Welcome to my lecture Who am I ?: Prof. Dr. S.M. Sitompul These are my rules I always come on time ( 10) with a proper dress Get into the lecture room, dont hang around I use English in my lecture and exam (25(2575%)
These are my philosophies Turn your enemies to be your friends Turn your useless time to be useful time Make big problems to be small problems Simplify the systems or problems
Teaching Philosophy "Give a man a fish, and he will eat for a day, but teach a man to fish and he will eat for a lifetime" - Confucius.
PREPARATION
LECTURE FLOW
I. INTRODUCTION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
My Dictionary
Buy a writing book (100 pages)write the title My pages) My Dictionary Dictionary Write every word that you do not understand in my lecture and from others, and get the meaning of it (you have to show this at the end of my lecture) you to lecture) have at least 100 words Everyone has to make English Presentation (EP) The EP is started from the English judges The English judges have to coordinate their friends for the EP and take marks Form groups with 5 members each Discuss lecture materials in your groups
Definition Approach Life Biology Systems CELL Atom and Atom Structure Organic Compounds of Plants
English Presentation
SelfSelf-Propagating Groups
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INTRODUCTION
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Definition
2. Approach
To Understand the Big, Youd Better Know the Small
Botany can be defined as the scientific study of plant life. life. The study of life is biology, and the word biology, biology is composed of 2 Greek roots bio which mean life, and logi which means logi study of Biology as a science is concerned with all lifelife- plant and animal, but botany is interested in plant life in particular. particular.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
3. Life As Botany = study of plant life, then what is life? If we were to list the criteria for defining life what would they be?
2.
All living things are composed of cells They have self regulating metabolisms They move Respond to stimuli Reproduce Adapt to environment
3.
Organization: Organization: Being composed of one or more Cells, which are the basic units of life. Metabolism: Metabolism : Consumption of energy by converting nonliving material into cellular components (anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (catabolism) Growth: Growth: Maintenance of a higher rate of synthesis than catalysis
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4. 5.
Adaptation: Adaptation: The ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment Reproduction: Reproduction: The ability to produce new organisms (the production of new cells in the process of growth )
Historically, botany covers all organisms that were not considered to be animals Some of these organisms are:
Plants PlantPlant-like organisms include fungi, (studied in mycology), bacteria , and viruses (studied in microbiology), and algae (studied in phycology). phycology).
Plants has a fundamental part of life on Earth. They generate the oxygen, food, fibers, fuel and medicine that allow higher life forms to exist. Plants also absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, that in large amounts can effect global climate.
at a chemical level, looking at the level, biochemistry of organisms, or at a cellular level where interest in the structure and functions of cells and cell physiology is considered, or at the levels of tissues or organs. organs.
The CELL is the smallest unit of living matter. The smallest living things are one celled animals (certain bacteria and algae) Larger organisms are collections of cells in which cells are differentiated by function by act in concert, that is they are organized and cooperate.
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Cells are the basic and fundamental unit of structure, physiology, and organization of all living organisms. Knowing the composition of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all of the biological sciences
1.
The fundamental
unit of matter is the atom. atom. Everything that has mass and occupies space is composed of atoms or subatomic particles. particles.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Subatomic particles (electrons, protons and neutrons) form atoms (hydrogen, helium, oxygen, iron, etc.) which form molecules (water, glucose, cellulose, etc.) which form complex macromolecules (glycoproteins, DNA, RNA, glycoproteins, etc.) which form subcellular units called organelles (nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, etc.) which form cells which form tissues (muscle, nerve, adipose, epithelial, etc.) which form organs (brain, heart, liver, root, leaf, etc.) which form an individual organism
Atomic Nucleus contains Protons and Neutrons Neutrons and Protons have similar mass (weight) Electrons have a very small mass and spin around the Atomic Nucleus Atoms have equal number of protons (+) and electrons (-)
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2.
The major groups of organic compounds as far as life is concerned are: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 5. Terpenes 6. Phenolic Compounds 7. Glycosides 8. Alkaloids
Atom Characteristics
The molecular constituent of plants are synthesized from far simple, inorganic molecules (CO2, H2O and (CO nutrient elements) elements) The formation of almost all living molecules occur through reactions catalyzed by enzymes and based on characteristics of basic constituent of the molecules (atom)
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/chemid1.htm#carbohydrates
Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are frequently found bonded to carbon. Organic compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, this includes what common materials?
In a simplified yet useful view of an atom, electrons orbit a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons.
2. 3.
Isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Many isotopes are unstable, making them radioactive. Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) play an important role in health, medicine and biological research.
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An important rule: the innermost shell holds two electrons; subsequent shells hold 8 electrons.
Pairing for the Greater Good 2. Molecule Formation There are two types of bonds that can form between atoms: covalent bond & ionic bond When atoms come together by sharing electrons the bond is a covalent bond.
H2
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms are bound together covalently.
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Valence Electrons
The electrons found in the outer shell of an atom are known as valence electrons The valence of an atom is the number of electrons an atom must receive to become chemically stable (i.e., less reactive) For many atoms Valence = 8 - # valence electrons
Oxygen: Oxygen: 6 valence electrons, valence = 2 Nitrogen: Nitrogen: 5 valence electrons, valence = 3 Carbon: Carbon: 4 valence electrons, valence = 4
Oxygen draws electrons to itself much more strongly than hydrogen. Therefore, the covalent bonds of H2O are highly polar and so is the molecule.
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Some Atoms Do Almost Anything to Fill Electron Shells Sodium donates a lonely electron to chlorine to complete its outer electron shell. Chlorine is only too happy to accept.
The result is ion formation. An ion is an atom or molecule with one or more full positive or negative charges.
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Ionic Bonds
Two oppositely charged ions bind together. This type of chemical bond is an ionic bond. Salts are solids held together by ionic bonds. Ionic bonds are common and important in biology.
Ionic bonding
High electronegativity difference strips valence electrons away from another atom Electron transfer creates ions (charged atoms) Cation (positive ion); anion (negative ion) Ex: Salts (sodium chloride)
Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding involves 3 steps (3 energies) 1) loss of an electron(s) by one element, 2) gain of electron(s) by a second element, 3) attraction between positive and negative
Na Cl
Ionic bonds result from one atom essentially giving an electron to another atom Ionic bonds represent an extreme of polarity and are represented in biological systems as the salt bridges within proteins
Ionization energy
e + Na+ Cl Cl Na+
+ e
E lectron affinity
Cl + Na+
Lattice energy
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Hydrogen Bonding
Oxygen and nitrogen are much more hungry for electrons than hydrogen. Bonds between nitrogen or oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar. This allows bonds to form between partially positive and partially negative atoms in different or (in large molecules) the same molecule. The result is a hydrogen bond.
By convention, a requirement for energy is given a + sign (we have to put energy in) and is called endothermic, a release of energy is given a sign and is called exothermic.
Na
Ionization energy
e + Na+ Cl
+ 496 349
Cl + e Cl + Na+
E lectron affinity
Lattice energy
Cl Na+ 766
10