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1ICAL S1AGL

CpLlcal by deflnlLlon perLalns Lo llghL or slghL
ssoclaLlng Lhls word Lo compuLer world lL descrlbes Lhe use of laser Lo sLore and reLrleve
daLa on opLlcal dlsc
aLa are sLored ln a dlsc uslng Lhe prlnclple of plLs and land (whlch wlll be dlscussed laLer on)
n opLlcal dlsc ls composed of mllllons of plLs and lands and Lhelr numbers varles dependlng
on Lhe Lype of dlsc Lo be used
@hese dlscs lnclude Cs and Is whlch has become Lhe prlmary sLorage for daLa backup
Compared Lo a hard drlve whlch ls a magneLlc sLorage opLlcal drlves slgnlflcanLly runs
slower Cn Lhe conLrary opLlcal dlsc ls cheaper (slnce lL has hlgher capaclLy Lhan Lhe
floppy dlsk) and more rellable

CD,

C8CM (CompacL lsk 8ead Cnly Memory) drlve ls an opLlcal sLorage devlce LhaL ls used Lo
reLrleve (read) and sLore daLa on a compacL dlsc
aslcally Lhe deslgn of a C8CM drlve was based on Lhe orlglnal dlglLal audlo player
C8CM drlve uLlllzes a lowpower laser Lo read Lhls daLa from Lhe dlsc
C8CM has been wldely used ln Lhe compuLer lndusLry
CompuLer daLa llke sofLware lnsLallers compuLer games and mulLlmedla sofLware are sLored ln
C

CD, D|sc

C8CM drlve uses a dlsc wlLh Lhe same form facLor as an audlo C (C)
n facL daLa are sLored (burn) and reLrleve (read) ln Lhe same manner
C Loday whlch hold muslc vldeo or compuLer daLa have become Lhe sLandard medlum ln
packaglng sofLware
C can sLore 74 or 80 mlnuLes of hlgh fldellLy audlo and has a capaclLy of 682 M (74
mlnuLe dlsc) or 737 M (80mlnuLe dlsc)

CD Compos|t|on

C has a dlameLer of 120 mm and ls made from polycarbonaLe wafer L ls 12 mm Lhlck and
has a hole ln Lhe mlddle wlLh a dlameLer of13 mm
@he whole 120 mm dlameLer ls covered wlLh cryllc proLecLlve coaLlng where daLa are acLually
sLored uslng laser
Cs have prlnLed label Lo proLecL lL agalnsL damages (scraLch) and a LransparenL molded
plasLlc dlsk base where laser passes

|ts and Lands

aslcally a C ls composed of plLs and lands
f you would examlne Lhe splral Lrack under Lhe mlcroscope you wlll see ralsed bumps and
flaL areas along Lhe Lrack
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@hese ralsed bumps (whlch appear as plLs on Lhe alumlnum slde) are called plLs and Lhe flaL
areas are called lands
8eadlng daLa from a C ls [usL a maLLer of bounclng a low power laser Lo Lhe reflecLlve slde of
Lhe dlsc
L ls on Lhe underslde of dlsc where laser are focused
@he C rlve uses a phoLosenslLlve recepLor Lo deLecL Lhe llghL
Jhen Lhe plL ls hlL by Lhe laser beam no llghL ls reflecLed Lo Lhe recepLor
uL when Lhe land ls hlL by Lhe laser a llghL ls reflecLed back Lo Lhe C drlve recepLor

1ypes of CD Accord|ng to S|ze

1 SLandard C ls Lhe mosL commonly used C slze lL has adlameLer of 120 mm and has a
capaclLy of 682 M or 737 ML ls avallable ln whlLe or a semlmaLL sllver flnlsh

2 Mlnl C also known as ockeL C# and has a dlameLer of 80mm L ls smaller Lhan a sLandard C
wlLh a capaclLy of 180 ML can sLore 21 mlnuLes of hlgh fldellLy audlo and because of lLsslze
porLablllLy lL used for dlsLrlbuLlng small amounL of daLa llkea devlce drlver L ls placed on Lhe cenLer
of Lhe C Lray for
loadlng

3 uslness C Card has a capaclLy of 30 M Lo 100 M andcan sLore 3 mlnuLes of hlgh fldellLy
audlo L looks llke an ordlnary credlL card and has a slze of 60x80 mm

now CD, Works

C8CM drlve works almosL Lhe same as an audlo C player L performs Lhe followlng sLeps

1 laser dlode whlch funcLlons as a LransmlLLer emlLs a laser beam Lowards Lhe reflecLlng
mlrror of Lhe drlve
2 @he servo moLor poslLlons Lhe beam onLo Lhe correcL Lrack onLhe C8CM by movlng Lhe
reflecLlng mlrror @he servo moLor ls conLrolled by Lhe mlcroprocessor
3 Jhen Lhe beam reached Lhe dlsk surface Lhe reflecLed llghL ls gaLhered and sends Lo Lhe
flrsL lens beneaLh Lhe C8CM drlve plaLLer @he beam ls bounced off and senL Lowards
Lhebeam spllLLer
4 noLher focuslng lens recelves Lhe reflecLed beam comlng from Lhe beam spllLLer @hls
lens redlrecLs Lhe llghL beam Lowards Lhe phoLo deLecLor
3 @he phoLo deLecLor converLs Lhe recelved llghLs lnLo lLs correspondlng elecLrlcal pulses
6 @he elecLrlcal pulses are converLed by Lhe mlcroprocessor and Lhen send Lo Lhe C sysLem as
daLa

