested: .. Water composition tested: .... Any criterion for hygiene water: .... Q13. Can you please provide us with detailed description of water sources you are using for your daily lives? No Assessment of water sources (only one main water source should be chosen for using purposes) For drinking (a) For cooking (b) For cleaning (c) For watering the plants (d)

1 2

Color: 1=colorlessness, 2=Colouredness (specifically described): Smell: 1= smellessness, 2=Strange odourlessness (specifically described): 173

No Assessment of water sources (only one main water source should be chosen for using purposes)

For drinking (a)

For cooking (b)

For cleaning (c)

For watering the plants (d)

3 4 5

Taste: 1=tastelessness, 2=strange taste (specifically described): Muddy degrees: 1=clearness, 2=little clearness, 3=Muddiness Overall assessment of the quality of water sources by five different degrees: 1=good; 2=Fairly good; 3=Acceptable; 4=Bad; 5=Worse

Q14. Does your family apply any hygiene water treatment method before your use of water? N o Water treatment methods (Only one main source for using should be selected) For drinking (a) Using purposes For For cooking cleaning (b) (c) For watering the plants (d)

1 2 3 4 5

No, we dont have. We directly use water from original water sources Filtered-tank before our use of water Fast filtered-bed (i.e. sand, grit, carbonized coal) Standardized water filters Others 1. Frequent 2. Sometimes 3. Never

Q15. Does your family boil water for drinking?

Q16. How far is it from the nearest drilled/dug well to the latrine and to the cattle stall in case your family creates drilled/dug wells? No Water sources from drilled/dug wells 1 2 The nearest distance (m) from a drilled well to The nearest distance (m) from a dug well to Latrine Cattle stall

Q17. How do you get water when there are no available water sources in your living area? 1 2 How far is it from your house to the water source? What kind of vehicles do you use for carrying water to your house? (only one kind of vehicles should be selected) (1=on foot, 2=by boat; 3=by bike; 4=by motorbike; 4=by car; 5=others (specifically mentioned) m

174

3 4 5 6 7

How long does it take to get water every time? How many liters of water can you get every time? How many times do you need to get water every week? Who is the main person who is in charge of getting water (write down the ordinal number as listed in the Question No. 1) (single choice only) What is these water sources used for? (multiple choices) 1. For drinking 2. For cooking 3. For bathing 4. Other uses of water

hour liter times

8 9 10

Do you have to pay for using these water sources? (1=yes; 2=no) How much do you have to pay for getting water in case use of water is charged? Other expenditures (excluding water use fees counted in Section 9) to get water home every time? Vietnam Dong Vietnam Dong

Q18. What kind of facilities does your family use to keep water in? (three main choices): 1. Tank, pails, barrel 2. Hanging water tank 3. Water tank on the ground 4. Underground constructed water tank

5. Others (specifically indicated) C19. On average, how many liters of water do you normally use for drinking, cooking, bathing and other daily need (not for watering the plants or for cleaning livestock farms)? An amount of used water is: liter/day Q20. Can you please let us know how much income does each member in your family get last year? No Sources of incomes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 From cultivation From animal husbandry From extra-work of the family From extra-work from society From services and trading activities From salaries From retirement salaries, allowances, financial support from relatives 175 Total (Vietnam Dong)

No Sources of incomes 8 9 Others Total

Total (Vietnam Dong)

Q21. Can you please let us know how much each member does spend for their basic need every month? No Expenditures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 For eating (including self-produced items) For studying For health care services For electricity fees For water use fees For waste collection fees (for households using waste collection systems) For transportation and petrol charges For telephone uses For family events and social activities Others Total Total (Vietnam Dong)

176

II. INFORMATION ABOUT WASTE TREAMENT

Q22. Does your family use any waste collection service? (one choice only) 1. Yes, we do 2. We do not use any waste collection service even it does exist 3. There isnt any waste collection service in our living area , Move to the Q23 , Move to the Q30 , Move to the Q34

