India Meteorological Department (IMD) was established in 1875. It is the National Meteorological Service provider of the country and the principal government agency in all matters relating to meteorology, seismology and allied disciplines and provides weather and climate services to different sectors.
sensor observations.
? software tools for various meteorology, Seamless
climatology and public weather service applications. ? An integrated and fully automated forecasting environment ? method is overlaid on numerical models Synoptic supported by modern graphical and GIS applications to produce high quality analyses & forecasts and automated dissemination of forecast and warning. ? support of NWFC at IMD, Pune in the Backup office of DDGM(Weather and Forecasting) National Weather Forecasting Centre (NWFC)
Web based Forecast Services : Weather forecast, meteorological information, warnings, normal etc. are provided through IMD Head Quarters at Delhi and various offices of IMD. http://www.imd.gov.in/ http://www.mausam.gov.in/ v IMD Pune http://www.imdpune.gov.in/
v v IMD HQ
Forecasting Cell l Monitoring of weather situation over the country l Issuance of short to medium range forecast with a outlook on extended range. l Issuance of forecast for mountain region, sports, tourism and VIP movements etc l Issuance of meteorological sub-division wise weather warnings. l Co-ordination with Regional and State Meteorological Centres for location specific forecasts Aviation Cell l Preparation of significant weather charts for analysis purpose. l Monitoring of aviation weather through 17 Aerodrome Meteorological offices, 51 Aeronautical Meteorological Weather offices and Meteorological Watch offices (MWO).
(Fog over northern India as seen in Satellite picture)
Cyclone Warning & Marine Forecasting Cell l Responsible for monitoring and prediction of cyclone disturbances over the north Indian Ocean. l Issuance of warning and advisory to national and international disaster management agencies. l as Regional Specialised Meteorological Acts Centre (RSMC) to issue tropical cyclone advisories to World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) /Economic & Social Co-operation for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP) Panel countries. l acts as Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre Also (TCAC) to provide advisories for International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
Climate Cell l Climate cell provides the climatological information processed through CLYSIS system to the forecasters.
forecasters in NWFC in issuance of weather advisories and Nowcasting of severe weather. l Satellite application cell monitors and interprets satellite products and functions in the same manner as the radar cell. PWS Cell l Generation and dissemination of customised weather products from the NWFC.
Nowcasting Cell l Responsible for monitoring and prediction of severe weather over the country in 3-6 hour range. l Issuance of alert to the concerned RMCs/MCs regarding the impending severe weather through video conferencing. Agromet and Hydromet Applications Cells l cells are in direct co-ordination with These forecasting cell and generate Agromet and Hydromet products on All India basis.
Weather Research & Forecast (WRF-Var) System : The regional mesoscale analysis system (WRF-Var) is installed on HPCS at IMD, Delhi with its all components i.e. pre-processing programs, observation assimilation program (WRF-Var), boundary condition updation and forecasting model. The model runs with 2 domains (27 km and 9 km) at 00 and 12 UTC and forecasts for 3 days.
WRF Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model (WRFNMM) for tropical cyclone forecast. Run at the time of tropical cyclone over the Indian Seas.
Polar WRF for predicting weather conditions over Antarctica (Maitri), implemented in IMD in October 2010. Forecast of 10m winds and 2m Temperature for 24 hours over Maitri region.
Extreme Temperature Forecasting : IMD from beginning of 2010 has implemented extreme temperature (Maximum & Minimum) deterministic forecast for two weeks and the monthly probability forecast of extreme temperatures using the ensemble members of coupled model outputs.
Forecast maximum temperature (0C) anomaly Based on 08 Apr 2010, valid for 12-18 Apr 2010 Forecast minimum temperature (0C) anomaly Based on 30 Dec 2010, valid for 3-9 Jan 2011 Porbability (%) of Below Normal Maximum Temp Valid for December 2010 (Based on Nov. 2010) Porbability (%) of Below Normal Minimum Temp Valid for December 2010 (Based on Nov. 2010)
3. Nowcasting
Nowcasting falls under the category of weather forecasting valid for very short duration (say upto 6 hours). The venue specific forecasts based on meso-scale model with the assimilation of Delhi Doppler Weather Radar Observation was implemented to support weather forecast system for Delhi Commonwealth Games 2010. Different nowcast products are given here :
4. Meteorological Telecommunication
Telecommunication Division of IMD provides the support function needed for meteorological data and processed products to the users, both on national and international level. Since its inception in 1969, IMD maintains an extensive telecommunication network for speedy collection of meteorological information, both basic data and processed products, all over the globe. The main telecommunication hub of the IMD's telecommunication network is located at New Delhi. It is now termed the National Meteorological Telecommunication Centre (NMTC).
