12 - PHYSICS - (STATE BOARD)

Unit: 4 AC & EMI

4. Electromagnetic Induction Alternating Current

and

1. Define Magnetic flux. The magnetic flux () linked with a surface held in a magnetic field (B) is defined as the number of magnetic lines of force crossing a closed area (A). If is the angle between the direction of the field and normal to the area, then = BA cos 2. What is electromagnetic induction? (What is induced emf and what is induce current ?) (B.B), (Mar08) Whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit an emf is produced. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction. This emf is known as the induced emf and the current that flows in the closed circuit is called induced current. 3. What are the inferences made from Faradays experiment on electromagnetic induction? (i) Whenever there is a relative motion between the coil and the magnet, the galvanometer shows deflection indicating the flow of induced current. (ii) The deflection is momentary. It lasts so long as there is relative motion between the coil and the magnet. (iii) The direction of the flow of current changes if the magnet is moved towards and withdrawn from it. (iv) The deflection is more when the magnet is moved faster, and less when the magnet is moved slowly. (v) However, on reversing the magnet same results are obtained, but current flows in the opposite direction. 4. State Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction. (B.B), (Jun06), (Jun07), (Oct07) First law : Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit changes, an emf is induced in the circuit. The induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues. Second law: The magnitude of emf induced in a closed circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit. d e
dt

5. State Lenzs law. (Oct08), (Jun10) Lenzs law states that the induced current produced in a circuit always flows in such a direction that it opposes the change or cause that produces it. d
e = N dt

6. State Flemings right hand rule. (B.B), (Mar07), (Mar09), (Oct09) The forefinger, the middle finger and the thumb of the right hand are held in the three mutually perpendicular directions. If the forefinger points along the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb is along the direction of motion of the conductor, then the middle finger points in the direction of the induced current. (This rule is also called generator rule.)

7. What is Self Induction ? The property of a coil which enables to produce an opposing induced emf in it when the current in the coil changes is called self induction. Physics M.PALANICHAMY,M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,P.G TEACHER IN PHYSICS, (CELL:94421-36775) 12 - PHYSICS - (STATE BOARD) Unit: 04 AC & EMI 2 8. Define self inductance (coefficient of self induction). Mention its unit.(B.B), (Jun09) The coefficient of self induction of a coil is numerically equal to the opposing emf induced in the coil when the rate of change of current through the coil is unity. The unit of self inductance is henry. 9. Define self inductance (coefficient of self induction). Mention its unit.(B.B) (Another definition: Coefficient of self induction of a coil is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with a coil when unit current flows through it. L = The unit of self
I

inductance is henry ) 10. Define the unit of self inductance. (Define henry) (B.B) The unit of self inductance is henry (H). One henry is defined as the self-inductance of a coil in which a change in current of one ampere per second produces an opposing emf of one volt. 11. Give practical application of self induction. (B.B) Practical application of self induction is choke coils. The self induced back emf is used in starting a tube light Choke coils are used to control current in fluorescent tube light working in alternating currents. High frequency (H.F) chokes and are used in wireless receiver circuits. 12. What is mutual induction? The phenomenon of producing an induced emf in a coil due to the change in current in the other coil is known as mutual induction. 13. Define coefficient of mutual induction. (B.B) The coefficient of mutual induction of two coils is numerically equal to the emf induced in one coil when the rate of change of current through the other coil is unity. The unit of coefficient of mutual induction is henry. 14. Define coefficient of mutual induction. (B.B)
(Another definition: Coefficient of mutual induction of two coils is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with one coil when unit current flows through the neighbouring coil. M = s Ip )

15. Define henry on the basis of mutual induction. Define unit of mutual induction. One henry is defined as the coefficient of mutual induction between a pair of coils when a

