MITF11M049

ASSIGNMENT OF INTRODUCTION TO I .T

SUBMMITED TO:
MISS FAKHIRA JABEEN

SUBMITED BY:
AQSA MALIK

ROLL NO:
MITF11M049

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

MITF11M049

Table of Contents

Parts of communication system.3

Message Sender Medium Receiver protocol Computer Modem communication source Dial up software ISP permission Browser Definition working difference between cache RAM and secondary storage

Structure of internet..3

Cache memory..4

Steps of even numbers5 Computer, hardware and software.5 Block Diagram of a digital computer system....7 System software, utility software, application software...8 Printers9 Theme of pranav mystery10 Working of CRT and LCD10 Decimal system.10 Parts of IP address10 Operation of calculator..11 Pen computers11 Working of voice recognition.11 Dot pitch...12 Working of inkjet printers12
difference between dot pitch and pixel ports and connectors difference between ports and connectors

MITF11M049
1. What are parts of communication system? How they play role in this system?

Parts of communication system and their role:

The five elements of data communication are as follows:

1. Message:
Message is the information to be communicated. The message may consist of text, numbers, pictures etc

2. Sender:
Sender is a device that sends the message. Normally, computer is used as sender in data communication systems. It is also called source or transmitter

3. Medium:
Medium is the physical path that connects sender and receiver. It is used to transmit data. The medium can be a copper wire, a fiber optic cable, microwaves etc.

4. Receiver:
Receiver is a device that receives message. It is also called sink. The receiver can be computer, printer, or another computer related device. The receiver must be capable of accepting message.

5. Protocol:
A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. It represents an agreement between communication devices. Devices cannot communicate without protocol. 2. What are the basic components that provide the structure for the Internet today?

The basic components that provide the structure for the Internet:
Basically, the Internet is a name of service. Following six components provide the structure for Internet service today.

1. Modem:
Modem is an electronic device that enables a PC to connect the Internet service.

2. Communication source:
Normally, a telephone line is used for communication. However, satellite down link, Mobile and cable net are also becoming very prominent communication source.

3. Dial-up software:
It is used to establish a connection between a PC and a server of ISP.

MITF11M049

4. ISP permission:
ISP permission is usually an Internet scratch card or an account registered with some Internet service provider.

5. Browser:
It a software program that is used to view the web pages. Microsoft Internet explorer and Netscape Navigator are the popular examples of web browser. 3. What is cache Memory? How it works? Differentiate between Cache RAM and secondary storage?

Cache memory:
Small, fast memory that lies between the processor and the main memory. Processor speed is faster than memory speed, and cache is used to increase the speed of memory. Cache memory is invisible to operating system The levels of cache differentiate by speed of access and size L1: It is also called as primary cache. The faster the cache the more it costs to make and the closer it has to be to the CPU. L2 It is known as secondary cache. The L2 will be further away and can be larger in size

Working of cache memory:

Cache memory contains a portion of main memory. When information is needed, the processor first checks cache memory. If not found in cache, the block of memory containing the needed information is moved to the cache

MITF11M049

Difference between Cache RAM and secondary storage:

Primary memory is faster to access because it is wired directly to the processor. It is used by the system to perform operations while programs are running. Examples are cache, RAM, and ROM. Secondary memory is usually somewhat slower and is used for permanent storage of information. Examples are hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, flash memory, etc. 4. Write steps to display even numbers from 1 to 10.

Steps to display even numbers from 1 to 10.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. n=2; print n n=n+2 if n<=10 then go back to statement 2

5. What do you understand by computer, hardware and software? Explain with the help of examples

Computer:
A computer is a device that accepts information and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed. Examples are PC, desktop computers, super computers etc

MITF11M049

Hardware and software:

Hardware: A physical part of computer that can be touched or seen. Monitor CPU, AVR, mouse, keyboard, headset, wires, and etc.

Soft ware: a part of a computer that cannot be touched or seen. Programs,

files, data etc

MITF11M049

6. Draw the block diagram of a digital computer system. Name the ports and connectors explain difference between them.

Block diagram of a digital computer system:

INPUT

PROCESSIN G

OUTPUT

INPUT UNIT

STORAGE

OUTPUT UNIT

CONTROL UNIT

ALU
Ports:
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit so that the peripheral can send data or receive information from the computer.

MITF11M049

Names of ports:
USB ports FireWire port MIDI port SATA port SCSI port IrDA port Bluetooth port Serial port & Parallel port Speaker port Monitor port etc

Connectors:
A connector joins a cable to a port.

Names of connector:
Male connectors Female connectors Power connector Keyboard connector

Difference between port and connector:

The basic difference between them is the capability of transferring data from one part to another. Port is fixed in the mother board while connector is fixed with wire. 7. What do you understand by System software, utility software and application software?

System software:
System software helps use the operating system and computer system to control operation of computer. There are 4 types of system software- operating systems, compilers, interpreters and assemblers.

Examples
BIOS Microsoft Windows MAC OS X Linux

Utility software:
8

MITF11M049

Utility software is a kind of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool. Utility software should be contrasted with application software, which allows users to do things like creating text documents, playing games, listening to music or surfing the web.

Examples:
Anti virus Back up Data compression Disk checkers Disk cleaners Network utilities etc

Application software:
Application software is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Many application programs deal with document.

