CRISIS AND CONFLICT IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Keywords: Conflict, threat, defusing, crisis, uncertainty. In any field there are concerns about failures that may occur in times of crisis or conflict, therefore, studying the causes, and show how their appearance and thus their consequences. They have major implications for life and human activity almost always have consequences and undesirable consequences. Perhaps, therefore, most scientific fields have developed their own conception of crises and conflicts. Examines military crisis in terms of military consequences, economists consider the crisis by specific criteria, giving it the characteristics of phenomena with negative consequences for organizations, institutions and social groups affected: inflation, unemployment, stagnation, recession. Concern political scientists attributed the negative aspects of cases involving political crisis phenomena related to the failure of political leadership, ungovernable issues, inconsistency and incoherence of the political system, the inability of political parties to resolve social conflicts. Sociologists identify the origin of crisis in social inequalities in low motivation and initiative, in revolt against the authorities, as manifested in the failure mechanisms of social control, the decline of family heritage, community, civic and religious. The historians assess global crisis, putting them on account of imbalances that occur between components of the company due to the dynamic social phenomena: increasing military power of states, increased automation. Psychologists consider dismantling an identity crisis as individuals, their sense of evaluation and due to the significance of instinctual impulse, influence collective unconscious forces, a result of traumatic experiences due to birth, disease, injury, decline in empathy and parental guidance, social experiences and individuals were made to feel like objects, the implications imposed by fear and denial of death. I will emphasize briefly for better understanding the crisis stages and their characteristics: a) Disagreement begins by simple misunderstandings, highlighting the differentiation of individuals or groups by their mode of being and thinking. It shows both the possibility of misunderstandings and false conflicts, as well as some minor differences, unnoticed, can escalate into major conflicts; b) the confrontation deepens the differences between individuals and groups in that each party maintains its position, stressing the errors of thinking and behavior of others. In this case, the action of persuasion becomes exaggerated emotional expression absolutely dominating on logical arguments. Moreover, the communication rate drops dramatically, creating the stress, frustration, tense atmosphere; c)It is characterized by escalation of tensions and hostilities that the group are out of control, self-defense of side of each part in raising the maximum aggression. In this moment it reaches the peak; 1

d) De-escalation phase marks the group that made a real effort to reach agreement on the results of the discussions. Concessions are made, to commence a process towards understanding; e) Resolving conflict comes when the state disappears due to legal intervention by institutional type, start negotiations and achieving compromise, stimulating opportunities for open communication between the parties, which makes it possible to capture the willingness of the adverse parties.

Features of the XXIst century crisis

The crises manifested in this period reveal the following features: a) crisis management and conflict is hampered by the chaos on the planet that remain after the Cold War, the huge economic disparities, the proliferation of financial and economic crime, drug trafficking, arms and flesh, and the existence and the persistence of totalitarian regimes, generating crises, conflicts and terrorism; b) complex, are mainly political and military, but grafted on an economic basis, the multiplication of rising disparities and asymmetric threats. They affect equally both developed countries and poor countries faced, in addition, the border wars, famine, malnutrition and acute shortage of jobs; c) impact felt in the world community, especially those that combine with terrorist actions such as those triggered by Middle East Strategic fault;

The crisis of competence as a characteristic of our country

Romania is a generator of stability and security, but due to adverse circumstances due to poor economic situation has managed to trigger a crisis type, which is based on a configuration of economic and social background which continues to proliferate, crime , trafficking and transit of drugs, persons and even weapons, which creates difficulties in securing the border, citizen safety of property and state institutions. In the present situation it was due to human limitations involved in its management, which do not appear able to process information from the opportunities offered by information horizon in which they operate. Considered appropriate expression "crisis of competence" for the reality we are. These types of seizures can cause insecurity and social organization that encompasses organizations. They may bring a maximum state of insecurity and even nations.

