I

CHAPTER

FUNDAMENTAL
1.1

CONCEPTS: VECTORS

(a)

A + B = (i + ]) + (j + k) = i + 2J + k
I

IA+BI=(1+4+1)2

J6

(c)

A· B = (1)(0) + (I )(1) + (0)( I ) = 1

i j

(d)

AxB=

1 0 =i(l-O)+)(O-l)+k(l-O)=I-./+k

011

IA x BI = (I + 1+ 1): = J3
1.2 (a)

X(B+C)=(2i+))'(i+4)+k)=(2)(l)+(l)(4)+(O)(l)=6 ( A + B) . C = ( 31 + ) + k)
210 ·4) = (3)( 0) + (1)( 4 ) + (1)( 0)

=4

(b)

A· ( B xC) =

10 040

I =-8

( A x B). C = A· (B xC) = -8
(c)

/lx(BxC)=(A.C)B-(A-B)t=4(i+k)-2(4])=4i-8.J+4k

( A x B) x C = -c x ( A x B) = - [( c.B) .4- ( c ..4) BJ

= - [ 0 ( 21 + )) - 4 (I + i ) = 4i + 4k ]

cosO = A· B
1.3

= (a)(a)

+ (2a)(2a) + (O)(3a)
J5:1.J14a2

AB

a2J5Jl4

5a

1.4
(a)

Ii = i + ) + k : body

diagonal

A=I,:j·.11=JJ.i+ ).}+k.k
-------"
'I
r I -----~

=13

(b)
1

E = 1+ )

: face diagonal

1
I
,
I

I
1 1
I A

B=IS.13I=J2
J

l---_.,__'_'"

'/

i (c)

C=AxE=

I I

1 0

(d)

cosO=--=

A·B AB

1-1

13J2
B

=0

:.(}=90"

1.5

=IEI =IAxCI =ACsinO

x

:. C = C sin 0 = B Y A :. C
x

-----+
-+

BKA

A . C = A C cos e = 1I ACE + C-=Ax

1I =-2

= C cos e = !!.... A

lEx AI
I-

C_
Y

--A+---

II

Ex ,4 ( B)
AB A

A2

A+-, BxA A A-

1.6

;d( -ciA = 1dt d' A

dt

.. d( .d( yt 3) == la+ j2j3t+k3yr ~ ". " at ) + J>: j3r') +kdt dt

+ k6yl

-2

cit

= j2j3

1.7

°= A .s = (

q ) ( q ) + ( 3 ) ( -q ) + ( 1) (2) = q 2 q

3q + 2

(q-2)(q-I)=0,

= 1 or 2

2:=Jo
IAI
Bcos8

Iii

IA. BI = IABeosel = IAllslleosel ~IAllsl

Beose s B

I.9

Show
i

A x ( B x t) = ( .4 . c) s - (A .B) t
j

k B: = (AxC, +A)'Cy +A:CJl3-(A,Bx + AyB" + AzBz)t

or

AxBr

c,
= (A,B.rC,

<<
1,

By

+ A),B,C

+ AzBxC: - A,BxC, - AyB.I,C, - AzBzC,)i

- AXB,Cy - AyByC)' - AzBzC ...)J

+( AxByC, + AyB ..Cy + AzB,.C:

+( AxB:Cx + AyB:C,. + AzBzC: - ArBxCz - A.-ByC; - AIBIC:)k (AyB,py

+ AzBrCz - AyByC
Z -

AzBtC,)i

= +{ AxB.I·Cx + AzByC

Ax BXCy - At BzCy

)J

+ (AxBzC, + AyBzCy - A,SrC: - AyByCz)k

. k

1(AyBxC

...- AyByCx - A:B:Cx + A:BxC:)

Ax

sc, -BxC:

AI'

Az
BrC,. -ByCx

=~(~~~-~~~-~~~+~~~)
+k (AfB,C,
- AxBxC: - A.B.-C: + AyB:CI')

1.10

= Asin()
= ABsinO

= 2(k.\)')+

y(B-x)

= xy+ .vB-xy

1.11
1

Ax

A)'

A,

Bx

B,. A,.
Cl'

B. A= Cz

A.(BxC)=.:1.

c,
1.12 x

Bx

B,. C,.

B: = B .r Cz

c,

B,.

Cy

B: =- Ax Cx C:

=-S.(AxC)

Let A

= (Ax,Ay,Az),

B = (OJ3yJ»)

and

C = (O,Cy,Cz)

C, is the perpendicular
directed

distance between the plane

Ii. B

and its opposite.

II,

along the x-axis since the vectors

B. C

are in the y,z plane.

=IB x CI

it

=B xC

is

= ByCz

is the area of the parallelogram height of plane

formed by the vectors jj •

A . B = Ax to
.l'J'Z

C.

Multiply

that area times the

get the volume of the parallopiped

V =A xxIf =A B C =

A.(ilxc)

1.13

For rotation about the z axis:

J
<>-'

j.j'=costjJ=}.j'. j. }' = - sin tjJ } .j' = sin tjJ

For rotation about the
<>-'
I

k·k'=1

y' axis:

<>I

k'
""---=--+

j·l'=cose=k·k'.

}.}'=1

i.i: = sinO i.r = -SIll 0 './

_ [COSO
T= 0 sine
1.14
['1

0 I 0

-SiI10J[ o
cosO

sintjJ co.stjJ - SIIl tjJ cos tjJ 0

() =
1

OJ [COS o cos tjJ

-sintjJ sinOcostjJ

cosOsintjJ cos tjJ sinesintjJ

-SinO]
o
cosO

o
_",

1-,.
: •

: :, =cos =30" 2
'.,

J3
I 2

/./ = Sill.)O

~;,

I =-

=-sIll30
•

=--

~ '., 30" .l rI =cos =-2 .

A A

J3

k·)'=o
k·k'=
I

i ·k' =0

j-k' =0

J3

[A']A.y A_.

2 2
0

J3
2
0

0 0

U}
2

J3+~
2

~J3-1
-1

A = 3.232f'

+ 1.598 j' - k'

1.15

1. 2.
3.