CD, Dr|ve Speed

@he base speed of a C8CM drlve ls 130 kps (kllo byLes per second)
@he speed mulLlpller found ln fronL of Lhe C8CM drlve ls mulLlplled Lo Lhe base speed of
130 kps Lo geL Lhe acLual Lransfer raLe speed of Lhe drlve


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Lxamp|e

20 x Speed MulLlpller
130 kps ase Speed

ase Speed x MulLlpller @ransfer 8aLe
130 kps x 20 3000 kps or 3 Mps

1ypes of Laser ower

@here are Lhree dlfferenL Lypes of laser power used by C rlve

1 8ead ower uses Lhe lowesL laser power as lL moves onLhe surface of Lhe C
2 Lrase ower uses a medlum amounL of laser power Lo resLore Lhe crysLalllne by melLlng Lhe
record layer of Lhedlsc
3 urn ower uses Lhe mosL lnLense and hlghesL laser power Lo creaLe a noncrysLalllne layer

CD and Dr|ve Iormats

1) C (C lglLal udlo) developed by Sony and hlllps ln 1980 and ls used Lo sLore dlglLal
audlo @he C ls consldered Lhe laLher# of all Cs because lLs deslgn ls Lhe sLandard
followed by subsequenL C sLorage

2) C8CM Lhe sLandard C drlve formaL commonly used ln C Loday Ls C only carrles
daLa and mosL sofLware lnsLaller ls dlsLrlbuLed uslng Lhls medla @he dlsc was developed also
by Sony and hlllps ln 1983 lor addlLlonal error deLecLlon and correcLlon a
layer ls added lnLo Lhe dlsc

3) C8 (C 8ecordable) a drlve formaL LhaL funcLlons Lhe same as a sLandard C8CM drlve L
ls capable of sLorlng (burnlng) daLa on a dlsc Cnce daLa are recorded lnLo Lhe C lL cannoL be
erased or over wrlLLen

4) IC (Ildeo C) was lnLroduced ln Lhe markeL ln 1983 by Sony hlllps !IC and MaLsushlLa
@he C formaL comblnes Lhe C and Cx Lechnology Lo enable lL Lo sLore 74 mlnuLes of
vldeo (MLC1 formaL) and dlglLal audlo on a dlsc @hls developmenL has LoLally replaced
Lhe IS ln vldeo handllng Ildeo can be waLch uslng an ordlnary C

3) C8J (C 8ewrlLable) was lnLroduced ln 1996 by 8lcoh Sony hlllps ?amaha and
MlLsublshl C8J drlve ls capable of eraslng and overwrlLlng daLa on a C @he
number of Llmes (normally 1000 Llmes) lL can be done depends on Lhe quallLy of Lhe dlsc use
dlfferenL Lype of C ls used for Lhls drlve lL ls called C8J and cosL more Lhan an
ordlnary C








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DVD Dr|ve
I (lglLal IersaLlle lsc) ls orlglnally known as dlglLal vldeo dlsc and consldered as an upgrade
verslon of C drlve
ecause of lLs very large capaclLy and speed lL has replaced Lhe sLandard C8 drlve and has
become Lhe maln cholce of consumer for large daLa sLorage
aslcally lL has Lhe same slze (dlmenslon) as an ordlnary C buL can hold 6 Llmes more of lLs
daLa L was flrsL sold ln 1993 by @oshlba Company I drlves are backward compaLlble
meanlng Lhey can read Cs and Is
@he drlve uses laser Lo read daLa from Lhe dlsc
sLandard C can only hold 630 M of daLa sLorage buL a I can hold up Lo 47 C and more
DVD Compos|t|on
I composlLlon ls almosL Lhe same as a C L also uses Lhe plLs and lands Lechnology ln
readlng daLa from Lhe dlsc
Lvery plL ls 0103 mlcrons deep and 04 mlcrons wlde @he lengLh of Lhe plLs varles from 04
mlcrons up Lo 19 mlcrons
1here are four ma|n types of DVD accord|ng to |ts capac|ty
1 I3 a slngle slded slngle layer I LhaL has a capaclLy of 47 C and can hold 2 hours of
vldeo @he dlsc ls made from 2 subsLraLes bonded LogeLher wlLh adheslve Cne subsLraLe ls
blank whlle Lhe oLher ls sLamped wlLh a record layer @he recordlng layer ls coaLed wlLh
alumlnum
2 I9 a slngle slded dual layer I LhaL has a capaclLy of 83 C and can hold 4 hours of
vldeo @he dlsc has 2 layers made from 2 sLamped subsLraLes bonded LogeLher on one slde of
Lhe dlsc @he flrsL (ouLer) layer has a semlLransparenL gold coaLlng
3 I10 a double slded slngle layer I LhaL has a capaclLy of 94 C and can hold 43 hours
of vldeo @he dlsc has 2 pleces of sLamped subsLraLes bonded LogeLher back Lo back @he record
layer ls coaLed wlLh alumlnum and ln order Lo read boLh sldes of Lhe dlsc Lhe dlsc ls fllpped
over
4 I18 a double slded double layer I LhaL has a capaclLy of 171 C and can hold 8
hours of vldeo
DVD Dr|ve Speed
I drlve has a base speed of 1383 Mps whlch means lL ls 9 Llmes fasLer Lhan a C8CM
drlve
@he roLaLlon of Lhe dlsc ls ln counLer clockwlse dlrecLlon (same as C drlve) and record daLa on
Lhe Lracks aL a consLanL speed
lLhough Lhe Lransfer raLe speed of I ls much hlgher Lhan a C drlve Lhe speed of Lhe I
dlsc roLaLlon ls only 27 Llmes fasLer LhaL of a C
@he roLaLlonal speed of I drlve ls 1313 rpm (revoluLlon per mlnuLe) whlle a C drlve ls 340
rpm