The concept of crisis and conflict

In an anarchic international system, situations of peace, crisis and conflict can rotate. Crises are complex phenomena that may affect the company or partially (political, economic, cultural, financial, social, etc..) or as a whole. Definition of crisis is often discussed in the literature, it is characterized by .R. Vergata in a particular manner: "a situation of tension between states usually caused by cases of ethnic, economic, political, social, religious, cultural, which tends to lead ultimately to territorial gains"1, "national or international situation in the context that creates a threat to values, interests and priorities of the parties involved "," it changes the situation characterized by an increase in the intensity of interaction between two or more opponents, with a likely trigger armed hostilities " , "a moment of tension that put forward the fundamental interests of the two or more states at the initiative of one or another, and
1

.R. Vergati, " Crises. result of chance?" in Politico-military crisis management, Publishing Top From, 2005, p. 79.

then, after a show of force leaves a form of agreement, apparent or real between partners, adversaries "(PM Defarges)," an extremely tense period in which economic difficulties, political, social and ideological reach maximum rates and require immediate solution, strong and decisive in the evolution of a company, an institution. " (French Dictionary, 1999), "moments of rupture within an organized system" (L. Dafour - Beijing international crises in Kosovo), "sudden or gradual deterioration of the balance of factors that normally ensure relationships coexistence between states "(Poirier)," an accepted form of violence, the confrontation unmaterialized designed to weigh heavily in the balance of the other decisions, to compel to give up its legitimate interests and to obtain concessions from him which did not correspond to the stake, to avoid the risk of total war "(R. Aron)," a situation that threatens the net objective priority of the decision unit2 "," a stage of dysfunction that disturbs the system and not have full capacity to be self-regulating, and single exit from this state of abnormality3 "," a statement shown on national and international level, which is characterized by the existence of a threat to values, interests or goals key stakeholders "," an activity that affects or may affect, directly or security or indirect stability of NATO (North Atlantic Cooperation Council Policy Division) or systemic dysfunction. The crisis was characterized by state of imbalance, the association with a series of threats and risks, trend-type degeneration in military conflicts, episodic and transient situation as the paper says D. Bull regional conflicts and crisis management attributes the phenomenon of crisis in the conception of NATO which stands for: the existence of a credible threat, cause or result of measures to protect threatened party, surprise, time pressure, uncertainty concerning the motives and attitudes of the parties involved, gradually of the varied intensity. Conflict defines "time of maximum intensity scale deployment of the crisis," a disagreement between the parties or incompatible behavior "or a process in which an individual or social group seeks to achieve its goals (needs to achieve such interests: economic , political, religious, ethnic, racial divergent or incompatible) with the removal or destruction of the subordination of the individual or group seeking similar or identical purposes. " Not every conflict is escalating a crisis, but crisis is any conflict. A few to mention the most important areas of society: security (security forces are limited and poorly led, military expenditures are high, unjustifiable to effect, poorly controlled borders, regional and international context unstable) political area (political system poorly institutionalized, unrepresentative, the absence of legal independence, lack of public involvement, gender inequality in the governance, electoral process faulty, religious and ethnic conflicts, weak involvement in international life), economic (GDP decrease, economic instability, inflation, labor migration across borders, lower living standards, expansion of shadow economy, corruption, economic and financial crime), social (social exclusion, unresolved ethnic conflicts, lack of civil society organizations, tensions related to language, religion and ethnicity, the failure mechanisms decision), the field of regional and international relations between states (revisionist tendencies, crisis resources, development of cross-border terrorist networks, drug trafficking, arms and people, ethnic conflicts, wars of secession). Causes of crisis, whatever is their nature, originate in the existence and expression of divergent stakeholders interselor the accumulation of internal and external pressure and intersistemic enter. Conflicts are caused by: interrelationship (with unilateral dependency trends) pools and alliances trends, differences in power, status (between center and periphery, between hegemonic powers and regional powers) and culture (intercivilized conflict) suspension of communication; competition for resources or spheres of influence, inequality and social discrimination, the inability of the parties to reach a mutually acceptable compromise, related to their position in society, access to competitive opportunities, desire for domination, power and prestige.
2 3

C.F. Herman, Crisis in Foreing Policy, Indianapolis, Bobs Merril Co., 1969, p. 5. Gh. Vduva, M. Dinu, Politico-military crises of the beginning of the millennium, Publishing National Defense University, 2005, p. 16.