Rotate thru

¢ about z-axis

¢ = 45"
()=4Y If »>.v'

R.p R(} R'I'

Rotate thru () about x ' -axis Rotate thru If/ about z' -axis 3,z'

= 45"

-,

-, B

'-:
¥

->:
1 x

~~2

.v
1 1

J2
n, = -J2
0

J2
1

0 0

J2
0

1 0
I

0 1

J2
R\" = -J2_
0 1 I

J2
1

o o

J2
o -J21

J2
1

J2
0
1

J2
2"2J2
1

-+2 J2
1

1
1

I 2 1 2 1

R(If,e,¢)

= R\"RoR; =

-"2- 2J2
I

--+-2 2J2
1

2
Condition is: Xf

J2_
and I

= RS:

where

I'

= [ ~J
1 24'

=[~ J
1 2

Since .i·.i

=1

we have:

After a lot of algebra:

= - - -.

I 24'

J2

If" + /32 + a2

=1

fJ = - + -

J2

=-

1.16

v=vi=cti
a = vz-+-n = CZ-+-11
p b _ .~ v2•
• C
2

t2

at 1 =

{b v-;;'

~b v = ,"DC
A

an

d, , a = ct+cn
I

v,a cos(} =--= va

C~

Jk.[i;i

=-

J2

1.17

v (I) = -ibtosu:

(wt)+ }2bwcos(w/}
I 2 2

Ivl = (b o/
2

sin 2 OJ!+ 4b (U

cos ' 0)1)2

= b(v(

1+ 3 cos cot

F
I

a (I) = -ibto'

cos WI - }2bw2 sin WI

I 2 W(

lal = bto' ( I + 3 sin )2 at 1=0, Ivl = 2b(v;

1.18

at

t=-

J(

Leo .

Ivl = luu

v (I) = ibto cos WI -

jbto sin

(vI

+ k 2et

a (I) = -lb(V2 sin (VI - ]1){u2 cos (VI + k2e

1.19

v = ,:e + ree = bke e + bee e a = ("r - r 0"2)'e + (()" + 2'(}')A eo = b(Ck'-»: . r r

kl kl r 0 r 0
r

') : c: e kt er + 2b ck e kt eo
>

cos¢=--=

v- a

' b', k ('k' - c)' e: '1 + Zb'".c: ke: ta

be"

va cos¢ =

(e
2

+c

)~

he

kt

[(

k2

_ (;2)2

+ 4c2 k 2

r
I

k(e
( k? + e )1
2 J

+e )

(k

=
+c
2 ) (

k
k 2 +c
2

'

a constant

1.20

a ={k-R¢)e

a = -bOJ: e

+(2R¢+R¢)e~ +zez
+ 2ee.
I 2

lal = (b w
2

+ 4c )2

1.21

r(t)=i(l-e-kl)+

Jekl
+ Jk2e*'
6

r (t)

= fke-kl + Jki'

r(t)=-Jee-kl

Treiectorjc
5.6 5.2 4.8 4.4

k=1

y(t) 3.6 3.2 2.8

2.4 2 1.6 1.2

1234567890.

~0~~0~.2--~0.-4--~0~.6~~0~.8--~

X(t)

1.22

= e ,~+e r'''sinB+e
r _ ~

v ~ e,bmsin {~

[I ± 4'v,)]}
+ cos(

-o

-e.b~ mSin( 4m')

V = e~bw cos [; cos ( 4wt)] - eobw ; sin ( 4{u/)

Ivl~ hm[ cos' ( ;

cos 4(", ) + :' sin'

4mt

Path is sinusoidal oscillation about the equator.

1.23

v· v = v2
-·v+v·-= dt dt
dv dv 2'

vv

_- . v·o=vv

1.24

!!_ [r 0(v x a) ] =
dt

illdt
0

0( v x (1) + r O!!_ ( v x a)
dt
0

_ _ _ _ = _ (_ x a ) + r [( dV x a ) + ( v x da )] vv dt dt

=O+r-[ O+(vxa)] !!_[r o(vxa)] = ro(vxa)

cit
1.25

v = vi
=
W/r•

and

a = arT + a,/l
=--

v -a

so a

voa
V

= (/~ + (1,:.

so a"

= (a

a;

F
I

1.26

For 1.14. a,

a, =

(b2o/ + 4c212
_

)2

an

= (b2(J/ + 4c2

b' or + 4c- r

~c4t2

,)2
I I

_ For I.}),

b2k(e-c2)eUI+2b2c2keHI
0r=

be" ( 2kl an = [b2 e (k2 .

e + c )2
2

=bkekl(e+c2)2
I

+C 2)2 ,
3

b2k22kl(k2 e

+C 2)J2 = b ce kl(k2 +C 2)~

1.27

= vr. a = vr +-/1
p
=V-=, V-

"

0"

V-.

_ -I 1VXO =V°(/n

1.28
-+-+

v, a,

/:p = ibsinB+ jbcosO

Vre! =ib(icosBjb8sinO

are! = ib ( ij cos () at the point So, IVr"/1

. () Jr

Be sin 0)
2

- }b

(B sin e + (P cos e)

=- .

vrei =-v
O=-=-=hb
2 2 .. V

= b(j = v
0=. V

Now,

~ vI• • arei =V.rei r+_!!_Il=ar+-11 vb• p

lii"A = (a; + ~:
ap = i
.
[(

a, +b

a 'i=":}/
v'
')]

sinO

- jb
2

a V~ sinO+ b2 cosO
J

lapl=ao(2+2coso+
ap is a maximum
at 0

aob

~42

_2v

ab

sinB)2

= 0,

i.c .. at the top of the wheel.

-2smO--cosO
a,h

2v

=0

0= tan " (-~)

ab

Therefore. The transformation represents

= J2
1.8.2)

a rotation 0[45° about the z-axis (see Example

10

1.30

(a)

i cos el+ jsin 0

, A

b = i cos rp+ jsin tp

a .b

= cos ( B - rp) = (i cos e + ) sin B).

(i cos tp + ) sin tp )

cos ( 0 - rp) = cos () cos rp + sin B sin rp

(b)

bx a

= Iklsin (B-rp) = I( i cosO+

)sin B)x

(i cosrp+

)sin rp)1

sin (B - rp) = sin Bcos rp- cos Bsin rp

11

CHAPTER 2 NEWTONIAN MECHANICS: RECTILINEAR MOTION OF A PARTICLE

2 •1 ( a) .. I x =In

(F'... ) +et
J

rl( F x. = 1. - f. +el ) dt =-" t+-r e m m 2m

X=

JI -' t+-r
IJI

r( Fe,)
5111

2m

F, dt =_ r+-t ..
In

6111

.. F (·b) x = _.
IJI

. ct

.r=
x=

i ~(ICI11 ct

JI

,Fsineldt=1J/

em

F: cosetr = F: (I-coset)
0

em

coset)dt

em

F. (l-_!_sin ct)
e

(c)

.. x=-eF.