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DVD and Dr|ve Iormats
1 I8CM
I drlve ls used Lo playback I for C and lapLops
I (orlglnally deslgned for vldeos and movles) wlLh lLs hlgh capaclLy ls now lncorporaLed wlLh
compuLers for large daLa sLorage
I uses Lhe same opLlcal Lechnology as C ln readlng and sLorlng daLa buL wlLh hlgher dlsc
denslLy

2 I8M
I8M ls a rewrlLable I Lechnology developed by anasonlc lLachl and @oshlba ln 1998
L Lransforms sLandard I lnLo a vlrLual hard dlsc
JlLh lLs rewrlLable capablllLy lL ls sulLed for large daLa backup mulLlmedla presenLaLlon and
archlvlng or records

3 I8

I8 ls a wrlLeonce I Lechnology L has Lwo Lypes of sLorage capaclLy 393 C (slngle slded
slngle layer) and 79 C (double slded slngle layer) L also has Lwo Lypes of formaL

a) I8 (auLhorlng) Lhe formaL used Lo creaLe a masLer copy for a I LhaL wlll be used as
commerclal I

b) I8C (Ceneral) used for small scale dlsLrlbuLlon and ls approprlaLe only for creaLlng a few
coples of dlsc L ls used for sLorlng documenLs for personal or small buslness L ls lnLended for small
buslness and home use

4 I8J (8ewrlLable)
I8J allows user Lo perform record and erase process mulLlple Llmes on a slngle I L has a
capaclLy of 393 C L can hold lnformaLlon such as compuLer daLa audlo and vldeo I8J drlve ls
backward compaLlble wlLh Lhe I8 Lechnology
3 I+8
I+8 ls also a wrlLe once Lechnology for I
L has a capaclLy of 393 C (slngle slded) and 79 C (double slded) buL lL uses a dlfferenL flle
formaL compared Lo I8 aslcally Lhere are Lwo compeLlng flle Lechnology formaLs ln Is
Loday
@hese are I8/8J and I+8/8J I+8 are based on Lhe old C8J formaL and are
supporLed by I lllance anoLher group of perlpheral manufacLurers
@he alllance ls composed of hlllps Sony ell 8lcoh ?amaha and MlcrosofL I+8 ls noL
supporLed by Lhe I lorum



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6 I+8J
I+8J are Lhe rewrlLable verslon of Lhe I+8 Lechnology L has a capaclLy of 47 C and ls
supporLed by Lhe I lllance
I+8J offers fasLer recordlng and supporL Lhe dragand drop deskLop flles whlch makes daLa
recordlng easler and fasLer
7 I +/ 8
I+/8 ls Lhe laLesL I Lechnology belng released and ls compaLlble wlLh boLh I8 and
I+8 Lechnology @he dlsc can only record daLa once wlLh a maxlmum capaclLy of 43 C @he dlsc also
adopLs Lhe double layer Lechnology whlch lncreases lLs capaclLy
Combo Dr|ve
L ls a Lype of drlve LhaL comblnes Lhe capablllLles of a C8 C8J C 8CM and capable of
readlng daLa on a I aslcally lL ls a I drlve capable of readlng and recordlng daLa on a C
8|uray D|sc (8D)
luray dlsc was developed by Samsung Sharp Sony @homson lLachl MaLsushlLa loneer MlLsublshl
LC LlecLronlcs and hlllps L ls also known as a hlgh denslLy I because lL ls capable of sLorlng 27 C of
daLa on a slngle layer and 30 C for dual layer dlsc L has a daLa Lransfer raLe of 36 Mps and can hold
12 hours of vldeo or 2 hours of hlgh deflnlLlon vldeo
CD]DVD Dr|ve Interface
Cne lmporLanL Lhlng Lo conslder ln purchaslng a C/I drlves ls Lhe lnLerface lL uses @here are
dlfferenL C/I drlve lnLerface avallable and Lhese are
1 L (nLegraLed rlve LlecLronlc) nLerface Lhe mosL common C/I drlve lnLerface avallable and
more ofLen used on M C and clones @he drlve ls connecLed Lo Lhe moLherboard uslng an L cable
whlch ls connecLed Lo Lhe L porL ln Lhe moLherboard
2 arallel nLerface generally used for exLernal C drlve @he daLa Lransfer raLe ls very slow compare
Lo oLher lnLerfaclng meLhod CpLlcal drlve uslng Lhls Lype of lnLerface ls commonly used for lapLops
because of lLs porLablllLy
3 CMC (ersonal CompuLer Memory Card nLernaLlonal ssoclaLlon) Card also known as C
Card lL ls used for exLernal C/I drlve lnLerface for lapLops and noLebook compuLers L ls porLable
and provldes a fasLer daLa access compared Lo a parallel porL
4 S@ (Serlal @) consldered Lhe nexL generaLlon of drlve lnLerface L ls much fasLer compared Lo
oLher lnLerface Lype and more rellable wlLh LlghLer daLa lnLegrlLy check L has a Lhlnner cable LhaL leLs
Lhe alr clrculaLlon lnslde Lhe C move freely
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3 SCS (Small CompuLer SysLem nLerface) a Lype of lnLerface LhaL requlres a hosL adapLer card Lo be
aLLached Lo Lhe C's expanslon sloLs
,a|nta|n|ng pt|ca| Dr|ves
1) Clean Lhe dlsc before loadlng lL lnLo Lhe drlve
2) roLecL boLh sldes of dlsc
3) Cpen up Lhe compuLer