From a theoretical point of view, understanding the causes of crises and conflicts it involves three levels of approach: a) human nature (human inclination to aggression, realists address global society and political system based on human nature, man is a selfish being dominated by the thirst for power and need to dominate, negative feelings - selfishness, aggressive instinct, fear, resentment - can not be removed from his life, and their permanently marking behavior, positive attitudes, cooperation, solidarity and sympathy are episodic, transient, and may not be the basis of domestic and international regulations, "Continuity in foreign policy, claimed H . Morghenthau in Scientific Man vs. Power Politics, is not subject choice but a necessity, because it derives from factors that no government can control them, but that may neglect potentially fail war and peace are decided according to Permanent these factors, any form of government and internal policies. nations are eager for peace in certain circumstances and in others are warriors. ") b) characteristics of the state (political system, degree of independence, economic, social, cultural and ethnic); c) alternating and cyclical state of peace and war. Conflicts can occur in various fields: economic, political, cultural, religious and military. What is the specific conflict is the state of antagonism, often irreconcilable, which is positioned parties. The final form of manifestation is the war (armed conflict). War means "continuation of political relations via other means (Clausewitz)," a military confrontation between two large-scale political units pursuing conflicting policy objectives "," an organized social effort, focused towards the application of collective violence to achieve specified goals4 " , "a state of society in which a sharp conflict with an external group or some sharp internal conflict is expressed in an armed clash" (Jerzy J. Wiat), "a mass of armed conflict", "armed struggle between two or more states, between political groups or social classes to achieve political goals by force, economic or otherwise "(Diplomatic Dictionary). Conflict can occur internally (changing stake is power and institutional structure of state, ex.: Civil wars and revolutions) and international (exceeds state borders and involve more actors). International disputes or confrontation of external interests of the states can degenerate into violent forms, such as armed conflicts or wars. Wars may be: using the absolute extreme violence, using some real social constraints, political space and the total subordination of policies using a single objective: total victory, limited in time and space, unlimited characterized by total destruction of the enemy, the war against terrorism, civil by guerrillas. This painting can be completed by adding other types: just and unjust wars, defense and conquest, conventional and unconventional (by weapons used), land, sea, air, symmetric and asymmetric world, global general systemic. Under current conditions, it was just irrational forms of war, nuclear, which is based strategic forces: strategic bombers, ICBM (intercontinental strategic missiles) and SLBM (missile-launched nuclear submarines). In these circumstances, it is difficult to say whether there will be a winner or winners and losers. Addressing the crisis, after identifying the actors, must be centered in the following analysis: stakeholders' interests, relations between actors, capabilities, interests (what they want is peace), incentives at stake (to choose peace). Crisis on a phenomenon that has the following characteristics: a) threat; b) producing imminent crisis (emergency) c) surprise (making the threat by surprise);
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D. Biro, S. Secrieru, " Perspectives on the causes and transformation wars ", n Handbook of International Relations, pp. 274-276.

d) pressure (response required in a relatively short period); e) uncertainty (creating a state of uncertainty); f) the intensity of action (rapid alternations of situation). Stages of crisis can be characterized by a succession of stages: a) dispute; b) tension (stage in relations between social groups or non-violent violent demonstrations); c) maximum-intensity conflict (armed struggle) degenerate into armed conflict; d) post-conflict status (cessation of hostilities, return to normal status). Other authors support other types of crisis with other stages, different name but similar in essence: a) precrisis (chaotic motion amplification within the system, and dynamic degradation state indicators) b) crisis and conflict. Conflict takes place after a well determined, he characterized the V. Marin include: The pre with two phases: the difference and opposition, conflict, post-conflict. Armed conflicts were classified into three broad categories: a) high-intensity conflicts; b) average intensity conflicts; c) low-intensity conflicts. Crises, in their essence, expresses the following content: a) allocating a certain status quo and balance deterioration; b) succeding a number of threats, hazards and risks; c) addressability made or geopolitical strategic management; d) the need for important decisions to stop of course the consequences.

