"Eruption" redirects here. For other uses, see Eruption (disambiguation).

Mosaic of some eruptive structures formed during volcanic activity: An eruption column from a Plinian eruption, Pahoehoelava flow from a Hawaiian eruption, and a lava arc from a Strombolian eruption.

Index (VEI), amagnitudic scale ranging from 0 to 8 that often correlates to eruptive types

Why does the Philippines have many volcanoes?

During a volcanic eruption, lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure. Several types of volcanic eruptions have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series. There are three different metatypes of eruptions. The most well-observed are magmatic eruptions, which involve the decompression of gas within magma that propels it forward. Phreatomagmatic eruptions are another type of volcanic eruption, driven by the compression of gas within magma, the direct opposite of the process powering magmatic activity. The last eruptive metatype is thePhreatic eruption, which is driven by the superheating of steam via contact with magma; these eruptive types often exhibit no magmatic release, instead causing the granulation of existing rock. Within these wide-defining eruptive types are several subtypes. The weakest are Hawaiian andsubmarine, then Strombolian, followed by Vulcanian and Surtseyan. The stronger eruptive types are Pelean eruptions, followed by Plinian eruptions; the strongest eruptions are called "Ultra Plinian." Subglacial and Phreatic eruptions are defined by their eruptive mechanism, and vary in strength. An important measure of eruptive strength is Volcanic Explosivity

The Philippines sits on a unique tectonic setting ideal to volcano formation. The archipelago is surrounded by subducting plates as manifested by the trenches that are related to volcano formation.

Classification of Volcanoes

1) Active volcanoes: erupted within historical times (within the last 600 years), accounts of these eruptions were documented by man; erupted within the last 10,000 years based on analyses of datable materials.

List of Active volcanoes

2) Potentially active volcanoes: morphologically younglooking but with no historical records of eruption.

Types of hazards posed by an active volcano

LAVA FLOW Lava flow is a higly elongated mass of molten rock materials cascading downslope from an erupting vent. The lava flow being extruded has low silica and low water contents. Rate of flow: 3 km/day (slightly high viscosity) or 45 km/hour (low viscosity). Speed and geometry of lava flows depend on local topography. Steep slopes encourage faster and longer flows than gentle slopes or terrain DOME GROWTH Lava dome is a pile or mound of lava that grew on the floor of an active crater, on the side slopes via a feeder vent that breached through the surface of the edifice, or inside the volcanic edifice. Types: Exodomes - lava domes that were formed on the surface of the volcanic edifice) Cryptodomes - lava domes that grew anywhere inside the edifice PYROCLASTIC FLOW Pyriclastic flow refers to hot dry masses of fragmented volcanic materials that move along the slope and in contact with ground surface. This includes: pumice flow, ash flow, block-and-ash flow, nuee ardente and glowing avalanche. Mechanism... Pyroclastic flow mechanism:

Nuee ardente is a glowing eruption cloud characterized by: extreme heat (about 500 C or higher) 1. high gas contentrapid flow down the slope of an erupting volcano enormous amounts of ash and other fragmental volcanic materials A nuee ardente may originate directly from an active crater or from a collapse of a growing lava dome. PYROCLASTIC SURGE Pyroclastic surges are turbulent low-concentration density currents of gases, rock debris and in some cases, water, that move above the ground surface at high velocities. Types: Ground surge, Ash-cloud surge, Base surge HOT BLASTS * Hot blasts arise when pent-up gases facilitate their way out through the impermeable overlying materials and cause a very rapid escape into the atmosphere. Blasts that are directed obliquely often do much damage and could exact a high toll in human lives. * Lateral blasts are combination of pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges with an especially strong initial laterallydirected thrust. They have an initial velocity of 600 kph and slow down to about 100 kph near its margin 25 km from the volcano. TEPHRA FALLS Tephra falls may consist of pumice, scoria, dense lithic materials or crystals or combination of the four. Particle size: less than 2 mm diameter (ash) , 2-64 mm diameter (lapilli) , more than 64 mm diameter (blocks and bombs) VOLCANIC GAS Volcanic gas is one of the basic components of a magma or lava. Active and inactive volcanoes may release to the atmosphere gases in the form of: water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide , carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluorid. Aside from the major constituents, minor amounts of nitrogen, methane, argon and helium may be also present in volcanic gases. The proportion of these components changes with changing temperature. LAHAR Lahar (an Indonesian term), sometimes called mudflows or volcanic debris flows, are flowing mixtures of volcanic debris and water. Lahars are classfied into: Primary or hot lahar associated directly with volcanic eruption and Secondary or cold lahar - caused by heavy rainfall. Lahar distribute and redistribute volcanic ash and debris deposited around the volcano after the materials has cooled and has become water logged. Lahar in tropical areas can be produced by: * sudden draining of a crater lake, caused by either an explosive eruption or collapse of a crater fall (e.g. Agua,