1. FOR HOUSEHOLDS WHO ARE USING WASTE COLLECTION SERVICES Q23. Can you please let us know how the waste collection system is operating if you do use waste collection services? No 1 2 3 4 Waste schedule Everyday Every two days Every three days Every three days collection Chosen ideas No 5 6 7 8 Waste collection schedule Every five days Every six days Every week Others: (0m) Chosen ideas

Q24. How far is it from your house to the waste collection site? 1. Garbage carts are in direct services for every house 2. Waste collection site is .meter far from your house Q25. How do you assess the quality of waste collection services? No Criteria for assessment No Service quality comments Very Good Fairly Bad good good 1 2 3 4 Fairly bad 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Frequencies of waste collection Timely services of waste collection Quality of waste collection facilities Convenience of waste collection networks Convenience services of fee collection

Serving attitudes of waste collectors Hygiene conditions of collection waste services

177

Q26. How do you think of price you have to pay for waste collection services? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Too high Relatively high Acceptable Quite low Very low

Q27. Are you generally satisfied with waste collection services? 1. Extremely satisfied 2. Quite satisfied 3. So so 4. Unsatisfied 5. Completely unsatisfied

Q28. How much do you think the waste collection fee should be so that other households can be more involved in waste collection systems? 1. . Vietnam Dong/household/month 2. ..% household income/month No comments 99

Q29. Do you think that your current living area should further develop waste collection services? (a single choice only) No Necessity of available waste collection services in any living area 1 2 3 4 5 6 High necessity and available sufficient conditions for implementation High necessity but insufficient conditions in infrastructure for implementation No urgency despite of necessity No necessity for the time being, but future demand may be raised in the next years No necessity yet Other comments (clearly mentioned): (how many years) Provide a mark in an appropriate column

178

2. FOR HOUSEHOLDS WHO ARENT USING WASTE COLLECTION SERVICES Q30. Can you please let us know why your family doesnt use any waste collection services? (maximum three choices) No Reasons for not using waste collection services 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Household themselves use traditional waste treatment, but no need to use these public services It is ..meters to reach the waste collection site/line from your house You dont want to spend money for waste collection fees Waste collection fees are quite higher than our incomes There is litter waste from daily lives, so you dont use these waste collection services Relevant procedures are complicated Service attitudes are not satisfactory Waste collection schedules are not convenient Put a mark in an appropriate column

Q31. What kind of waste treatment methods are you using if you dont use waste collection services? (a single choice only) 1. Burn litter 2. Bury litter in the ground 3. Leave litter in the garden 4. Drop little over ponds, lakes, rivers 5. Leave litter anywhere 6. Use for making fertilizer 7. Others:.

Q32. Do you think that it is required to further develop waste collection services in your living area? No Necessity of available waste collection services in any living Provide a mark in an area appropriate column 1 2 3 4 High necessity and available sufficient conditions for implementation High necessity but insufficient conditions in infrastructure for implementation No urgency despite of necessity No necessity for the time being, but future demand may be (how many years)

179

raised in the next years 5 6 No necessity yet Other comments (clearly mentioned):

Q33. How much do you think the waste collection fee should be so that other households can be more involved in waste collection systems? 1. . Vietnam Dong/household/month 2. ..% household income/month No comments 99

3. FOR HOUSEHOLDS WHERE NO WASTE COLELCTION SERVICES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED YET Q34. What kind of waste treatment methods are you using? (a single choice only) 3. Burn litter 4. Bury litter in the ground 5. Leave litter in the garden 6. Drop little over ponds, lakes, rivers 5. Leave litter anywhere 6. Use for making fertilizer 7. Others:.

Q35. Do you think that it is required to develop waste collection services in your living area? No Necessity of available waste collection services in any living Put a mark in an area appropriate column 1 2 3 4 5 6 High necessity and available sufficient conditions for implementation High necessity but insufficient conditions in infrastructure for implementation No urgency despite of necessity No necessity for the time being, but future demand may be raised in the next years No necessity yet Other comments (clearly mentioned): (how many years)

180

Q36. Are you willing to use waste collection services in your living area if these services exist? 1. We will promptly use newly developed services 2. We will use these services if other people are willing to use, too 3. We will consider if these services are good or not for using 4. We will not use these services as we dont have any need of using them 5. Others (clearly clarified)..

