Nmhmdmg [jaicichma Nmtjnmtchm Hjdms Yca``c

Yjatma`5

Mrctnmtchm \fscmd

Icsusua Fdjg5

Hjdfnpfh 9

=. Caimg Bmerc Gcdnc ACN5 =7=?3;2=

?. Mdbmtcgm Hmrcsnm ACN5 =7=?3=;=

<. \cdvc Mbcbmg Bmerc ACN5 =7=?3<=?

9. [rmtcwc Pudmaimrc @ ACN5 =7=?3?32
:. Bmuzmam Ajdnc ACN5 =7=?3===

ACN5

=7=?3;2=

\jhsc 5

=7 OO ;:

Ifsja [ja`mnpu Nmtm Hudcmg 5

Njdvm Umcacd,\Y,N.[i

[JAICICHMA @Z_Z \JHFDMG IM\M_

BMHZDYM\ CDNZ [JAICICHMA

ZACRJ_\CYM\ AJ@J_C [MIMA@

?;?;

=
 HMYM [JA@MAYM_

[uec syuhur hmnc pmaemthma hjpmim Mddmg \PY hmrjam tjdmg tjrsjdjsmc aym
nmhmdmg cac. Ic imdmn nmhmdmg cac hmnc njnomgms tjatma` Mrctnmtchm \fscmd.
Nmtjrc ima urutma pjaymecma nmhmdmg cac icoumt rca`hms tjtmpc ojrcsc, sjgca``m
nmhm
nmhmdm
dmg
g cac
cac im
impm
pmtt ic`u
ic`uam
amhm
hma
a sjom`
sjom`mc
mc om
omgm
gma
a njam
njamno
nomg
mg cdnu
cdnu hc
hctm
tm.. Imdm
Imdmn
n
pjnoumtma nmhmdmg cac tcimh djpms imrc ocnoca`ma ojrom`mc pcgmh. Ima hmnc
nja`ulmphma tjrcnm hmscg hjpmim sjdurug pcgmh yma` tjdmg njnomatu.
Hmnc
Hmnc nja
njaymi
ymimr
mrcc imdm
imdmn
n pjno
jnoum
umtm
tma
a nmh
nmhmd
mdmg
mg ca
cacc nmsc
nmscg
g oma
may
ymh
hjhurma`ma
hjhurma`ma imdmn pjnoumtma
pjnoumtmaym
ym ima pjaudcs nja`gmrmph
nja`gmrmphma
ma rjhma-rjhma
rjhma-rjhma m`mr
impmt
impmt njnojr
njnojrcc hrctch
hrctch ima smrma yma`
yma` ojrscbm
ojrscbmtt njnoma
njnoma`ua
`ua m`mr
m`mr nmhmdmg
nmhmdmg cac
ojrnmabmmt om`c hctm sjnum, mnca.

[mcama, =0 Afvjnojr ?;?;

Hjdfnpfh 9

?
 C. [JAIMGZDZMA

M. Dmtm
Dmtmrr Ojdm
Ojdmhm
hma`
a`
Nmtjnm
Nmt jnmtch
tchmm njrupm
njrupmhma
hma cdnu
cdnu imsmr
imsmr smrc pjrhjn
pjrhjnoma
oma`ma
`ma smcas
smcas yma`
yma`
njncdchc pjrma pjatca` imdmn sjdurug mspjh hjgciupma. Cdnu nmtjnmtchm
omaymh ic`uamhma imdmn ojrom`mc ocima`, sjpjrtc ocima` caiustrc,
pjrim`ma`ma, pjrtmacma, cdnu hjifhtjrma ima dmca-dmca. Imdmn iuacm
pjrim`ma`ma frma` ictuatut uatuh nja`jrtc mrctnmtchm, ncacnmd pjaeundmgma
ima pja`urma`ma.

Imdmn ocima`
ocima` pjrtmacma,
pjrtmacma, nmtjnmtchm
nmtjnmtchm ic`uamhma
ic`uamhma uatuh nja`gctua`
nja`gctua`
wmht
wmhtu
u pmaj
pmaja
a ima
ima nja`
nja`gc
gctu
tua`
a` gmsc
gmscdd pm
pmaj
aja.
a. Imdm
Imdmn
n iu
iuac
acmm hj
hjif
ifht
htjr
jrma
ma
nmtjnm
nmtjnmtch
tchmm ic`uam
ic`uamhma
hma smmt
smmt nja`uh
nja`uhur
ur if
ifscs
scs fomt
fomt ima nja`gc
nja`gctua
tua`
` eundmg
eundmg
tjtjsma jbjhtcb pmim cabus. Ojrimsmrhma hjayjtmma-hjaymtmma tjrsjout impmt
ichmtmhma omgwm emtug oma`uaaym aj`mrm ijwmsm cac tjr`matu` imrc hjnmeuma

