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Maoism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (simplified Chinese: 毛泽东; pinyin:思想 Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), is a variant
of Communism derived from the teachings of the Chinese leader Mao Zedong (Wade-Giles Romanization:
"Mao Tse-tung").
"Marxism consists of thousands of truths, but they all boil down to one: It's right to rebel against reactionaries."[1] Communism
Mao Zedong Thought has always been the preferred term by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the word Basic concepts
Maoism has rarely been used in its English-language publications except pejoratively. Likewise, Maoist groups Marxist philosophy
outside China only began to call themselves Maoist after the death of the man himself, a reflection of Mao's Class struggle
Proletarian internationalism
view that he did not change, but only developed, Marxism-Leninism. Contemporary Maoist groups, believing
Communist party
Mao's theories to have been sufficiently substantial additions to the basics of the Marxist canon, have since the
Ideologies
1980s called themselves "Marxist-Leninist-Maoist" (MLM), Revolutionary Communist or simply "Maoist."[2]
Marxism Leninism Maoism
In the People's Republic of China (PRC), Mao Zedong Thought is part of the official doctrine of the CPC, but Trotskyism Juche
since 1978 and the beginning of Deng Xiaoping's market economy-oriented reforms, the concept of "socialism Left Council
Religious Anarchist
with Chinese characteristics" has dominated politics and Chinese economic reform has been implemented. The
official definition of Mao's original ideology has been radically altered and marginalized in the PRC (see Communist internationals
Communist League
History of China).[3] Outside the PRC, from the 1960s onwards the term Maoism has been used, usually in a
hostile sense, to describe parties or individuals who supported Mao Zedong and his form of communism. First International
Second International
The Communist Party of Peru known as the Shining Path was the first grouping to officially call itself 'Maoist', Comintern
Fourth International
and has since been followed by other groups advocating the People's War in the Third World,[4] including the
contemporary Communist Party of India (Maoist), the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the Communist Prominent communists
Party of the Philippines. Marx and Engels
Vladimir Lenin
All those using the self-description 'Maoist' believe that capitalism was restored in the Soviet Union under Rosa Luxemburg
Nikita Khruschev and in China under Deng Xiaoping. Traditionally most Maoists have deemed Joseph Stalin as Joseph Stalin
the last true socialist leader of the Soviet Union, although Maoist assessments of Stalin vary between the Leon Trotsky
Mao Zedong
extremely positive and the more ambivalent.[5] Communist state
Related subjects
Criticisms of communism
Anti-capitalism
Democratic centralism
Anti-communism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism 20/11/2007
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Contents
n 1 Maoist theory Dictatorship of the proletariat
n 2 Maoism in China Eurocommunism
n 3 Maoism internationally History of communism
n 4 Maoism today Left-wing politics
n 5 Military strategy Luxemburgism
n 6 See also New Class New Left
n 7 External links Post-Communism
n 7.1 General
Primitive communism
n 7.2 Selected organizations listed alphabetically
Socialism Stalinism
n 7.3 Revolutions
Socialist economics
n 8 References Titoism
Communism Portal
Maoist theory
Unlike the earlier forms of Marxism-Leninism in which the urban proletariat was seen as the main source of revolution, and the countryside
was largely ignored, Mao focused on the peasantry as the main revolutionary force who, he said, could be led by the proletariat and its
vanguard, the CCP. The model for this was the Chinese communist rural Protracted People's War of the 1920s and 1930s, which eventually
brought the CCP to power. Furthermore, unlike other forms of Marxism-Leninism, in which large-scale industrial development was seen as a
positive force, Maoism asserted that in a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, agrarian revolution is the priority. Mao felt that this strategy
made sense during the early stages of socialism in a country in which most of the people were peasants. Unlike most other political
ideologies, including other socialist and Marxist ones, Maoism contains an integral military doctrine and explicitly connects its political
ideology with military strategy. In Maoist thought, "political power comes from the barrel of the gun" (one of Mao's quotes)[6], and the
peasantry can be mobilized to undertake a "people's war" of armed struggle involving guerrilla warfare in three stages.[7]
The first stage involves mobilizing and organizing the peasantry. The second stage involves setting up rural base areas and increasing