change of current of one ampere per second in one coil produces an induced emf of one volt in the other coil. 16. On what factors the coefficient of mutual induction between a pair of coils depend? Coefficient of mutual induction between a pair of coils depend depends on the following factors: (i) Size and shape of the coils, (ii) number of turns (iii) permeability of material on which the coils are wound, (iv) Proximity of the coils. Physics M.PALANICHAMY,M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,P.G TEACHER IN PHYSICS, (CELL:94421-36775) 12 - PHYSICS - (STATE BOARD) Unit: 04 AC & EMI 3 17. Differentiate between self - inductance and mutual inductance. (B.B) Self - inductance Mutual inductance Mutual inductance of two coils is Self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the magnetic numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with one coil when unit 1 flux linked with a coil when unit current flows through the current flows through it. neighbouring coil. It is numerically equal to the It is numerically equal to the emf opposing emf induced in the coil induced in one coil when the rate 2 when the rate of change of current of change of current through the through the coil is unity. other coil is unity. Depends on (i) Size and shape of the coils, Depends on (i) Size and shape of the coils, (ii) number of turns (iii) permeability of 3 (ii) number of turns (iii) permeability of material on which the coils are wound, (iv) material on which the coils are wound. Proximity of the coils. 18. Differentiate between self - induction and mutual induction. Self - induction Mutual induction The property of a coil which The phenomenon of producing an enables to produce an opposing induced emf in a coil due to the induced emf in it when the current 1 change in current in the other coil in the coil changes is called self is known as mutual induction. induction. Principle of Mutual induction is used in 2 Principle of Self induction is used in chokes transformer 19. What are the methods of producing induced emf ? (B.B), (mar06) The induced emf can be produced by changing (i) the magnetic induction (B) (ii) area enclosed by the coil (A) and (iii) the orientation of the coil () with respect to the magnetic field. 20. How an Emf can induced by changing the magnetic induction? The magnetic induction can be changed by moving a magnet either towards or away from a coil and thus an induced emf is produced in the coil. The magnetic induction can also be changed in one coil by changing the current in the neighbouring coil thus producing an induced emf.
dB e = NA cos dt

21. What is the Principle of ac generator? It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, according to which an emf is induced in a coil when it is rotated in a uniform magnetic field. 22. Write a note on poly-phase ac generator. (B.B) A single phase a.c. generator or alternator has only one armature winding. If a number of armature windings are used in the alternator it is known as polyphase alternator. It produces voltage waves equal to the number of windings or phases. Thus a polyphase system consists of a numerous windings which are placed on the same axis but displaced from one another by equal angle which depends on the number of phases.

Physics M.PALANICHAMY,M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,P.G TEACHER IN PHYSICS,

(CELL:94421-36775) 12 - PHYSICS - (STATE BOARD) Unit: 04 AC & EMI 4 23. What is eddy current? When a mass of metal moves in a magnetic field or when the magnetic field through a stationary mass of metal is altered, induced current is produced in the metal. This induced current flows in the metal in the form of closed loops resembling eddies or whirl pool. This current is called eddy current. 24. How eddy currents are used in Dead beat galvanometer? When current is passed through a galvanometer, the coil oscillates about its mean position before it comes to rest. To bring the coil to rest immediately, the coil is wound on a metallic frame. When the coil oscillates, eddy currents are set up in the metallic frame. This opposes further oscillations of the coil and enables the coil to attain its equilibrium position almost instantly. 25. Write a note on Induction furnace. In an induction furnace, high temperature is produced by generating eddy currents. The material to be melted is placed in a varying magnetic field of high frequency. Hence a strong eddy current is developed inside the metal. Due to the heating effect of the current, the metal melts. 26. How eddy current is useful in Induction motors? When a metallic cylinder (rotor) is placed in a rotating magnetic field eddy currents are produced. The eddy current initially tries to decrease the relative motion between the cylinder and the rotating magnetic field. As the magnetic field continues to rotate, the metallic cylinder is set into rotation. These motors are used in fans. 27. How eddy currents are used in Electro magnetic brakes ? A metallic drum is coupled to the wheels of a train. The drum rotates along with the wheel when the train is in motion. When the brake is applied, a strong magnetic field is developed and hence, eddy currents are produced in the drum, which oppose the motion of the drum. Hence, the train comes to rest. 28. Write a note on application of eddy currents in a Speedometer. In a speedometer, a magnet rotates according to the speed of the vehicle. The magnet rotates inside an aluminium drum which is held in position with the help of hair springs. Eddy currents are produced in the drum due to the rotation of the magnet and it opposes the motion of the rotating magnet. The drum in turn experiences a torque and gets deflected through a certain angle depending on the speed of the vehicle.

A pointer attached to the drum moves over a calibrated scale which indicates the speed of the vehicle. 29. Differentiate Step-up and Step-down transformer. Step-up transformer Step-down transformer A step up transformer increases the voltage by A step down transformer decreases the voltage 1 decreasing the current by increasing the current 2 for step up transformer k > 1 and for step down transformer k < 1 In a step up transformer Es > In a step down transformer Es < Ep 3 Ep In a step up transformer Is < In a step down transformer Is > Ip 4 Ip. 30. What is a transformer? Mention the principle of a transformer. Transformer is an electrical device used for converting low alternating voltage into high alternating voltage and vice versa. It transfers electric power from one circuit to another. The transformer is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Physics M.PALANICHAMY,M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,P.G TEACHER IN PHYSICS, (CELL:94421-36775) 12 - PHYSICS - (STATE BOARD) Unit: 04 AC & EMI 5 31. Define Efficiency of a transformer. Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power.
=
outputpowe r inputpower

No.