ocima` nmtjnmtchm.Nja`ca`mt oj`ctu pjatca`aym pjrmama hfasjp mrctnmtchm

sfscmd imdmn hjgciupma sjgmrc-gmrc,
sjgmrc-gmrc, nmhm pjaudcs
pjaudcs njrmsm omgwm nmhmdmg cac
luhu
luhup
p njno
njnoma
matu
tu hjsu
hjsudc
dctm
tma
a nmsy
nmsymr
mrmh
mhmt
mt unun
unun im
ima
a scsw
scswm-
m-sc
scsw
swcc pm
pmim
im
hgususaym imdmn njnpjdmemrc hfasjp mrctnmtchm sfscmd.

O. _unu
_unusm
sma
a Nms
Nmsmdmdmg
mg
=. Om`mcnmam
Om`mcnmam sjemrmg
sjemrmg Mrctnmtch
Mrctnmtchmm \fscmd (_u`c,
(_u`c, Oruttf,
Oruttf, Ajttf
Ajttf ima
ima Ymrm)6
Ymrm)6
?. Mpm pja`jrtcma
pja`jrtcma imrc _u`c,
_u`c, Oruttf,
Oruttf, Ajttf ima Ymrm6
<. Mpm hj`ua
hj`uamma
mma imrc
imrc njnmgmnc
njnmgmnc _u`c, Oruttf,
Oruttf, Ajttf
Ajttf ima Ymrm6

L. Yueuma
Njnojrchma
Njnojrchma `mnomrma hjpmim pjnomlm
pjnomlm uatuh njnmgmnc
njnmgmnc \jemrmg,
\jemrmg,
pja`jrtcma ima Hj`uamma Mrctnmtchm \fscmd (_u`c, Oruttf, Ajttf ima Ymrm).
\jom`mcnmam ichjtmguc omgwm _u`c, Oruttf, Ajttf ima Ymrm ic`uamhma uatuh
njajatuhma hjru`cma, ojrmt hftfr, ojrmt ojrscg ima ojrmt hjnmsma. Yueuma
tjrsj
tjrsjou
outt mi
mimdm
mdmg
g ua
uatu
tuh
h tjrlc
tjrlcpt
ptma
maym
ym mt
mtmu
mu tjroj
tjrojat
atuh
uhay
aymm nmsy
nmsymrm
mrmhm
hmtt ym
yma`
a`
nja`jrtc tjatma` iuacm pjrim`ma`ma ima djocg tjdctc imdmn njdmhuhma eumd
ojdc. \cswm-scswc eu`m mhma djocg pmgmn lmrm njnojimhma ima njajatuhma
mpm yma` icnmhsui ija`ma ru`c, oruttf, ajttf ima tmrm.

<
 CC. [JNOMGM\MA

M. \jemrm
\jemrmg
g Mrctnmt
Mrctnmtchm
chm \fscm
\fscmdd

[mim zmnma imgudu hmdm mpmocdm sjsjfrma` ca`ca njnojdc sumtu

omrma`, nmhm cm gmrus njayjicmhma omrma` ncdchaym sjom`mc `matc mtmu

pjauhmr omrma` yma` icca`cahma tjrsjout. Ncsmdaym sjfrma` pjtmac ca`ca

njnojdc pmhmcma, nmhm pjtmac tjrsjout ocsm njauhmraym ija`ma tc`m jhfr
mymn mtmu njnojdcaym
njnojdcaym ija`ma ium hmrua`
hmrua` ojrms. [jnojdcma
[jnojdcma ija`ma
ija`ma lmrm
tuhm
tuhmrr njau
njauhm
hmrr ichj
ichjam
amdd ija`
ija`ma
ma cstc
cstcdm
dmg
g om
omrt
rtjr
jr.H
.Hjn
jnui
uicm
cma
a ij
ija`
a`ma
ma
ojrhjnoma`aym pja`jtmguma ima pjrmimoma unmt nmauscm, eumd ojdc
ija`ma
ija`ma lmrm omrtjr
omrtjr nudmc
nudmc ictca`
ictca``md
`mdhma
hma.. Hj`cmt
Hj`cmtma
ma eumd
eumd ojdc
ojdc icdmhu
icdmhuhma
hma
ija`ma
ija`ma njnojr
njnojr acdmc mtmu gmr`m tjrgmimp
tjrgmimp sumtu omrma`.
omrma`. \jtjdmg
\jtjdmg
nja`md
nja`mdmnc
mnc prfsjs
prfsjs,, mhgcra
mhgcraym
ym nmausc
nmauscmm njajnu
njajnuhma
hma ojaim
ojaim yma`
yma` icsjou
icsjoutt
nmtm uma`.