Crisis management and conflict

Crisis management can be defined as a process involving the organization, plans and measures to bring under control the situation, to stop its negative trend (in the escalation phase) and to design an acceptable solution, depicting the main purpose of maintaining favorable finding solutions society in a state of normality, a specialized action of great complexity, directed and supported on multiple fronts: political, diplomatic, economic, military, social, religious, environmental, etc. to maintain control and reduce adverse effects. Sap in crisis management is the timely and adequate political response to events that threaten or directly affect national security and specific times, in disasters, state of normality. How the crisis is dealt with determines its duration and scope. Crises on interstate relations, crisis management requires measures at multiple levels: political, diplomatic, military, etc. This process aims to: a) contribute to reducing tensions in order to prevent their transformation into crisis; b) control the crisis by its managers; c) conversion in conflict prevention; d) permit managers as they engage in actions to stop the crisis develops and to lead to a solution acceptable / stable; 5

e) to ensure civil and military training as appropriate for different types of crises, including the ability to deter action against any nation; f) preventing an escalation of events and perpetrators to cease the attack and convinced to withdraw. NATO's Strategic Concept (1999) defines crisis management as the organization of procedures and guidelines adopted to control a crisis and change its course. Legal basis of the response to crises is found in Art. 4 and 5 of the NATO Treaty. "NATO is ready to contribute to conflict prevention and to engage actively in crisis resolution, including operations for crisis response. NATO's Strategic Concept (1999), chapter "Essential security missions", states: "full capabilities as the basic means for the Alliance's ability to contribute to conflict prevention and crisis management operations by non-Article 5-type response crises. " To resolve crisis at NATO following institutions are involved: the North Atlantic Council (NAC), the Defence Planning Committee (DPC) Political Committee (PC) Military Committee (MC); Maintaining a general ability to successfully resolve the crisis structures are an integral part of the method Alliance peacekeeping and reinforce the Euro-atalantic security and stability. " J. Kriendler (the "Exchange Alliance. Crisis Management and Conflict Prevention") proposes the following algorithm for crisis management: a) collecting and evaluating information (knowledge of the phenomenon of crisis, collecting data and information); b) situation analysis; c) setting goals; d) analysis and comparison of alternatives of action; e) implementation of selected variant; f) military g) consider relations / feedback. a) b) c) d) Political-military crisis management involves: monitoring the crisis; identification of crisis; control of the crisis; defuse the crisis.

Scale attacks on international relations, regional or global management process involves: a) study by specialized bodies, national and international, the contradictions within states or between them or those that might arise and escalate the conflict states; b) follow developments closely and permanent state of crisis, finding appropriate means and ways to counteract negative trends, in accordance with principles of international law; c) condemnation and disapproval, political, diplomatic, any acts of violence; d) political action, diplomatic, economic and other sanctions to deter escalation of violent demonstrations, subject to debate and resolve conflict international bodies empowered states (UN, OSCE, other organizations); e) concerted action to halt violent demonstrations when they take a dangerous course, social reconciliation and political forces involved, the settlement at the negotiation table; f) resolving disputes under Art. 2 of the UN Charter, by negotiations; 6