coordination among the guerrilla organizations. The third stage involves a transition to conventional warfare. Maoist military doctrine likens
guerrilla fighters to fish swimming in a sea of peasants, who provide logistical support.
Maoism emphasizes "revolutionary mass mobilization" (physically mobilizing the vast majority of a population in the struggle for socialism
[8] ), the concept of New Democracy, and the Theory of Productive Forces as applied to village-level industries independent of the outside
world (see Great Leap Forward). In Maoism, deliberate organizing of massive military and economic power is necessary to defend the
revolutionary area from outside threat, while centralization keeps corruption under supervision, amid strong control, and sometimes alteration,
by the revolutionaries of the area's arts and sciences.
A key concept that distinguishes Maoism from most other left-wing ideologies (save for "mainstream" Marxism-Leninism and Trotsky's
theories) is the belief that the class struggle continues throughout the entire socialist period, as a result of the fundamental antagonistic
contradiction between capitalism and communism. Even when the proletariat has seized state power through a socialist revolution, the
potential remains for the restoration of capitalism. Indeed, Mao famously stated that "the bourgeoisie [in a socialist country] is right inside the
Communist Party itself", implying that corrupt Party officials would subvert socialism if not prevented. This was officially the main reason
for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, in which Mao exhorted the public to "Bombard the [Party] headquarters!" and wrest control of
the government from bureaucrats (such as Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping) perceived to be on the capitalist road.
This is akin to the "Stalinist" theory of the aggravation of class struggle under socialism.
Mao's doctrine is best summarized in the Little Red Book of Mao Zedong, which was distributed to everyone in China as the basis of
revolutionary education. This book consists of quotations from the earliest days of the revolution to the mid-1960s, just before the beginning
of the Cultural Revolution.
Maoism in China
Since the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, and the reforms of Deng Xiaoping starting in 1978, the People's Republic of China
role of Mao's ideology within the PRC has radically changed.[9] Although Mao Zedong Thought
nominally remains the state ideology, Deng's admonition to seek truth from facts means that state
policies are judged on their practical consequences and the role of ideology in determining policy
has been considerably reduced. Deng also separated Mao from Maoism, making it clear that Mao
was fallible and hence that the truth of Maoism comes from observing social consequences rather
than by using Mao's quotations as holy writ, as was done in Mao's lifetime.
In addition, the party constitution has been rewritten to give the pragmatic ideas of Deng Xiaoping
as much prominence as those of Mao. One consequence of this is that groups outside China which This article is part of the series:
describe themselves as Maoist generally regard China as having repudiated Maoism and restored Politics and government of
capitalism, and there is a wide perception both in and out of China that China has abandoned the People's Republic of China
Maoism. However, while it is now permissible to question particular actions of Mao and to talk
about excesses taken in the name of Maoism, there is a prohibition in China on either publicly Central government
questioning the validity of Maoism or questioning whether the current actions of the CCP are Constitution
"Maoist." Past constitutions:
President: Hu1954 1975 1978
Jintao
National People's Congress
Guiding Political Ideologies
Although Mao Zedong Thought is still listed as one of the four cardinal principles of the People's NPC Standing Committee
Mao Zedong: Mao Zedong Thought
Republic of China, its historical role has been re-assessed. The Communist Party now says that
Maoism was necessary to break China free from its feudal past, but that the actions of Mao are
seen to have led to excesses during the Cultural Revolution. The official view is that China has
now reached an economic and political stage, known as the primary stage of socialism, in which Premier: Wen Jiabao
China faces new and different problems completely unforeseen by Mao, and as such the solutions State Council
People's Liberation Army
that Mao advocated are no longer relevant to China's current conditions.
Central Military Commission
Both Maoist critics outside China and most Western commentators see this re-working of the Law of the PRC
Supreme People's Court
definition of Maoism as providing an ideological justification for what they see as the restoration Supreme People's Procuratorate
of the essentials of capitalism in China by Deng and his successors.
Communist Party of China
Constitution
Mao himself is officially regarded by the CCP as a "great revolutionary leader" for his role in General Secretary