111

. F: F: x=-c 1"1' =- (.ect - I·.) em 0 em

x=- F
em

(I-e
c

ct

---t
c

1 ) =~ F: ( e
em

cr

-l-et

2.2

(a)

r=-=-·-=

dx dt

dx dx dx .n

X-

dx dx

dx 1 .i·- =-(F +ex) dr: m xdx = _!_ ( r + ex) dx

111

1 '.2 1 -_\ =2

(F' .X+ex2) 2
0

. X=

[ -x
In

(2

L' Fo

+ex )]~

(b)

"

. dx I F -':. .r=.r-=- Ill" e dx

xcdx X=-1

Fpe =«\"

-X

'.2 _ ---

em

F; (.e -ex a

I) -- F. (·1 _
em
I

e-

CA)

.t=[2F. (l_e- )]2

em ,di (c )" x=x-=dr:
111

1 (F ..coscx )

cdx F x\"= -' cosc.r: d:r . -x2

X=

I"

F = -"

Sill

em

ex
I

, (2F;,. -smcx )2
em
I

2.3

(a) (b) .

V(x)=_r
,/

1
x

(f~+ex)d\'=-F:x--'-+C
<'.1

cr

F()X

=-J,r'F 'oC

L (x=-.

f: e
C

+cr

+C

(c) V (x)

=-

ex F, cos ex dx

=-

p, sin ex + C
e

2.4

(a)

F(x)=.) V (x

dV(

dr:
I

. =-h
2

x)

JX kx dx = -I, kx'

(b) 7;, = T

(x) + V ( x )

T ( x) = 1'" - V ( x ) =
(c)

"2 k ( A - x~ )
.,

'

E = T = .!.k;( .2
XI

(d) turning points @ T(xl) ~ 0

= ±A

2.5

(c)

E=T;

(d)

V (x) has maximum at kx _ kxm) = 0 m A2 V(x

m

IF (xm)1

)=..!..kA2-..!.. kA4 =..!..kA2 2 4 A2 4

0 let

If E < V (xm) turning points exist.

Turning points @ T (XI
)~ 11

= Xl2

I 1 ku' £--ku+--=O 2 4 A2 solving for u , we obtain lI=A" or

?[

4£ 1± 1- kA2
(

)+]

0.25 0.2

0.1

II

2.6
.. f,() =mx=--l- max
?

.. a. a" x=-""2x=--3 x x

x·

2.7

F~Mgsine

Mg

2.8

' .. . dx f =mx=nn:-

d'(

.i = bxdx --- _

3bx -4 dt F = m( bx-3)( -3bx-l) F

= -3mb2x-7
V ~ mgx ~ (.145kg )(9.8~

2.9

(a)

)<1250 ji )(.3048 '; ) ~ 541.1

(b)

T=.!.l1lv2 =.!.mv2 ='!'m(mgJ=.!.

2 2'
(.145kg)2 T=

(9.8 n~)
s
=

c2

2.22D2

mg

= 87J kg

(2)(.22)[(2)(.0366)T

f I'd\: ~ f-cv'dr ~ =C fv'dt =cv,'r[

+anht)+ ftanh(; H~)] =cv"r[ (~)+

+anh' Incosh( ;)]
tanh
2 (~)

-c ~ -v,

tanhU)J

dt

NO\v

== I for

1«,

Meanwhile

x = f vdt ~

-v,

tanh ( ; )

)dt ~ v,r In cosh

(; )

In cosh

(I),
-

r = _o_

v,,

x = (I

250fl{3048 ;,) ~ 381111

___

(.145kg)

Ill) 9.82" (-'--_s~

kg
III

I 2

= 34.72

III

(.22)(.0732)2

,= ( -m J2 =
c2g

-----'--~-~(.145kg)
(.22 )(.0732)2 kg
IJ1

(9.8 '~ )
s-

=3.543s

f Flir = (.22 )(.0732)2 (34.72)3 (3.543)[-.5

V- T 2. t 0

+(

3.81 ] = 454J 34.72)(3.54)

= 541J
~/I:

- 87 J

= 454J
I,
IJl

For O~I For

v=-"F

1F x=-_::_r 2m
XO = -II

" ~ / ~ 2/1:

Vo= -II'

F:

F:

2 '

2m

x =_o . 2m At 2.11 t

~F 1 t: +_0t I (I -I 1 )+--'2F I III 2m

F ~
J
_0

(I -I )I

~
J

F F ') SF x = _' II - + tl - + -" 11- = -' 112m 111 m 2m dv dv dx dv c~ a=-=-·-=v·-=--v2 dt dx dt dx m

= 2f

l:

-V

2dv=--dr
I

f\ v 2dv = 1 - ·::-d'( r"·'

111

-2V,2

= --xmax
m c

xI11.'X 2.12

= --"-

2mv~

Going up: F_. = -mg sin 30" - umg cos 30°

.~= -g(
v

sin 30' + 0.1 cos30")

= -5.749

,~~

Vo

+al

at the highest point v = 0 so !"p = _ v, a

J

= 0.174v,s
J ?

1 x"P = vi; +"2a/,;p = 0.174v,,' -.087v,,-

= 0.087v,-111
?

Going down:
xdown (down
11010/

x: = 0.087v02,
= 0 = 0.087 Vo = 0.207vos = 0.381v s
o

v,'
2

= O.

a'
J

= -9.8(

0.5 -0.0866)

1 -"2 4.0S13t,'mm

= tup

+ tdown

g 2.13 At the top v

=0

so

e">:
Xmax

k g k
+V2

'

Coming down .r,

and at the bottom x

=0

V2=g_(g)'
k k

(g

1
0

-+v k

2)

(ll=(f)v·'2 g
-+v_ k' 5

v=

vv t

(1',2 + V )2
2
0

I'

v, =

fk V~
7

fg

Fi

2.14

Going up:

i'x=-mg-czv-

L'

f'

c· dv , a = v- = -g - kv: , k=dr m ----, vdv -_ .L dx . -g =kv:

e' .