1roub|eshoot|ng Common pt|ca| Dr|ve rob|ems
CpLlcal drlve dld noL work afLer lnsLalllng lL
Check Lhe drlve cables (daLa and power) lf properly lnsLalled @he daLa cable musL be connecLed
properly Lo Lhe moLherboard's onboa rd L connecLors Make sure LhaL pln 1 of Lhe L and
drlve connecLor ls on Lhe same slde as Lhe colored edge of Lhe daLa cable @he power cable musL
also be checked Make sure LhaL lL ls properly plug ln
Check Lhe CS seLLlng lf Lhe drlve ls deLecLed f noL deLecLed Lhe drlve could be defecLlve @ry
lnsLalllng drlve Lo anoLher compuLer Lo check lf lL's worklng
evlce confllcL ls ofLen Lhe sofLware problem encounLered by user Cpen Lhe evlce Manager
wlndow and look for a yellow exclamaLlon polnL on Lop of Lhe devlce name f Lhe opLlcal drlve
has one cllck on Lhe plus (+) on Lhe lefL slde of Lhe drlve SelecL Lhe drlve Lhen rlghL cllck and
selecL properLles @he opLlcal drlve properLles wlndow wlll appear Choose Lhe Ceneral @ab
under evlce SLaLus Lhe message @hls devlce ls worklng properly# musL appear

lsc drlve dld noL open
@he drlve may have no power
@he Lray may be sLuck

@he compuLer does noL booL up afLer lnsLalllng Lhe opLlcal drlve
Check Lhe drlve cables Make sure LhaL pln 1 of Lhe L connecLor and drlve ls llne up wlLh Lhe
red edge of Lhe daLa cable
Check Lhe drlve [umper seLLlng Lo make sure LhaL Lhere ls only one MasLer and Slave seLLlng on
each L connecLors

lallure readlng opLlcal dlsc

f Lhe opLlcal drlve falls Lo read Lhe dlsc Lry Lhe followlng soluLlon
Clean Lhe opLlcal drlve lens uslng sofL cloLh or buy cleanlng klL on reLall sLore
Check Lhe dlsc lf Lhere are scraLches on lL scraLches ls physlcal damage on Lhe dlsc and mosL
of Lhe Llme lL makes dlsc unusable
Make sure LhaL Lhe drlve ls properly conflgured ln Lhe sysLem Manager
@ry uslng a worklng C Lo lsolaLe Lhe problem beLween dlsc and drlve
8esLarL Lhe compuLer (Lhe normal cure for mosL errors)


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CannoL read or access C8 or C8J on C/I8CM drlve
Check drlves compaLlblllLy Cld C8CM drlve (especlally wlLh 1x speed) model cannoL read C
8 and C8J CeL a new C8CM drlve
Cld I drlve models are noL compaLlble wlLh C8 and C8J























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uS llash rlve
O small and porLable flash memory daLa sLorage LhaL are connecLed Lo a C uslng uS porL
O generally used for daLa Lransfer and sLorage
O llghL welghL removable and easy Lo use
O has a base speed of 130 kps

llash rlve @echnology
O llash drlves are made from Llny clrculL packages on plasLlc or meLal caslng
O @he uS connecLor exLends from Lhe caslng
O llash drlves use Lype uS connecLor
O @o read daLa from a flash drlve lL musL be lnserLed lnLo Lhe uS porL elLher dlrecLly or by uS
hub
O @he drlve geLs lLs power from Lhe uS porL lLself
O llash drlve uses Lhe wrlLlng Lechnology of Lhe
LL8CM
llash rlve arLs
1 uS Lype connecLor
2 SLorage conLroller
3 @esL plns
4 Memory Chlp
3 CrysLal CsclllaLor
6 LL lndlcaLor
7 JrlLeproLecL swlLch
8 Space for memory expanslon