Efficiency of an ideal transformer is 1 ( =

100 %) 32. Mention the types of Energy losses in a transformer. (1) Hysteresis loss (2) Copper loss (3) Eddy current loss (Iron loss) (4) Flux loss (5) Sound loss due to the vibration of the core. 33. What is Hysteresis loss in a transformer? How can it be reduced? The repeated magnetisation and demagnetisation of the iron core caused by the alternating input current, produces loss in energy called hysterisis loss. This loss can be minimised by using a core with a material having the least hysterisis loss. Alloys like mumetal and silicon steel are used to reduce hysterisis loss. 34. What is copper loss in a transformer? How can it be minimized? The current flowing through the primary and secondary windings lead to Joule heating effect. Hence some energy is lost in the form of heat. This is called copper loss. Thick wires with considerably low resistance are used to minimise this loss. 35. Write a note on Eddy current loss (Iron loss) in a transformer. The varying magnetic flux produces eddy current in the core. This leads to the wastage of energy in the form of heat. This loss is minimised by using a laminated core made of stelloy, an alloy of steel. 36. What is flux loss in a Flux loss in a transformer? How will you minimise the loss? The flux produced in the primary coil is not completely linked with the secondary coil due to leakage. This results in the loss of energy. This loss can be minimised by using a shell type core. 37. Define alternating current and give its expression. (B.B) If the emf induced in the coil varies in magnitude and direction periodically, it is called an alternating emf. And the current due to this emf is called alternating current.
i =I 0 sin ( t )

38. What are the advantages of alternating emf (current)? The significance of an alternating emf is that (i) It can be changed to lower or higher voltages conveniently and efficiently using a transformer. (2) The frequency of the induced emf can be altered by changing the speed of the coil. (3) This enables us to utilize the whole range of electromagnetic spectrum for many purposes. 39. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a.c. over dc. (B.B) S.No
1 2 3

Alternating current
It can be changed to lower or higher voltages conveniently and efficiently using a transformer. Hence long distance transmission is made possible without appreciable loss of energy When we come in contact with live ac wire the shock is intermittent as the voltage reaches zero 100 time in a 50 Hz ac supply

Direct current
D.C can not be stepped up or stepped down Hence long distance transmission is made impossible without appreciable loss of energy The shock is continuous since the voltage is constant. Hence dc is more hazardous than ac of same voltage.

Physics M.PALANICHAMY,M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,P.G TEACHER IN PHYSICS,

(CELL:94421-36775) 12 - PHYSICS - (STATE BOARD) Unit: 04 AC & EMI 6 40. Why a d.c ammeter cannot read a.c? (B.B), (Oct07) (i) Since alternating current varies continuously with time, its average value over one complete cycle is zero. (ii) When connected to ac, the moving coil has to oscillate rapidly. Due to inertia of the coil and pointer it cannot oscillate so fast. Hence the pointer may rest at zero. So a dc ammeter cannot measure alternating current. 41. Define RMS value of alternating current. (B.B), (Jun10), (Oct09) The rms value of alternating current is defined as that value of the steady current, which when passed through a resistor for a given time, will generate the same amount of heat as generated by an alternating current when passed through the same resistor for the same time. 42. What is inductive reactance of a coil? Give its unit. Why an inductor offers zero resistance to dc? The resistance offered by a coil to the flow of an alternating current is called inductive reactance. Its unit is ohm. If is the frequency of the a.c. supply, XL = L = 2 L, For d.c. = 0 ; therefore, XL = 0 Thus a pure inductor offers zero resistance to d.c. (But in an a.c. circuit the reactance of the coil increases with increase in frequency) 43. What is capacitative reactance of a capacitor? Give its unit. Why a capacitor offers infinite resistance to dc? (A capacitor blocks d.c but allows a.c. Explain.) (B.B) The resistance offered by a capacitor to an alternating current is called capacitative reactance. Its unit is ohm. If is the frequency of the a.c. supply,
X = c 1

1 2 C

For d.c. = 0 ; therefore, XC = Thus a capacitor offers infinite resistance and blocks d.c. For an a.c. the capacitive reactance varies inversely as the frequency of a.c. and also inversely as the capacitance of the capacitor. Hence it allows a.c