\jemdma
\jemdma ija`ma
ija`ma pjrhjnoma`
pjrhjnoma`ma
ma ija`ma
ija`ma imdmn hjgciupma
hjgciupma sjgmrc-
gmrc,
gmrc, hctm
hctm sjrca`
sjrca` njaija
njaija`mr
`mr cstcdmg
cstcdmg-cst
-cstcdm
cdmg
g pjrim`
pjrim`ma`
ma`ma
ma sjpjrtc
sjpjrtc gmr`m
gmr`m
pjnojdcma, gmr`m pjaeumdma, uatua` ima ru`c. Ijnchcma pudm, cstcdmg
cnpms,
cnpms, rmomt
rmomt (icshf
(icshfa),
a), orutf,
orutf, ajtf,
ajtf, tmrm,
tmrm, ima ofaus.
ofaus. Cstcdmg
Cstcdmg-cst
-cstcdm
cdmg
g cac
njrupmhma om`cma imrc Nmtjnmtchm yma` icsjout mrctnjtchm sfscmd, ymctu
yma` njnomgms pjrgctua`ma hjuma`ma imdmn pjrim`ma`ma ima hjgciupma
sjgmrc-gmrc ojsjrtm mspjh-mspjhaym.

O. Gmr`m
Gmr`m [jnojdcma,
[jnojdcma, Gmr`m
Gmr`m [jaeumdm
[jaeumdma,a, Zatua`,
Zatua`, ima _u`c
_u`c
Imdm
Imdmn
n hjgc
hjgciu
iupm
pmaa sj
sjgm
gmrc
rc-g
-gmr
mrcc sj
sjrc
rca`
a` hm
hmdc
dc hc
hctm
tm njae
njaeun
unpm
pmcc mt
mtmu
mu
njdmhu
njdmhuhma
hma hj`cmt
hj`cmtma
ma eumd
eumd ojdc
ojdc mtmu
mtmu pjrim`
pjrim`ma`
ma`ma.
ma. Imdmn
Imdmn pjrim`
pjrim`ma`
ma`ma
ma
tjrimpmt pjaeumd ima pjnojdc. Echm hctm ca`ca njnpjrfdjg omrma` yma` hctm
ca`cahma nmhm hctm gmrus njdmhuhma pjrtuhmrma uatuh njaimpmthmaaym.
Ncsmdaym pjaeumd njayjrmghma omrma` hjpmim pjnojdc sjom`mc `matcaym
pjnojdc njayjrmghma uma` sjom`mc pja`matc omrma` hjpmim pjaeumd.
\jfrma` pjim`ma` njnojdc omrma` imrc pmorch uatuh iceumd dm`c icpmsmr.
Gmr`m omrma` imrc pmorch
pmorch icsjout
icsjout nfimd mtmu gmr`m pjnojdcma
pjnojdcma sjima`hma
sjima`hma
gmr`m imrc gmscd pjaeumdma omrma` icsjout gmr`m pjaeumdma.