dvanLages of llash rlve
O deal for LransporLlng daLa
O Can sLore masslve amounLs of daLa compared Lo floppy dlsks and Cs
O mpervlous Lo dusL and scraLches compared Lo oLher porLable devlces (C and dlsk)
O C lnLerfaclng ls very easy because lL uses plugandplay Lechnology
O More durable and can LoleraLe abuse unllke a hard drlve

lsadvanLages of llash rlve
O @he drlve gradually slows down due Lo usage and aglng
O Some uS drlves do noL have a wrlLe proLecL mechanlsm maklng lL vulnerable Lo malware
aLLack

llash rlve Jear Levellng
O @o prolong Lhe llfe of a flash drlve lL uses Lhe Lechnlque called wear levellng
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O Jear levellng works by dlsLrlbuLlng all Lhe daLa Lo be sLored ln Lhe flash drlve evenly Lo lLs
memory
O JlLh Lhls Lechnlque a slngle block of memory wlll noL be overused for daLa sLorage Lhereby
prolonglng Lhe llfe of Lhe flash drlve

@ypes of uS llash rlve
1 SLandard llash rlve
O @he mosL common flash drlve used by C users Loday
O Iery slmple [usL lnserL lL on a uS porL and Lhe flash drlve ls ready for use
O @o copy a flle slmply drags lL Lo or from Lhe flash drlve

2 SecurlLy uS llash rlve
O Lype of flash drlve LhaL has a bullL ln securlLy feaLures Lo proLecL Lhe daLa ln Lhe drlve agalnsL
unauLhorlzed access

3 MulLlfuncLlonal uS rlves
O -oL [usL for sLorage or daLa Lransfer lL can also be a laser polnLer wrlsLwaLch ball pen or oLher
useful devlces
CLher samples of MulLlfuncLlonal uS rlves
4 M3uS llash
4 rlve
4 llash rlve plus
4 Memory Card 8eader

ow Lo use a llash rlve
1 nsLalllng flash drlve
O LocaLe a uS porL where Lhe flash drlve can be lnserLed
O Shown below ls a sample of uS porL ln a C flash drlve can be lnserLed Lo any of Lhese
avallable porLs

2 8enamlng Lhe flash drlve
O efaulL name can be changed by openlng Lhe Jlndows Lxplorer selecLlng Lhe uS dlsk and
renamlng Lhe drlve llke any oLher folder

3 8emovlng Lhe flash drlve
O -ever remove Lhe drlve from Lhe porL whlle daLa are belng Lransferred
O erform Safely 8emove ardware# before removlng Lhe flash drlve
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O f Lhe drlve has encounLered no problem ln e[ecLlng Lhe flash drlve Lhe message below wlll
appear

4 Copylng llles
O n copylng or Lransferrlng flles a flash drlve can be LreaLed as an ordlnary drlve ln Lhe sysLem
O @o qulckly perform a copy command a user could access Send @o opLlon

3 lormaLLlng a llash rlve
O Cpen My CompuLer rlghL cllck Lhe flash drlve and selecL lormaL


llash Memory Card
O a solld sLaLe nonvolaLlle Lype of memory LhaL can be erased and rewrlLLen ln blocks lnsLead of
one byLe aL a Llme
O a Llny sLorage LhaL has a very hlgh recordlng capablllLy
O consLanLly powered durlng operaLlons and ls consldered an upgraded verslon of Lhe LL8CM
O L has become a sLorage medlum of cholce for elecLronlc devlces and gadgeLs because lL cosLs
less Lo produce and can be wrlLLen almosL a Lhousand Llme before lL explres
O MosL of Lhese cards are belng used ln cell phones dlglLal cameras L- swlLches muslc players
and oLher elecLronlc devlces LhaL requlre dlglLal daLa sLorage

@ypes of Memory Card
1 CompacL llash (Cl)
O Commonly used ln porLable elecLronlc devlces
O eveloped by Sanlsk ln 1994
O @ype 1 CompacL llash Memory
O @ype 2 CompacL llash Memory

2 Memory SLlck (MS)
O eveloped by Sony ln 1998
O uses flash memory Lechnology

@ypes of Memory SLlck
a Memory SLlck uo
2/3 Lhe lengLh of Lhe ordlnary memory
Jas developed Lo meeL Lhe demand for a smaller memory sLlck for smaller dlglLal
cameras and cell phones

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b Memory SLlck ro uo
lso known as Lhe CLS 2007 developed by Sony
Lype of memory used ln laySLaLlon orLable or S

c Memory SLlck Mlcro
new Lype of memory sLlck released by Sony and Sanlsk CorporaLlon ln lebruary of
2006
eslgned wlLh a conLrolled e[ecL funcLlon Lo prevenL users from loslng Lhe medla

3 Secure lglLal (S) / MulLlmedla Card (MMC)
O S and MMC look ldenLlcal ln physlcal appearance buL lnslde Lhese use dlfferenL Lechnology
O MMC was developed ln 1997 and ls commonly used ln -okla moblle phones
O S cards are sllghLly Lhlcker Lhan MMC

