Lenses 9.1 Telescope 9.

2 11/2/2011 Sarah Dillard Part 1 Purpose The purpose of this part of the lab is to study the image characters through a thin lens and determine the focal length of the lens itself. Theory When a beam of rays passes parallel through a lens, described by figure 1a, then s will equal infinity, the rays converge to a point F2 (s = f), and will form a real image at that point of convergence. Thus given the name a converging lens. And rays passing through point F1 (s = f) emerge from the lens as a beam of parallel rays (s = infinity), which is described by figure 1b. The points F1 and F2 are first and second focal points. The value of the focal length (f) of converging lens is positive.

Another kind of lens is a diverging lens. s equals infinity when the beam of parallel rays that are incident on the lens diverge after refraction, (See figure 2a), and appears to come from the second focal point F2, which falls to the left of the lens. The incident rays converging toward the first focal point emerge parallel (s = infinity) to the axis, (see figure 2b). Thus the value of the focal length (f) of diverging lens is negative.

The image character, size, and position can also be found by a graphical method called principal ray diagram. The rays used in such a diagram are shown in the attached figure 3. For a thin where f is the focal length, s is the distance between the object and the lens, and s is the distance between the image and the lens. (see attached figure 4). The magnification of a thin lens is explained by the following equation, where h and h are the sizes of the image and the object.

Procedure and data The goal is to determine the foal length by plotting 1/s vs 1/s, This will be done by placing a light source at the 112 cm mark on an optics bench. The object depicted is a cross, which is attached to the light source. When the light source is turned out it shines through a lens and then onto a screen where the object image is displayed. The size of the object on the light source was 3cm. We started with the lens at the 84 cm mark and then adjusted the screen back and forth until the image was displayed clearly on it. Once this is done we measure h which is the length of the image on the screen. For each time we moved the lens we recorded, s, s, and h. Using this data we then calculated 1/s. 1/s and m. (see table 1 for values measured). Table 1
Obje ct Size (h) 3 cm Lens(20c m) Position 2--10 cm 24 cm 25 cm 26 cm 28 cm 30 cm 32 cm 3 cm (-)1 cm 35 cm 40 cm 45 cm 50 cm 55 cm 60 cm 65 cm Image Position 7 cm 125.4 cm 113.8 cm 105.6 cm 96.1 cm 88.9 cm 85.4 cm 81.9 cm 80.9 cm 81.8 cm 84.0 cm 87.0 cm 90.5 cm 95.2 cm Size (h') 5 cm 11.7 cm 10 cm 8.4 cm 6.8 cm 5.4 cm 4.7 cm 3.8 cm 2.8 cm 2.3 cm 1.9 cm 1.7 cm 1.5 cm 1.4 cm m<1 Invert Real m>1 Erect/ Invert Erect Real/ Virtual Virtual m m>1

Position (-)1 cm

S 8 cm 25 cm 26 cm 27 cm 29 cm 31 cm 33 cm 36 cm 41 cm 46 cm 51 cm 56 cm 61 cm 66 cm

Calculatio n 1/S 0.125 cm .04 cm .038 cm .037 cm .034 cm .032 cm .030 cm .028 cm .024 cm .022 cm .020 cm .018 cm .016 cm .015 cm

Are image and object S' (-)13.3 cm 100 cm 83.3 cm 76.9 cm 62.5 cm 55.56 cm 50.0 cm 45.45 cm 38.46 cm 35.71 cm 33.33 cm 31.25 cm 29.41 cm 28.57 cm 1/S' (-)0.75 cm .010 cm .012 cm .013 cm .016 cm .018 cm .020 cm .022 cm .026 cm .028 cm .030 cm .032 cm .034 cm .035 cm No on same side of lens? Yes

Using this data we could then make our 1/s vs 1/s graph where the intercept will be 1/f.

Based on the graph the intercept of the line was .05 (1/f). Which means that the focal length according to the graph was 20. Using the data from the table and using the equation for a thin lens we get that 1/f = .05 and f = 20. Conclusion After completing the experiment we were able to successfully find the focal length using the data we collected. Using the light source and lens we were able to project an image onto a screen and were able to fine the multiple measurements used in creating our graph to find the focal length. After finding the intercept of the graph, which gave us the foal length based on our line, we compared this value to the actually focal length according to our data table which were the same. Questions 7. When the object is placed at -1 cm and the screen at 112 cm, and the lens is moved until a clear image appears on the screen its positions are the following: Position 1: 85.3 cm and Position 2: 25.2 cm. 8. For a giving screen --- object distance, there are two positions where the image is in focus, this is because from the principle of reversibility of light, it is possible to interchange the position of object and image, and as a result we get two positions where the image is in focus. 9. When s>2f the image is reduced, and when s<2f the image is enlarged. 10. In the case where s>2f, because when the object is located at a location beyond the 2F point, the image will always be located somewhere in between the 2F point and the focal point (F) on the other side of the lens. Regardless of exactly where the object is located, the image will be located in this specified region; therefore the image will be inverted. It is a real image because light rays actually converge at the image location. In the case where s<2f, the image will be upright, due to the fact that the image is located behind the object in this position and it is a virtual image because light rays diverge upon refraction. Exercise A lens forms an image of an object. The object is 16 cm from the lens. The image is 12 cm from the lens on the same side of the object. (a) What is the focal length of the lens and is it converging or diverging? (b) If the

9.2 Telescope Purpose The purpose of the second part of this lab is to construct a simple telescope and find its magnification. Theory A telescopes purpose is to view large objects at great distances. Using two converging lenses, an objective and an eyepiece so how astronomical telescopes are made. A real reduced image of the object is formed from the objective lens. If the final image formed the eyepiece is at infinity, the fist image must also be at the first focal point of the eyepiece. The distance between objective and eyepiece is therefore the sum of the focal lengths of objective and eyepiece, (see figure 1). The magnification (M) of a two-lens system is equal to the multiplication of the magnification of the individual lenses. This is explained by equation 1.

Procedure and data We first had to set up the telescope according to the attached figure 2. We used an objective lens with a focal length of 20cm and an eyepiece lens with a focal length of 10cm. The lenses were adjusted until the image on the wall at a great distance was clear. Once this was done we recorded the values for table 2. See attached table for measurements and calculated values. The image of the tree viewed through the telescope was inverted and enlarged as well. We calculated M to be 2.14 Xs magnification. The actual magnification of the telescope is 2.5 so we received a percent error of 14.4%.
Position of Screen (object image) Position of Objective Lens (f1=10 cm) Postio n of eyepie ce lens (f2=10 cm) 5 cm L s1 (cm) s'1 (cm) (calculat ed)

639 cm

30 cm

30 cm

592 cm

20.7 cm

s'2 (cm)

s2 (cm) (calculat ed)

M1

M2

M (M1M2)

Inver t or Erect ?

622 cm

10.16 cm

(-).035 61.2 cm cm

-2.14 cm

Inver t

6. When holding the optics bench and looking at the tree outside window using your telescope the image of the tree is inverted and its image is reduced. Conclusion For this part of the lab we were able to make a simple telescope and observe an image at a great distance. Using our measurements from the telescope we calculated the magnification, which was relatively close to the actual magnification of the telescope. The 14.4% error could have come from the distance the lens were from each other and the image not being perfectly clear. About the same error that comes into the first part of the lab is repeated for the second part. Question The magnification of the worlds largest refracting telescope is 195 Xs magnification.