I · --In( -g -kv-) ~I'\' = x 2k

g + kv'
~

s+)» ..
l'2 Going down: Fx
1'-

=e

-u«

=(~
J)

+V,2 )e-2/a

_!

= -mg

+c2v? ,

dl' dx

= -g+kv"

1_g+kv2

r__ l'_d_v--:-=

ex dx
=x-x,

2Ik In(-g+kv2)[ k I--v g v

2
Z

=e2J......e-2/a
2b

! _(! «": )e
C 2

2.15

dv , m- = mg -c,l'-c,l'ell dl' 1-; = 1mg - c, v -

r dt r
dx

v2 I 2cx+b-.Jb2 2cx+b+)b
2

Using

f a+bx+cx'

_ -

I .Jh2 -4ac

n----r====

-4ac '

-4ac

m t,

2 1 =-r=======n--~--~--7========1

-2C2V-CI

_~CI2

+4mgc

~cI2+4mgc2

-2c2v-c1

+~cI2+4mgc2

- ( c - + 4mgc,
111 1 •

)2 = In -;--------;:===="'\T----;:====t
(

.!.

(2C2V+CI+JcI2+4mgC2)(CI-~cI2+4mgc2) 2C2V + ('I

-

CI 2

+ 4mgc2

) ( ('I

+ ~ CI2 + 4mgc2 )

as

t~OCI,

2C2V,+CI-~cI2+4mgc2

=0

Alternatively. when v = vt•

111-

dv dt

= 0 = mg -clvt

-c,v(-

2.16

a=v-=--x'

dv

k_,

.!./ = !_(.!. -.!.) mx

2 b
v= d'( =[2k(.!__.!_)]~

£'

m iX ---kdx vdv= I> mx'

dr

dt

=[3!5_(b-X)]~
mb x

1)

r cit =

.It,

~[mb (~)]~x 2k b b
1

dx

(mb3)~ 2k

r[ i J'd('::)
I_.::

b . x. Since x ~ b ,say - = sin'0

t

=(

mb )2 -3

2k·~
1

r sinO(2sinOcosOdO) cosO

3 = (2I1lb )2 ---k·f

r· .

Sill

OdO

1=(';n'"
7

2.17

111-

dv
ell

= mv- = j (x).g( v)
dx

dv.

mvdv g (v)

=J( x )d x
get v

., By mtegratron, If F(x,t) dl'

= v () x

=-

dx dt

= J(x).g(t):
dt

m cf ~ = m!!_(

dl;) = f (x ).g(t) dt
= f (v). g (t ) :
dv dt
v
111-

This cannot. in general. be solved by integration. IfF ( V./)

= f( v).g(t)
t

mdv -(-)-gt_ ()d

Integration

gives v = v(t)

ell: -=V dt dx

(') t )dt
gives

= v(t

A second integration

x = x(t)

2.18 c, = (1.55x 10-4)( 10-2) = 1.55x 10-6 kg

S

c2 =(0.22)(102)2

=2.2xlO-5
6

kg
S

,
+
(10- )(9.8)]2 -~ 2.2 xl 0 .
7

=_

~,

1.55xlO[( 1.55XI0-6j2 -5 + -, 2 x 2.2 x 10 2 x 2.2 xl 0 .

s

v,

= 0.179 111 = v, = "":""'____;_-.- 0.2112.2 x 10-'

Using equation 2.29,

(10-

)(9.8)

m s

2.19 F ( x) = - A e",i

= mx

or

F( v)

= -Aem' = mit
ae"
dll au

dv =-~dt e m' III :. du = _ a A dt , 11m

dv=~=

Integrating 1 I A ---=-at II 11, m and substituting e"

= II

I (a) v=vo--In [ I+-e

AUI']

at

(b) t =T@v=O

av,

= In [I

+ A ea, aT] m
ai'

() c

A eov = I+-e aT m dv A av v-=v=--e ell: 111 again, let

II

= _!!!_[ 1- eaA
A

'

-=--d'( a,' e m

vdv

= e"

du

= audv

or

dv = dll
all

[_!_

InuJ du
all
II

v=-Inu a

= -!!_d'(
IJI

Integrating and solving

]

in ) =-,- [ I- (I+ avo e-a"

a-A

2.20

F
but

-:..__....:... mv + vm = mg =
dt
In

d(mv)

(9".
~--~--,: i·--~-If
I

=P

-lTr

4
3

:vdt

: P.l
I I

I!.

so, second term is negligible-small hence

v.::::

--_"'

g and Iv.:::: gtl speed o: t or

but Hence r.::::

_.!._

. , m = p, 4 nr 2· = PI nr:v r

4 Po

PI

gt and rate of

growth oc I The exact differential equation from (1) above is:

-lTp,r

4
3

--' r PI

4p ..

+ lfPI

--

4p/ PI

= 3 lfp)"g

which reduces to:

p+_=Ag

3,:2 r

4p,

Using Mathcad, solve the above non-linear d.e. letting fl_ ~ 10-3 and

Po

K ~ 0.0 lmm

(small raindrop). Graphs

show that
v
Radius vs Time
IX ,~ IX

t and r

IX

t2

20

e
I->

-;

.!

.:! 10
'1:1

.!

.... e

•
2 0 0

Rate of Growth vs Time

~ a:
0 0

.... a:
-T.5
'1:1

5
Timels]

10

5
Time [s]

10

10

CHAPTER 3 OSCILLA TIONS

3.1 x=0.002sin[2Jr(512s-')t] [111]

.Xmax (0.002)(2Jr)( =
'~max

512)[

'~1]= 6.43 [~:1]

= 2.07
X

= (O.002)(2Jr)~
sin ru) [m]

(512)2 [~~:]

10

[::

3.2

= O.l

.X and

= 0.1

[r)~

cos ruJ [ 'e:,l]

When t = O. x = 0

.X = 0.5 [/,~ ]
T
')

= 0.1 to

= ~Jr = 1.26s
(i),

3.3

x(t) = .r, cos coJ + -""sin OJ)

OJ,

and

0)0

= 2Jr/

x = 0.25 cos( 20m) + 0.00 159sin (20m)[m]

3.4 cos( a - p) = cosa cos fJ + sin asin p x = A cos( ru) -¢)

= A cos¢

cos OJ) + A sin ¢sin (oJ B = Asin¢

x= AcosOJ)+Bsin(IJJ,

A = Acos¢. 12 +-k.x, 2-

3.5

1 .2 -I11X1 2 k (x~ (0
o

+-h,

x~) = m ( i; - .x~ )
=

1 2

1 .2 =-111X, 2

~
1

(
1

__:-,---...!....

i; - .X,2)2
X 2 l

-x;

I 2 1 .2 1 .2 -kA =-mx +-kx, 2 2 2

3.6

3.7

For springs tied in parallel:

F, (x) = -klx-

k.x

= -(kl

+ k2)X

For springs tied in series: The upward force m is k,>q x . Therefore, the downward force on spring

k2 is keq x.

