Ch04-H5060.

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78

Chapter 4 / Laterally Restrained Beams
4.8 RESISTANCE OF BEAMS TO TRANSVERSE FORCES
The first check for transverse forces is the shear stress in the web at the neutral axis
in the elastic stage of behaviour (cl 6.2.6(4), EN 1993-1-1 (2005)). In the plastic stage
of behaviour the strength of the web is determined using values given in cl 6.2.6(2),
EN 1993-1-1 (2005). Also it is necessary to consider web plate shear buckling at the
ultimate limit state by checking if 72/ >h
w
/t
w
(cl 5.1(2), EN 1993-1-5(2003)).
Design calculations are also required for concentrated transverse forces applied to
girders from supports, cross beams, columns, etc. (Fig. 4.26). The concentrated loads
are dispersed through plates, angles and flanges to the web of the supporting girder.
The deformations that occur to the supporting beamare shown in Fig. 4.27 and include
yielding of the flange and local buckling of the web as shown in experiments (Astill
et al. (1980)).
The design resistance is expressed simply as (cl 6.2, Eq. (6.1), EN 1993-1-5(2003))
F
Rd
=
f
yw
L
eff
t
w

M1
The effective bearing length (L
eff
) is an extension of the stiff bearing length (s
s
) which
assumes a 45

dispersion through plates, flanges and angles as shown in Fig. 4.26.

The root radius of a section increases the length of the stiff bearing by (2 2
1/2
)r.
I beam
45
t
p
h
s
s
= h + 2t
p
s
s
(a) (b)
(c)
I beam
r
b
t
f
I beam
45
s
s
= 2t
f
+ t
w
+ 2(2 2 )r
b
s
s
t
w
Clearance
Angle support
t
a
r
a
I beam
45
S
s
s
s
= 2t
a
+ (2 2 )r
a
Clearance
FIGURE 4.26 Stiff bearing lengths
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79
Buckling of web
t
w
Yielding of flange
t
f
L
eff
s
s
FIGURE 4.27 Transverse concentrated load
The extension of the stiff bearing length is based on theory of flange yielding and
buckling of the web as shown in Examples 4.11 and 4.12.
If the transverse resistance of an unstiffened web is insufficient stiffeners are required
(cl 9.4(1), EN 1993-1-5 (2003)) designed according to cl 6.3.3 or 6.3.4, EN 1993-1-1
(2005) withabucklinglengthof not less than0,75h
w
andusingbucklingcurvec (Fig. 6.4,
EN 1993-1-1 (2005)).
EXAMPLE 4.11 Simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load and
laterally restrained. The floor of an office building consists of 125 mmprecast concrete
units, with a mass of 205 kg/m
2
, topped with a 40 mmconcrete screed and 20 mmwood
blocks. Lightweight partitions supported by the floor are equivalent to a superficial
load of 1,0 kN/m
2
and the suspended ceiling has a mass of 40 kg/m
2
. The floor rests on
the top flanges of simply supported steel beams spanning 8 m and at a pitch of 3,75 m.
Characteristic loads kg/m
2
kN/m
2
Dead load
Self-weight of steel beam (assumed) 20
125 mm precast units 205
40 mm concrete screed 2400 0,04 96
20 mm wood blocks 900 0,02 18
Suspended ceiling 40
379 9,81/1E3 = 3,72
Lightweight partitions 1,00
Total dead load 4,72
Imposed load for an office (EN 1991-1-1 (2002)) 2,50
Maximum design bending moment at mid-span kNm
Permanent load BM=
G
QL/8 =1,35 4,72 8
2
3,75/8 = 191,2
Variable load BM=
Q
QL/8 =1,5 2,5 8
2
3,75/8 = 112,5
Total BM 303,7
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109
40 kN Permanent
70 kN Variable
20 kN Permanent
30 kN Variable
A D
C B
3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m
Notes: (1) All loads are characteristic loads
(2) Lateral torsional restraints exists at A, B, C and D
FIGURE 5.12 Design data for Example 5.1
where is defined by
=

R
L
GI
t
1 +

R
L
GI
t
(5.52)
It should be noted for situations where the internal span is greater than the sum of the
overhangs, then the internal span dominates the behaviour.
EXAMPLE 5.1 Beam with loading applied at restraints.
Prepare a design in Grade S355 steel for the beam for which the data are given in
Fig. 5.12.
Factored actions at ULS:
at B: 1,35 40 +1,5 70 =159 kN
at C: 1,35 20 +1,5 30 =72 kN
Total load =231 kN
The BM and SF diagrams are drawn in Fig. 5.13.
The critical section for design is the central section BC as the moment gradient is the
least.
Try a 406 178 74 UKB
M
pl,Rd
= W
pl,y
f
y

