Most Common Cause Of.....

● Cardiac Primary Tumor (adults) >>>>> Myxoma (4:1 left to right

atrium; "ball and valve")
● Cardiac Primary tumor (kids) >>>>> Rhabdomyoma
● Cardiac tumor (adults) >>>>> Metastases
● Cardiomyopathy >>>>> Dilated cardiomyopathy
● Chromosomal disorder >>>>> Down syndrome (a/w ALL,
Alzheimer's dementia, and endocardial cushion defects)
● Chronic arrhythmia >>>>> Atrial fibrillation (a/w high risk of
emboli)
● Congenital cardiac anomaly >>>>> VSD
● Constrictive pericarditis >>>>> Tuberculosis
● Coronary artery involved in thrombosis >>>>> LAD > RCA > LCA
● Cyanosis (early; less common) >>>>> Tetralogy of Fallot,
transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
● Cyanosis (late; more common) >>>>> VSD, ASD, PDA (close w/
indomethacin; open w/ misoprostol)
● Demyelinating disease >>>>> Multiple sclerosis
● Dietary deficit >>>>> Iron
● Epiglottitis >>>>> Haemophilus influenzae type B
● Esophageal cancer >>>>> Squamous cell carcinoma
● Gene involved in cancer >>>>> p53 tumor suppressor gene
● Group affected by cystic fibrosis >>>>> Caucasians (fat-soluble
vitamin deficiencies, mucous plugs/lung infections)
● Gynecologic malignancy >>>>> Endometrial carcinoma
● Heart murmur >>>>> Mitral valve prolapse
● Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis >>>>> Mitral
● Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis in IVDA >>>>> Tricuspid
● Heart valve (rheumatic fever) >>>>> Mitral valve (aortic is 2nd)
● Helminth infection (U.S.) >>>>> Enterobius vermicularis
(Ascaris lumbricoides is 2nd most common)
● Hereditary bleeding disorder >>>>> Von Willebrand's
● Kidney stones >>>>> Calcium = radiopaque (2nd most common is
ammonium = radiopaque; formed by urease-positive organisms such
as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
● Liver disease >>>>> Alcoholic liver disease
● Location of brain tumors (adults) >>>>> Supratentorial
● Location of brain tumors (kids) >>>>> Infratentorial
● Lysosomal storage disease disorder >>>>> Gaucher's
● Male cancer >>>>> Prostatic carcinoma
● Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever >>>>> Hodgkin's
● Malignant skin tumor >>>>> Basal cell carcinoma (rarely
metastasizes)
● Metastases to bone
[6] >>>>> Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
● Metastases to brain
[5] >>>>> Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell
carcinoma), GI
● Metastases to liver
[5] >>>>> Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
● Motor neuron disease >>>>> ALS
● Neoplasm (kids) >>>>> ALL (2nd most common is cerebellar
medulloblastoma)
● Nephrotic syndrome >>>>> Membranous glomerulonephritis
● Obstruction of male urinary tract >>>>> BPH
● Opportunistic infection in AIDS >>>>> PCP
● Organ receiving metastases >>>>> Adrenal glands (due to rich
blood supply)
● Organ sending metastases
[3] >>>>> Lung > breast, stomach
● Ovarian tumor (benign) >>>>> Serous cystadenoma
● Ovarian tumor (malignant) >>>>> Serous cystadenocarcinoma
● Pancreatic tumor >>>>> Adenocarcinoma (head of pancreas)
● Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML >>>>> ALL - child
CLL - adult > 60
AML - adult > 60
CML - adults 35-50
● Patient with Hodgkin's >>>>> Young male (except nodular sclerosis
type - female)
● Patient with minimal change disease >>>>> Young child
● Patient with Reiter's >>>>> Male
● Pituitary tumor >>>>> Prolactinoma (2nd - somatotropic
"acidophilic" adenoma)
● Preventable cancer >>>>> Lung cancer
● Primary bone tumor (adults) >>>>> Multiple myeloma
● Primary hyperparathyroidism >>>>> Adenomas (followed by
hyperplasia, then carcinoma)
● Primary liver tumor >>>>> Hepatoma
● Renal tumor >>>>> Renal cell carcinoma - a/w von Hippel-Lindau
and acquired polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes
(erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH)
● Secondary hyperparathyroidism >>>>> Hypocalcemia of chronic
renal failure
● Sexually transmitted disease >>>>> Chlamydia
● Site of diverticula >>>>> Sigmoid colon
● Site of metastasis >>>>> Regional lymph nodes
● Site of metastasis (2nd most common) >>>>> Liver
● Site of atherosclerosis
[4] >>>>> Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
● Skin cancer >>>>> Basal cell carcinoma
● Stomach cancer >>>>> Adenocarcinoma
● Testicular tumor >>>>> Seminoma
● Thyroid cancer >>>>> Papillary carcinoma
● Tracheoesophageal fistula >>>>> Lower esophagus joins
trachea/upper esophagus - blind pouch
● Tumor in men >>>>> Prostate carcinoma
● Tumor in women >>>>> Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
● Tumor of infancy >>>>> Hemangioma
● Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) >>>>> Pheochromocytoma
(benign)
● Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) >>>>> Neuroblastoma
(malignant)
● Type of Hodgkin's >>>>> Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity,
lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