The upward force on the spring k2 is k.x' where x' is the displacement of P, the point at which the springs are tied.

Since the spring

k2 is in equilibrium,

k.x' = k"q x .

Meanwhile, The upward force at P is k.x' . The downward Therefore, force at P is k,

(x- x').

k.x' = k, (x - x')
X=-~I

k2x

k, +k2

And

k" x = k, (k,k~:, J

3.8

For the system

(k/+m), k M +m

-kX=(:i1+m)X
of m are the same as for

The position and acceleration

(!vI + 111) :

xm =-

xm
~t

Xm=ACOS(

~~

~t+O)=dCOS

~~ -

The total force on m, Fm

= m.i", = mg

F;
2

F
r

= mg +

mk
A1+m

x
m

= mg +

mkd M+m

COS

IE
M+m t

For the block to just begin to leave the bottom of the box at the top of the vertical oscillations. F, = 0 at xm = -d:

O =mg-

mkd

AI +111 g(iH +111) d=-'----k

3.9

x=e-rtAcos(OJi-¢) d,x = _e·-ytA COdsin (w) - ¢)- ye-rr A cos(

(/
(0.1

1-

¢)

maxima at ~;. = 0 = md sin (COdl- ¢) + Y cos ((0.11- ¢) tan ( cacil

-

¢) = - _!_
OJd

thus the condition of relative maximum occurs every time that t increases by 2Jr :
Ij+1

=t.r+:

2Jr maximum:
x; =e-rr'AcOS((U"I;-¢)

m"

».

Fortheith

3.10

(a)

C y=-=3s-

md 2
:.

= to; OJ = J7
J

2m

yS-I

= 16-' : s
m 2ywr = 2y1
OJr

(b)

~ax

F 48 =-"-=--/11=0.2 C(U" 60.4

(c)

tan ¢ =

((u: - (Un

2y(ur

= J7
3

:. ¢ ~ 41.4

3.11

(a)

m.r+3 Y=to, 2
3

. 17 f3 I11X+-2 f3'-nLY = 0 f3
and

= m: -

0):, = -17 f3-)

= 4 f32
2
:. to,

2y2

= 2f3
:. (v"

(b)

= 2" 13

2A

15132
• =-

3.12

e'

-vr,

Y
(a)

= -In

r.

2 = h In2

f: =
(b)
to,

IOO.6Hz
1

= ((tJ~ -

y2)1

_r

t. = 99.4Hz
diminishes

3.13

Since the amplitude

by e-rTd in each complete period.

_yr)n ( e':'

1 _I =-=e

rt» = I
I y=-=-

».
21m

~/1

Now

(tJd=({U,2_y2

)2

Td

T,

= OJ d

27r

OJ

(1 +

OJ"

47r n

22

)2
J

co,

(d)

f) ('" ) ~ [ ( "': -

40:)' + 4( ~.
F = 0.277-'-,

J J~
I

(40.')

3.6060;

F: A({v)
=_111_

D( (U)

I11OJ;

3.15

A (cu

) :::;
[( (U, -

Amax

r
_!_

OJ )2 + r' 2

J2
r
( OJ, =4r2
OJ

for A ( ) - _!_ A co - 2 max

' r'J+!'r'

(cu"
(U

_OJ)2 +r2

{V, - {V

= ±rJ?, = {V, ±rJ?,

3.16

~{J/ y2 (b) 0= O)d = 2y 2y

0 -

,
(Ir
o

=-.

LC

y=-

2L

3.17

Fe." =F,sina)t=Im[~eif"/J
and x(t)
In,: i.e. x(t)

is the imaginary part of the solution to:

+ c.X-+ kx

= Fe"
= Asin((ut -¢)
.,-,

Im[Ael("!I-j~)J

where, as derived in the text,

A

F:....,

[(k_nuuZ)l
and
tan

+c2(u:T

¢ =,

OJ: -

2;W

to:

3.18

Using the hint, f"..x, = Re( f:,e1h),

where

fJ = -a + ico .

and x(t) is the real part of the solution to: mi + c.l' + kx = f~eP' . Assuming a solution of the
fOIl11:

x
i
;?

= AePI-iif!

(m/32
m ('a"

+ c/3 + k)x
111m2 -

=( :

)xe
A

ma' - Limaoi -

ca + icco+k
F =_0

F = _" (cos¢+ A

isin ¢)

-{U-

7) +ca+k
A

cos¢

(u(-2ma+c)=

F: sin¢

¢ = tan

_,

(v(c-2ma) m(a2 -u})-ca+k

Using sin: ¢+cos2 ¢

= 1,
F:

;: =[m(a2-a/)-ca+kJ+(02(c-2ma)?
A = ----------------:-,

{[rn(a2
and x

-(

)-ca+k

T +u/(c-2ma)2r

(t) = Ae

<at

cos ( rot - ¢) + the transient term.

3.19

(a)

for A = -, 4 (b)

"H
g
4,,2/

T "" 2" - x 1.041

g =-2-xl.084 T

. Using (c)

T, = 2 " 3

H'
g

4j[2/ . gives g = ----y:'2' approximate 1 8°/ too sma II . y 10 ,

B = - AA

BI IA
for A

32(0:

and A

= m:
6

A2 192

=",

IBI = 0.0032 A
11

= 0,±1,±2, ... n=O,±l,±2, ...

I(t)= 2:>nCOslllvt+ Lc"tsinn(vt,

n n

"

and

Cn

= ~ ~/(t)e-i"{"ldt.
IT.