Kelut, Ruapehu) * movement of a pyroclastic flow into a river or lake, displacing and mixing with water * avalanche of water-sustained rock debris, where water can be from heavy rain, hydrothermal activity or other sources * torrential rainfall on unconsolidated deposits on slope of a volcano (e.g. Pinatubo) * collapse of a temporary dam, where recent volcanic deposits have blocked a steam channel (e.g. Asama, Pinatubo TSUNAMI Tsunami are long-period sea waves or wave trains that are generated by the under-the-sea earthquake. Most tsunamis are caused by fault displacements on the sea floor and of volcanic sudden displacement of water. They travel at high speed water as low broad waves and build to great heights as they approach shores. Origin including volcanic or volcano-tectonic earthquakes, explosions collapse or subsidence, landslides, lahars, pyroclastic flows or debris avalanches entering bodies of water, and atmospheric waves that couple with the sea.

OTHER ERUPTION PHENOMENA Debris avalanche - fast downhill movement of soil and rock,
speed: 70 km/hr (due to high water content and steep slopes) caused by slope failure on the cones of stratovolcanoes

Hydrothermal explosions - explosions from instantaneous

flashing of steam upon contact with hot rocks

Secondary explosions are caused by the contact of water

with hot pyroclastic flow deposits.

Subsidence is a ground deformation resulting from the

downward adjustment of surface materials to the voids caused by volcanic activity. This may result also from mine workings or geothermal water or oil extraction.

Precursors of an Impending Volcanic Eruption The following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to erupt. These precursors may vary from volcano to volcano. 1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors 2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray due to entrained ash 3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater 4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion 5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area not attributable to heavy rains

6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes 7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g. Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g. Taal) near the volcano

8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano 9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano 10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones;appearance of solfataras.

Name of Volcano Babuyan Claro Banahaw Biliran Buddajo Bulusan Cagua Cabalian Camiguin de Babuyanes Didicas Hibok-hibok Iraya Iriga Kanlaon(Malaspina) Leonard Kniaseff Makaturing Matumtum Mayon Musuan Parker Pinatubo Ragang Smith Taal

Latitude (Deg-min) 19' 31.5" 14' 00" 11' 39" 6' 0.8" 12' 46.2" 18' 13.3" 1017'13.2" 18' 50" 19' 04.6" 9' 12.2" 20' 29" 13' 27.4" 10' 24.7" 7' 22.9" 7' 28.8" 6' 22" 13' 15.4" 7' 52" 6' 06.8" 15' 08.4" 7' 41.5" 19' 32.4" 14' 00.1"

Longitude (Deg-min) 121' 57" 121' 29" 124' 27.5" 121' 3.4" 124' 03" 122' 7.4" 12513.25' 121' 51.6" 121' 12.1" 124' 40.5" 124' 01" 123' 27.4" 123' 7.9" 126' 2.8" 124' 38" 125' 04" 123' 41.1" 125' 04.4" 124' 53.5" 120' 21" 124' 41.1" 121' 55" 120' 59.1"