? New Delhi is a Regional Telecommunication Hub (RTH) on the Main Telecommunication Network (MTN)
? The National
connecting the two World Meteorological Centres, Moscow directly and Washington via Tokyo. Meteorological Telecommunication Network (NMTN) is designed to collect observational data and to receive and distribute meteorological information on a national level through 19 collection centers (which are either Meteorological Centers at the State Capitals or Regional Meteorological Centres).
agricultural, transport and other operations. l the ongoing modernization program of IMD, it is planned to establish a network of 1000 Automatic Under Weather Station (AWS) and 3600 Automatic Rain Gauge Stations (ARG) across the county in a phased manner. l In addition to the meteorological observatories, instruments are also placed in the Airports for measuring Runway Visual Range (RVR). Installed ARGs RVR equipment Installed AWSs
Upgradation in the Upper Air Observing System IMD's Upper air observational network comprises 39 radiosonde and 62 pilot balloon observatories spread all over the country. New GPS based sounding systems have been introduced in the observational network for the upper air observations at 10 locations. The GPS radiosonde operates in 1680 MHz and has digital architecture. It uses GPS to provide the location of the sonde during the ascent and hence is used to derive the wind speed and wind direction. An MoU was signed between Society for Advance Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research (SAMEER), a Society under Ministry of Communication and Information Technology and IMD, in May 2007 for exploring the possibilities of indigenous development of various instruments to up-grade the upper air observational capabilities of IMD. Semi Automation of the Pilot Balloon Computation System : The computation system at all the 62 Pilot Balloon Observatories has been upgraded to semiautomatic type by deployment of the Hand Held Computation System. This is very user friendly menu driven system, saves the time, data quality checks are applied and data availability is in near real time to the forecasters. The data is now being archived in digital format.
Indigenous GPS sonde ground receiving antenna Semi automation of the Pilot Balloon Computation System
7. Satellite Meteorology
IMD is receiving and processing meteorological data from two Indian satellites namely Kalpana-1 and INSAT-3A. Kalpana-1 was launched on 12th September, 2002 and is located at 740 E. INSAT-3A was launched on 10th April, 2003 0 and is located at 93.5 E. Kalpana-1 and INSAT-3A both have three channel Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) for imaging the Earth in Visible (0.55-0.75 m), Infra-Red (10.5-12.5m) and Water vapour (5.7-7.1m) channels having resolution of 2X2 kms. in visible and 8X8 kms. in WV and IR channels. In addition the INSAT-3A has a three channel Charge Coupled Device payload for imaging the earth in Visible (0.62-0.69m), Near Infra Red (0.77-0.86m) and Short Wave Infra Red (1.55-1.77m) bands of Spectrum. The Resolution of CCD payload in all the three channels is 1 Km 1 Km. At present about 48 nos. of satellite images are taken daily from Kalpana-1 which is the main operational satellite and 9 images are taken from INSAT-3A. Imaging from CCD is done 5 times during daytime only. All the received data from the satellite is processed and archived in National Satellite Data Centre (NSDC), New Delhi. (http://www.imd.gov.in/section/satmet/dynamic/insat.htm)
Sea Surface Temperature Land Surface Emissivity
satellites payloads was also prepared and posted on IMD main website for use of forecasters and researchers.
v Recently three Ground receiving and
Fog detection
processing systems for NOAA/METOP and MODIS Polar orbiting satellites were installed at IMD New Delhi, RMC Chennai and at RMC Guwahati.
v The OCEANSAT-2 Satellite of ISRO
Outgoing Longwave Radiation (Jun-Sep, 2010)
became available for operational use from July 2010. The Sat. Met. Division has undertaken projects with SAC (ISRO) utilizing the OCEANSAT -2 data for Tropical Cyclone genesis and use of data in NWP models.
Kalpana's WVW
INSAT-3D Earth Station and IMD's readiness ?Earth station for receiving the A new data from INSAT-3D was installed at IMD New Delhi. It accomplishes IMD's readiness for INSAT 3D satellite to be launched soon by ISRO. ? The satellite will have a 6 channels imager and a 19 channels sounder with 1 Km resolution imagery in visible band, 4 Km in IR band and 8 Km in water vapor channel. ? In addition to satellite imagery in six channels several new derived products along with the vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, moisture and ozone will be available after processing the data from INSAT-3D.
Modernization of Cyclone Warning Dissemination System Modified Cyclone Warning Dissemination System (CWDS) to replace the existing network of CWDS is under process. Implementation of this will make Cyclone Warning on one of the DTH television channels.