4 MlnlS Card
O nLroduced ln 2003
O lmosL half Lhe slze of ordlnary S and ls commonly used as daLa sLorage ln cell phones
O M3 players and dlglLal cameras
O as Lhe same capaclLy as S

4 xlcLure Cards
O Lype of memory card wlLh ulLracompacL deslgn
O eveloped by lu[l lllm and Clympus ln 2002
O s small as a posLage sLamp
O used ln M3 players and dlglLal cameras

LxLernal Card 8eader
O laclllLaLes Lransfer of daLa from Lhe memory card Lo Lhe compuLer
O as dlfferenL Lypes and Lhese Lypes vary dependlng on whaL Lype of memory card lL supporLs
O ConnecLs Lo Lhe C by a uS porL and can come wlLh mulLlple card connecLors

Card 8eader eveloped by Sanlsk
O Consldered one of Lhe fasLesL card reader
O Can supporL mulLlple memory card Lypes such as Cl S MSuo MSro uo
klngsLon Card 8eader
O works aL a very hlgh speed
O supporLs Cl MMC MMClus Mlcrodrlve S
O SC Memory SLlck (uo ro uo) Mlcro S and oLhers excepL Lhe xlcLure Card
O developed by Clympus

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Slngle sloL card reader
O MosL C user prefer Lhls Lype of card reader because of lLs porLablllLy and llghLness compared Lo
mulLlple sloL card reader

ow Lo use a LxLernal Card 8eader
1 ConnecL Lhe exLernal card reader Lo Lhe compuLer's uS porL
O @he card reader wlll be deLecLed and wlll produce an addlLlonal drlve ln Lhe Jlndows Lxplorer
2 nserL Lhe memory card lnslde Lhe card reader maklng sure LhaL Lhe llghL lndlcaLor ls noL flashlng
O C user connecLs dlfferenL Lypes of memory card aL Lhe same Llme
3 Cnce Lhe card ls lnserLed ln Lhe sysLem Lhe auLo play wlndow wlll Lyplcally appear on Lhe screen f
noL access Lhe drlve ln Lhe Jlndows Lxplorer
4 Jhen Lhe memory card ls connecLed Lo Lhe C sysLem Lhe memory card wlll be LreaLed [usL llke an
ordlnary drlve and funcLlon llke a local drlve
3 fLer uslng Lhe memory card rlghL cllck Lhe memory card lcon ln Lhe My CompuLer and choose e[ecL
Make sure LhaL Lhe llghL of Lhe card reader ls noL Lurned on before removlng Lhe memory card from lLs
sloL
@roubleshooLlng uS llash rlve and Memory Cards
O Check lf Lhe sofLware supporLs Lhe flash drlve and memory card Lechnology
O Check ln Lhe CS lf Lhe uS porL ls properly conflgured
O unplug Lhe uS devlce Lhen plug lL back buL make sure LhaL Lhe connecLors are properly snug Lo
one anoLher
O @ry Lo deLermlne lf Lhere are devlce confllcLs ln Lhe sysLem uslng Lhe Jlndow's evlce Manager
O @ry Lo lsolaLe Lhe problem by connecLlng Lhe flash drlve or Memory card Lo oLher worklng
compuLer

Speclflc llashdrlve roblems
O evlce ls noL removed when Safely 8emoved ardware# ls cllcked
O Safely 8emoved ardware lcon ls mlsslng
O @he -ew llash drlve does noL work ln Jlndows 98





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Input Dev|ces
O ardware componenLs LhaL converL lnformaLlon supplled by Lhe user lnLo a form LhaL a
compuLer undersLands
O lrecLly conLrolled by Lhe user and funcLlon as communlcaLlon devlces beLween Lhe user and
Lhe compuLer

1wo types of |nput dev|ces
1 rlmary npuL evlces
2 Secondary npuL evlces

C|ass|f|cat|on of Input Dev|ces
1 olnLlng evlce
O devlce used Lo conLrol Lhe movemenL of Lhe polnLer ln Cu (Craphlcal user nLerface)
appllcaLlon programs
O used Lo selecL lLems on Lhe screen

2 maglng and Ildeo evlces
O evlces LhaL LranslaLe lmage and vldeo ln a form LhaL a compuLer can use and process
Lxamples are web cameras lmage scanners bar code readers reLlna scanners flnger prlnL
scanners and oLhers
3 udlo npuL evlces
O ConverL sound and audlo slgnal lnLo dlglLal form for C sLorage and processlng
O MosL common audlo lnpuL devlce ls Lhe mlcrophone

4 ComposlLe evlces
O npuL devlces LhaL comblne mulLlple lnpuL devlces lnLo a slngle devlce
O Some game conLrollers comblne dlfferenL devlces (eg sLeerlng wheel [oysLlck pedal and push
buLLon swlLches) lnLo a slngle connecLlon

Computer keyboard
O @he prlmary lnpuL devlce for mosL C
O used Lo Lype characLers access menus play games and perform a varleLy of Lasks
O Ls layouL ls Lyplcally modeled afLer LhaL of a sLandard LypewrlLer