Province Cagayan Laguna, Quezon Biliran Island Sulu Sorsogon Cagayan Southern Leyte Cagayan

Elevation (Km) 0.843 2.169 1.340 0.62 1.565 1.160

No. of Historical Latest Eruption/Activity Eruptions 4 3 1 2 17 2 1917 1843 1939 Sept. 26 1897 2010 Nov.-2011.Feb. 1907

0.712

1 6 5 1 2 26 No Data 10 1 49 2 1 3 8 5 33

1857 1978 Jan. 6-9 1948 Sept. 31 - 1953 July 1454 1642 Jan. 4 2006 June 1800 years ago 1882 1911 March 07 2009 Dec. 1867 1640 Jan. 04 1992 July 09 - August 16 1916 July 1924 1977 Oct. 3

Cagayan (Babuyan 0.843 Island Group) Camiguin Batanes Camarines Sur Negros Oriental Davao del Norte Lanao del Sur Cotobato Albay Bukidnon Cotobato 1.332 1.009 1.143 2.435 0.200 1.940 2.286 2.460 0.646 1.784

Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac and 1.445 Zambales Cotobato Cagayan(Babuyan Island Group) Batangas 2.815 0.688 0.311

Types of Volcanic Eruptions During an episode of activity, a volcano commonly displays a distinctive pattern of behavior. Some mild eruptions merely discharge steam and other gases, whereas other eruptions quietly extrude quantities of lava. The most spectacular eruptions consist of violent explosions that blast great clouds of gas-laden debris into the atmosphere. The type of volcanic eruption Is often labeled with the name of a well-known volcano where characteristic behavior is similar--hence the use of such terms as "Strombolian," "Vulcanian," "Vesuvian," "Pelean," "Hawaiian," and others. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during an interval of activity--others may display an entire sequence of types.

In a Strombolian-type eruption observed during the 1965 activity of Iraz Volcano in Costa Rica, huge clots of molten lava burst from the summit crater to form luminous arcs through the sky. Collecting on the flanks of the cone, lava clots combined to stream down the slopes in fiery rivulets. In contrast, the eruptive activity of Parcutin Volcano in 1947 demonstrated a "Vulcanian"-type eruption, in which a dense cloud of ash-laden gas explodes from the crater and raises high above the peak. Steaming ash forms a whitish cloud near the upper level of the cone. In a "Vesuvian" eruption, as typified by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Italy in A.D. 79, great quantities of ash-laden gas are

violently discharged to form cauliflower-shaped cloud high above the volcano. In a "Pelan" or "Nue Ardente (glowing cloud) eruption, such as occurred on the Mayon Volcano in the Philippines in 1968, a large quantity of gas, dust, ash, and incandescent lava fragments are blown out of a central crater, fall back, and form tongue-like, glowing avalanches that move downslope at velocities as great as 100 miles per hour. Such eruptive activity can cause great destruction and loss of life if it occurs in populated areas, as demonstrated by the devastation of St. Pierre during the 1902 eruption of Mont Pele on Martinique, Lesser Antilles. "Hawaiian" eruptions may occur along fissures or fractures that serve as linear vents, such as during the eruption of Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii in 1950; or they may occur at a central vent such as during the 1959 eruption in Kilauea Iki Crater of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. In fissure-type eruptions, molten, incandescent lava spurts from a fissure on the volcano's rift zone and feeds lava streams that flow downslope. In central-vent eruptions, a fountain of fiery lava spurts to a height of several hundred feet or more. Such lava may collect in old pit craters to form lava lakes, or form cones, or feed radiating flows. "Phreatic" (or steam-blast) eruptions are driven by explosive expanding steam resulting from cold ground or surface water coming into contact with hot rock or magma. The distinguishing feature of phreatic explosions is that they only blast out fragments of preexisting solid rock from the volcanic conduit; no new magma is erupted. Phreatic activity is generally weak, but can be quite violent in some cases, such as the 1965 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines, and the 1975-76 activity at La Soufrire, Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles).

can send ash and volcanic gas tens of miles into the air. The resulting ash fallout can affect large areas hundreds of miles downwind. Fast-moving deadly pyroclastic flows ("nues ardentes") are also commonly associated with plinian eruptions.

