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Impacts of Tourism in Economic and Environmental as Tourism as Economic Savior

Nowadays, the growth of tourism industry is improving rapidly in all sectors such as maritime and culture. Tourism is positive words and has positive impact in many ways, as tourism is an economic savior of a country. However, behind this sweet sounding word, they are some negative consequences which are have to be reconsider, or simply tourism also causes some damages in the environment of the destinations (Cohen 1978). There are some impacts, positive and negative caused by tourism. This essay will discuss further about the environmental impacts of tourism, as tourism is an economic savior of the country on the other hand. In many countries, tourism plays a major role in the development of a country, especially in developing country, such as India, Indonesia, and Thailand. Obviously in positive way, tourism contribute in national income in large scale (Cooper et al. 1998). Many developing countries rely on tourism as their income, which comes from the spending of tourists or payments for purchases good and services. For example, Thailand receipts from tourism sectors in average reach US$ 17,115.8 million from 2008 and 2009 (Euromonitor International, 2011 ). In addition Indonesias receipts are increased in 2007 about some US$ 5,345.98 (Baliedutours, 2010). Then India received US$ 10,700 million (Weaver & Lawton, 2010). The second positive effect of tourism is multiplier effect, which derives from change in tourists expenditure multiplied with value of output multiplier. To estimate output multiplier, the change in tourist expenditure, which affect in level of production, income, employment, and government revenue must be multiplied (Cooper et al. 1998). From this multiplier concept, there are three effects posed, they are direct effects, indirect effects, and induced effects, which are circulated in the same way (Cooper et al. 1998). According to Cooper et al. (1998), tourist expenditure flows directly to the parties that provide goods and services for the tourists, this amount of money, will distribute to imports in order to supply goods and services, to household company, to local businesses, and to government. The money that spends on imports have discontinue role on the business circle, so the total amount of money, which revolves is diminished instantly. These effects are called direct effects. The residual value from first circulation will be expend further in the same way, some amount to imports and the rest for

government taxes and purchases goods and services from other establishments, and also will be spend on the labor and entrepreneurial skill. These effects are called indirect effects. During the circulation of the money, some value will be spend to local occupants income, such as wages, salaries, and profits. Some portion is retained as saving, and the remainder flows out to the imports and payment to government taxes. The rest of money is use to consumption of household. This circulation is arising from the initial tourist expenditure and will goes further to economic activity. This effect is known as induced effect. The other positive impact on the tourism, besides contributing in national income and multiplier effect is the creation of employment (Weaver & Lawton 2010). Apparently understood that establish a tourism industry is creating employment in the destinations. By implementing tourism in destinations area, it generates the opportunities of local to be hired (Cooper et al. 1998). For example, in Bali, Indonesia, the local residents is the main labor of tourist spots, so by establishing tourism industry, it assists the local to get job and improve the revenue of the areas. Many developing countries perceive tourism as a fast way to boost up economic growth. Some people assume to create tourism industry it requires less investment compare with other industries, moreover they believe tourism encourage local to get jobs, enlarge local income, and increase the National GDP of the country (Fletcher 1998). Despite of this success, unfortunately, there are some bad consequences that need to be considered regarding with the tourism which leads to exploitation of the environment from the destination itself. There are some negative effects of tourism in the ecosystem; they are, pollution, degradation of environment, and overcrowding (Hall & Page, 2006). Pollution is the most significance impact of tourism. There are many kinds of pollution due to tourism, which influence the environmental balance. They are air pollution and noise, solid waste and littering, aesthetic pollution, sewage (Global Development Research Centre 2011). Firstly, air pollution and noise, which is arising from transportation. To reach the destination, transportation is an element that support tourism transaction occurred. As nowadays, the transportation is increased, so the emissions that produced also increased. Therefore, the air pollution becomes one of serious problems, as emission is related with the global warming (Global Development Research Centre 2011). For instance, the tour buss machine is operating while the tourists are not inside,