11=0,±1,±2, ...
T

Cn

=-

l~

f"2rl(t)cos(n{vt)dt-'!'"

I2rl(t)sin(I1UJt)dt T l~
11

The first term on cn is the same for

11

and -n; the second term changes sign for

vs.

-11.

The same holds true for the trigonometric terms in

1(I).

Therefore, when

terms that cancel in the summations are discarded:

J(t)=C,

+ ~ ( T 4J(/)cos(nwt)dl +

2:(J_

"T
II

r~
2

COSfWJI

f (t)

sin

(f1WI) dl] sin ruot ,

=±

1. ±2, .. ., and c. =

J_ J~ f (t) dt rir T

NO\v, due to the equality of terms in ±n:

f (I) ~ c. + ~(:.

~ f( I)

cost ""'I) dt )cos "WI

+2:(,2T Ji~f(/)Sin(nO)t)dt]SinI1WI' "

2

n = 1. 2. 3, ... Equations 3.9.9 and 3.9.10 follow directly.

c" =~ rrJ(t)e-;IU<lldt.
n

and

n=O,±I,±2

....

T= 2n
W

so

c = - OJ

"

=!:!_[ G (_e-;"(J)') dt + f e
2Ji
(<I

.., ~Ji

f";;;f (t) e . ..
«~

-/IIwl

dt

tmat ".

_. --0) -e 2Ji inca

[1

-inan

1° --e -;ntIJII~] .s. inca 0

ro
1IL7

= --. I
For n even, eimr For n odd, e
Cn
illlr

= e-;mr = 1 = «': =-1

2ml1

[1- e"?" - e- . + I] .
is zero.

and the term in brackets

=--,

Lnin

II

= ±1.±3 ....
''''<11

- L.. f( I )- ,n

Zstin
" Ji

.e

,Jl

-+1 .-+3. --e

=iruot )

'"

= L.. ---

4 I I (;1)(<1/
II

2i

n = 1,3,5,

...

=L'±~sin(lIwt),
" Ji
11

n=1.3,5,

...

1. 1. j .().4[. I =- SInwt+-sm3{J)I+-sm5{vl+ )7 3 5

... ]

3.22

In steady state, x(t) =

I A"e
"
---"-'-"11

(1Iwr-¢n)

A
n

=
[(

OJo2 _1120})2

+ 4y2112(U2
I, 3 , 5 .

J~
-:-

Now

F"

= 4F:
IITr

11=

and

me

= 3m

Q= 100~-O
A

co

2y

so

r: ~ 40,000
,)2 +'49(U2.m:l~ --40000

9(u2

4F = -.~ .-------------:-

I1lTr

[(9'

or -(u·

AI ~ 4F

'", Lmnto'