Mayon Volcano Mayon Volcano lies in the eastern portion of the province of Albay and is about 300 km. southeast of Manila. Well known for its beauty and near perfect cone, this active volcano is one of the tourist attractions of the country. Mayon reaches up to around 2,462 m. above sea level and covers an area of 250 sq. km. Its base circumference is 62.8 km. encompassing the towns of Camalig, Malilipot and Sto. Domingo. Mayon is classified as a stratovolcano or composite cone. It consists of deposits formed basically by four major types of volcanic activity: airfall deposition, pyroclastic flows, rain triggered debris flows and lava flows. Airfalls and pyroclastic flow deposits are composed of unconsolidated materials, varying in size from ash to ssmall boulders. These deposits result from the eruption of fragmented rocks from the crater and are transported downslope under the influence of gravity, explosion blast and the prevailing wind. Considered as the most active volcano in the Philippines, Mayon Volcano has had at least 43 eruptions since 1616. Its most violent and devastating outburst occurred on February 1, 1814. Nearby towns of Camalig, Cagsawa and Budiao were severely damaged, half of Guinobatan was ruined and at least 1,200 people perished in this eruption. The eruptions of Mayon are usually "Vulcanian" or explosive in nature. They are characterized by the emission of fine ash and ashladen gases forming huge "cauliflower" clouds. The symmetry of the volcano indicates that the eruptions have always occured at the central vent and that these have never been violent enough to destroy Mayon's form. Mayon, though sometimes destructive, is also productive. Its fertile slopes and surrounding plains, coupled by abundant rainfall through the year, have made Albay a rich agricultural region with the bulk of its population found in towns bordering the volcano such as Camalig, Guinobatan, Daraga, Legaspi, Sto. Domingo, Ligao and Malilipot. The region is suited for growing abaca and coconut, two of Bicol's major crops, as well as palay and vegetables. Taal Volcano Taal Volcano, one of the world's lowest volcanoes, is an island located near the center of Taal Lake in Batangas Province. Its highest point, 311m . Above sea level, is on the eastern rim of the main crater. Covering an area of 23 sq. km., the Volcano Island is surrounded by a fresh body of water, about two meters above sea level and 127 sq. km. in area. Taal Lake is known to have originated from the collapse of pre-historic volcanic centers. The underwater topography suggests the presence of about 35 different submerged volcanic landforms.

Taal Volcano, Philippines, 1965. The most powerful eruptions are called "plinian" and involve the explosive ejection of relatively viscous lava. Large plinian eruptions--such as during 18 May 1980 at Mount St. Helens or, more recently, during 15 June 1991 at Pinatubo in the Philippines--