Q37. How much do you think the waste collection fee should be so that you can use these waste collection services? 1. . Vietnam Dong/household/month 2. ..% household income/month No comments 99

III. INFORMATION ABOUT WATER SOURCES 1.FOR HOUSEHOLD GROUP A HOUSEHOLDS USING TAP-WATER
Q38. How does your family use sources of tap-water? (a single choice only) 1. Separate water meter for individual households 2. Water sub-meter attached with a main water meter 3. Use of public water sources 4. Tap-water provided by another household 5. Others (clearly indicated):

Q39. How much do you have to pay for initial expenditures to be able to reach tap-water sources (multiple choices) No Expenditures for installing water meters 1 2 3 4 5 6 Expenditures for a water supply company to get a separate water meter installed Joint-payment with other household to be able to use a water meter Expenditures for using a public water supply system Expenditures for installing water pipes inside a house Other expenditures Total Total (in Vietnam Dong)

Q40. a. How do you assess the extend to which you have to pay for the initial installation costs of your family? (a single choice only)

181

1. Too high 2. Fairly high 3. Appropriate

b. If you think that these expenditures are too high, can you explain which items are unreasonable?................................... Q41. a. How do you think about procedures and regulations for get a water meter installed? (a single choice only) 1. Extremely convenient 2. Fairly convenient 3. Inconvenient

b. Can you please let us know which procedures are not convenient? (three choices can be chosen) 1. Complicated procedures 2. Time-consuming procedures 3. Inconsistent regulations 4. Difficult access to procedures 5. Time-consuming traveling 6. Unsatisfactory services 7. Others

Can you please have more clarification in case you have a choice of others Q42. How many cubic meter of water does your family use every month:.....m3 Q43. a. Do you have to pay for using tap-water? 1. Yes 2. No , move to the next question

b. If yes, how much do you on average have to pay ever month ..Vietnam Dong Q44. a. How do you assess the extend to which you have to pay for using tap-water (a single choice only) 1. Too high 2. Fairly high 3. Appropriate

b. If you think it is too high, can you please let us know what is the most suitable price? .Vietnam Dong/m3

182

Q45. Is there any disadvantage of using existing tap-water sources? (multiple choices) No Week points of using tap-water Yes/No To which Peak month degree
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Unclear water Colored water (specifically indicated) Strange odor (specifically indicated) Strange taste (specifically indicated) Weak water flow Unstable water quality Discontinued water flow Inaccurate water meters High loss of water flow Others (specifically indicated)

(3): 1=yes; 2=no (4): 1=much; 2=not too much; 3= little (5): Note down peak months these problems may occur

Q46. What will you do if there is an increase in water using fees (or if water using fees are collected)? (a single choice only) 1. We will not use tap-water sources any more 2. A reduced use of tap-water should be applied 3. Newly dug/drilled well will be created 4. Other water sources will be used 5. We keep using this tap-water source

Q47. Do you think that there is a decrease in any infectious disease (i.e. cholera, stomachache, diarrhea, skin-disease, ect) for your family member after using tap-water sources? (a single choice only) 1. High decrease 2. Significant decrease 3. Same as it was before 1. Extremely satisfied 2. Fairly satisfied 3. Unsatisfied 4. No comments 183

Q48. Are you generally satisfied with tap-water sources as provided? (a single choice only)

Q49. What is the most important point do you think the water supply company should be more concerned about to improve their quality of services? (maximum three choices should be made) 1. Improved registration procedures for installing a water system and regulations on fee collection 2. Improved quality of water sources 3. Secured quality of water sources 4. Upgraded pressures of water flow 5. Reduced water interruption 6. Reduced water loss 7. Strengthened services of workers