9
 Imdmn
Imdmn pjrim`
pjrim`ma`
ma`ma
ma sjrca`
sjrca` tjremic
tjremic iu
iumm hjnua`
hjnua`hca
hcama
ma ymctu
ymctu pjim`m
pjim`ma
a
njaimpmt uatua` ima ru`c.
=. Zatu
Zatua`
a`
Zatu
Zatuh
h njnm
njnmgm
gmnc
nc pja`
pja`jr
jrtc
tcma
ma ua
uatu
tua`
a` pj
pjrg
rgmt
mtch
chma
ma lf
lfat
atfg
fg oj
ojrc
rchu
hut.
t.
[mh Znmr
Znmr njnojd
njnojdcc sjocim
sjocima`
a` tmamg
tmamg ija`ma
ija`ma gmr`m
gmr`m _p =;.;;;
=;.;;;.;;
.;;;,;
;,;;
;
hjnuicma hmrjam mim sumtu djpjrduma pmh Znmr njaeumd hjnomdc smwmg
tjrsjout ija`ma gmr`m _p ==.:;;.;;;,;;. Yjraymtm gmr`m pjaeumdma djocg
ojsmr icomaica` gmr`m pjnojdcma, ojrmrtc pmh Znmr njaimpmt
njaimpmt uatua`.
\jdcscg gmr`m pjaeumdma ija`ma gmr`m pjnojdcma
_p ==.:;;.;;;,;; ∟ _p =;.;;;.;;,;; > _p =.:;; .;;;,;;
Emic [mh Znmr njaimpmthma uatua` sjojsmr _p =.:;;.;;;,;;
Ojrimsmrhma lfatfg icmtms, nmhm impmt ictmrch hjscnpudma5
[jaeumd
[jaeumd ichmtmhma
ichmtmhma uatua` echm echm gmr`m pjaeumdma
pjaeumdma djocg ojsmr icomaica`
icomaica`
ija`ma gmr`m pjnojdcma.
Zatua` > Gmr`m Eumd “ Gmr`m Ojdc

?. _u`c
_u`c njnojdc rmicf ojhms ija`ma gmr`m _p =:;.;;;,;; rmicf ctu
icpjromchc ima nja`gmocshma ocmym _p <;.;;;,;; hjnuicma _urc njaeumd
rmicf ctu ima tjreumd ija`ma gmr`m _p =2;.;;;,;;
Nfimd (gmr`m pjnojdcma) > _p =:;.;;;,;; + _p <;.;;;,;;
> _p =7;.;;;,;;
Gmr`m pjaeumdma > _p =2;.;;;,;;
Yjraymtm gmr`m eumd djocg rjaimg imrc pmim gmr`m gmr`m pjnojdcma, emic
_urc nja`mdmnc ru`c.
\jdcscg gmr`m pjnojdcma ima gmr`m pjaeumdma5
> _p =7;.;;;,;; “ _p =2;.;;;,;;
> _[ ?;.;;;,;;
Ojrimsmrhma urmcma icmtms pjaeumd ichmtmhma ru`c echm gmr`m pjaeumdma
djocg rjaimg icomaica` gmr`m pjnojdcma.

_u`c > Gmr`m Ojdc “ Gmr`m Eumd

:
 <. Gmr`m
Gmr`m [jnoj
[jnojdcm
dcma
a ima
ima Gmr`m
Gmr`m [jaeum
[jaeumdma
dma
Yjdmg ichjnuhmhma omgwm ojsmr hjuatua`ma mtmu hjru`cma impmt icgctua`
echm gmr`m pjaeumdma ima gmr`m pjnojdcma tjdmg ichjtmguc.
Ojsmr hjuatua`ma icrunushma5
Zatua` > Gmr`m eumd “ Gmr`m ojdc
Nmhm impmt icturuahma ium runus ymctu5
=. Gmr`m eumd > Gm
Gmr`m ojdc + Za
Zatua`
?. Gmr`m oj
ojdc > Gmr`m eu
eumd “ Gmr`m ua
uatua`
Ojsmr hjru`cma icrunushma5
_u`c > Gmr`m ojdc “ Gmr`m eumd
Nmhm impmt icturuahma runus5
=. Gmr`m ojdc > Gmr`m eumd + _u`c
?. Gmr`m eumd > Gmr`m ojdc “ _u`c

L. [jrsj
[jrsjatm
atmsj
sj Zatua`
Zatua` ima
ima _u`c
_u`c
=. Njajat
Njajatuhm
uhma
a pjrsja
pjrsjatmsj
tmsj uatu
uatua`
a` mtmu
mtmu ru`c
ru`c
[mim pjrsjatmsj uatua` ojrmrtc uatua` icomaica` ija`ma gmr`m pjnojdcma,
ima pjrsjatmsj ru`c ojrmrtc ru`c icomaica` gmr`m pjnojdcma.

Zatua` _u`c
% Zatua` > Ð =;;%% _u`c > Ð =;;%Lfatfg5
Gmr`mOjdc Gmr`mOjdc
Gmr`m Ojdc

m) \jfrma`
\jfrma` ompmh njnojdc
njnojdc sjoumg nfocd sjgmr`m
sjgmr`m _p :;.;;;.;;;
:;.;;;.;;;,;;
,;; hmrjam
hmrjam
suimg ofsma ija`ma nfocd tjrsjout nmhm nfocd tjrsjout iceumd ija`ma

gmr`m _p 9:.;;;.;;;,;;. Yjatuhma pjrsjatmsj hjru`cmaaym!

