Proceedings of UGC sponsored National seminar on ``Recent trends in Fuzzy set theory, Rough set theory and Soft

set theory" at Uluberia College on 23rd and 24th September, 2011. ISBN 978-81-922305-5-9, pp. 89 - 95.

A note on relative order of products and derivatives of entire functions represented by Dirichlet series
BIBHAS CHANDRA MONDAL

Abstract: In this paper we have found out relative order of Dirichlet (pointwise) product f h and Hadamard
product f h of two Dirichlet entire functions f and h relative to a Dirichlet entire function g . Also we have obtained the relative order and relative type of their derivatives. Key words: Dirichlet entire function, relative order, Dirichlet product, Hadamard product. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 30B50, Secondary 30D99.

1.

Introduction: Let

f ( s ) = an en s ,
n =0

(1.1)

0 0 < 1 < ... < n as n , be an entire function reprersented by Dirichlet Series (called Dirichlet
entire function) where we assume that

lim sup
n

log n

=0

...

(1.2)

The condition (1.2) ensures the equality of the abscissa of convergence and the abscissa of absolute convergence of the series (1.1). Then [3] , The order of f , denoted by

lim sup
n

log an

(1.3)

( f ) , is defined as
log log M ( , f )

( f ) = lim sup

( f ) , is defined as
log log M ( , f )

(1.4)

and the lower order of f , denoted by

( f ) = lim inf

(1.5)

where

M ( , f ) = sup f ( s ) , s = + i .
< <

f is said to be of regular growth if ( f ) = ( f ) .

When 0 <

( f ) < , the type of f

T ( f ) = lim sup

, denoted by T ( f ) , is defined as

log M ( , f ) e
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(1.6)

and the lower type t ( f

is defined as

t ( f ) = lim inf

log M ( , f ) e

(1.7)

f is said to be of perfectly regular growth if ( f ) = ( f ) and T ( f ) = t ( f ) . 2. Definitions and Notations: Let f , g be two entire functions represented by Dirichlet series in the form (1.1). Then M ( , f ) = M f ( ) , M ( , g ) = M g ( ) are strictly increasing function continuous functions of
and increase to

. The inverse function M g 1 : ( L, ) ( , ) is strictly increasing, where

L = lim M g ( ) and lim M g 1 ( ) = .

The relative order of f with respect to g , denoted by

g ( f ) , is defined by ([4])
(2.1) (2.2)

g ( f ) = inf {k > 0 : M f ( ) < M g ( k ) for all > 0 ( k )}

= lim sup

M g 1 ( M f ( ) )

The lower relative order of f with respect to g , denoted by

g ( f ) , is defined by ([4])
(2.3)

g ( f ) = lim inf

M g 1 ( M f ( ) )

f is said to be of regular relative growth if g ( f ) = g ( f ) .

Let 0 <

g ( f ) < . Then the relative type Tg ( f )

of f with respect to g is defined by ([5])

k

Tg ( f ) = inf k > 0 : M f ( ) < M g ( g ( f ) . ) for all l arg e

(2.4)

= lim sup

log M f ( ) log M g ( g ( f ) . )

(2.5) has

3. Lemma(3.1)[5]: If f ( s ) be a Dirichlet entire function of order order k ( f ) . Lemma (3.2): For a Dirichlet entire function f ( s ) , Proof:

( f ) , then for any k > 0, f ( ks )

and

( f 2) = ( f )

T f 2 = 2T ( f ) .

( )

( f

) = lim sup

log log M , f 2

)
2

log log M ( , f ) = lim sup

= lim sup

log 2 log M ( , f )

= lim sup

log log M ( , f )

= ( f ).

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Again,

T f

( ) = lim sup
2

log M , f 2 e

( (

))
2

= lim sup

log ( M ( , f ) ) e

= 2T ( f ) .

Lemma (3.3): Let f

be a Dirichlet entire function and

>1.

Then

M f ( ) < M f ( ) for

sufficiently large . Proof: By Lemma (3.1) and Lemma (3.2),

( f 2 ) = ( f ) < ( g ) where g ( s ) = f ( s ) , > 1 . Then for sufficiently large , M ( , f 2 ) < M ( , g ) = M ( , f ) , > 1 .

This implies, M

( , f )

< M ( , g ) = M f ( ) ,

for > 1 and sufficiently large .

Theorem (3.4)(Theorem59,[2]): Let f ( s ) =

amem s and g ( s ) = bne n s be two entire Dirichlet

m=0

n =0

series in the form (1.1), then the Dirichlet product sequence formed by all the values of function.