8. Others (specifically indicated..

Q50. Do you think that the governmental authority should have policies on supporting disadvantaged areas or poor households so that local people can access tap-water sources? No a. For disadvantaged areas
Put a mark in an appropriate column

No

a. For households

disadvantaged

Put a mark in an appropriate column

1 2 3 4 5 6 99

Investment in hygiene water supply works Partial support with operation costs Support with water pipe installation costs Installation of public water tap Others No need of supporting policies No ideas, no comments

1 2 3 4 5 6 99

Free of chare for installation of water meter Partial support with installation costs Partial support with water use fees Installation of public water tap Others No need of supporting policies No ideas, no comments

III. FOR HOUSEHOLD GROUP B HOUSEHOLDS NOT USING TAPWATER

184

Q51. Can you please let us know a reason why you dont use tap-water supply services? (maximum three choices) No Reasons for not using tap-water supply services 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 There are other sufficient water sources, so there is no more demand of other water supply services There isnt any main water pipe connected with this area yet There are main water pipes, but no connection with this area is provided Water sources are out of capacity The main water pipe is installed..........m far from a house, so there is impossible connection between them Costs for installing water meters are high Costs for installing water pipes from a water meter into a house is high Application procedures for installing water meter are complicated Quality of tap-water is not good and unsecured Tap-water flow is weak Tap-water sources are not provided in a stable way Service workers dont have some right working attitudes Monthly payment for using tap-water is high Fee collection schedule is not convenient Others (clearly indicated):
Put a mark in an appropriate column

Q52. Do you think that it is required to develop tap-water supply services in your living area? No Necessity of available tap-water supply services in any living Put a mark in an area appropriate column 1 2 3 4 5 6 High necessity and available sufficient conditions for implementation High necessity but insufficient conditions in infrastructure for implementation No urgency despite of necessity No necessity for the time being, but future demand may be raised in the next years No necessity yet Other comments (clearly mentioned): 185 (how many years)

Q53. Can you please let us know how quality of tap-water is and its effect on health conditions of local people? No Comments Put a mark in an appropriate column Agree Dont No agree comments

1 2 3 4

Tap-water has a higher quality than water taken from wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, and springs Use of tap-water helps to minimize digestive problems Use of tap-water helps to minimize skin-disease problems Use of tap-water helps to minimize some chronic diseases as untreated water sources is infected with toxic effects

Q54. How much do you think the monthly payment for tap-water use should be so that you can use provided tap-water services? 3. . Vietnam Dong/household/month 4. ..% household income/month No comments 99 Q55. Do you think that the governmental authority should have policies on supporting disadvantaged areas or poor households so that local people can access tap-water sources? Put a mark No Put a mark No a. For disadvantaged areas a. For disadvantaged
in an appropriate column

households 1 2 3 4 5 6 99 Free of chare for installation of water meter Partial support with installation costs Partial support with water use fees Installation of public water tap Others No need of supporting policies No ideas, no comments

in an appropriate column

1 2 3 4 5 6 99

Investment in hygiene water supply works Partial support with operation costs Support with water pipe installation costs Installation of public water tap Others No need of supporting policies No ideas, no comments

186

IV. FOR HOUSEHOLD GROUP C HOUSEHOLDS LIVING IN THE AREA WHERE THERE IS NO SUPPLY OF TAP-WATER
Q56. Do you think that it is required to develop tap-water supply services in your living area? No Necessity of available tap-water supply services in any living area 1 2 3 4 5 6 High necessity and available sufficient conditions for implementation High necessity but insufficient conditions in infrastructure for implementation No urgency despite of necessity No necessity for the time being, but future demand may be raised in the next years No necessity yet Other comments (clearly mentioned): (how many years) Put a mark in an appropriate column

Q57. Can you please let us know how quality of tap-water is and its effect on health conditions of local people? No Comments Put a mark in an appropriate column Agree Dont No agree comments