Emwmo5
Gmr`m ojdc _p :;.;;;.;;;,;;.
Gmr`m eumd _p 9:.;;;.;;;,;;.
_u`c > _p :;.;;;.;;;,;;
:;.;;;.;;;,;; “ _p 9:.;;;.;;;,;;
9:.;;;.;;;,;; > _p :.;;;.;;;.

_u`c _p :. ;;;
;;; .;;;
.;;;,;
,;;;
% _u`c > Ð=;;% > Ð=;;% >=; %
Gmr`m Ojdc _p :;.;;;.;;;,;;
Emic ojsmr pjrsjatmsj hjru`cmaaym mimdmg =; %.

2
 o) \jfrma` pjim`ma` njnojdc `udm : h` ija`ma gmr`m _p <:.;
<:.;;;,
;;, hjnuicma
iceumd ija`ma gmr`m _p 9:.;;;, Ojrmpmhmg ojsmr pjrsjatmsj hjuatua`ma
pjim`ma` tjrsjout6
Emwmo5
Gmr`m ojdc _p <:.;;;,
Gmr`m eumd _p 9:.;;;,
Zatua` > _p 9:.;;; “ _p <:.;;; > _p =;.;;;

Zatua` _p =;. ;;;

;;;,;;
,;;
% Zatua` > Ð=;;%> Ð=;;% >?7 , 0 %
Gmr`m Ojdc _p <:. ;;;
;;;,;;
,;;
Emic pjrsjatmsj hjuatua`ma mimdmg ?7,0 %
?. Njajatuhma
Njajatuhma gmr`m
gmr`m pjnojdcma
pjnojdcma mtmu
mtmu gmr`m
gmr`m pjaeumdma
pjaeumdma ojrimsmrh
ojrimsmrhma
ma pjrsjatmsj
pjrsjatmsj
uatua` mtmu ru`c
Lfatfg5

\jfrma` pjim`ma` njnojdc chma sjgmr`m _p :;.;;;,;; / jhfr. Echm pjim`ma`

tjrsjout nja`gjaimhc uatua` ?; % ojrmpm rupcmghmg chma tjrsjout gmrus
iceumd6
Emwmo5
Gmr`m ojdc _p :;.;;;,;;

?;
_p :;
:; . ;;;,
;;;,;;
;; Ð > _p =;. ;;;,
;;;,;;
;;
Zatua` ?; % imrc gmr`m ojdc > =;;

Gmr`m Eumd > Gmr`m Ojdc + Zatua`

> _p :;.;;;,;; + _p =;.;;;,;;

> _p 2;.;;;,;;

Emic pjim`ma` ctu gmrus njaeumd ija`ma gmr`m _p 2;.;;;,;;

[jrsjatmsj uatua` mtmu ru`c sjdmdu icomaica`hma tjrgmimp gmr`m pjnojdcma
(nfimd), hjlumdc mim hjtjrma`ma dmca.

I. I. _momt
_momt (Icshfa
(Icshfa),
), Orutf,
Orutf, Ymrm,
Ymrm, ima
ima Ajtf
Ajtf
=. _momt
_mom
_momtt mimd
mimdmg
mg pftf
pftfa`
a`ma
ma gmr`
gmr`mm mt
mtmu
mu dj
djoc
ocg
g ic
ichj
hjam
amdd ij
ija`
a`ma
ma ic
icsh
shfa
fa..
Lfatfg5

