Problem 1: Getting to know you

Target Audience
Analysis Understanding Demographics Interest Environment Needs Customized Expectations who are they? How many people will be here? what is their knowledge of subject? what is their sex, gender, education background? why they are here? Who or what ask them to be here? Where will I stand? Can they all see & hear me? what are their needs? What are your needs as the speaker? what specific needs do you need to address? what do they expect to learn or hear from you?

To know your target audiences, must find out

Types of people, gender, education background, knowledge, needs, expectation, interests?????

Content:
Choice of words, language use (language and level of understanding) Choice of examples or stories to stress and elaborate in order to connect with the audience (emotional-relational connection with the audience)

Choice in presentation format (audience expects to be informed, entertained, persuaded, etc. and what is the best format to address this need)

Skills
Oral presentation: consideration of the audience: i) connect through eye contact, use of body language, tone of voice, loudness within the classroom environment, and ii) Adapt to the audience when they appear bored, distracted, etc.

Problem 2: Talk about in ten minutes

Purpose of your talk:
To inform to share information with listeners by defining, describing, or
explaining a thing, person place, concept, process and function. objects, procedures, people, events, ideas improve understanding; maintain interest, to be remembered Types: Goals:

To persuade to change or reinforce the listeners attitude, belief, value, or

behaviour Types: Goals: Proposition of: fact, value, policy

To change or reinforce: attitudes, beliefs, values, behaviours

To entertain to help them have a good time by getting them to relax,

smile, laugh.

The specific purpose of a presentation refers to what the speaker wants the audience to be able to do or should know at the end of it. The consideration of the audience, context and structure of information in the preparation of the presentation should be guided by the purpose of the presentation.

Problem 3: Putting it together

Structure
Why we need structure? 1. To organize your ideas in a consistent and relevant manner for you audience. 2. To select relevant information to convince and persuade. 3. To visualize how your message or presentation will look like before the delivery. 4. To cross-check whether there are any flaw in your message/presentation

Types of structure:

Chronological according to the sequence of the events (especially time) Spatial descriptive (to describe something according to the location) Categorical - topical (when we want to present about the different topic) Compare and contrast before and after Cause and effect Problem- solution Progressive least compelling (convincing or persuasive) idea to most compelling idea: most compelling idea to least compelling idea; or opening and closing with strongest points

Problem 4: Anatomy of a campaign

Information graphics
We can use table and information graphics to present our data. Pie chart
-represent different parts of a whole -should be presented in percentages adding up to 100%

Bar charts

-compare data using rectangular bars to represent amounts within a data set -make comparisons between different variables easy to see

Fever/line chart

-compare two related variables, plotted along an x & y axis -great for showing specific values of data, especially when the nature of one variable is directly related to another. E.g. showing trends/ changes over time

Problem 6: How does it look?

Design: 1. Proportion
(Give a larger proportion to the main attraction or the focus)

2. Balance
(No side looks heavier than other)

3. Direction
(To guide the reader how to read your information)

4. Focus
(The audience should know your main information easily)

5. Contrast
(The background and the information need to match so that audience can get it easily)

6. Spatiality
(Have white space in your design)

Problem 7: Show me the way

Noises in communication:

1. Physical barrier
Def: Interference that is external to speaker and listener; interferes with the physical transmission of the signal or message E.g. screeching of passing cars, hum of computer, sunglasses, busy backdrop on a PowerPoint slide*

2. Physiological barrier
Def: Physical barriers within the speaker or listener E.g. Visual impairments, hearing loss, articulation problems, memory loss

3. Psychological/sociological
Def: Cognitive or mental interference E.g. Biases, prejudices in senders and receivers, closed mindedness, inaccurate expectations, extreme emotionalism, culture, religion

4. Semantics
Def: Assignment of different meanings by speaker and listener E.g. Different languages, use of jargon, overly complex terms not understood by listener, differences in meaning

Problem 8: Questions
1.Open-ended Questions (e.g. what, why, how)
An open-ended question cant be answered yes or no and is therefore likely to receive a longer answer. They often begin with: what, why, how, describe. E.g. why did you react that way? What happened after you got out of the car? Using open-ended questions Open-ended questions have the following characteristics: They help to elicit information. They ask the respondent to think and reflect. They will give you opinions and feelings. They hand control of the conversation to the respondent.

2.Closed-ended Questions (Is it, Do you.)

A closed question can be answered with either a single word or a short phrase. E.g. how old are you? A more limiting definition: A closed question can be answered with either yes or no. E.g. Is that a knife I see? Using closed questions Closed questions have the following characteristics: They give you facts. They are easy to answer. They are quick to answer. They keep control of the conversation with the questioner. Note how you can turn any opinion into a closed question that forces a yes or no by adding tag questions, such as "isn't it?", "don't you?" or "can't they?" to any statement.