A,

= 3111~[(9("' -9m')'
.1 _
,- , -

+4(
1

~~~)'r
rJ
. , y = -m;x
-=-=--I

400F:
27111Tr(u
2

As=--"'

4F

5111"

[(9("' - 25m')'
F
"

4( ~:o (5,")'

20mTror i.e.. AI: A3 : As = I : 29.6 : 0.1

3.23 (a)

As ~

y=x
divide these two equations:

Thus

x=y

"i!
x

dy dx

OJ; X
y

(b)

Solving Let 2C

ydy

OJ:

+ xdx = 0 and Integrating

L+~=c
2m; 2

= A2 2 2 Y X -,-, +-,
(0;

A-

A-

=1

al1 ellipse

3.24

The equation of motion is F(x)=x-x3

= I1L=i. For simplicity. let m=l , Then

.~= x - x3• This is equivalent to the two first order equations ... .-r = y and y = x - x3
(a) The equilibrium points are defined by

x - x3 = X ( I - x)( 1 + x) =

(b)

Thus, the points arc: (-1,0), (0,0) and (+ 1,0). We can tell whether or not the points represent stable or unstable points of equilibrium by examining the phase space plots in the neighborhood of the equilibrium points. WeIl do this in part (c). 3 d· . . v V x-x' T I energy can b c foun db' y mtegratmg _._ = ': = -ie or dx x y

fydy= f(x-x3)dr:+C ., .. v' x- x -' =---+C

....

or

In other words ... E = T + V = i 2 (c)

+[x~ - ./2 1 4

= C.

The total energy C is

constant. The phase space trajectories are given by solutions to the above equation y

±( x' -~'

+ 2C

The upper right quadrant of the trajectories is shown in the figure below. The trajectories arc symmetrically disposed about the x and y axes. They form closed paths for energies C<O about the two points (-1.0) and (+ 1,0). Thus, these are points of stable equilibrium for small excursions away from these points. The trajectory passes thru the point (0,0) for c=o and is a saddle point. Trajectories never pass thru the point (0,0) for positive energies C>O. Thus, (0,0) is a point of unstable equilibrium.

10

Integrating: :. T

-B 2

.2 iJ

=4

=cosB 10 or (}
dO
I

8 = 2 ( cos 0 2

cos B, )

[2(cos e - cos 0, )J~

e = 0<
17

Time for pendulum to swing from () = 0 to

is :

Now-substitute

sm e

At

e
sm')

(I

sin _.::_ 2

so 'r = -2 at 0 = 0 At

and usc the identity

cos O = 1- 2 sm--

·,e

:. T

=4
dO

de

[4( .

sm

0 ;

-Sll1~

.,

o )]2 2
or

and after some algebra ... --~--

d¢

[I-Sin' ~]~
I

= --------

Hsin' i -sin'~)]~
4

.. r

(a)

T=4

d¢ [1-asin ¢J'2
2

where

(b)

• At)-* 1. 'At 3 l+-cr sin 2 'r - ~1+-asm-'r+-a~slI1 , . 2 8

At 'r+ ...
T-? _lC [1+

a + ~ a 2 + ... ]
4 64

1I

CHAPTER 4 GENERAL MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN THREE DIMENSIONS

Note to instructors ... there is a typo in equation 4.3.14. The range of the projectile is ... R = x. = voc sin g

2a

1"1)2 sin ... NOT ... _:_:__ ' __

2a

4.1

(a)

F=-VV=-i--

-oV

ax .

j--k-

-oV

-av

0;

oz

F = -c(lyz
(b) (c) (d)

+ }xz + f.."xy)

F=-VV=-12ax}2jJy-k2rz F = -v V = ce-(a.T+/lY+YZ) (fa + Jp + kr) F=-VV loV 01' I oV =-e r --e ---e ¢! rsine a¢ or rae
()

t = -e r cnr"'
4.2 (a)
I

k conservative

VxF=
(b)

aa0 =0 ox oy oz
x
y

z k
0
J

VxF=
(c)

at
y

ay az -x zj 0

=k(-I-I)*O

€l€lft8@FHtlil.;·@

k
conservative

VxF=
(d)

a =k(I-1)=O ax ay oz
0 y

Z3

er

eor

e,rsin e
-

VxF =

1 r2 sin e

0
or k -T
-II

0
oe
0

0
0

o¢

=0 conservative

4.3

(a)

VxF =
2ex-x=O I 2

a
ox xy

0
oy ex
2

0
oz
Z3

= k{2ex-x)

c=(b)

'YxF =

a:r
z
y

0
oy cxz

0
oz x
y

i(-~- e.~)+ .I(_!_-_!_)+k( l

yy y

y-

c~ + v 1 z,
e=-I c=-I as it must

_~_ex=O

Y
also

ez z -+-=0 2 2

implies that

4.4

(a)

= constant = V (x,y, z) +-mv2

E

.)

at the origin at

1 , O+-nlV"

'
1 ,

(1.1.1)

= a + p+y+-mv·
22

= -IJIV-

v2 = v; -

3..( a + P + y)
m
I

v=[v: -3..(a+ p+y)]2

m (b)

v;-3..(a+,B+y)=O
m
I

v, = [
(c)

2 -(a+p+y

)]~

mx=F
•

=_ av ax

mx=r-o:
my
I11Z

.. = - av = - 2/3 y ~F .. = -- av = - 3'rz:

az
.-.

4.5

(a)

F =ix+ jy
on the path x
~I,I)

,..

=y
.b.t.b

elf = fdr + Jdy

~O,O)

F ' elf =

r F dx + r Fidv = r xdx + .b.ydy r J'.b

elf

=)

on the path along the x-axis: and on the line x

I'I) ~0,0) Fi di

= id'C

1. Fd'C+
) x

= 1:

1F,dv=
J •

elf = Jdy
1

F
(b)

is conservative.

F = iy> Jx
on the path x
~0.0)

=y

~I.I)

ft.w- = .b Fd-r+ .b Fy..b = ryd-r- .b xdv rx r dv r .r

and, with x = Y

f
{

l,l) 0,0)

F . dr =

on the x-axis: and, with y = 0 on the x-axis on the line x

£.
I,D)

1.0)

0,0)

F· ell_

!! 1 =1
)

xdx -

ydy
•

=0

F dx =
.r

ydx

0,0) l,l)

F.cff=O

= 1:

f
3

1,0)

. F·cff

1Fl'dy 1
.

xdy

and. with x on this path

=1

F is 110t
4.6

conservative.

"I)
0,0)

F,dr=O+1=1

f"') ',0)

F'ar=

1dy=l
I

From Example 2.3.2,

V(z)= -mg

~ r-

(J~ + z)

C'

v(z)=-mgl;(I+
From Appendix D,

(1 +

xr' =
z
l~ I~

,:r

1-.\"+ x] + ...

v(z)=-mgJ;.(lV(z)

+ z: +oo.J
,

mgz: =-mgJ~ +mgz---+

rc

...

With -mgl~ an additive constant,

mii=F y =0 .. ' . dz mz-=-mg dz (2ZJ 1-r"

mz

=-mg(l-

~;)

r.

.zdz=-g1

r'( 1-~2Z) dz

112 -rh+~=O
e

~ r v-

2g

(11,2« ,~)

It ~ ~ - '~
•

JI- ~;
1

From Appendix D,
11=---+-,~ f~

()-

l+x
" V,.

XX = 1+"2-8+'"

2 V,.

2g

+---+

4gJ~

...

h~

V2) 2; 1 2;:~
v
2 (

From Example 2.3.2. h = -"- 1--'2g \. 2g1;. And with

~ 1'-

v',

) .. 1

(l-x( ~I+x,

h~~

2g

2 ( I+~ 2)
2gf:.

4.7 For a point on the rim measured from the center of the wheel:
~vo

r = fbcosB-

}bsinB so

vI (}=OJt=_o_,

= -iv;

sin 0 -

Relative to the ground,

v = iv; (I-sin

lv. cosB B)- lv. cosB

For a particle of mud leaving the rim: y, = -bsinB and VOl' = -v, cosB So and
Vy

vO}' -

gl

= -V.,

cosf) - gt

v = -bsinB - V tcosB _'!"gt2 . '2

Vy

At maximum height
I = __o=--_

=0:

v cosf)

I 1 = - b SIn
Maximum

,~ cos' B + ---'---Vo -

2g

h occurs for

sinO

..»: ,
V,-

v~ - g2b2 , " gb'- v; gb2 hmax =-, + ,=-, +v; 2gv; 2v~ 2g Measured from the ground, gb2 h' =b+-+max 2v; 2g The mud leaves the wheel at