0
 \joumg
\joumg tfhf njnojrchma
njnojrchma icshfa =: %, ouic njnojdc
njnojdc sjoumg rclj lffhjr
ija`ma gmr`m _p 9?;.;;;. ojrmpmhmg gmr`m yma` gmrus icomymr ouic6
Emwmo5
Gmr`m sjojdun icshfa > _p 9?;.;;;
[ftfa`ma gmr`m > =: % x _p 9?;.;;; > _p 2<.;;;
Gmr`m sjtjdmg icshfa > _p 9?;.;;; “ _p 2<.;;; > _p <0:. ;;;
Emic ouic gmrus njnomymr _p <0:.;;;
Ojrimsmrhma lfatfg icmtms impmt icpjrfdjg runus5
Gmr`m ojrscg > gmr`m hftfr “ _momt (icshfa)
Gmr`m hftfr mimdmg gmr`m sjojdun icicshfa
Gmr`m ojrscg mimdmg gmr`m sjtjdmg icicshfa
?. Orutf, Ymrm, ima Ajtf
Imdmn sjoumg hmrua` yma` ojrcsc pupuh tjrtjrm
tjrtjrm tudcsma
tudcsma ojrmt ojrscg :; h`
sjima`hma ojrmt hftfr ;,;7 h`, nmhm ojrmt sjdurugaym > :;h` + ;,;7h` >
:;,7h`.
Ojrmt hmrua` ima pupuh ymctu :;,7 h` icsjout orutf (ojrmt hftfr)
Ojrmt hmrua` ;,;7 h` icsjout icsjout tmrm
Ojrmt pupuh :; h` icsjout ojrmt ajtf ( ojrmt ojrscg)
Emic guoua`ma orutf, tmrm, ima ajtf mimdmg5
=. Ajtf > Orutf “ Y mrm
Echm ichjtmguc pjrsja tmrm ima orutf nmhm uatuh njalmrc tmrm ic`uamhma
runus5
?. Ymrm > [jrsja Ymrm x Orutf
Zatuh sjtcmp pjnojdcma yma` njaimpmt pftfa`ma ojrmt(tmrm) impmt
icrunushma5
<. Gmr`
Gmr`mm ojrs
ojrscg
cg > ajtf
ajtf x gmr
mr`
`m pj
pjrs
rsmt
mtu
uma ojrm
ojrmtt

J. Oua`m
Oua`m Ymou
Ymoua`m
a`maa ima
ima [memh
[memh
=. Oua`m
Oua`m tmou
tmoua`m
a`ma
a (Oua
(Oua`m
`m Yua`
Yua``md
`md))
Echm hctm njaycnpma uma` icomah eundmg uma` hctm mhma ojrtmnomg, gmd
ctu tjremic hmrjam hctm njaimpmthma oua`m imrc omah. Ejacs oua`m tmoua`ma
yma`
yma` mhma
mhma hctm
hctm pjdmemr
pjdmemrcc mimdmg
mimdmg oua`m
oua`m tua``m
tua``md,
d, mrtcaym
mrtcaym yma`
yma` njaimp
njaimpmt
mt

oua`m gmaym nfimdaym smem, sjima`hma oua`maym tcimh mhma ojroua`m

7
 dm`c. Mpmocdm oua`maym turut ojroua`m nmhm ejacs oua`m tjrsjout icsjout
icsjout
oua`m nmejnuh.
Lfatfg5
_cf njamoua` icomah sjojsmr _p 0:.;;; ija`ma oua`m =?% pjr tmgua.
Gctua` eundmg uma` rcf sjtjdmg jamn oudma.
Emwmo5
Ojsmr nfimd (uma` tmoua`ma) > _p 0:.;;;
2 =?
Ð Ð _p 0:.;;; , ;;> _p 9.:;; , ;;
Oua`m jamn oudma > =? =;;
Emicc eundmg
Emi eundmg uma`
uma` _cf sjtjdmg
sjtjdmg icscnp
icscnpma
ma sjdmnm
sjdmnm jamn
jamn oudma
oudma njaemi
njaemic5
c5
> _p 0:.;;; + _p 9:;;
> _p 03.:;;
?. [memh
[memh mimdmg stmtu hjwmecoma imrc nmsymrmhmt uatuh njatjrmghma sjom`cma
hjhmymmaaym pmim aj`mrm njaurut pjrmturma yma ic tjtmphma fdjg aj`mrm.
[j`mwmc tjtmp nmupua swmstm aj`jrc ichjamhma pmemh imrc pja`gmscdma
hjam pmemh yma` icsjout pmemh pja`gmscdma ([[g). \jima`hma omrma` mtmu
ojdmaemma imrc pmorch, ijmdjr, `rfsfr, mtmu tfhf nmhm gmr`m omrma`aym
ich
ichja
jamh
mhma
ma pmemh
memh yma
yma` icsj
icsjou
outt pm
pmem
emh
h pjr
jrtm
tmn
nom
omgm
gma
a acdmc
cdmc ([[
([[A).
Lfatfg5
\jfrma
\jfrma`
` cou njaimp
njaimpmt
mt `mec
`mec sjoudm
sjoudma
a sjojsmr
sjojsmr _p =.;;;.
=.;;;.;;;
;;;,;;
,;; ija`ma
ija`ma
pja`gmscdma tcimh hjam pmemh _p 9;;.;;;,;;. Echm ojsmr pmemh pja`gmscdma
([
([[g
[g)) mi
mimd
mdmg
mg =; % ojr
jrmp
mpmh
mhmg
mg `me
mecc yma
yma` ic
ictj
tjrc
rcnm
nm co
cou
u tj
tjrs
rsjo
jou
ut6
Emwmo5 Ichjtmguc5
Ojsmr pja`gmscdma _p =.;;;.;;;,;;
[ja`gmscdma tcimh hjam pmemh _p 9;;.;;;,;;
[ja`
[ja`mg
mgmsc
mscdm
dma
a hj
hjam
am pm
pmem
emh
h > _p =.;;
=.;;;.
;.;;
;;;,
;,;;
;; “ _p 9;
9;;.
;.;;
;;;,
;,;;
;; > _p
2;;.;;;,;;
[memh pja`gmscdma =; %
Ictmaym5 `mec yma` ictjrcnm cou tjrsjout
Emwmo5