g) monitoring the fulfillment of decisions taken by international bodies competent in the handling of this crisis5. Responding to crises (domestic, regional, international, etc.) to be fair, appropriate and effective, must necessarily meet several key conditions: a) be given an informed choice, which entails taking some deep investigation to understand the characteristics of the phenomenon; b) be preventive, proactive, if possible, pre-facto and not after the fact; c) to provide solutions to materialize into action, including taking risks and therefore bear the consequences of failure. Assessment involves a crisis response and action on two levels: strategic and operational level (tactical or common). Crisis management capacity is successfully solving the group decider dysfunctional situations, so the occurrence or recurrence crizogene phenomena not to be repeated. If a crisis is not resolved in time, it tends to degenerate into armed conflicts, with unpredictable effects on humanity. Military analysts consider that there are certain situations that favor the transition from a state of crisis to the war: a) there is a significant shift of power between conflicting actors (most strongly is encouraged by low costs of armed aggression); b) excessive pressure to the internal instability of states or groups of states (war is a way valve or drinking and fighting of the conflict); c) the actual state of crisis stake is the fundamental value of a state: its existence and survival (the time assumes any responsible government involvement in military conflict as the ultimate solution to this challenge response) d) "pressure coefficient" exerted by neighboring states6. On conflict management, taking into account the necessity of international powers and institutions involved in resolving crises and conflict (UN, OSCE, EU, NATO) procedures currently used to name a few: a) negotiation; b) the good offices; c) investigation and information gathering mission; d) mediation and conciliation (compromise); e) arbitration; f) regulation legally; In the context of risk reduction of major military conflicts in international relations, while the emergence of new risk factors of the manifestation of destabilizing phenomena as a result of adverse developments in the economy, democratization, human rights, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, illegal migration, disparities and instability in some countries in the region, multiplying acts of extremism, separatism and xenophobia, limiting access to Romania on regional resources or opportunities, international terrorism and transnational business networks, system security actions encroaching on shipping / maritime and international, the challenge of ecological disaster, regidiv crifogen is possible and more menacing than ever. Crisis management involves:
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I. Voievozeanu, C. Romanovski, p. 12. C. Hlihor, History and geopolitical Europe sec XX, Bucuresti, Academy of Military Studies, 1999, p. 55; I. Conea, "Gepoliticcs. A New Science ", in Geopolitics, Craiova, Industries, 1939, p. 78;D. Bue, pp. 90-91

a) a balanced ratio between the time of crisis prevention and the capacity to intervene promptly to address them; b) thinking and being able to take into account the uncertainties; c) cooperation with public authorities on the response to the crisis; d) response to the crisis. Measures for management of the crisis: a) preventive (political and diplomatic actions); b) measures of response (by appeal to the National Integrated System) c) measures to counter the surprise (the combined actions of military and civilian); d) measures against agression (internal measures in cooperation with the Alliance according to art. 5); e) measures for establishing a state of alert (measures to be taken depending on the extent and intensity of crises).

Impact of crises on the global economy

Conflicts taking place worldwide are considered crisis. Recognition and their evaluation must consider the context in which it can produce knowledge of the dynamics of risks and threats in the nature and class interests that they would undermine the internal contradictions level assessment, zone or regional: economic imbalances, technical, scientific, political , cultural forces affected relationships, the failure of individual economic systems, political and security threats and challenges that generate phenomena; failure treatment system which guarantees peace and security. To identify a crisis in the context of international relations and have asked the following phenomena: a) the existence or occurrence of a dispute and / or conflict between two or more subjects, in most cases are countries, groups of states, communities, organizations and non-state organizations; b) detect the fact that the parties take action and adopt a strategy, domestically and internationally, seeking power use means available to preserve their own interests; c) compatibility issues / incompatibility between the strategies adopted: if a dispute resulting strategies are compatible, if strategies are incompatible apparent conflict of interest (when a party interests obstruct or undermine the interests of other parties). Further, the question of negotiations, mediation and compromise or suspension of dialogue and confrontation problem. If the parties fail to reach a compromise, they will use all means of power in a coercive manner, both to defend and initial goals and to achieve their opponent's detriment - the path that leads to conflict. Using power means a coercive manner is essential to identify the crisis indicator. If one party uses means of military power to direct threat of aggression against its opponent, it can be appreciated as it came to armed conflict.