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1ypes of keyboard Sw|tches
1 CapaclLlve SwlLch
O L ls Lhe only nonmechanlcal swlLch avallable ln Lhe markeL Loday
O L ls expenslve because of Lhe maLerlals used Lo manufacLure lL
O L has a hlgh reslsLance agalnsL dlrL and corroslon

2 ome SwlLch
O L ls also consldered mechanlcal swlLch buL lnsLead of uslng a sprlng Lo push back Lhe keys back
Lo lLs poslLlon lL uses a rubber dome LhaL has a carbon buLLon conLacL Lo produce Lhe conLacL
O Compared Lo a capaclLlve key swlLch lL ls more quleL when pressed whlch makes lL ldeal for
offlces

3 Membrane SwlLch
O L ls a varlaLlon of Lhe rubber dome swlLch where all Lhe keys are connecLed on a slngle sheeL
and ls placed on Lop of Lhe rubber dome sheeL
O L Lyplcally uses a flaL surface wlLh prlnLed represenLaLlon of Lhe keyboard characLers on lL
lnsLead of keycaps

4 Mechanlcal keys
O @hese are composed of a meLal sprlng and a plunger LhaL has a conducLlve meLal on Lhe boLLom
Jhen Lhe key ls pressed Lhe meLal boLLom of Lhe plunger wlll connecL Lhe Lwo separaLe clrculLs
Lo produce Lhe slgnal

3 loam LlemenL SwlLch

O L uses Lhe same deslgn prlnclple as meLal conLacL keys buL lL uses a small plece of spongy foam
lnsLead of Lhe meLal conLacL
O @he foam ls placed beLween Lhe meLal plunger and Lhe clrculLs @he boLLom of Lhe foam has a
foll layer LhaL connecLs Lhe Lwo conLacLs on Lhe boLLom layer

6 all LffecL SwlLch

O L ls a Lype of keyboard swlLch LhaL uses magneLs and all LffecL sensors
O @he solld sLaLe sensor deLecLs Lhe magneL movemenL when Lhe key ls depressed
O @hls Lype of keyboard ls commonly used ln lndusLrlal envlronmenL llke power planLs and oLhers

7 Sclssor SwlLch
O L ls a Lype of keyboard swlLch LhaL ls commonly used for lapLops
O @he swlLch uses a rubber dome L also has a plasLlc sclssor mechanlsm LhaL llnks Lhe keycap Lo
Lhe plunger LhaL depressed Lhe rubber dome


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now keyboard Works
O @he keyboard swlLches are mounLed ln a grld (key maLrlx)
O clrculL on Lhe keyboard energlzes Lhe grld one row aL a Llme whlle lL monlLors Lhe columns
O Jhen a key ls pressed on Lhe energlzed row currenL wlll flow Lo Lhe column sensor
O processor chlp ln Lhe keyboard Lhen ldenLlfles whlch key ls pressed by deLermlnlng whlch grld
locaLlon ln Lhe maLrlx shows conLlnulLy @hls ls Lhen compared Lo a characLer map lnslde Lhe
processor 8CM @he characLer map ls used Lo LranslaLe Lhe key locaLlon Lo Lhe correspondlng
code used by Lhe C (make code)
O @he code ls Lhen senL Lo Lhe C vla Lhe keyboard cable
O Jhen Lhe code enLers Lhe C anoLher elecLronlc chlp wlll recelve Lhese codes and decode lL
based on Lhe key pressed @he compuLer wlll Lhen perform Lhe Lask based on Lhe decoded
slgnal
O Jhen Lhe key ls depressed Lhe chlp sends a dlfferenL code (break code) lndlcaLlng LhaL Lhe key
was released

keyboard Interface Connector
1 3pln - (euLsche ndusLrle -orm) ConnecLor
O @he Lype of connecLor used ln @ and older moLherboards
O @he orlglnal keyboard connecLor deslgn lnLroduced by M
2 6pln Mlnl - ConnecLor
O lso known as Lhe S/2 connecLor by C user
O used ln @x Lx and -Lx moLherboard form facLors
3 6pln SL (Shlelded aLa Llnk)
O keyboard connecLor developed by M (looks Lhe same as a Lelephone connecLor excepL LhaL
lL uses a wlre and a sprlng Lo hold lLself ln place lnsLead of a plasLlc cllp)
4 unlversal Serlal us
O L allows Lhe keyboard Lo be connecLed and dlsconnecLed wlLhouL rebooLlng Lhe compuLer
O uS keyboards connecL Lo Lhe compuLer uslng a uS porL whlch ls Lyplcally bullL lnLo modern
compuLers

C|ean|ng a keyboard
-oLe @o prevenL hardware damage always Lurn off Lhe C whlle cleanlng Lhe keyboard
O Jeekly remove Lhe dusL on Lhe keyboard uslng a vacuum (f you do noL have a vacuum brush
you can use a sofL palnL brush ln con[uncLlon wlLh Lhe vacuum cleaner)
O use caned compressed alr Lo blow Lhe dusL and dlrL away from Lhe keyboard
O use Lhe coLLon buds and cleanlng fluld ln cleanlng Lhe edge of Lhe keyboards keycaps
O fLer cleanlng Lhe edge of Lhe keycaps geL a llnL free cloLh and place a cleanlng fluld on lL o
noL pour Lhe fluld dlrecLly Lo Lhe keyboard amp Lhe cloLh on Lop of every key Lo remove dusL
sLaln
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O n order Lo clean Lhe keys Lhoroughly Lhe keys can be removed from Lhe sockeLs swlLch uslng a
flaL screw drlves e sure Lo make noLe of Lhe poslLlon of all Lhe keys removed Clean Lhe keys
uslng a cleanlng fluld fLer cleanlng Lhe keys reLurn Lhe keys Lo lLs proper locaLlons

