Presented by
A.Avinash Naidu III/IV B.Tech avinash18145@gmail.com Potnuru Gayatri III/IV B.Tech gayatri_pious@yahoo.com
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vignans Institute of Information Technology, Vadlapudi, Visakhapatnam-530026
ABSTRACT:
Modern control systems are being developed day to day in such a way to attain a sophisticated control & a maximum error free system. SCADA is commonly used in power system control & protection. SCADA is one such system, which is being familiar along with new features of computational intelligence, embedded systems etc. SCADA represents Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. It can cover a larger web. It is used in substation, transmission control & maintenance. We have mentioned the most common tasks of SCADA, which along with its additional features allows us to apply SCADA in the conventional electricity billing, to obtain a most error free system. The over all view of the system is given through a well explanary schematic representation. The tasks of SCADA break the system into a no of blocks such as BCU, MTU, MMI, and DM etc. Here we have connected all these in a Metropolitan Area Network. Because of this network concept we go for security policies to secure the system from snoopers. SCADA along with the newer technical concepts will give a new frame to the multi element systems.
INTRO TO SCADA:
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition system (SCADA) technology has evolved to successful multipurpose data utility management & control tools. SCADA is one such system that is being familiar along with computational intelligence. SCADA is a successful miscellaneous system that provides the reliability, data accuracy, control security with intelligent application.
TASKS OF SCADA:
Other than the above features there are certain tasks in through which the entire control network is activated. They are Data collection: It is responsible for periodically acquiring data from remote terminal units at the appropriate rate. In addition, data collection monitors the various scans to make sure they initiate & complete within the current time period. Data transmission: It refers to telemetry. The telemetry system comprises of an electronic equipment which converts the data received from the transducers into analogue or digital signals & transmits it to the control room for the use of computers. Data monitoring: Data monitoring is the process of periodic check up of the status of the data such as position of the CB, switches, fuses etc. Man / Machine interface: The Man-Machine interface provides a link between the operator & the software/hardware used to control/monitor the power system. SCADA
They can be accounted as follows, Chances of human errors. Presence of malpractices. Failure in tariff collection. Delay in tripping functions. Human resource wastage. SCADA clears out all the black outs in the conventional billing system. In this paper we made a wide view over this topic. The system description is as follows. With the due consideration of the tasks of the modern SCADA, we can divide the SCADA billing system as follows, Data acquisition. Data transmission. Remote Terminal Unit. Master Terminal Unit Man Machine Interface
Data Acquisition:
Consumers as reference point the necessary data for billing is collected from the energy meter in the form of pulses. The digital meter is integrated with relay, microcontroller& modem.
On the basis of computational algorithm the data is collected & transmitted to the common media. The computational algorithm depends upon the meter constant (rev/kwhr for electromechanical meter & pulse/kwhr ). If the meter constant is 1000 pulse/kwhr the algorithm is in such a way that the data output is in the terms of 100 pulse ie(.1 kwhr). This is done via micro-controller programming. The data transmitted is of the following format, ADDRESS WORD UNITS
Address word -> refers to the consumer identification no. Units -> refer to the no of units consumed at the time of request. The data from the micro-controller is not of transmittable form. It is in the logic levels of a chip circuitry. Because of this, a modem or data conditioning is interfaced with the microcontroller. Now the data is fed to the common media, which is linked with the RTU via any network topology (preferably star network). Data transmission: Data transmission in SCADA billing is done in two ways, Between consumers & RTU. Between RTU & MTU.
between MTU & RTU. In the MTU side routers are placed so that the high speed MTU processer is capable of communicating with a larger no of RTUs. Depending on the media used the other accessories differ.
NETWORKING TOPOLOGY:
The whole system is based on MAN (Metropolitan area network). Here its a combination of two. This two can be extended between the regions are Consumers & RTU RTU & MTU. The bus topology is a pertinent topology that can be utilized between consumers and RTU. The multipoint bus topology uses along cable to link the entire consumers in the network. In this way the network is established effectively. Here the bi-directional process can be done. Following this the star topology is extended between RTU & MTU. In this topology, each RTU Is connected to a central controller called MTU. The link between these two can be accomplished through modem &router.
In the web page there are different fields in regarding the role of data acquisition, for instance the starting & current reading are used to store the data from the consumer, while the fields units, charge, fine are used to store the data results from the MTU. The field paid is to register the payment of the consumer. The RTU is otherwise called as Bay control unit when the tasks like remote control & monitoring are added with the RTU. The interfacing devices like modem are added depending upon the need on communication. MASTER TERMINAL UNIT: The data from the RTU are collected in the MTU for further processing. Depending upon the application software in the MTU the collected data get processed. The application software is developed using a high level language like c, c++ etc. the data from the RTUs are collected on the basis of the priority table in the priority table is made on the basis of the algorithm in the router i.e, priority may be on the basis of shortest distance.
Depending on this, the prior RTU is selected & the consumers details are updated in their web pages .The web page in a MTU differs from the web page in the RTU. The programming algorithm works on the basis of the data from the fields. The algorithm can be described in a simpler way as ,
SELECTION OF THE PRIOR RTU FROM THE ROUTERS PRIORITY TABLE. DATA UPDATING. DATA PROCESSING.
CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF UNITS. CHECK 1: FOR LIMIT SELECTION & SELECTION OF CHARGE PER UNIT.
CHECK 3: FOR LAST BILLED DATE. FINE IF IT IS AFTER THE DUE DATE. TOTAL CHARGE CALCULATION.
DATA DESPATCHING.
MAN/MACHINE INTERFACE: MMI allows the RTU operator to trip the consumers power supply, when he fails to pay the bill within the due date. This made possible from the 111011 000000
status of the paid field in the consumers web page. An internal timer is set to the no of days, for bill payment. At the end of the last day, the status of the paid field is verified & the appropriate command word is sent back to the consumers meter. The command word is in the following format,
address word representing the consumer. command word to the tripping unit in the meter.
In this example, the command word is to connect the consumer with the supply, else we can use an another code to trip the supply.
The necessary steps to be taken to secure the SCADA network. The steps are Defining a security policy Securing the SCADA network &operating environment Securing the SCADA application Detecting the unauthorized intrusions Regulating the physical access to the SCADA network.
They can be accomplished through the following security policies, Fire walls. Virtual private networks. Demilitarized zones.
Authentication.
CONCLUSION:
The New Era has been already started from the reference point with the minimum source. SCADA associated with the computational intelligence will bring out the new revolution. With the support of the practical considerations, qualitative & quantitative analysis this can be implemented in the user area.