Impact of the crisis in Georgia on the EU bloc countries

Armed conflict between Russia and Georgia has created a political-military crisis 8

likely to profound transformations in the international relations system. Rapid and fundamental degradation of institutional mechanisms for cooperation and relations between Russia, on the one hand, and the EU on the other hand, marks a new period of confrontation in the beginning with serious implications for regional security and stability. Georgia crisis endangers the stability of several former Soviet bloc states, levied unilaterally by Russia as its primary area of interests and faced with secessionist conflicts, initiated and supported politically, economically and militarily by the Russian Federation. The armed conflict between Russia and Georgia has clearly demonstrated the role of Russia in this conflict and limits some of the current system of providing stability in the frozen conflict zones. By triggering a large-scale military operations, attacking civilian objects and occupation of parts of Georgia, Russian Federation violated the basic principles of international law and committed an act of aggression against an independent member of the UN. Through its actions, Russia has finally undermined the position of peacemaker and mediator in conflict resolution in Georgia confirms the role or part in inter-state conflict and the nature of the dispute between Russia and Georgia in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Russia's involvement in the Transnistrian conflict is similar to the situation in Georgia and may have negative consequences for its settlement. The decision to resort the use of forces demonstrates the determination of Russia to use all means to counter Euro-Atlantic aspirations of Georgia and, indirectly, of Ukraine, and possibly the Republic of Moldova. The decision to use force to promote their interests even at the cost of serious damage to its image in the world, shows that for Moscow to halt NATO enlargement to the East and maintaining full control of the post-Soviet states are objectives more important than building partnership relations with the EU and U.S. The fact that this foray was partly explained by the need to protect Russian citizens in South Ossetia and Abkhazia in conditions creates a worrying precedent in several postSoviet states have a substantial number of Russian citizens and Russia can always intervene in other cases, under the pretext of defending its own citizens. Against the backdrop of war in Georgia, may be expected that Moscow could try to demonstrate its peaceful settlement of conflicts in the CIS, proposing a solution to the Transnistrian conflict settlement form, but in essence it would lead to consolidation of Russian influence. Following the military conflict between Russia and Georgia, the European Union show a willingness to engage more actively in solving frozen conflicts, and to send clearer signals to encourage European integration aspirations for eastern states of its neighborhood.

Opinion

They say "the world's conflicts are more than grains of sand" and maybe that is true, equally true is that as society itself affects our system of values, principles and beliefs, behavior and views on conflict. People live and work together so it is very important for them to understand each other. Conflict is a natural part of everyday life, a fact of life, inherent in human relationships, it can be treated positive or negative ways. Addressed through positive thinking, conflict can result in creative way, be a positive force for personal growth and social change, also addressed by negative thinking, destructive conflict can result from both emotionally, spiritually and physical. Conflict can become a source of growing and learning, helps to discover their own values and beliefs on individual mental health. Conflict management capabilities can be learned: the practice can improve communication, negotiation, facilitation, conflict mediation. How we define a problem, determine if and how we resolve. In a conflict, feelings are important, sometimes not reach the grounds of conflict and can not solve until you consider the unrealized feelings. Finally I found a conflict leads to a step off to resolve a crisis and avoid a crisis is a big step towards evolution. In the end I want to express a postulation: a country without an army or army depressed, weak, humble, is a country without independent in finding who the army encroaching own country, encroaching upon the independence of that country so that person will have to be treated as a traitor.

Bibliography
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C. Hlihor, 1999, History and geopolitical Europe century XX, Bucuresti, Academy of Military Studies. C.F. Herman, 1969, Crisis in Foreing Policy, Indianapolis, Bobs Merril Co. D. Bulei, 2006, Crisis management and regional conflicts, Publishing. Foundation "Romnia de mine". G. Nicolaescu, 2003, Politico-military crisis management, Publishing Top Forum, Bucureti. Gh. Vduva, M. Dinu, 2005, Politico-military crises of the beginning of the millennium, Publishing National Defense University. J.L. Dafour, 2002, International crises. From Beijing (1900) in Kosovo (1999). Publishing Corint, Bucureti. J.S. Goldestein, J.C. Pevehouse, 2008, International Relations, Iai, Publishing Polirom. M. Mndru,1999, Politico-military crisis management, Publishing AISM. .R. Vergati, 2005," Crises result of chance?" in Politico-military crisis management, Publishing Top From.

Webography
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/vms.htm http://www.iiss.org/publications/military-balance/the-military-balance-2010/ http://www.routledge.com/books/ http://www.globalsecurity.org/

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