Taal Volcano is a tuff cone. The rock formation consists of moderately consolidated ash beds with varying amounts of coarser fragments. Composed of at least 35 cones coalesced by several eruptions, Taal has about 47 craters or depressions formed either by direct explosive eruptions or by collapse or ground subsience. The 35 identified cones were formed by different type of volcanic processes: base surges (rapidly moving mixtures of volcanic debris and steam), airfalls and effusion of lava. Twenty-six of these cones are tuff cones, five are cinder cones and four are maars (shallow to deep circular depressions of volcanic origin). The Main Crater occupies the central portion of the Volcano Island. Twelve of Taal Volcano's eruptions occured at this crater from 1749 to 1911. There are five other major eruption centers, namely: Binintiang Malaki, Binintiang Munti, Pira-0piraso, Calauit and Mt. Tabaro Eruption Site. To date, Taal Volcano, has had 33 recorded eruption since its first known outburst in 1572. Its most catastrophic eruptions occured in 1754 and 1911. In 1754, the towns of Sala, Lipa, Tanauan, and Taal, then on the borders of Lake Taal, were destroyed and were subsequently relocated to their present sites. The 1911 eruption completely devastated the whole Volcano Island and claimed a toll of 1,034 lives. Ashes spewed out by the volcano reached as far as Manila and covered an area of 2,000 sq. km. Based on Taal Volcano's morphological features, it can be deduced that most of its eruptions were either Phreatic or Phreatomagmatic. Ground water and mobile magma may have either separately or jointly played the pricipal role in determining the nature of Taal eruptions. The 1968 and 1969 activities were, however, characterized as Strombolian with lava fountaining from several active vents and the effussion of molten rocks at the base of crater. Despite the hazards posed by the volcano, Taal Volcano Island has been attracting migrants because of its fertile soil and rich fishing grounds. Lake Taal is known for several varieties of milkfish, carps, maliputo and tawilis. The island had a population of more than 5,000 in 1990. Butusan Volcano Butusan Volcano is located at the south central part of Sorsogon Province. It covers a surface area roughly 400 sq. km. and towers to about 1559 m. above sea level. The volcano forms part of the Bicol Volcanic Chain which stretches from Camarines Norte in the north to Sorsogon in the south. The chain, sometimes called volcanic belt, is composed of active and geologically young volcanoes most probably related to the Philippine Trench. Bulusan is clasified as a composite volcano and is made up of lava flows and domes. It is flanked by several cones namely: Mt. Homahan, Mt. Binactan, Mt. Batuan, Mt. Juban, Mt. Calaunan, Mt. Tabon-Tabon, Mt. Calungalan and Mt. Jormajan. Beside the active volcano is an old ridge called Sharp Peak which is 1215 m. high and 1.8 km. to the northeast. Between Bulusan and Jormajan is theNatakop lava dome. LOCATION Latitude Longitude HEIGHT FROM SL

The earliest recorded eruption of Bulusan Volcano occured in 1852. This was followed by periods of eruptive activity in 1886, then 1892, and in 1894. Another 22 years elapsed before Bulusan showed signs of restiveness. On January 16, 1916, the volcano ejected mud and ash for five days, thereby triggering landslides. The volcano's eruptive activity from Oct. 1918 to March 1919 was characterized by dust emissions and lava outpourings. Bulusan's series of 17 eruptions during May 1919 to May 1922 were of short duration ranging from 15 to 30 minutes each. Other eruptions were recorded in June 1928 and Dec. 25, 1933 and then the volcano rested for 45 years. On June 28, 1978, it suddenly ejected ashladen steam clouds which formed in a dark column of smoke 1500 m. high. Andesitic baalt ash was ejected and blown by winds to as far as Barcelona in the northeast about 15 km. from the volcano. The eruptions which followed in 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1983 were all pheatric and as mild as the previous ones. A total of 60 barangays within the territorial jurisdiction of six municipalities (Barcelona, Bulusan, Casiguran, Gubat, Irosin and Juban) are covered by the Bulusan Volcano hazard zones established by PHIVOLCS. These barangays lie within 4-10 km. from the summit of Bulusan Volcano. Canlaon Volcano Canlaon Volcano, a large stratovolcano, is located in the north central portion of Negros Island. It forms a natural boundary between the provinces of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental. Canlaon has a maximum elevation of 2435 m and a basal diameter of 30 km. It is a part of the volcanic arc related to subduction along the Negros Trench, which includes Mt. Silay in the north, Mt. Mandalagon and Mt. Cuernos de Negros in the south. Canlaon consists of a multitude of craters and parasitic cones aligned linearly, with an older caldera in its central portion. Most of the older cratershave formed lakes or lagoons. The volcanic edifice has been built by airfall deposits, lava agglutinates and lava flows, pyroclastic flows and lahar. The earliest record of Canlaon's eruption dates back to 1866. Since then, it has had at least 15 eruption periods, the latest occuring this year (1988). Recorded eruptions have so far been mild, consisting of ash and steam explosion sometimes coupled with lava flows and pyroclastics. Occurrence of older deposits, however, suggests that pre-historic eruptions have been more violent. Though a large segment of the volcano is considered a forest reservation, settlers have already encroached on the area. Several sugarcane haciendas are located on Canlaon's slopes. Vegetable and rice form secondary agricultural products.