M0
= 1501000
355
1,0
10
6
= 533 kNm
M
Sd
=390 kNm, beam satisfies the plastic capacity criterion.
Section classification:
Compression flange:
c = 0,5[b 2r t
w
] = 0,5[179,5 2 10,2 9,5] = 74,8 mm
c/t
f
= 74,8/16 = 4,68
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Chapter 5 / Laterally Unrestrained Beams
A
B C D
303
390
A B C D
(a) BMD (kNm)
(b) SFD (kN)
130
29
101
FIGURE 5.13 BMD
and SFD for
Example 5.1
Maximum value for a Class 1 flange is 9 =9(235/355)
1/2
=7,32.
Web:
c/t = d/t
w
= 37,9.
Maximum value for a Class 1 web is 9 =72(235/355)
1/2
=58,6.
Thus a 406 178 74 UKB Grade S355 is Class 1.
Shear check:
V
pl,Rd
=
1

3
A
v
f
y

M0
=
1

3
4260
355
1,0
10
3
= 873 kN
By inspection, the moment capacity is not reduced due to shear.
Calculation of M
cr
:
E = 210 GPa; G = 81 GPa.
The most foolproof method to determine M
cr
given the use of the cmand dmin section
property tables is to work in kN and m.
Use Eq. (5.5) to determine M
cr
.
System length L=3 m.
I
w
I
z
=
0,608 10
6
1545 10
8
= 0,03924 m
2

2
EI
z
L
2
=

2
210 10
6
1545 10
8
3
2
= 3558 kN
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111
L
2
GI
t

2
EI
z
=
GI
t

2
EI
z
L
2
=
81 10
6
62,8 10
8
3558
= 0,0143 m
2
M
cr
=

2
EI
z
L
2
_
I
w
I
z
+
L
2
GI
t

2
EI
z
_
1/2
= 3558 [0,03924 +0,0143]
1/2
= 823 kNm
Determine the value of C
1
using Eq. (5.40):
The moment ratio is given by
=
M
Ed,C
M
Ed,B
=
303
390
= 0,777
1
C
1
= 0,6 +0,4 = 0,6 +0,4 0,777 = 0,911
or
C
1
=
1
0,911
= 1,098
The value of M
cr
to be used in Eq. (5.12) in the calculation of the normalized
slenderness ratio is C
1
M
cr
, thus
LT
is given as

LT
=
_
W
y
f
y
M
cr
=
_
1501000 355
1,098 823 10
6
= 0,768
Both methods available to determine the strength reduction factors due to lateral
torsional buckling will be used in this example to demonstrate any differences.
(a) General case
The ratio h/b =412,8/179,5 =2,3 >2, so from Table 5.1,
LT
=0,34 (curve b).
Use Eqs (5.15) and (5.16) to determine
LT
:

LT
= 0,5[1 +
LT
+(
LT
)
2
] = 0,5[1 +0,34(0,768 0,2) +0,768
2
] = 0,891
Use Eq. (5.14) to determine
LT
:

LT
=
1

LT
+[
2
LT
(
LT
)
2
]
1/2
=
1
0,891 +[0,891
2
0,768
2
]
1/2
= 0,745
M
b,Rd
=
LT
W
pl,y
f
y

M1
= 0,745 1501000
355
1,0
10
6
= 397 kNm
This is greater than the moment at B (390 kNm).
Clearly the end section AB does not need checking as the system length is the same as
BC(therefore the basic value of M
cr
does not change and since =0, C
1
nowbecomes
1,75 with the effect of reducing the value of
LT
and of increasing the value of
LT
and
hence M
b,Rd
.
(b) Method for rolled sections
The ratio h/b =412,8/179,5 =2,3 >2, so from Table 5.2,
LT
=0,49 (curve c).
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Chapter 5 / Laterally Unrestrained Beams
Determine
LT
from Eq. (5.19)

LT
=
LT
(
LT

LT,0
) = 0,49(0,768 0,4) = 0,180
Determine
LT
from Eq. (5.18)

LT
= 0,5[1 +
LT
+(
LT
)
2
] = 0,5[1 +0,180 +0,75 0,768
2
] = 0,811
Determine
LT
from Eq. (5.17)

LT
=
1

LT
+[
2
LT
(
LT
)
2
]
1/2
=
1
0,811 +[0,811
2
0,75 0,768
2
]
= 0,784
Initially ignore the correction factor f , to give M
b,Rd
as
M
b,Rd
=
LT
W
pl,y
f
y