fighting the Japanese and creating the People's Republic of China, but Maoism as implemented National Congress
between 1959 and 1976 is regarded by today's CCP as an economic and political disaster. In Central Committee
Deng's day, support of radical Maoism was regarded as a form of "left deviationism" and being Secretariat
based on a cult of personality, although these 'errors' are officially attributed to the Gang of Four Politburo
Politburo Standing Committee
rather than to Mao himself. CPPCC
Minor Political Parties
Although these ideological categories and disputes are less relevant at the start of the 21st century,
Elections
these distinctions were very important in the early 1980s, when the Chinese government was faced Political divisions
with the dilemma of how to allow economic reform to proceed without destroying its own Human rights
legitimacy, and many argue that Deng's success in starting Chinese economic reform was in large Foreign relations
part due to his being able to justify those reforms within a Maoist framework. Foreign aid
See also
Some historians today regard Maoism as an ideology devised by Mao as a pretext for his own Politics of Hong Kong
quest for power. The official view of the Chinese government was that Mao did not create Maoism Politics of Macau
Politics of the Republic of China
to gain power, but that in his later years, Mao or those around him were able to use Maoism to
create a cult of personality.[10] Other countries · Atlas
Politics Portal
Both the official view of the CCP and much public opinion within China regards the latter period
of Mao's rule as having been a disaster for their country. The various estimates of the number of deaths attributable to Mao's policies that have
been offered remain highly controversial.
Progress is born in chaos. And originality comes from destruction.[11]
---Mao Zedong
The implementation of Maoist thought in China may have been responsible for over 70 million deaths in peacetime,[12][13] with the Great
Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, Though some think it is closer to 30 million. Land reforms and "reeducation" resulted in famines
indirectly that killed the vast majority of that number but active campaigns to execute those deemed contrary to the implementation of
communism was common. The incidents of destruction of cultural heritage, religion, and art remain controversial. For more discussion of this
period, see the article Cultural Revolution.
Still, many regret the erosion of guaranteed employment, education, health care, and other gains of the revolution that have been largely lost
in the new profit-driven economy. This is reflected in a strain of Chinese Neo-Leftism in the country that seeks to return China to the days
after Mao but before Deng; for more on that current's beliefs, see its article.
Some Western scholars argue that China's rapid industrialization and relatively quick recovery from the brutal period of civil wars 1911-1949
was a positive impact of Maoism, and contrast its development specifically to that of Southeast Asia, Russia and India. While others see it as
catastrophe for the environment, with Maoism specifically engaged in a battle to dominate and subdue nature.[14]
Maoism internationally
From 1962 onwards the challenge to the Soviet hegemony in the World Communist Movement made by the CCP Part of a series on
resulted in various divisions in communist parties around the world. At an early stage, the Albanian Party of Maoism
Labour sided with the CCP. So did many of the mainstream (non-splinter group) communist parties in South-East
Asia, like the Burmese Communist Party, Communist Party of Thailand, and Communist Party of Indonesia.
Some Asian parties, like the Workers Party of Vietnam and the Workers Party of Korea attempted to take a
middle-ground position.
In the west and south, a plethora of parties and organizations were formed that upheld links to the CCP. Often
they took names such as Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) or Revolutionary Communist Party to distinguish
themselves from the traditional pro-Soviet communist parties. The pro-CCP movements were, in many cases,
based amongst the wave of student radicalism that engulfed the world in the 1960s and 1970s.
Only one Western classic communist party sided with CCP, the Communist Party of New Zealand. Under the Basic concepts
leadership of CCP and Mao Zedong, a parallel international communist movement emerged to rival that of the Marxism-Leninism
New Democracy
Soviets, although it was never as formalized and homogeneous as the pro-Soviet tendency. Anti-Revisionism
Prominent Maoists
3 Worlds Theory
Mao Zedong
After the death of Mao in 1976 and the resulting power-struggles in China that followed, the international Maoist
Social-imperialism
Prachanda
movement was divided into three camps. One group composed of varies ideologically nonaligned originations,
Mass line
supported weakly the new Chinese leadership under Deng Xiaoping. Another camp denounced the new