JOLO ISLAND : Southwestern Mindanao/Sulu Archipelago : 5 degrees 57.57' N : 121 degrees 10.44' E : 811 m. maximum

TYPE OF VOLCANO : Compound, mostly cinder cones and maars KNOWN ERUPTIONS : Mt. Dakula - 1641 Lake Seit - 1897 TYPE OF ACTIVITY : MAIN ROCK TYPE : Basalt Numerous cinder cones, tuff cones and maars make up the island A submarine volcanic activity was also reported on September 21, province of Jolo. In 1641, Magisa reported that on Jan. 4, a small 1897. The presence of a still active solfatara at Lake Seit, makes island "opposite the bar of the main river of Jolo" erupted and sent this maar the probable center of this activity. a shower of ash to as far as Zamboanga. However, a survey of Jolo and adjoining islands indicated that Mt. Dakula near Lake Panamo appears to be the most recent of all the cones in the province. MOUNT MATUTUM LOCATION : Southern Mindanao/Cotabato Latitude : 6 degrees 21' N Longitude : 125 degrees 06.5' E HEIGHT FROM SL : 2293 m. TYPE OF VOLCANO : Strato-volcano KNOWN ERUPTIONS : 1911 TYPE OF ACTIVITY : MAIN ROCK TYPES : Andesite About 70 km. south-southwest of Mt. Apo is a well preserved 2,293 m high cone named Matutum (which in the local dialect means "has fired or burnt out"). At the top is a 120-m deep and 320-m wide crater, breached by three gorges and covered with dense growth. An unconfirmed report states that Matutum was smoking on March 7 , 1911. However, several authors believe that the volcano is dormant. Mount Musuan of Calayo : Bukidnon Latitude : 7 52'N Longitude : 125 04'E Height from S.L. : 646 Type of Volcano : Essentially a tuff cone Known Eruptions : 1886 or 1887 Type of Activity : Main Rock Type : Location Musuan or Calayao volcano is an isolated tuff cone amidst a relatively flat, agriculturally rich terrain. It is vegetated from foot to summit with cogon grasses. Some trees thrive sparingly in its northeastern side. Its peak is flat and nearly circular with a diameter of 10-15 m. Jesuit Father, Eusebio Barado who traveled across the island of Mindanao from Misamis to Cotobato in 1891, reported Calayo's eruption some four years ago, and its emission of sulfurous vapors which burned everything around it. Musuan Volcano came into limelight when a swarm of fairly strong earthquakes rocked Valencia, Bukidnon, a municipality 4.5 km north of the volcano, from November 13 to 16, 1976. The event followed three major earthquakes that hit the Mindanao region (Cotobato Earthquakes of August 16 and 17, Magnitude 7, 9 and 6,8 respectively, and Surigao Earthquake of November 7, Magnitude 6,8), giving the impression that the swarm resulted from crustal or magmatic movement in the volcano, following . MOUNT RAGANG : Northern Mindanao/Lanao and Cotobato Latitude : 7 41.2'N Longtitude : 124" 31.8'E Height from S.L. : 2815 m Type of Volcano : Strato-volcano Known Eruption : 1756, 1834, 1840, 1856, 1858, Location what could be considered as part of the crustal readjustment process in the region. In the investigation conducted on November 21-30, 19 local tremors of varying magnitudes were recorded (A temporary seismograph was installed 4.5 km from the volcano during the period). Of these, 4 were perceptible. All the tremors resembled deep volcanic earthquakes with S-P measured at about 1.0 sec

Type of Activity Main Rock Type

1865, 1871, 1873, 1915, 1916 : Explosive with lava flow :