M1
= 0,784 1501000
355
1,0
10
6
= 418 kNm
Determine f :
The moment ratio =303/390 =0,777, so from Eq. (5.33),
k
c
=
1
1,33 0,33
=
1
1,33 0,33 0,777
= 0,931
From Eq. (5.32) f is given by
f = 1 0,5(1 k
c
)[1 2,0(
LT
0,8)
2
] 1,0
= 1 0,5(1 0,931)[1 2,0(0,768 0,8)
2
] = 0,966
Using Eq. (5.31) M
b,Rd
now becomes 418/0,966 =433 kNm. The effect of the factor f
is not terribly significant.
Even without the factor, f lateral torsional buckling clauses for rolled sections
produces a marginally higher value of M
b,Rd
by around 20 kNm (or around 5%).
Deflection (under service loading):
EI = 210 (27430 10
4
) 10
6
= 57603 kNm
2
Mid-span deflection due to an asymmetric point load is given by
=
WL
3
48EI
_
3
_
b
L
_
4
_
b
L
_
3
_
Variable action deflection:
Load at B: W =70 kN, b =3 m, l =9 m, =0,016 m
Load at C: W =30 kN, b =3 m, L=9 m, =0,007 m
Deflection under service variable actions =0,023 m.
This deflection is equivalent to span/390, and is therefore acceptable.
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113
Deflection under total actions:
Load at B: W =110 kN, b =3 m, l =9 m, =0,025 m
Load at C: W =50 kN, b =3 m, L=9 m, =0,011 m
Total deflection =0,036 m.
This deflection is equivalent to span/250, and is therefore acceptable.
Web check (refer to Section 4.8 and cl 6 EN 1993-1-5):
The web capacity under transverse forces needs checking at A and B.
Note as a rolled section is being used, f
yw
=f
yf
=355 MPa. Since at either point the
length of stiff bearing s
s
is not known, set s
s
=0 and determine the value required
should the check fail
At A: F
Sd
= R
A
= 130 kN.
For an end support with c =s
s
=0, k
F
=2 (type c)
Determine m
1
:
m
1
=
f
yf
b
f
f
yw
t
w
=
b
f
t
w
=
179,5
9,5
= 18,9
As m
2
is dependant upon
F
initially assume m
2
=0.
As s
s
and c have been assumed to be zero, then l
c
=0, then the least value of l
y
is given by
l
y
= t
f
_
m
1
2
= 16,0
_
18,9
2
= 49,2 mm
The depth of the web h
w
has been taken as d, the depth between fillets.
F
CR
= 0,9k
F
E
t
3
w
h
w
= 0,9 2 210
9,5
3
360,4
= 889 kN

F
=
_
l
y
t
w
f
yw
F
CR
=
_
49,2 9,5 355
889 10
3
= 0,432
As
F
<0.5, m
2
=0.

F
=
0,5

F
=
0,5
0,432
= 1,16
The maximum value of
F
is 1,0, thus
L
eff
=
F
l
y
= 1,0 49,2 = 49,2 mm
F
Rd
= L
eff
t
w
f
yw

M1
= 49,2 9,5
355
1,0
10
3
= 166 kN
As F
Rd
is greater than F
Ed
(=R
A
=130 kN),
2
<1,0, therefore the web resistance at
A is satisfactory without a stiff bearing.
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Chapter 5 / Laterally Unrestrained Beams
Check at B:
The applied load is 159 kN, and the applied moment is 390 kNm.
For the situation where the load is applied through the top flange, k
F
=6 (type a, with
the stiffener spacing a effectively taken as infinity)
Determine m
1
:
m
1
=
f
yf
b
f
f
yw
t
w
=
b
f
t
w
=
179,5
9,5
= 18,9
As m
2
is dependant upon
F
initially assume m
2
=0.
As s
s
has been assumed to be zero, then the value of l
y
is given by
l
y
= 2t
f
(1 +

m
1
) = 2 16,0(1 +
_
18,9) = 171 mm
The depth of the web h
w
has been taken as d, the depth between fillets.
F
CR
= 0,9k
F
E
t
3
w
h
w
= 0,9 6 210
9,5
3
360,4
= 2698 kN

F
=
_
l
y
t
w
f
yw
F
CR
=
_
171 9,5 355
2698 10
3
= 0,462
As
F
<0,5, m
2
=0.

F
=
0,5

F
=
0,5
0,462
= 1,08
The maximum value of
F
is 1,0, thus
L
eff
=
F
l
y
= 1,0 171 = 171 mm
F
Rd
= L
eff
t
w
f
yw

M1
= 171 9,5
355
1,0
10
3
= 577 kN

2
=
F
Ed
L
eff
t
w
f
yw

M1
=
F
Ed
F
Rd
=
159
577
= 0,276

2
1,0, therefore the web resistance at A is satisfactory without a stiff bearing.
However an interaction equation needs checking owing to the co-existence of shear
and bending moment:

2
+0,8
1
1,4
As there is no axial force and no shift in the neutral axis as the section is Class 1, the
equation for
1
reduces to

1
=
M
Ed
W
pl
f
y

M1
=
390 10
6
1501 10
3
355
1,0
= 0,732

2
+0,8
1
= 0,276 +0,8 0,732 = 0,862 1,4
The web at B is therefore satisfactory.