( f .g )( s ) = c p e s ,
p

where

p is

the ascending

p=0

m + n

and

cp =

m + n = p

am bn , of f ( s ) and g ( s ) is an entire

( f ) , g ( h ) . Then the relative order g ( f .h ) of f .h satisfies the inequality g ( f .h ) max { g ( f ) , g ( h )} . Proof: Without any loss of generality we may assume, g ( f ) g ( h ) . From the definition, corresponding to > 0 , there exists a 0 ( ) such that, M f ( ) < M g ( ( g ( f ) + ) )
Theorem (3.5): Let f , h be two Dirichlet entire functions of respective relative orders g and M h ( ) < M g So,

( ( (

M f h ( ) = sup

< <

( h ) + ) ) for > 0 ( ) . f ( s ) h ( s ) , s = + i
g

M f ( ) .M h ( ) < M g ( g ( f ) + ) .M g ( g ( h ) + ) for all > 0 ( )

M g ( g ( h ) + ) for all > 0 ( ) < M g ( g ( h ) + 2 ) for sufficiently large [by Lemma(3.3)]

( (

) )

Therefore,

lim sup

M g 1 ( M f h ( ) )

g ( h ) + 2
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Since

>0

is arbitrary,

g ( f h ) g ( h ) = max { g ( f ) , g ( h )} .
( f )
and

Theorem (3.6): Let f , g be two Dirichlet entire functions of relative orders respective lower orders

(g)

and (i)

( f ), ( g )

such that

( f ) 1 > 0, ( g ) 2 > 0

. Then,

g ( f ) g ( f ) g ( f )
and (ii)

g ( f ) g ( f ) g ( f ) .

Proof: Under the hypothesis, we have ( [6], p-254) for sufficiently large

,
(3.3) (3.1) (3.2)

M ( , f ) < M ( , f )
and Therefore, Since

M ( , g ) < M ( , g )
M g 1 ( ) < M g 1 ( )

M g is strictly increasing function, M g 1 is also strictly increasing.

So, for sufficiently large

,
1 g 1 g

1 g

( M ( , f ) ) < M ( M ( , f ) ) < M ( M ( , f ) )
M g 1 ( M ( , f ) )

( by (3.1) and (3.3) )

M g 1 ( M ( , f ) )

Therefore,

lim sup

lim sup

M g 1 ( M ( , f ) )

lim sup

(3.4)

This implies, Since So,

g ( f ) g ( f ) g ( f )

M g is strictly increasing function, M g 1 is also strictly increasing .

for sufficiently large

,
1 g 1 g

1 g

( M ( , f ) ) < M ( M ( , f ) ) < M ( M ( , f ) )
g ( f ) g ( f ) g ( f ) ( f ), ( g )
n g ( m)

( by (3.1) and (3.2) ) (3.5)

Therefore,

Theorem (3.7): Let f , g be two Dirichlet entire functions of respective orders respective lower orders Then such that
n

( f )

(g)

and

( f ) 1 > 0, ( g ) 2 > 0
n +1

g(

m +1)

( f ( )) ( f ( )) ( f ( ))
g(m) m m +1

for all m, n

n

Proof: Under the hypothesis we have [1],

and Therefore,

( ) ( ) M ( , g ( ) ) < M ( , g ( ) )
M , f ( n ) < M , f ( n +1)
M g (1m+1) M , f ( n )

1 m g( )

(3.6) (3.7)
n +1

for m, n
1 m g( )

lim sup

( (

m+1)

)) lim sup M ( M ( , f ( ) )) lim sup M ( M ( , f ( ) ))

This implies,

g(

( f ) ( f ) ( f )
(n) (n) ( n +1)
g ( m) g (m)

for all m, n (3.8)

Corollary (3.8): If f and g are of regular growth, then (i) (ii)

g ( f ) . f ( g ) 1 g ( f ) . f ( g ) 1
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Proof: Interchanging the role of f and g in (3.4) we have

f ( g ) f ( g ) f ( g )
So, from (3.4) and (3.9) we have,

(3.9)

g ( f ) f ( g ) g ( f ) f ( g ) g ( f ) f ( g )
If f and g are of regular growth, then [4] Hence, and

g ( f ) . f ( g ) = 1 .

g ( f ) . f ( g ) 1 f ( g ) . g ( f ) 1 .
f ( s ) = an en s and h ( s ) = cn en s , s = + i
n =0 n=0

4. Hadamard product of two Dirichlet entire functions: In this section we shall study relative order and relative type of Hadamard product of two entire functions represented by Dirichlet series. Let us consider two Dirichlet entire functions having the same sequence two functions is given by

{n } of exponents both of which satisfy (1.2) and (1.3). The Hadamard product of the

( f * h )( s ) = f ( s ) * h ( s ) = an cn e s
n=0

the

of

(4.1)

Let

( ( f * h )( s ) )

( m)

denote
n

m -th

derivative

( f * g )( s ) .

So

f(

m)

( s ) = n m ane s , h( m) ( s ) = n mcne s
n =0 n =0

and

( f ( s ) * h ( s ))

( m)

= n m an cn en s
n =0
n

..