3
 =;
Ð _p 2;;.;;; , ;; > _p 2;.;;; , ;;
Ojsmr pmemh pja`gmscdma > =;;
Emic pj`gmscdma cou > _p =.;;;.;;;,;; “ _p 2;.;;;,;; > _p 39;.;;;
39;.;;;,;;
,;;

B. HJ@ZAMMA

Imdmn hjgciupma sjgmrc-gmrc hctm sjrca` njdcgmt pjrcstcwm eumd ojdc

sumtu
sumtu omrma`
omrma`.. [mim
[mim eumd
eumd ojdc
ojdc tjrsjou
tjrsjoutt tjrimpm
tjrimpmtt gmr`m
gmr`m pjnojd
pjnojdcma
cma,, gmr`m
gmr`m
pjaeumdma, uatua`/ru`c, ojrmt omrma`, ojrmt hjnmsma ima ojrmt hjsjdurugma.
Imdmn
Imdmn hj`cmtm
hj`cmtma
a jhfafn
jhfafncc om`mcn
om`mcnmam
mam lmrm
lmrm njajat
njajatuhm
uhma
a smdmg
smdmg smtu
smtu imrc
imrc
gm
gmr`
r`mm pj
pjno
nojd
jdcma
cma,, gm
gmr`
r`mm pj
pjae
aeum
umdm
dma,
a, ua
uatu
tua`
a`/r
/ru`
u`c,
c, oj
ojrmt
rmt om
omrma
rma`,
`, oj
ojrmt
rmt
hjnmsma ima ojrmt hjsjdurugma. Hctm emic djocg tjdctc imdmn njdmhuhma eumd
ojdc mpmocdm suimg nja`jtmguc om`cma imrc mrctnmtchm sfscmd tjrsjout.

=;
 CCC. [JAZYZ[

M. HJ\C
HJ\CN[
N[ZD
ZDMA
MA
[jaeumd ichmtmhma ru`c echm gmr`m pjaeumdma djocg rjaimg icomaica`
gmr`m pjnojdcma. Orutf, ajttf ima tmrm mimdmg cstcdmg-cstcdmg yma` ojrhmctma
ija`ma ojrmt omrma`. Orutf mimdmg ojrmt hftfr sumtu omrma` ymctu ojrmt
ojrscg ima ojrmt hjnmsma. Ajttf mimdmg ojrmt ojrscg mtmu ojrmt sjojamraym
imrc sumtu omrma`. \jima`hma tmrm mimdmg pftfa`ma ojrmt sumtu omrma`,
ymctu ojrmt hjnmsma.

[ja`jrtcma imrc cstcdmg-cstcdmg imdmn mrctnmtchm sfscmd5

- Gmr`m pjnojdcma
pjnojdcma mimdmg sjeundmg uma` yma` ichjdumrhma
ichjdumrhma uatuh njnojdc
mtmu njnpjrfdjg sumtu omrma`.
- Gmr`m pjaeumdma mimdmg sjeundmg uma` yma` ictjrcnm sjom`mc pja``matc
imrc omrma` yma` iceumd.
- Zatua` (dmom) mimdmg hjmimma yma` tjremic ocdm gmr`m eumd djocg tca``c imrc
gmr`m
gmr`m ojdc.
ojdc. Ojsmra
Ojsmraym
ym ua
uatua
tua`
` imdmn
imdmn rupcmg
rupcmg smnm
smnm ija`ma
ija`ma sjdcscg
sjdcscg matmrm
matmrm
gmr`m eumd ija`ma gmr`m ojdc.
- _u`c mimdmg hjmimma yma` tjremic mpmocdm gmr`m eumd djocg rjaimg imrc
gmr`m ojdc.
- Cnpms
Cnpms mimdmg
mimdmg hjmimm
hjmimma
a pudma`
pudma` pfhfh
pfhfh (hjnom
(hjnomdc
dc nfimd)
nfimd),, ymhac
ymhac hjmimm
hjmimma
a
icnmam gmr`m pjaeumdma smnm ija`ma gmr`m pjnojdcma.
- [jrsja mimdmg ojsmraym hjuatua`ma mtmu hjru`cma icomaica` gmr`m ojdc
(pfhfh) yma` icaymtmhma ija`ma pjrsjrmtus.
- _momt (icshfa) mimdmg pftfa`ma gmr`m.