1 2 3 4

Tap-water has a higher quality than water taken from wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, and springs Use of tap-water helps to minimize digestive problems Use of tap-water helps to minimize skin-disease problems Use of tap-water helps to minimize some chronic diseases as untreated water sources is infected with toxic effects Put a mark in an appropriate column

Q58. Are you willing to use tap-water sources for your daily lives if these sources exist? No Willingness to use tap-water sources if it is available 1 2 Quickly register as soon as there is connection of water pipes Take a consideration of possible payment of the family before using tap-water sources

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3 4

No tendency to use tap-water sources for the time being No ideas, no comments

Q59. If you intend to use tap-water sources, what will your family use for? (multiple choices) No Purposes Put a mark in No Purposes Put a mark in an appropriate an appropriate column column 1 2 3 4 For drinking For cooking For bathing For washing clothes 5 6 7 8 For cleaning a house and washing dishes and bows For watering the plants For animal husbandry For small production activities

Q60. For above mentioned purposes of using tap-water, can you estimate how many liters of water will you use every month? An amount of tap-water for monthly use can be calculated: liters Q61. How much do you think the monthly payment for tap-water use should be so that you can use provided tap-water services? 1. . Vietnam Dong/household/month 2. ..% household income/month No comments 99 Q62. Do you think that the governmental authority should have policies on supporting disadvantaged areas or poor households so that local people can access tap-water sources? No a. For disadvantaged areas
Put a mark in an appropriate column

No

a. For households

disadvantaged

Put a mark in an appropriate column

1 2 3 4 5 6

Investment in hygiene water supply works Partial support with operation costs Support with water pipe installation costs Installation of public water tap Others No need of supporting

1 2 3 4 5 6

Free of chare for installation of water meter Partial support with installation costs Partial support with water use fees Installation of public water tap Others No need of supporting

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policies 99 No ideas, no comments 99

policies No ideas, no comments

Q63. Do you have any recommendation on problems related to hygiene water supply, solid waste and local environment in your living area? YOUR COPPERATION IS AGAIN GREATLY APPRECIATED! QUICK ASSESSEMENT OF SURVERORS ON OUTSTANDING ISSUES

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Guideline for focus group discussion of related households

Group A (Water tap connected households)
Part 1: Clean water Sources of water supply: - At present, from where do you get your water supply (WS) (surface water such as river or spring water, or drilled well water )? Which company is supplying your water? - Do you know how this WS is treated? According to you, that treatment can ensure the water quality? How are the current WS? Is there any advantage or disadvantage of the WS system service: - Is it easy to connect to tap water? What kinds of procedure do you need? - Is water pressure is strong enough? How often? Is there any time that is weak or cut? When: dry or rainy season? Do you know the reason for such inconvenient time? How do they affect your living, working condition? - Water quality (smell, taste, color): Is it usual? Is there any problem? Pleaes tell us any problems you encounter? Do you know the reason? - Does the water meter work properly? - If not, do you inform the person in charge? Is the problem solved? - How much does the WS price per 1m3 ? Is it high or low for you? - Are you willingness to pay higher for better water quality and service? - How many times (or percentage) compared with current WS price are you willingness to pay for? - Attitudes of the WS company staffs: Are they good? Is there any complaint you that may have? If yes, have you reported and what were the results?

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- Feedback mechanism: Does WS company receive your feedbacks? If any problem, how do you report that to the company? According to you, is there any problem related to the way the company receive clients feedbacks? Access to clean water of the poor - How much percentage does the WS system cover? Why are there some households have not had access to clean water? Is it because of lack of water pipe or the price of the water meter? In other worlds, they dont have access because they are poor or because of companys capacity, or technical problem? - According to you, any way to help the poor to access to clean WS? Should anything be change such as water price, way of support, way of paying to connecting fee, way of main water pipe systems and their sub pipes? Proposals to improve WS quality and service: - Do you have any idea to improve WS quality and services? - Do you have any proposal to increase the number of household that have access to clean WS? 2. Part 2: Waster 2.1 Solid waste (households, factory, small business, ect.) - To where has waste from household and small business been taken? Is there any problem related to this way? - Is there waste collection service system? If yes, is it operated by public or private organizations, unregister private services? - Is the service good? - Do you have to pay for such service? How much? Do you pay regularly? How often (%)? If happens, why is there such low percentage?