● Type of non-Hodgkin's >>>>> Follicular, small cleaved
● Type of pituitary adenoma >>>>> Prolactinoma
● Vasculitis >>>>> Temporal arteritis (risk of ipsilateral blindness
due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery)
● >>>>>
● Viral encephalitis >>>>> HSV
● Vitamin deficiency (U.S.) >>>>> Folic acid
(pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month
supply)
● Addison's >>>>> Autoimmune (infection is the 2nd most common
cause)
● Aneurysm, dissecting >>>>> HTN
● Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta >>>>>
Atherosclerosis
● Aortic aneurysm, ascending >>>>> Tertiary symphilis
● Bacterial meningitis (adults) >>>>> Neisseria meningitidis
● Bacterial meningitis (elderly) >>>>> Streptococcus pneumoniae
● Bacterial meningitis (kids) >>>>> Haemophilus influenzae type B
● Bacterial meningitis (newborns) >>>>> Escherichia coli
● Cancer associated with AIDS >>>>> Kaposi's sarcoma
● Congenital adrenal hyperplasia >>>>> 21-hydroxylase deficiency
● Cretinism >>>>> Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
● Cushing's syndrome >>>>> Corticosteroid therapy (2nd most
common cause is excess ACTH secretion by pituitary)
● Death in CML >>>>> Blast crisis
● Death in SLE >>>>> Lupus nephropathy
● Dementia >>>>> Alzheimer's (2nd most common is multi-infarct)
● DIC
[4] >>>>> Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer,
burn trauma
● Ejection click >>>>> Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
● Food poisoning >>>>> Staphylococcus aureus
● Glomerulonephritis (adults) >>>>> IgA nephropathy (Berger's
disease)
● Hematoma - epidural >>>>> Rupture of middle meningeal artery
(arterial bleeding is fast)
● Hematoma - subdural >>>>> Rupture of bridging veins (trauma;
venous bleeding is slow)
● Hemochromatosis >>>>> Multiple blood transfusions
(can result in CHF, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
● Hepatic cirrhosis >>>>> EtOH
● Hepatocellular carcinoma >>>>> Cirrhotic liver (often a/w
hepatitis B and C)
● Holosystolic murmur
[3] >>>>> VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
● Hypertension, secondary >>>>> Renal disease
● Hypoparathyroidism >>>>> thyroidectomy
● Hypopituitarism >>>>> Adenomas (followed by hyperplasia, then
carcinoma)
● Infection in blood transfusion >>>>> Hepatitis C
● Infection in burn victims >>>>> Pseudomonas
● Leukemia (adults) >>>>> AML
● "Machine-like" murmur >>>>> PDA
● Mental retardation >>>>> Down syndrome
(fragile X is the second most common cause)
● MI >>>>> Atherosclerosis
● Mitral valve stenosis >>>>> Rheumatic heart disease
● Myocarditis >>>>> Coxsackie B
● Nephrotic syndrome (adults) >>>>> Membranous
glomerulonephritis
● Nephrotic syndrome (kids) >>>>> Minimal change disease
(associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
● Opening snap >>>>> Mitral stenosis
● Osteomyelitis >>>>> Staphylococcus aureus
● Osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell disease >>>>> Salmonella
● Osteomyelitis with IVDA >>>>> Pseudomonas
● Pancreatitis (acute)
[2] >>>>> EtOH and gallstones
● Pancreatitis (chronic)
[2] >>>>> EtOH (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
● Peau d'orange >>>>> Carcinoma of the breast
● Pelvic inflammatory disease >>>>> Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(monoarticular arthritis)
● Pneumonia in CF, burn infection >>>>> Pseudomonas aeruginosa
● Pneumonia, hospital acquired >>>>> Klebsiella
● Preventable blindness >>>>> Chlamydia
● Primary amenorrhea >>>>> Turner's (XO)
● Primary hyperaldosteronism >>>>> Adenoma of adrenal cortex
● Primary hyperparathyroidism >>>>> Adenoma
● Pulmonary hypertension >>>>> COPD
● Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause >>>>> Cor pulmonale
● Right-sided heart failure >>>>> Left-sided heart failure
● Sheehan's syndrome >>>>> Postpartum pituitary infarction
secondary to hemorrhage
● SIADH >>>>> Small cell carcinoma of the lung
● UTI (young women)
[2] >>>>> E. coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
● Bacteremia/pneumonia (IVDA) >>>>> Staphylococcus aureus
● Bacteria associated with GI cancer >>>>> Helicobacter pylori
● Bacteria found in GI tract >>>>> Bacteroides (second most
common is Escherichia coli)
● Brain tumor (adults) >>>>> Metastatic > astrocytoma (including
gliobastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
● Brain tumor (kids) >>>>> Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
● Brain tumor - supratentorial (kids) >>>>> Craniopharyngioma
● Breast cancer >>>>> Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
(in the US, 1/9 women will develop breast cancer)
● Breast mass >>>>> Fibrocystic change
(in postmenopausal women, carcinoma is the most common)
● Breast tumor (benign) >>>>> Fibroadenoma
● Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patient >>>>>
Klebsiella
● Skin Cancer >>>>> basal cell