1ypes of keyboard
1 83keys keyboard (obsoleLe)
O L was Lhe flrsL C keyboard developed by M for lLs x@ compuLers
O L has 83 keys and lL ls deslgned wlLh a rock solld hlghquallLy key swlLch wlLh meLal caslng
O @he keyboard has a compacL deslgn and Lhe keys are very well appreclaLed by C user
2 84keys keyboard (obsoleLe)
O L ls an lmproved keyboard deslgn based on Lhe 83key keyboard
O @hls was lnLroduced by M as an added feaLure for Lhe M@ (dvanced
O @echnology) compuLer and called Lhe @keyboard#
3 101keys Lnhanced keyboard
O L was lnLroduced by M ln 1987 and was deslgned Lo conform Lo lnLernaLlonal sLandard
speclflcaLlons
O @he flrsL 101key keyboard deslgn came ouL of Lhe markeL wlLhouL sLaLus (LL) lndlcaLors and
uses a 3pln - connecLor
4 104keys Jlndows keyboard
O L ls deslgned by MlcrosofL Company for lLs Jlndows CS
O L ls cusLomlzed for Jlndows appllcaLlons by addlng 3 new Jlndowsspeclflc keys ln Lhe Lyplng
area

Lrgonom|cs keyboard
O Some keyboards are benL whlle oLhers are spllL ln half @hese changes conform Lo Lhe hand's
naLural angle whlle uslng Lhe keyboard @hese lmprove Lhe producLlvlLy and Lyplng speed of Lhe
C user as well as ellmlnaLe hand and flnger muscle sLress caused by prolonged keyboard usage

W|re|ess keyboard
O Jlreless keyboards are Lypes of keyboard LhaL connecLs and send lnpuL slgnal Lo a C wlLhouL
Lhe use of hardwlre# or physlcal connecLlon
O @he wlreless Lechnology was developed ln order Lo ellmlnaLe Lhe problem of Loo much wlre
dangllng around Lhe C and Lo allow beLLer poslLlon for Lhe C user
O aslcally all wlreless keyboards have a LransmlLLer and recelver clrculL



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1ypes of W|re|ess keyboard
1 nfra 8ed (8) keyboard
2 8adlo lrequency (8l) keyboard

keyboard 1roub|eshoot|ng

key ls sLuck
O f a key ls sLuck on a down poslLlon use an C exLracLor Lool Lo pull lL back lnLo lLs proper
poslLlon
O f an C exLracLor ls noL avallable use any long flaL head shape Lool llke a screwdrlver as
replacemenL
O @ry sLreLchlng Lhe key sprlng by presslng Lhe key repeaLedly

keyboard -oL lound# Message
O @hls message appears when a keyboard ls noL properly plug lnLo Lhe compuLer unplug and plug
Lhe keyboard and resLarL Lhe unlL
O Check also LhaL all keys are clear of ob[ecLs
O CLherwlse elLher Lhere ls a problem ln Lhe lnLernal clrculL of Lhe keyboard or Lhe keyboard porL
of Lhe moLherboard

CompuLer recelves no lnpuL from Lhe keyboard
O Check lf Lhe keyboard ls connecLed Lo Lhe C f noL plug Lhe keyboard and resLarL Lhe unlL
O f Lhe problem sLlll exlsLs Lry Lo subsLlLuLe Lhe keyboard wlLh a worklng keyboard (make sure lL ls
worklng)
O f Lhe subsLlLuLe keyboard doesn'L work check lf Lhe CS seLup deLecLs Lhe keyboard f noL
Lhen Lhe moLherboard keyboard connecLor ls defecLlve

@he keyboard ls plug on Lhe mouse porL
O f Lhls happens plug Lhe keyboard Lo Lhe correcL porL and resLarL Lhe compuLer

Cnly Lype's caplLal leLLer
O @hls ls normally caused by Lhe Caps Lock key belng sLuck !usL release Lhe sLuck key and Lry
Lyplng some characLers

MalfuncLlonlng key/s
O f a group of keys are malfuncLlonlng Lhen Lhere ls a damaged llne on Lhe key maLrlx
O f only one key or lsolaLed keys are noL worklng Lhen Lhe problem may be on Lhe key swlLches
Check for dlrLy key swlLch conLacLs
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Llquld ls spllled over Lhe keyboard
O ;ulckly unplug Lhe keyboard from Lhe C and Lurn Lhe keyboard upslde down
O raln Lhe llquld from Lhe keyboard and leL lL dry Make sure LhaL Lhe keyboard ls perfecLly dry
before uslng lL agaln