..

(4.2)

(
where

f(

m)

( s ) * h( m) ( s ) ) = n 2m ancne s
n =0

..

(4.3)

f(

0)

(s) = f (s) .
f ( s ) = an en s , g ( s ) = bn en s and
n =0 n=0

Theorem (4.1): Let

h ( s ) = cn en s . If g ( s ) be of regular
n=0

1 1 1 growth then + . g ( f * h) g ( f ) g ( h)
Proof: By Theorem (3.1) in [4]

log an cn 1 = lim inf n g ( f * h) log bn = lim inf

n

log an + log cn log bn log an + lim inf

n

lim inf
n

log cn log bn

log bn 1 1 = + . g ( f ) g (h)

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Corollary (4.2): If

( f ) = (h)

and g ( s ) is of regular growth then

g ( f * h)

g ( f )
2 an

g (h)
2

log
If further f , h are of regular relative growth relative to g ,

log n +1 log n and

an+1

log ,

bn

bn +1

n+1 n
=

n +1 n

log

cn

cn +1

n +1 n Proof: If ( f ) = ( h )

are three non-decreasing function of

n then

g ( f * h) =

g ( f )
2

g ( h)
2

and g ( s ) is of regular growth then

g ( f ) = g ( h ) . Hence by Theorem(4.1),

1 1 1 2 2 + = = g ( f * h) g ( f ) g ( h) g ( f ) g ( h)
Therefore, Now,

g ( f * h)

g ( f )
2

1 = lim inf n g ( f * h) log bn lim sup

n

2 log an cn

g (h)

(4.4)

log an + log cn log bn log an + lim sup log cn

lim sup
n

log bn log bn n 1 1 = + ( by Theorem(3.2) in [4]) g ( f ) g ( h ) 1 1 = + (Since f , h are of relative regular growth relative to g ). g ( f ) g (h)

That is,

g ( f * h) g ( f * h) =

g ( f )
2

g ( h)
2

Hence under the hypothesis,

g ( f )
2

g ( h)
2

.
(m)

Theorem(4.3):

g f ( m ) ( s ) * h( m) ( s ) = g
1

(( f ( s ) * g ( s )) ) = ( f * h)
g

Proof: By Theorem(3.1) in [4],

(( f * h) )
( m)

= lim inf
n

log n m an cn log bn

= lim inf
n

m log n + log an cn log bn

94

= lim inf
n

log ( an cn log bn

1 . g ( f * h)

Also,

g f

(m)

*h

(m)

= lim inf
n

log n 2 m an cn log bn

)=

1 . g ( f * h)

Theorem(4.4) : If Tg

(f)

denotes the relative type of f relative to g then

Tg ( f * h ) = Tg f ( m ) * h( m ) = Tg
Proof: By Theorem(2.7) in [5],

(( f * h ) ) .
(m)
(g) n

a c g ( f *h ) 1 Tg ( f * h ) = lim sup n n g ( f * h ) n bn
Hence, Tg

.
( g )

(f

(m)

*h

( m)

)=

1
g

( f ( ) * h( ) )
m m

2 m a c g ( f ( m) *h( m) ) n n lim sup n bn n

(g) n

a c g ( f *h ) 1 = lim sup n n g ( f * h ) n bn = Tg ( f * h )
Similarly,

( Since lim

( )
2m n

(g) n

=1 )

Tg

(( f * h ) ) = T ( f * h ) .
(m)
g

Acknowledgement: I welcome this opportunity to thank Prof. B.C. Chakraborty for his support and guidance. He really helped me in developing this research paper through his innovative ideas. References [1] Gupta, J.S and Bhola, D.K; maximum modulus function of derivatives of an entire function defined by Dirichlet series; Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae, vol.14(1973), No.3, 507-518. [2] Hardy, G.H and Riesz, M; The General Theory of Dirichlet Series; Cambridge University Press, No.18, 1915. [3] Markushevich, A.I; Theory of functions of a complex variables, Prentice-hall, INC. Englewood Cliffs., N.J, IT(1965). [4] Mondal, Bibhas Chandra; Relative order and lower relative order of an entire function represented by Dirichlet series, International j. of math. Sci. & Engg. Appls.(IJMSEA). ISSN 0973-9424, vol.5, (January,2011), pp.365-378. [5] Mondal, Bibhas Chandra; Some properties of relative order and relative type of an entire function represented by Dirichlet series; Accepted for publication in General mathematics Notes. [6] Srivastava, S.N; A note on the derivatives of an integral function represented by Dirichlet series; Rev.Mal,Hisp.Amer, 22(1962), 246-259. Department of Mathematics, Surendranath College, 24/2 M.G.Road, Kolkata-700009, India. Email: bibhas_2216@yahoo.co.in

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