8. RADAR Meteorology
v used for Nowcasting and very short range weather forecasting Basically v A Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) provides velocity and spectrum width data (in addition to reflectivity). This
capability permits the forecaster to view weather events like thunderstorms, hailstorm, heavy rainfall etc in greater detail. v DWR provides various meteorological, hydrological and aviation products which are very useful for forecasters in estimating the storm's center, fixing its position and predicting its future path. v In Numerical Weather Prediction models the DWR data, which is in digital form, can directly be assimilated, to have better rainfall estimation, better prediction of the storm track and point of landfall for tropical cyclones. v of phase-i of the moderinaztion, 21 DWRs will be in operation and by end of phase-ii 55 DWRs will be By end operational. v from DWRs is received online at central server and is converted to the format required by modelers and Raw data shared through IMD-Telecom (TRANSMET) and also used to create a national radar mosaic.
weather and vagaries of the monsoon in particular. The object of agriculture meteorology is to minimize the impact of adverse weather on crops and to make use of crop weather relationship to boost agricultural production. The Agricultural Meteorology Wing of the IMD, which was established at Pune in 1932, supports and participates in multidisciplinary activities in this field. Forecast and advisories for farmers are issued by Agrometeorological Field Units at Agroclimatic zone level, IMD's forecasting offices of State capital and National Agromet Advisory Service Centre, Pune. Besides, it is also the centre for the research programs in Agricultural Meteorology and has field units in various parts of the country.
v IMD works in close association with agricultural universities,
research institutions and central and state agricultural agencies. Agromet Scientists interact with experts in relevant disciplines and IMD's experts to frame agrometeorological advisories for farmers and State Department of Agriculture/agricultural institutions supply crop data required for IMD's services and research efforts. Helps are extended to establish and maintain specialized observatories, provide access to an extensive agrometeorological database and give inputs for agricultural planning.
District level Agro-Met Advisory Services About 60 percent population of India depends on agriculture and thus weather-based agricultural advisories are critical. The focus is on strengthening the farmer's knowledge of weather, climate and suitable farm practices in their overall efforts to augment crop productivity. Weather and climatic information plays a major role before and during the cropping season and is helpful to the farmer to organize and activate his own resources to respond to the situation. The Agro-meteorological Advisory Service (AAS) is a mechanism to provide relevant information on meteorological and agricultural practices to improve agricultural production; both in quantity and quality.
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Main Activities
? Monitoring of Rainfall and preparation of rainfall summary Real Time ? Meteorological support for flood warning and flood control operations to field units of Central Water
- Is another important service provided by IMD through :v Monitoring Meteorological drought. v Preparation of Drought Climatology v Delineation and identification of
conditions during Southwest and Northeast monsoon seasons by preparing aridity anomaly maps.
Sunrise & Sunset and Moonrise & Moonset and Rashtriya Panchang).
lobservations on important astronomical events (Solar Eclipse, Take
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aeronautical users Integrated Airport Meteorological Instrument System (AMIS) installed at Amritsar, BIAL Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Jaipur, Mumbai, New Delhi for automatic acquisition, processing, dissemination and display in real time of the meteorological parameters affecting landing and take-off operations. v forecast and warnings on meteorological Issue of hazards to aviation:
Landing and Take-off forecast (TREND) Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) Route Forecast Aerodrome Warning Area/ Local Forecasts SIGMET SIGWX
v Web based online briefing to Airlines
Future programmes v Implementation of Aviation Weather Decision Support System at Delhi ( Palam) Airport v Establishment of National Aviation Met Centre at New Delhi v Application of SYNERGIE system in Aviation met product generation v to run MM5/ WRF meso-scale models Provision to meet the specific airfield requirements at AMOs. v Introduction of TREND forecast in all AMSs. v Reception of MET data through AMDAR over Indian Flight Information Regions to be introduced. v Implementation of ISO 9000 compatible quality management system for its aviation meteorological services. vup of the Survey in order to get the user Taking feed back.