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- Is there any environmental problems caused by waste? If yes, from where? Have you reported to person in charge? Is it solved? How to improve or to solve the problem completely? 2.2 Waste water - To where has the waste water of households been gone? Is the sewage system good? Does it affect environmental quality? If yes, how severe is it? How to solve the problem? - Does waste water from households who do business have separated treatment system? Does it affect environmental quality? If yes, how severe is it? Is it more severe in dry or rainy season? Have you reported to person in charge? Have it been solved? How to improve or to solve the problem completely? Part 3. Mass communication activities for environmental sanitation and the awareness of the people about the importance of water supply and environmental sanitation
3.1 Environmental Condition - According to you, is the environmental situation at your places good? If yes, why; if no, why? Please tell the reasons? - How do you think the clean WS and environment affect the peoples health? Especially, how do they affect on children and women?

- Does pollution affect on human health and environment? Especially, how do they
affect on children and women? - Community (government organization, social organizations, citizens): how do they do to change situation? Result? 3.2 Sources of mass communication - In case of many communication sources of environmental protection, who do you believe in? (tivi, radio, newspaper,...)? What do they inform? Is it easy to understand?

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- In school, have students been taught about environmental protection? Do students practice what they have learnt? If yes, is there any good improvement? If not, why? 3.3 Results of mass communication - Is there any practice or habit of done in community that affected by the mass communication? - How does these change affect on the environmental protection? 3.4 Proposals to improve the environmental sanitation and results of mass communication 4. Roles of public agencies, social organizations in providing WS, waste collection, and mass communication about environmental sanitation (use scaling to rank, grade, or use Venn to assess the roles of each organizations) 5. Main proposals to improve: - WS service and water quality - Waste collection and treatment - Communication, movement for clean WS and environmental sanitation

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Guideline for focus group discussion of related households

Groups B & C (They dont use clean water)

Part 1: Clean water Sources of water supply: - At present, from where do you get your water supply (WS) (surface water such as river or spring water, or drilled well water )? Which company is supplying your water? - Do you know how this WS is treated? According to you, that treatment can ensure the water quality? - Did you make drilled well by yourselves or you had other company to do? Price of drilled well? Is it higher or lower compared to households income? - Problems of your WS? (Is it enough? If not, which season? How does the season affect amount and quality of the WS? 1.1. Reasons why there are some households have not had access to clean water supplied by company - How much percentage does the WS system cover? Who have not had access to clean WS? - Why are there some households have not had access to clean water? Is it because of lack of water pipe or the price of the water meter? Are the procedures to connect to WS system too complicated? - Do habits of using the natural water affect peoples decisions to connect to WS system? - In short, what is the main reason prevented people to connect to WS system? 1.2. Effects of households without connecting to WS system - Do you have any problem because of without connecting to WS system? (for example: have to buy water at higher prices, or use polluted water, spend more time for collecting WS..) ; - In specific, does any person have water-related diseases? 1.4. Proposals to improve WS service

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- How to help the poor to connect to WS system? - How to help the households in remote areas to get access to clean WS or connect to WS system? 2. Part 2: Waster 2.1 Solid waste (households, factory, small business, ect.) - To where has waste from household and small business been taken? Is there any problem related to this way? - Is there waste collection service system? If yes, is it operated by public or private organizations, unregister private services? - Is the service good? - Do you have to pay for such service? How much? Do you pay regularly? How often (%)? If happens, why is there such low percentage? - Is there any environmental problems caused by waste? If yes, from where? Have you reported to person in charge? Is it solved? How to improve or to solve the problem completely? 2.2 Waste water - To where has the waste water of households been gone? Is the sewage system good? Does it affect environmental quality? If yes, how severe is it? How to solve the problem? - Does waste water from households who do business have separated treatment system? Does it affect environmental quality? If yes, how severe is it? Is it more severe in dry or rainy season? Have you reported to person in charge? Have it been solved? How to improve or to solve the problem completely?

