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The ideal Rankine cycle also includes the possibility of superheating the vapor, as in cycle 1'2'341'. The ideal Rankine cycle consists of internally reversible processes, so it can be interpreted as heat transfers per unit of mass flowing. Because the pump is idealized as operating without irreversibilities, the normal equation can be invoked as an alternative to
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Closed Feedwater Heater. Closed heaters are shell and a tube in which the feedwater temperature increases as the extracted steam condenses on the outside of the tubes carrying the feedwater. In the left picture, we use a pump whose function is to pump the condensate forward to a higher-pressure point in the cycle. In the right picture, the condensate is allowed to pass through a trap into a feedwater heater operating at a lower pressure or into the condenser. A trap is a type of valve that permits only liquid to pass through to a region of lower pressure.
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Multiple Feedwater Heaters. We can also mix these two types of heater and also add more of them together, which we can base on economic in line with thermal efficiency that we get with adding each of the heater that also must justify the added capital costs. example of multiple Feedwater heaters:
Boiler:
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications. The pressure vessel in a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel is often used in superheater sections that will not be exposed to liquid boiler water. In live steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more easily fabricated in smaller size boilers. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity.
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The efficiency of the heat generation side is known as the combustion efficiency. The efficiency of the heat transfer process is known as the transmission efficiency. The overall efficiency is known as the boiler efficiency. Boiler Operation Energy is continuously added to water in a closed system and the water evaporates to steam and the pressure and temperature increases as long as the strength of the containment is not exceeded. If the contained steam is released to drive a turbine or engine the pressure will tend to fall allowing increased evaporation. So long as the temperature is maintained constant the pressure will also be constant as it supplies steam, under steady conditions, to the plant being driven. In modern boilers over 80% of the heating value of the fuel is transmitted to the fluid in the boiler. The rest of the heating value is lost in the exhaust gases or is lost by conduction radiation and convection on the external surfaces of the boiler system. as example are shown two tube boilers:
Fire Tube Boilers, are widely used in small installations to heat buildings and to provide power for factory processes. Fire-tube boilers are also used in steam locomotinves Fire-tube boilers have the advantage of being easy to install and operate. The main disadvantage of the fire tube boiler is that the steam is generated in a large containment vessel which is at risk of catastrophic failure due to the high stresses developed at high pressures.
Water tube boilers, were developed to satisfy the the demand for large quantities of steam at pressures and temperatures far exceeding those possible with fire-tube boilers. The tubes are outside the steam drum, which has no heating surface and is much smaller than in the fire-tube boiler. For this reason, the drum of the watertube boiler is better able to withstand higher pressures and temperatures. A wide variety of sizes and designs of watertube boilers are used in power stations, ships and factories.