(Acid rain threats) v Atmospheric turbidity v Radiation v Sunshine Duration v Evaporation v (Surface & total) Ozone v Antarctica Ozone
of stations in India to monitor atmospheric composition of radiatively active species (CO2,CH4,N2O,O3 and aerosols) ? To establish a GHG Reference Laboratory and National GHGs Standards linked to International Standards. ? To establish a Data Centre
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country, with the first seismological observatory of the country having been set up by the department at Kolkata in 1898. ? The operational task of the department is to quickly estimate the earthquake source parameters immediately on occurrence of an earthquake and disseminate the information to all the user agencies including the concerned State and Central Government agencies responsible for carrying out relief and rehabilitation measures. n maintaining the National Seismological Network (NSN) consisting of 55 observatories, which includes IMD is 17-station Real Time Seismic Monitoring Network (RTSMN) set up for early warning of tsunamis. IMD is also maintaining a 16-station, V-SAT based digital seismic telemetry system around National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi for close monitoring of seismic activity in the region. ? The information relating to under-sea earthquakes capable of generating tsunamis on the Indian coastal regions is also disseminated to all concerned user agencies including the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad for issue of tsunami related messages and warnings. ? The earthquake information is transmitted to various user agencies including public information channels, press, media etc. using different modes of communication, such as SMS, fax, email, IVRS and also posted on IMD's Website (www.imd.gov.in and www. mausam.gov.in). Main Activities ? of processed seismological data at the National Archival Seismological Database Centre (NSDC) on a regular basis and supply of the same to various user agencies. ? Publication of monthly National Seismological Bulletin about all earthquakes located by the Seismological Network of IMD. ? Periodical training programs/refresher courses in Seismology Recent Achievements v created for raster scanning, processing and vector Facilities digitization of old analog charts at Seismological Observatory, Kamla Nehru Ridge, Delhi v Installation of field equipment under Seismic Telemetry System in north east India region is in process. A new permanent building for Seismological observatory at Imphal is completed . v cooperation in the fields of Seismology and Bilateral earthquake prediction research with Russia and Mexico. Earthquake Risk Evaluation Center (EREC)
n Earthquake Risk Evaluation Center (EREC) was established
National Seismology Observatory Network
in February 2004, as a multidisciplinary Center to provide purposive turning point to guide national endeavor in mitigating the disastrous impacts of earthquakes and undertake/promote specific tasks related to Earthquake Hazard Evaluation and Risk Assessment. n context 'Seismic Hazard and Risk Microzonation' (SHRM) In this provides an important tool. EREC has completed the Seismic Hazard Microzonation of NCT Delhi on 1:50,000 scale and n has also collaborated in the Seismic Hazard EREC Microzonation of Jabalpur, Guwahati and Bangalore. n is now carrying out Seismic Hazard Microzonation of EREC NCT Delhi with higher precision on 1:10,000 scale (Comprises of 75 toposheets).
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The annual mean temperature for India was +0.91 C above average, making
the year 2009 the warmest year on record since 1901.
neighboring countries in RA-II & V region under WMO regional co-operation programme. The same training course is also offered to the officials of other Govt of India Organizations (Viz., Indian Navy, Indian coast guard, etc.) and to the newly recruited IMD class-I officers. l Provides training at different levels to the IMD personnel. l Continuous Education and Training (CET) programme, CTI also conducts, on average 3 refresher courses Under per year on the themes of topical interest.
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(b)
MME forecast rainfall anomaly (mm/day) Based on 09 Sep, valid for 20-26 Sep 2010
(a)
Probability (%) of below normal rainfall Based on Jul 2010, valid for August 2010
(b)
Probability (%) of above normal rainfall Based on Jul 2010, valid for August 2010
Geophysics (IJMG) was published regularly from January 1950. Later the name was changed to Indian Journal of Meteorology, Hydrology & Geophysics (IJMH & G) in 1975. A concise Hindi name gMAUSAMh was given 5 year later. ? Jubilee Volume 2009 (to commemorate Sixty Diamond years of Journal MAUSAM).
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First session of South Asian Climate Outlook Forum (SASCOF-1) meeting organized by IMD and WMO held in IITM, Pune during 13-15 April 2010.
Inauguration of Doppler Weather Radar at Palam, Delhi on 20 May 2010 by Hon. Minister Shri Prithviraj Chavan.
Inauguration of Integrated Forecasting & Communication Systems (IFCS) at IMD, Delhi on 23rd September 2010 by Hon. Minister Shri Prithviraj Chavan.
One day Brain storming session on Polar Sciences Implementing Agreement regarding INSAT-3D Satellite Data (IA-3D) signed by Dr.Ajit Tyagi, DGM, IMD and Ms organized by IMD on 24th Sep,2010 Mary E. Kicza, NOAA, USAon 6th Oct 2010.
CGMS-38 meeting organized by IMD in New Delhi during 8-12 Nov 2010
1793
1875
1954
1982
2000
2010
l All meteorological
oldest Meteorological Observatories of the world. l First Astronomical & Meteorological Unit started at Madras in 1793.
work in the country was brought under a central authority with the establishment of IMD. l HeadquartersFirst The Alipore Office at Calcutta, started in 1875.
were pressed into aviation weather service as early as 1954. lt C y c l o n e Firs Detection Radar was installed at Vishakhapatnam in 1970.
Radars l
provided a Geo-stationary platform for remote sensing of the atmosphere and automatic data collection. l An unmanned Data Collection Platform.
INSAT l
- b a s e d dissemination of d a t a a n d information l Modernization of IMD commenced from 2006. l Level AAS District from 2008.
We lb
Forcasting & Communication Systems (IFCS). l Operational global model l Operational extended range forecast l Nowcasting
Integrated l
For further details Kindly contact Office of Director General of Meteorology, IMD Mausam Bhawan, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110003 Toll Free No. 1800 180 1717 Visit the web site http://www.imd.gov.in or http: // www.mausam.gov.in 16
In the Service of Nation Since 1875