leadership as traitors to the cause of Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong Thought. The third camp sided with the
Albanians in denouncing the Three Worlds Theory of the CCP. (See Sino-Albanian Split.)
The pro-Albanian camp would start to function as an international group,[15] led by Enver Hoxha and the APL,
and was able to amalgamate much of the communist groups in Latin America, including the Communist Party of Bob Avakian
Brazil. Zhang Chunqiao
José María Sison
The new Chinese leadership showed little interest in the various foreign groups supporting Mao's China. Many of
Abimael Guzmán
the foreign parties that were fraternal parties aligned with the Chinese government before 1975 either disbanded,
abandoned the new Chinese government entirely, or even renounced Marxism-Leninism and developed into non- Charu Majumdar
communist, social democratic parties. What is today called the "international Maoist movement" evolved out of Jiang Qing
the second camp — the parties that opposed Deng and claimed to uphold the legacy of Mao. İbrahim Kaypakkaya
Maoist tendencies
During the 1980s two parallel regrouping efforts emerged, one centered around the Communist Party of the
Philippines, which gave birth to the ICMLPO, and one that birthed the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement, Conference of M-L
Parties and
Portuguese Organizations
MRPP poster
which the Shining Path communist guerrilla group and the Revolutionary Communist Party USA played a
leading role in forming. Revolutionary
Internationalist Movement
Both the International Conference and the RIM tendencies claimed to uphold Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Related subjects
Thought, although RIM was later to substitute that ideology with what they termed 'Marxism-Leninism-Maoism'. Communist Party of China
Cultural Revolution
Maoism today Little Red Book
Naxalism
Today Maoist organizations, grouped in RIM, have their greatest influence in South Asia, they are also involved
in violent struggles in other parts of the world, notably in Bangladesh, and until recently Nepal. There are also
minor groups active in Peru[16] and Turkey[17][18].
In the Philippines, the Communist Party of the Philippines, which is not part of the RIM, leads an armed struggle through its military wing,
the New People's Army.
In Peru, several columns of the Communist Party of Peru/SL are fighting a sporadic war. Since the capture of their leadership, Chairman
Gonzalo and other members of their central committee in 1992, the PCP/SL no longer has initiative in the fight. Several different political
positions are supported by the leadership of the PCP/SL.
In India, the Communist Party of India (Maoist) have been fighting a protracted war.[19] Formed by the merger of the People's War Group
and the Maoist Communist Center("notorious for its macabre killings") originating from the 25 May 1967 peasant uprising.[20], they have
expanded their range of operations to over half of India and have been listed by the Prime Minister as the "greatest internal security threat" to
the Indian republic since it was founded.[21][22][23]
In Germany the ICMLPO-affiliated MLPD is the largest unambiguously-Marxist group in the country.
Maoism has also become a significant political ideology in Nepal The Maoist insurgency has been fighting against the Royal Nepalese Army
and other supporters of the monarchy. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), a RIM member, has conditionally halted its armed struggle
and is participating in an interim government, including in elections for a national assembly.[24]
Military strategy
Mao is widely regarded as a brilliant military strategist even among those who oppose his political or economic ideas. His writings on
guerrilla warfare, most notably in his groundbreaking primer On Guerrilla Warfare,[25] and the notion of people's war are now generally
considered to be essential reading, both for those who wish to conduct guerrilla operations and for those who wish to oppose them.
As with his economic and political ideas, Maoist military ideas seem to have more relevance at the start of the 21st century outside of the
People's Republic of China than within it. There is a consensus both within and outside the PRC that the military context that the PRC faces
in the early 21st century are very different from the one faced by China in the 1930s. As a result, within the People's Liberation Army there
has been extensive debate over whether and how to relate Mao's military doctrines to 21st-century military ideas, especially the idea of a
revolution in military affairs.
See also
n Quotations From Chairman Mao Zedong
n History of the People's Republic of China
n Cult of Personality
n New Democracy (concept)
n List of people described as Maoists
n Deng Xiaoping Theory
n Three Represents
External links
General
n The Encyclopedia of Marxism (http://marxists.org/glossary/terms/m/a.htm#maoism) Mao Zedong Thought.