3.Clarifying questions (Did you say)

Clarifying questions are simple questions of fact that usually ask for additional information so that the questioner can better understand the respondents ideas, feelings and thought processes. They dont provide any new food for thought for the respondent. Questions to clarify seek to focus conversation in order to illuminate certain words, facts, and ideas that seem ambiguous or unclear. E.g. of clarifying questions: -Did you say the test is on chapters 4-6? -So, are you saying that the war was caused by greed, misinformation, or just plain bad decisions?

-What I hear you saying is that you would rather work alone than in your group?

4.

Leading Questions (Are you saying, Dont you)

Leading questions are questions that suggest the desired answers or contain the information the questioner is looking for. Leading questions will generally be answerable with a yes or no and are posed with certain conclusions in mind. Sometimes leading questions presume certain answers. The question But surely its wrong to do what youre doing, wouldnt you say? is demanding a yes answer, even if the respondent doesnt want to say yes! And the question "Are you saying I'm unfair?" asked with a threatening tone may assume a "No" answer.
5.

Probing Questions (What if, do you think)

Probing questions usually ask for more reflective responses from the respondent. They are intended to provide the respondent with the opportunity to reflect more deeply about the topic (i.e. move thinking from reaction to reflection) and are used to solicit the respondents thinking. Probing questions can probe assumptions, rationales, evidence, reasons, perspectives, implications, consequences etc. E.g. of probing questions: -What is the connection betweenand? -What if the opposite were true? Then what? -Why is this dilemma for you?

6.

Rhetorical Questions

A question that is asked for effect/reinforce an idea. A response / reply nor information is not expected. Answers are usually obvious. For e.g. Isnt collecting homework his duty, since he is the class monitor? Isnt it weird for people to wear pajamas to school?

Problem 9: Pause-Think-Respond
Response and react:
React without thinking anything. Response thinks before you do something. Consideration of : Context, Content, Alternatives, Delivery, and People involved.
Listening affects how we speak and trigger words in a message can evoke immediate reactions from listeners. We should strive to listen with

instead of listening with

Problem 10: Approve & Reject?

1.Plagiarism
- the reproduction of someone elses words, ideas or findings and presenting them as ones own without proper acknowledgment. How to prevent it? - By quoting - By mentioned the author or the primary source - By citation

2.Misrepresentation
-To misrepresent is to describe falsely an idea, opinion or situation or the opinions of someone, often in order to obtain an advantage.

3.Disclosure
-To disclose is to make something known publicly, Or to show something that was hidden.

4.Stereotyping
-A fixed idea that people have about what someone or something is like, especially an idea that is wrong.

Problem 11: Protecting the Environment

Proposal

 1. 2. 3. 4.

A written document. A communication tool enabling the applicant/s to express a purpose Objective help readers to stay in focused Organizing points make sure that no issues are missed Language readable a concise text Visual readability font size, colour.

Writing process

Example format of proposal Content Introduction Purpose Problem Scope/ procedure Background Management requirements Cost section Conclusion

Problem 12: Do You See What They Are Saying?

Non-verbal communication: 1. Paralanguage nonverbal qualities and modifiers of the voice, meaning the
tone and quality of the voice independent of the meaning of the spoken words used. It refers to the non-verbal elements of communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion.

2. Kinesis (body language) gestures, postures and signals created by

person through his body

3. Physical appearance (dressing) Communicating without words 1. Appearance clothes and hair persons profession & personality 2. Face eyes, eyebrows and mouth show a persons emotions 3. Body gestures of the arms, hands confidence or interest 4. Speech volume, pitch, rhythm 5. Position side by side, face to face What should you do? Check out your perception whether you received the correct message or not

Increase awareness of your own nonverbal cues. Ask for feedback from the other party and check whether you are sending out the wrong signals or correct one.

Problem 13: Doing what it takes.

CAPS C = context A = audience P = purpose S = Structure

Problem 14: Make me believe

Persuasion appeal: logos, ethos, pathos. Logos rational appeal
Logical argument Facts/ statistics Theories Quotations Citations from experts and authorities Informed opinions

Ethos credibility
Language appropriate to audience and subject Restrained, sincere, fair minded presentation Appropriate level of vocabulary Correct grammar Using the authorized people

Pathos emotional appeal

Vivid, concrete language Emotionally loaded language Connotative meanings Emotional examples Vivid descriptions Narratives of emotional events Emotional tone

Non-verbal cues to enhance persuasive presentation 1. Use effective body language 2. Be aware of your audience 3. Focus on your message and its purpose

4. Vary your volume and tone appropriately 5. Dont use filler words (e.g. um, you know)

Problem 15: Be Media Smart

Media literacy: the ability of critically consume and create a media.
The ability to break down and analyze that informs, entertain and see to use every day. E.g. music, videos. Media literacy basic concepts: Media construct our culture Affect our thought and action Effects are subtle and complex Use persuasive appeals No one tells the whole story Contains text and subtext Individuals construct their own meanings from media (DPDP) convey ideological and value messages

We MUST be aware of the kinds of media messages we encode as we: make a poster/collage write a letter/song/blog compose an email Create websites/videos/newsletters, etc.