This volcano occupies the northeast end of a series of relatively young volcanic cones in the boundary of the provinces of Lanao and Cotobato. The eruptive vent is rimmed by three peaks with a deep hollow at the center. From the southeast of this crater, a flow of jagged lava radiates to about one km. All around the cones and craters, product of past eruptions are scattered in the order of their size: boulder near the cones and the cinders, lapilli, and ashes farther away. The numerous jets of sulfurous vapors from vents in the crater and along one of the cones serve as evidence of the volcano's past activity. A thick column of steam rising from the fissure was reported in 1916 by Capt. G.O. Fort, P.C. The scorched and burnt trees at the southeastern sector seem to indicate a strong blast of hot gases in the quite recent past, probably that of the 1915 eruption. Other eruptions of Ragang took place in 1834, on January 20-April 5, 1840, on November 1, 1856, on February 18, 1858, in 1865, shortly before December 8, 1871 and on January 16-April 1873. Showers from the volcano, particularly during the 1840 eruption,were reported to have reached as far as 95 km west and 480 km northwest of Mindanao. MOUNT HIBOK-HIBOK LOCATION : Northern Mindanao/Camiguin Latitude : 9 12'N Longtitude : 124 40.5'E HEIGHT FROM S.L. : Hibok-Hibok-1330 m; Vulcan TYPE OF VOLCANO : Compound volcano appropriately a dome. KNOWN ERUPTIONS : Hibok-Hibok - 1827, 1862, 1897, 1902, 1948-1953 Vulcan - 1871, 1874 TYPE OF ACTIVITY : Pelean, Dome building with nuee ardente. MAIN ROCK TYPE : Olivine-bearing andesite & dacite Hibok-Hibok volcano, also called Catarman, has a summit formed of loose ejectamenta. It has several craterlets at or near its crest, some representing shallow lakes. The present crateral area at the northeast slope facing Mambajao was mined for sulfur before the volcano's activity in 1948. Rock is normal andesite with augite, little hypersthene and olivine. Plagioclase is oligoclase with little labradorite. Some lavas contain horn blende. The first recorded eruption of Hibok-Hibok ocurred in 1827. This was followed by similar activity in 1862. Both eruptions caused destruction to arable lands. In January 1871, earthquakes and subterranean rumbling sounds disturbed the north end of Camiguin island. Landslides and fissuring destroyed trees and plantations. When the swarm of earthquake ceased in April of the same year, an explosion followed accompanied by a shower of rocks, dust, and ashes. Destruction was complete within a radius of 3 km from the new vent. The eruption continued for a week, and a volcanic dome called Vulcan began to form 3.5 km from the general area of Hibok-Hibok. After four years of activity, the adventive lava dome reached a height of 457 m with a base nearly 1.5 km in diameter. Vulcan is quiet at present and appears to have been unaffected by the activity of the adjacent Hibok-Hibok. Vulcan's activity has been limited to emission of small amounts of steam from crevices at the top of the dome. In 1897, the area occupied by the present dome of Hibok-Hibok emitted white sulfurous vapors which ruined agricultural lands. Solfataric activity continued up to 1902 when a thunder storm occurred around the volcano and a new solfataric vent formed opposite the crest. Frequent subterranean sounds were noted during the activity which lasted for 8 to 10 days. The last activity of Hibok-Hibok started in August 1948, with a series of earth tremors. The landslides and earthquakes were climaxed by the crateral outburst in September 1953, Hibok-Hibok has been in more or less continous activity punctuated by eruptive phases. In every few years of activity, Hibok-Hibok seems to follow a cycle of behavior consisting of : 1. A short period of smoke emission from the crater and avalanche of volcanic materials with or without accompanying tremors; Explosions or steam blasts with emission of heavy clouds of steam, ashes and other fragmentary volcanic materials Disorging of incandescent materials and emission of ash and smoke in large quantities; and Decrease in amount of smoke and other ejecta from the crater.

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