n The Encyclopedia of Marxism (http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm#mao-tse-tung) Mao's life.
n LookSmart's FindArticles - Destructive will and ideological holocaust: Maoism as a source of social suffering in China Daedalus,
Winter 1996, by Wei-ming, Tu. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3671/is_199601/ai_n8751566
n Monthly Review January 2005 (http://www.monthlyreview.org/0105commentary.htm) Text of the leaflets distributed by the Zhengzhou
Four.
n Maoist News and Commentary (http://mimnotes.info/)
n World Revolution Media (http://revmedia.net/) Maoist revolutionary film, music, and art archive
n Mao: A Re-evaluation (http://re-evaluationmao.org/) A New View Of Mao
n What Maoism Has Contributed (http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/0906amin.htm) by Samir Amin
Selected organizations listed alphabetically
n Chinese Communist Party (http://www.ccponline.net/) *in Chinese*

n Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) (http://www.philippinerevolution.org/)
n Freedom Road Socialist Organization (http://www.frso.org/)
n Revolutionary Communist Party of Canada (PCR-RCP) (http://www.pcr-rcpcanada.org/)
n Revolutionary Communist Party USA (http://revcom.us/) Revolution paper online
n Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (http://www.awtw.org/rim/index.htm)
Committee of various Marxist-Leninist-Maoist parties from around the world
n Communist Party of the Portuguese Workers (http://www.pctpmrpp.org/) PCTP/MRPP (Portugal)
Revolutions
n A paper on "Maoists of Nepal" from website of "South Asia Analysis Group" www.saag.org
(http://www.saag.org/papers3/paper277.html)
n Philippine Revolution Web Central (http://www.philippinerevolution.net/) Information on Communist Party Of The Philippines, the
New People's Army, and Revolution in the Philippines
n Search (http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&q=+site:news.bbc.co.uk+Maoists) BBC for
news about Maoists (using Google)
n Search for Maoists (http://news.google.com/news?q=Maoists&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&sa=N&tab=wn) on
Google News
References
1. ^ http://www.marx2mao.com/Other/RTOC68.html
2. ^ http://www.csrp.org/rim/longlivemlm.htm
3. ^ http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/comfaq.htm#part8
4. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/upf.htm
5. ^ Graham Young On Socialist Development and the Two Roads The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 8 (Jul., 1982), pp. 75-84
doi:10.2307/2158927
6. ^ http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.2003.105.2.278?cookieSet=1&journalCode=aa
7. ^ Bard E. O'Neill Contributor Edward C . Meyer. Insurgency & Terrorism: Inside Modern Revolutionary Warfare Published 2001 Brassey's History /
Military / War 182 pages ISBN 1574883356
8. ^ * The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization by John L. H. Keep * The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in
Petrograd by Alexander Rabinowitch Author(s) of Review: Paul M. Johnson The American Political Science Review, Vol. 73, No. 1 (Mar., 1979), pp.
287-289 doi:10.2307/1954820
9. ^ http://journalism.berkeley.edu/faculty/schell/schelldeng.html
10. ^ Raymond F. Wylie. The Emergence of Maoism: Mao Tse-tung, Ch'en Po-ta, and the Search for Chinese Theory 1935-1945
11. ^ http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/maoism.html
12. ^ Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Untold Story (Jonathan Cape, 2005) Page 3.
13. ^ http://www.cis.org.au/Policy/autumn06/autumn06_10.pdf
14. ^ By Judith Rae Shapiro Contributor Donald Worster, Alfred W Crosby Mao's War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary
China Published 2001 Cambridge University Press Politics / Current Events 306 pages ISBN 0521786800
15. ^ ROMA OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Author: Judith Latham DOI: 10.1080/009059999109037. Published in: journal Nationalities Papers,
Volume 27, Issue 2 June 1999 , pages 205 - 226
16. ^ http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA255144
17. ^ http://www.rwor.org/a/v24/1181-1190/1187/mkp.htm
18. ^ http://www.pacificnews.org/jinn/stories/2.18/960904-kurd.html
19. ^ http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/IN_MAO.htm?v=in_detail
20. ^ http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/mcc.htm
21. ^ Jo Johnson, Leftist Insurgents Kill 50 Indian Policemen. Financial Times, March 15, 2007.
22. ^ http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20339
23. ^ http://us.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/02espec.htm
24. ^ http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5283.htm
25. ^ http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1937/guerrilla-warfare/
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism"
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n This page was last modified 13:13, 20 November 2007.

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Maoism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 sur 10

Progress is born in chaos. And originality comes from destruction.[11]

n The Encyclopedia of Marxism (http://marxists.org/glossary/terms/m/a.htm#maoism) Mao Zedong Thought.

Selected organizations listed alphabetically

n Chinese Communist Party (http://www.ccponline.net/) in Chinese

Committee of various Marxist-Leninist-Maoist parties from around the world

n Communist Party of the Portuguese Workers (http://www.pctpmrpp.org/) PCTP/MRPP (Portugal)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism"

n This page was last modified 13:13, 20 November 2007.

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