44. What is impedance of an RLC ac circuit? Mention its unit. Give its equation. The net effective opposition offered by the combination of resistor, inductor and capacitor known as the impedance of the circuit and is represented by Z. Its unit is ohm.
Z= R 2 +( X L X C )2

45. What is resonance in an ac circuit? At a particular frequency the impedance of an ac circuit becomes minimum and current through becomes maximum. The phenomenon of allowing ac current of this particular frequency is called resonance. 46. Define resonant frequency in an LCR circuit. What is a series resonant circuit? (B.B) The particular frequency at which the impedance of the circuit becomes minimum and the current becomes maximum is called resonant frequency of the circuit. Such a circuit which admits maximum current is called series resonant circuit or acceptor circuit. By offering minimum impedance to current at the resonant frequency it is able to select or accept most readily this particular frequency among many frequencies. Physics M.PALANICHAMY,M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,P.G TEACHER IN PHYSICS, (CELL:94421-36775) 12 - PHYSICS - (STATE BOARD) Unit: 04 AC & EMI 7 47. How resonance is used in Radio Receivers? In radio receivers the resonant frequency of the circuit is tuned to the frequency of the signal desired to be detected. This is usually done by varying the capacitance of a capacitor. 48. What happens to the value of current in RLC series circuit, if frequency of the source is increased? (B.B) At low frequencies, the impedance of an RLC circuit is predominantly capacitative. The impedance is more and hence the current is low. When the frequency increases the impedance decreases and reaches a minimum value at resonance. Hence the current is maximum. For frequencies higher than the resonant frequency, the circuit becomes predominantly inductive. And as the frequency increases the impedance increases and the current decreases. The change of current versus frequency is shown in the graph. 49. Define Q - factor or Quality factor. Give its equation. (B.B), (Oct06) The selectivity or sharpness of a resonant circuit is measured by the quality factor or Q factor. In other words it refers to the sharpness of tuning at resonance. The Q factor of a series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of the voltage across a coil or capacitor to the applied voltage. (Q factor has no unit)
Q= 1 R L C

50. Define Power factor of an ac circuit. (B.B) The power factor of an ac circuit is defined as the ratio of average power to the apparent power in the circuit.
Power factor = Average power Apparent Power

(Power factor has no unit)

51. What is a choke coil? Mention their uses. A choke coil is an inductance coil of very small resistance used for controlling current in an a.c. circuit. Choke coils are used to control current in fluorescent tube light working in alternating currents. High frequency (H.F) chokes and are used in wireless receiver circuits. 52. Give the difference between AF choke and RF choke. S.No AF choke RF choke 1 Chokes used in low frequency a.c. These chokes are used in radio frequencies 2 have an iron core air chokes are used 3 the inductance may be high low inductance Used in fluorescent tubes which work on 4 used in wireless receiver circuits alternating currents. 53. An aircraft having a wingspan of 20.48 m flies due north at a speed of 40 ms1. If the vertical component of earths magnetic field at the place is 2 105 T, Calculate the emf induced between the ends of the wings. (Jun06), (Mar08), (Jun10)

Physics M.PALANICHAMY,M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,P.G TEACHER IN PHYSICS,

(CELL:94421-36775) 12 - PHYSICS - (STATE BOARD) Unit: 04 AC & EMI 8

54. Calculate the mutual inductance between two coils when a current of 4 A changing to 8 A in 0.5 s in one coil, induces an e.m.f. of 50 mV in the other coil. (Mar06), (Mar09)

55. The wings of an airplane are 10 m apart. The plane is moving horizontally towards the north at a place where the vertical component of earths magnetic field is 3 x l0-5T Calculate the induced e.m.f. set up between the tips of the wings if the velocity of aeroplane is 720 km/hr. (Oct06)

56. A coil of area of cross-section 0.5 m2 with 10 turns is in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of 0.2 Wb/m2, Calculate the flux through the coil. (Mar07)

57. A capacitor of capacitance 2 F is connected in an ac circuit of frequency1000 Hz. If the RMS value of applied emf is 10 V, find the effective current flowing in the circuit. (Jun08), (Jun09)

58. An ideal transformer has transformation ratio 1 : 20. If the input power and primary voltage are 600 mW and 6 V respectively, find the primary and secondary currents. (Oct08)

59. An emf of 5 V is induced when the current in the coil changes at the rate of 100 As-1. Find the coefficient of self inductance of the coil. (Mar10)

Physics M.PALANICHAMY,M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,P.G TEACHER IN PHYSICS,

(CELL:94421-36775)