- Orutf mimdmg ojrmt hftfr.

- Ajttf mimdmg ojrmt ojrscg.

- Ymrm mimdmg ojrmt hjnmsma

O. \M_MA

==
 IMBYM_ _ZEZHMA

Jvce
Jvcemy
myma
mat,
t, P.,
P., & Hg
Hgft
ftnm
nmg,
g, _. [. (?;=
(?;=7)
7).. Mamd
Mamdcs
cscs
cs hj
hjsu
sudc
dcm
ma
a scsw
scswm
m sn
snp
p im
imdm
dmn
n

njay
njayjd
jdjs
jsmc
mchm
hma
a sf
sfmd
md ljrc
ljrcm
m mrc
mrcnm
nmth
thm
m sf
sfsc
scmd
md.. [rfs
[rfsci
cica
ca`
` \jn
\jnca
camr
mr Amsc
Amscfa
famd
md

Nmjnmthm ima [jaicichma Nmjnmthm (\jscfnmichm), ?3:-<;?.

Auricmwma, _., & Umagy, D. \. (?;=:). Mamdcscs Hjsmdmgma imdmn Njayjdjsmchma \fmd

Ljrcm
Ljrcm [mim
[mim Nmjrc
Nmjrc Gcn
Gcnpua
puama
ma Ojrims
Ojrimsmrh
mrhma
ma Ymgmpm
Ymgmpma
a Ajwnma
Ajwnma.. Efuram
Efuramdd fa

Jiulmtfa. ;=(;<), =?7“=<9.

\mrmg, \., \urymic, I., & Bmtnmg, \. (?;=0). Ijsmca Icimhts Hfasjp Rfdunj Dcnms

[mim [jnojdmem
[jnojdmemrma
rma Nmjnmth
Nmjnmthm
m \np Ojrimsmrhm
Ojrimsmrhma
a Djmraca`
Djmraca` Yrmejlfry.
Yrmejlfry.

Nmgjnmtls Jiulmtfa _jsjmrlg

\mrc, M. P. (?;=0). Icm`afscs hjsudcma ojdmemr nmjnmthm scswm ic taemu imrc

hjnmnpuma hfajhsc nmjnmthm scswm hjdms vccc snp nugmnnmicymg ?
hmrmsurm mgua pjdmemrma ?;=2/?;=0. Lgjnfspgjrj, 0(=), =<“=3.

\gmdch
\gmdchgmg
gmg,, N. (?;=3).
(?;=3). Mamdcs
Mamdcscs
cs hjsudc
hjsudcma
ma scswm
scswm snp aj
aj`jr
`jrcc < pdjrj
pdjrj pmim
pmim gnmjr
gnmjrcc

mrcnmthm sfscmd. Mlmijny fb Jiulmtfa Efuramd, =;(=), 99-:9.

\u`cyfaf. (?;=2 ). Njfij [jajdctma [jaicichma [ _&I . Omaiua`5 Mdbmojm.

Jaijhmma Humatmtb, Humdcmtb, ima 90

\uamryf, S., & Mnmn, M. (?;=3). Cnpdjnjamsc pjaijhmma hfajhsumd pmim nfijd
pjnojdmemrma ojromscs nmsmdmg ojrimsmrhma dma`hmg-dma`hmg pfdym. Yjfrjnm5
Yjfrc ima _csj Nmjnmthm, 9(?), ===“=?;.

\urcmic, C Nmij M`us., [mdfdfma`, Omgmruiica., ima Ojaau, \uimrnma (?;=0). [rfd

Hjnmnpuma Ojrpchcr Hrcts \cswm Hjdms RCCC \N[ Aj`jrc Nfijd Yjrpmiu

Nmimac [mdu imdmn Njayjdjsmchma \fmd Ljrcm Dums [jrnuhmma ima Rfdunj

Omdfh. Euramd jdjhrfach pjaicichma

=?