Examples

Enterprise software Accounting software Office suites Graphics software Media players

8. Mention and explain the different types of printers used in the computer world

Printers:A computer printer is a device or an instrument that must be connected to a computer which allows users to print text and graphics on the plain papers. In some case they can be directly connected to digital camera for printing pictures without connecting to any computer.

Types of Computer Printers:

There are different types and models of printers. The most commonly used computer printers are: 1. Inkjet Pinter 2. Laser Printer 3. Dot-matrix Printer and 4. Thermal Printer 5. LCD & LED Printers 6. Daisy-wheel Printers

Inkjet Printer:

MITF11M049

It works by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material (ink) onto almost any medium. They are the most common type of printer due to their low cost, high quality of output.

Laser Printer:
Laser printer uses LED-technology to obtain small particles of toner from a cartridge onto paper. They produce high quality text and graphics on plain paper.

Dot-matrix Printer:
They create characters by striking pins against an ink ribbon. Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and illustrations. The printing involves mechanical pressure.

Thermal Printer:
Thermal printer is an inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers are generally used in calculators and fax machines.

LCD & LED:

Similar to a laser printer, but uses liquid crystals or light-emitting diodes rather than a laser to produce an image on the drum.

Daisy-wheel:
This printer has a plastic or metal wheel on which the shape of each character stands has printed. A hammer presses the wheel against a ribbon, which in turn makes an ink stain in the shape of the character on the paper. 9. You have video of Pranav Mystery. What is the theme of the video? Is it the field of AI or it is just augmented reality?

Theme of pranav mystery:

Pranav''s Sixth Sense technology is a wearable camera and projector device that enables 3D interactions between our real world and digital world. The main idea of his project is to make a real interaction between the real and digital world. He has used Artificial Intelligence with many of other techniques. For Example, in Quickies, there is an enormous role of AI. So we can say that AI has really worked its not just and augmented reality.

10. How CRT and LCD works?

Working of CRT:
The CRT monitors consists of cathode ray tube. The front of the tube is the screen. Tiny dots of phosphorus material coat the screen on a CRT. Each dot consists of a red, a green and a blue phosphor. The three dots combined to make up each pixel. Inside CRT. An electron beam moves back and forth across the back of the screen. This causes the dots on the front of the screen to glow which produces an image on the screen.

10

MITF11M049

Working of LCD:
The LCD computers contain fluorescent tubes that emit light waves towards the liquid crystal cells, which are sandwiched between two sheets of material. When an electrical charge passes through the cells, the cells twist. This twisting causes some light waves to be blocked and allows others to pass through, creating images on the display. 11. Convert the following a) 89(10) = (59)16= (1011001)2= (155)7 b) F (16) = (15)10= (1111)2= (17)8 c) 10001(2) = (b)6=(17)0=(21)8 d) (17)8= (F) 16= (1111)2= (21)7= (15)10 12. What does an IP address part mean for examples192.172.0.4 explain each part independently?

Parts of IP address:
All IP addresses are made up of four parts (quadrants) separated by dots, like this: XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX. Examples of IP addresses are: 192.172.0.4 The front end with identify the company and back side will identify the PC. However in an Internet name the ending will identify the country or org. 13. How will a calculator operate via this diagram?

Steps of calculator operation:

1. The math problem is entered as input. i.e. 12+1. 2. The control unit fetches the math problem from main memory.i.e 12+1.
3. The problem is then decoded by control unit and send to the ALU. 4. ALU executes the problem. i.e. 12+1=13. 5. Then the result is moved to the memory. 6. The result in the memory shows on the monitor as output. 14. What are Pen Computers?

Pen Computers:
A revolutionary new miniature computer is being worked on in Japan that comes in the shape of a pen that can be slipped into pocket. It projects a monitor and keyboard on any flat surface that can be used like any regular PC computer. With its Bluetooth technology, it recognizes key-presses and inputs as per usual.

11

MITF11M049
15. How does voice recognition work?

Voice recognition work:

Voice recognition fundamentally functions as a pipeline that converts digital audio from a sound card into recognized speech. Voice Recognition enables an application to respond according to users' spoken commands. Users can interact with applications in conversational format, or direct the application's goals and behaviors.

Functionality User-facing seamless integrated flash interface for voice recording.

User can speak through microphone or by telephone. Voice Recognition can be added to any application Application will respond to the content of users' recording Direct movement and behaviors of characters within application through voice recognition software.

16. What is dot pitch? How you differentiate between dot pitch and Pixel?

Dot pitch:
Dot pitch is the distance between the pixels on the display. It is also referred to as pixel pitch. If the distance between pixels will be smaller then sharpness of the image will be higher

Difference between dot pitch and Pixel:

A dot is only a singular quantum while a pixel is actually made up of dots consisting of red, green, and blue components. The size of the display equals the number of pixels times the dot pitch. 17. How does colored inkjet printer work? Explain with diagrams.

Working of colored inkjet printer:

The inkjet printer is a non-impact printer. Inkjet printers are character printers that form characters and all kinds of images by spraying small drops of ink on a paper. The print head of inkjet printer contains up to 64 tiny nozzles that can be heated up selectively in a few microseconds by an integrated circuit resistor. When the resistor heats up, the ink near it vaporizes and is ejected through the nozzle making a dot on the paper placed in front of the print head. To print a character, the printer selectively heats the appropriate set of nozzles as the print head moves horizontally.

12

MITF11M049

Diagram

13

MITF11M049