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10/13/2011

Fan and Blowers


INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI PETROLEUM PETRONAS 1

Fan and Blower


Fans and blowers are used for ventilation Usage in industrial processes that need an air flow. Fans and blowers are differentiated by the method used to move the air, and by the system pressure they must operate against
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Fan and Blower

Fan Laws

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Classification-Fans
Centrifugal type Uses a rotating impeller to move the air stream. Axial type Axial fans move the air stream along the axis of the fan Mix Flow type Combine the good features of Axial and Centrifugal Fans Cross Flow type Air is moved by the impeller creating a vortex inside the impeller wheel and along its impeller length, off set from its axis
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Centrifugal Fan

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Centrifugal Fan-Radial vane


Advantages: Suitable for high static pressures (up to 1400 mm WC) and high temperatures Simple design allows custom build units for special applications Can operate at low air flows without vibration problems High durability Efficiencies up to 75% Have large running clearances, which is useful for airborne-solids (dust, wood chips and metal scraps) handling services Disadvantages: Only suitable for low-medium airflow rates
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Centrifugal Fan-Forward Vane


Advantages: Can move large air volumes against relatively low pressure Relative small size Low noise level (due to low speed) and well suited for residential heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) applications Disadvantages: Only suitable for clean service applications but not for high pressure and harsh services Fan output is difficult to adjust accurately Driver must be selected carefully to avoid motor overload because power curve increases steadily with airflow Relatively low energy efficiency (55-65%)
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Centrifugal Fan-Backward Vane


Advantages: Can operate with changing static pressure (as this does not overload the motor) Suitable when system behavior at high air flow is uncertain Suitable for forced-draft services Flat bladed fans are more robust Curved blades fans are more efficient (exceeding 85%) Thin air-foil blades fans are most efficient Disadvantages: Not suitable for dirty air streams (as fan shape promotes accumulation of dust) Airfoil blades fans are less stable because of staff as they rely on the lift created by each blade Thin airfoil blades fans subject to erosion
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Axial Fan

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Axial Fan- Propeller fan


Advantages: Generate high airflow rates at low pressures Not combined with extensive ductwork (because the generate little pressure) Inexpensive because of their simple construction Achieve maximum efficiency, near-free delivery, and are often used in rooftop ventilation applications Can generate flow in reverse direction, which is helpful in ventilation applications Disadvantages: Relative low energy efficiency Comparatively noisy
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Axial Fan- Propeller fan

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Axial Fan- Tube axial fan


Advantages: Higher pressures and better operating efficiencies than propeller fans Suited for medium-pressure, high airflow rate applications, e.g. ducted HVAC installations Can quickly accelerate to rated speed (because of their low rotating mass) and generate flow in reverse direction, which is useful in many ventilation applications Create sufficient pressure to overcome duct losses and are relatively space efficient, which is useful for exhaust applications Disadvantages: Relatively expensive Moderate airflow noise Relatively low energy efficiency (65%)
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Axial Fan- Tube axial fan

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Axial Fan- Vane axial fan


Advantages: Suited for medium- to high-pressure applications (up to 500 mmWC), such as induced draft service for a boiler exhaust Can quickly accelerate to rated speech (because of their low rotating mass) and generate flow in reverse directions, which is useful in many ventilation applications Suited for direct connection to motor shafts Most energy efficient (up to 85% if equipped with airfoil fans and small clearances) Disadvantages: Relatively expensive compared to propeller fans

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Axial Fan- Vane axial fan

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Cross Flow Fan

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Mix Flow Fan

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ID /FD Fan

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Fan Radial Clearance:

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Blowers:
Blowers can achieve much higher pressures than fans, as high as 1.20 kg/cm2. They are also used to produce negative pressures for industrial vacuum systems. Types:
Centrifugal blower Positive displacement blower

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Centrifugal Blowers:
Centrifugal blowers look more like centrifugal pumps than fans. Centrifugal blower may rotate as fast as 15,000 rpm. In multi-stage blowers, air is accelerated as it passes through each impeller. In single-stage blower, air does not take many turns, and hence it is more efficient.
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Centrifugal Blowers:
Centrifugal blowers typically operate against pressures of 0.35 to 0.70 kg/cm2, but can achieve higher pressures. One characteristic is that airflow tends to drop drastically as system pressure increases. Because of this, they are most often used in applications that are not prone to clogging

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Centrifugal Blowers:

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Positive displacement Blowers:


Positive displacement blowers have rotors, which "trap" air and push it through housing. These blowers provide a constant volume of air even if the system pressure varies. They turn much slower than centrifugal blowers (e.g. 3,600 rpm) and are often belt driven to facilitate speed changes

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Positive displacement Blowers:


They are especially suitable for applications prone to clogging, since they can produce enough pressure (typically up to 1.25 kg/cm2) to blow clogged materials free.

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Regular Maintenance Activities:


This is important to maintain performance levels. Maintenance activities include: Periodic inspection of all system components Bearing lubrication and replacement Belt tightening and replacement Motor repair or replacement Fan cleaning
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Common Fan/ Blower Problems:


Poor Performance Incorrect system design calculation or testing procedures. Incorrect blower RPM. Blower wheel rotating in wrong direction check motor leads. Improper wheel to inlet cone clearance. Inlet or discharge air leaks, clogged filters. System effect due to improper inlet or discharge connection
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Common Fan/ Blower Problems:


Excessive Noise Fan operating near stall due to incorrect system design or installation. Vibration originating elsewhere in the system. System resonance or pulsation. Improper location or orientation of fan intake and discharge. Inadequate or faulty design of supporting structures. Nearby sound reflecting surfaces. Loose accessories or components. Loose drive belts. Worn bearings.
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Common Fan/ Blower Problems:


Premature Component Failure Abrasion or corrosion of internal fan components. Vibration due to Impeller out of balance. Lack of lubrication of bearings. Misalignment or power transmission components or bearings. Bearing failure from incorrect or contaminated lubricant or grounding through the bearings while arc welding. Extreme ambient or airstream temperatures
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Common Fan/ Blower Problems:


Vibration Material build-up on the wheel. Loose mounting setscrews, bearings, bolts, or couplings. Misalignment or excessive wear of belts coupling or bearings. Bent shaft. Material build-up on the wheel. Excessive system pressure or restriction of airflow due to closed dampers. Inadequate structural support or mounting
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