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Part 3. Mass communication activities for environmental sanitation and the awareness of the people about the importance of water supply and environmental sanitation
3.1 Environmental Condition - According to you, is the environmental situation at your places good? If yes, why; if no, why? Please tell the reasons? - How do you think the clean WS and environment affect the peoples health? Especially, how do they affect on children and women?

- Does pollution affect on human health and environment? Especially, how do they
affect on children and women? - Community (government organization, social organizations, citizens): how do they do to change situation? Result? 3.2 Sources of mass communication - In case of many communication sources of environmental protection, who do you believe in? (tivi, radio, newspaper,...)? What do they inform? Is it easy to understand? - In school, have students been taught about environmental protection? Do students practice what they have learnt? If yes, is there any good improvement? If not, why? 3.3 Results of mass communication - Is there any practice or habit of done in community that affected by the mass communication? - How does these change affect on the environmental protection? 3.4 Proposals to improve the environmental sanitation and results of mass communication 4. Roles of public agencies, social organizations in providing WS, waste collection, and mass communication about environmental sanitation (use scaling to rank, grade, or use Venn to assess the roles of each organizations) 5. Main proposals to improve: 196

- WS service and water quality - Waste collection and treatment - Communication, movement for clean WS and environmental sanitation

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GUIDELINE FOR FOCUS COMBINED GROUP DISCUSSION

(Including government organization, WS service system, or staffs and waste collection services at district level)

1. Groups information
Name Position Gender Age Education level Current position 2. Basic information of commune Population (how many, where are they living? The concentration of the population? Economic sectors (% share of agriculture, industry, service, ) Which water source do the people use? How is that water quality? Describe which parts of the commune that water polluted? Whether the community is lack of WS? If not enough, how many month, people are lack of WS (from which month to), and in such situation from where have they got their WS? Currently, how does households waste be treated? (landfill, dumping, etc ) Is thre any market in the local area? If yes, how do the waste and waste water be treated? Which part is polluted?

Mapping the places (mapping the commune, village showing locations of the WS stations, garbage dumps, polluted places, potential sources of WS and places for dumping garbage ) 3. Situation of supplying water and collecting waste at community - Does the community have clean WS station? - If yes, who invested? What have kinds of management model been applied? How much does it cost? Currently, how many people are using? Whether does the supply meet the demand? If not, why? Any proposal for improve capacity, management skills, etc. to increase efficiency. - Does community have waste collection service? - If yes, who is coordinator for this service? Management and fee collection models? Do people agree with the service? If not, why? How to improve it? How much people are paying for the service? Whether does current contribution of people balance the cost the service really spend? If not, why and how to improve it? - What do kinds of vehicles used for carrying waste? Does it affect human health? Is it necessary to improve the ways of carrying waste? If yes, what? - Assessing the current services? Is there any improvement need to be done?

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If the community has not have WS and waste collection services: If the community is provided WS and waste services, who will be the right person to manage such services? (Local government, social organizations, self community management) how to manage? Is there any source of providing materials for building such services in the community or near by? Do you think people are willing to participate in these services and pay for these services? If not, who will be responsible for mobilizing people to participate and to pay for the services?

Demand of people for clean WS and environmental sanitation Demand Solutions

Using A0 discussions to answer the following questions: Who, Where, What, How, Why, When 4. Advantage and disadvantage of supplying clean water and collecting waste? Advantage and disadvantage of commune in providing clean WS and collecting waste in the communities, and solutions. Advantage 1 2 Disadvantage Solutions

5. Roles of organization/unions in providing clean WS and collecting waste. What do organizations/unions in the commune participate in supporting people to access to clean WS and environmental sanitation? What are the supports? If the clean WS and waste collection services are supported, who is responsible for coordinating for the work and then managing the services? What do the organizations/unions need for these work? (Veen map is applied for relationship discussion)

199