due to the comforts of the tourists. Moreover, the noises that come from airplanes and cars will disrupts the wild life. Secondly solid waste and littering, this is the most frequent occurred at the present time. This element is linked with the aesthetic pollution, as when the environment is contaminated by trash, it will influence in the value of aesthetic of areas (Global Development Research Centre 2011). At the central of tourism, often found that tourists improperly disposal and this action can be destroyer of natural environment, such as occurrence of flood. For instance, the case study from Bali, Indonesia, which the solid waste was not being collected and not disposed of (Mitchell, 1994). In this case study, due to the littering and solid waste, the environment in Bali will disrupt and also the aesthetic value will decrease. Then relating with littering, aesthetic pollution is also one of the elements that aggravate the environment, for example ancient monuments or historical relics are spoiled and damaged due to graffiti and eroded and worn by tourists (Cooper et al. 1998). The last point for pollution due to pollution is sewage. Construction tourism superstructure such as hotels, recreation facilities, and others facilities, that support tourism happening conduct to increase sewage pollution (Hugo 1996). The wastewater will contaminate the seas and lakes around, which destroying the population of flora and fauna. In addition, related with marine population, sewage leads to coral reefs damaged, because it influence the coastal environment and most dangerous it harmful the human (Knight, D, Mitchell, B, Wall, G 1997). Beside pollution, other that has many impacts on environment is degradation of environment (Hall & Page 2006). This impact is associated with tourists activities. For example, the case studies from Bali, which has many golf courses. The resorts and golf courses could increase environmental degradation, as to establish golf courses; it needed a huge land and it causes any changes in structure of the land. With the synthetic grass planted on the surface of the golf ground, it aggravates the soil structure (Haeruman 1988). The other example of case study from Philippines, in this country, the knowledge about biodiversity and environment to sustainable tourism is not widespread properly and public consciousness is very low (Bagarinao 1998). Other activities that harmful for environments are hunting and fishing, which have obvious negative impacts on the wildlife environment and population (Pauly & Eng 1988). Pedestrians also can destroy vegetation, while the forest ecosystem, can be

damaged by campfires (Cooper et al. 1998). The last impact on the environment due to tourism is overcrowding. Since a destination become a tourists spot and attracted more tourists to visit, it may cause in overcrowding population. This considers as negative impact because when a destinations, for instance, Bali, Indonesia is over crowding, then it will leads to some others destructive impacts. As Bali is a small island with the population is quite dense. Therefore when Bali is over crowding, it brings to traffic congestion, environmental contamination, and natural resources crisis (Mason 2008). Traffic congestion occurred because number of vehicles that used to support and accommodate tourists increases, for example, number of bus, van, or cars. Meanwhile, environmental contamination, as more tourist visit, more chance in contaminate the environmental both in direct of indirect ways (Mason, 2008). For example, the littering after consuming something, which pollute the destination areas. In direct way, for instance, in Bali, the scenery of sunset in the beach is popular in tourism world, many visitors interested to visit this island in order to enjoy the beauty of the destinations, but however due to the overcrowding in the beach of Bali leads to dirtiness of beach water, and the sand also (Mitchell 1994). Even in diving areas, obviously there are the differences between a place which never touched by humans with a place where interact with humans. In addition, increase in human population leads to inevitably, which cause habitat destruction. Another case study is from Thailand, which the coastal, marine, and small island environment is very fragile, this happened because the environment experiencing increase in pressure, as tourism boom is largely uncontrolled and hardly anticipated (Hitchcock, King & Parnwell 1993). Other impact from overcrowding is the crisis of natural resources. In the same case study of Bali, due to overcrowding of population, so the natural resources provided there is forced in order to fulfill and satisfy the demands sufficiently, such as water. Everybody needs water, so the resource of water that available in Bali is forced to provide and satisfy all the needs from the tourists (Cohen 1978). This may leads to the crisis of water, as the pressure of natural resources is increased. From all the impacts above and the relation of the impacts with the case studies from developing countries, such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Philippine, it is obvious that the negative impact that occurred from tourism is greater than positive impact that

received. The environment impact and economic costs which caused by tourism is larger compared with the economic benefit. However, tourism is also able to help the economy of a nation or region by providing enormous amount of income and creation of employment. Nevertheless, there are still some negative consequences occurred from the tourism itself, such as pollution, degradation of environment, and overcrowding. Therefore, tourism is an economic savior, but has negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, from all the theory of impacts and some examples of case studies in developing countries from Indonesia, Thailand, and Philippine, can be concluded that it is true that tourism is an economic savior of a destinations, tourism is one of sources of revenue of the country, tourism is able to help the growth of a nation or region, in addition tourism is able to create survival of a destinations or even in a nation or a region, on the other hand the negative environmental impacts caused by tourism is also increased, as to obtained more income in tourism, the environmental will be damaged, because the operation of tourism industry is rely on environmental.

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Cooper, C, Fletcher, J, Gilbert, D, Wanhill, S & Shepherd, R 1998, Tourism Principles and Practice, Addison Wesley Longman Publishing, New York.

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Hitchcock, M, King, VT & Parnwell, MJG 1993, Tourism in South-East Asia, Routledge, New York. Hugo, G 1996, Environmental Concerns and International Migration, International Migration Review, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 105-131. Springer. Knight, D, Mitchell, B & Wall, G 1997, Bali: Sustainable Development, Tourism and Coastal Management, Journal of Human Development, vol. 26, no. 2, March, pp. 90-96, Springer.

Mason, P 2008, Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA. Mitchell, B 1994, Sustainable Development at the Village Level in Bali, Indonesia, Human Ecology, vol. 22, no. 2, June, pp. 189-211, Springer. Pauly, D & Eng, CT 1988, The Overfishing of Marine Resources: Socioeconomic Background in Southeast Asia, Journal of Human Development, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 200206, Springer.

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