v:

e=
I

Sin-'( - :~ J

4.8

X= Rcos¢ so,
=--'-

and

x=

VOl

= ( Vo cos a ) I

Rcos¢

v. cosa

Rsm¢=(v,sma) . sm¢ R=

R cos ¢ I ( R cos ¢ J2 --g v, cos a 2 v,, cos a

gRcos2 ¢ 2v, cos- a tan a cos ¢ S1I1
Z ,

= tanacos¢2v2 cos) a gcos

n

¢)

2v2 cosa gcos

0

(S1I1

a cos ¢ - cos a

Sill

¢)

From Appendix B, sin (0 + ¢) . R = 2v; cosa sm ( a-.""') g cos ' ¢ R is a maximum for dR = 0 =

= sin 0 cos ¢ + cos 0 sin ¢

da

2 v:, [-sin asin gcos· ¢

(a

-¢) + cosa cos(a - ¢) ]

Implies thatcosa cos( a -¢) - sin a sin(a - ¢) From appendix 8, cos(O+¢) so cos ( 2a - ¢ ) = 0 2a-¢=R
max

=0

= cosBcos¢-sinBsin¢
a=-+4
Jr

Jr

¢
2

g cos" ¢

2v:

cos -+- sm --42 42

(Jr

¢).

(Jr

¢)

~a,

= g (I + SIl1 or . A.)

4.9
(a) Here we note that the projectile is launched "downhill" towards the target. which is located a distance II below the cannon along a line at an angle q> below the horizon. a is the angle of projection that yields maximum range, Rmox. We can lise the results from problem 4.8 for this problem. We simply have to replace the angle q> in the above result with the angle -q>, to account for the downhill slope. Thus, we get for the downhill range ...

R
The maximum ., replacing

= ------,'----'g v0 (l+sincp)
2

2V02cosasin(a+cp) cos- cp from the problem and ... " above again by

range and the angle is a are obtained

q> with the angle -q> .. ,

Rma, =

cos
2

cp
1

2a = - - cp.
2
Vn

We can now calculate a ... Rmax . . Solving for si cp .,. sin cp = ~ or SIl1

= -.-

II

SIl1CP

= -0
g 2

(I+sincp) cos'cp

= ------''-----g(I-sincp)

gh/(I + gil]
Vo

Vo

But, from the above ... sin cp= sin (; Thus ... I-2sm
• 2

2a )

= cos2a

I - 2sin2

a =-2

gh/( gh]
l+~
"0

Vo

2 sin 2 a

esc a

= 1-

gl;/(
Vo

1+

Vo

g/~) = -I

gil +-?
vo'

., F· 11 ... csc a - ... 1+ Illa y

2 _ 1( gh)
V2 0

(b) ·, R So IVIllg tor Rmax ... max.

11_ __
S1l1

rp

II 1- Zsin ' a
?

h = -----:---

1- 2/csc2 a

Substituting for csc ' a and solving ... R

max

2 Vo

(I gil)
+
V02

4.10 We can again use the results of problem 4.8. The maximum slope range from problem 4.8 is given by ... v2 Il R = 0 =-max g(l+sinrp) sinrp

Solving for sin rp ... sin tp = Thus ...

xma"'

g/~/(1- gl;) vo'

Vo

= Rma\

cosrp

= h-. -rp SIll

cos e

We can calcu late cos rp from the above relation for sin rp
cosrp=

( I-sin'rp,).!. = ( 1-2
2

gh)~/I( 1- gil)
v
2 0 V2 0

Inserting the results for sin rp and cos rp into the above ...

We can simplify this problems somewhat by noting that the trajectory is symmetric about a vertical line that passes through the highest point of the trajectory. Thus we have the following picture ...
4.11

••

.....

••••••

Zmm ....•....•••. ,••.....•....

:
I I I :

•••••••

...
h,

Vo

•
•••

•• I I

~ho
I

We have "reversed the trajectory so that 110 (= 9.8 ft), and Xo , the height and range within which Mickey can catch the ball represent the starting point of the trajectory. hi (=3.28 ft) is the height of the ball when Mickey strikes it at home plate. 0 is the distance behind horne plate where the ball would be hypothetically launched at some angle a to achieve the total range R. x, (=328 ft) is the distance the ball actually would travel from home plate ifnot caught by Mickey. (Note, because of the symmetry. Vo is the speed of the ball when it strikes the ground ... also at the same angle u at which was launched. We will calculate the value ofxo assuming a time-reversed trajectory!)

(1) The range of the ball ... (2) The maximum

height. ..

R=

v 2 sin 2a
0

g
2

2v 2 sin a cos a
0

g
g
'

zm", = -R tan a J 11 =
XI

2vo cos- a

(R)-

(3) The height a1.'(1 ...

From (1) ...

tan a -

, g , ()2 XI 2vo- cos- a

g 2 = -- ad'an tan 2vo~ cos a R

J

. msertmg t 1" into ( 2)' gives ... 11S

R R zmax =-tana--tana 2 4
Thus. (4) Let
11

=-tana

R 4

R = 4zo ... and inserting this expression tan a

and the first previously

derived into (3)

XI

tan a and we obtain the following 4Zmaxll

quadratic
II ...

...

1/ -

+ 4zma,~ = 0 and solving for

u = 2zmax [1 ± (1- h

l/ ZmaJ~]

and letting

E: =:

-rna,

7/~ , we get ...

11~'" -max" e=

h. "l 2zmax(2-.0475}=3.9zmax' This result is the correct one ...

or Thus.

11 ~

2zma, (2-&)=

tan

a=

3.9z
XI

max

= 0.821

:. a = 39.40
to (4) ...

Now solve for xo using a relation identical 110

= Xu tan a --'------'-4zma,

(xo

tan

a)2
for
11

Again we obtain a quadratic

11

expression
11

Xo

tan a which we solve as before.

This

time, though. the first result for =

Z rnx a

is the correct one to use ...

e ~ 110 and we obtain ...

Xo

=~

tana

= 11.9fl

4.12

The x and
X

positions of the ball vs. time are

= v t cos 2"
o

lei

z = v I cos 2°
0

. e sm (}"2- -I gt

Since

V.r

= v, cos~e, range is

The horizontal

R = -'-cosg

,2 \',

,1 . -0 sm20 2
0

. The maximum

range occurs @ - dR c di), 2

=0
2'
_!_.

dR = ~(2 dO r "g
Thus, 2cos2 _!_(} cos 2
0

cos' _!_ 0 cos 20 - cos _!_ 0 sin

o
0

e sin 20 ) = 0
0 "

20 = cos_!.O sin _!_O, sin 2e,

0

2'

2-'

Using the identities: We get:

2 cos?
( 2 cos'

Be = 1 + cos 20

and

sin

20, = 2 sin e" cos eo

0

(1+ cos (fo)

or Thus

0, -I) = sin

eo sin 00 cos eo = ( 1- cos' e, ) cos 0

(1+ cos (

)(

3 cos"

eo o

cos

e, -1) = 0 eo -range:
0
0

cosO, =-1.

cosO

=i(I±.Ji3)
0~0~7r
o

Only the positive root applies for the cose, Thus

i(

1+

m) = 0.7676
R rnax =55.4111

= 39'51'

(b) for v(, =25I11S-1

-------------------10

@Oo=39°51'

. dz (a ) '[I maximum I' I occurs at - = 0 re icrg rt dt v. cos..!..e sine = gT 2"

o o

or at

T=--=----

v, cos~e ~- 2

sine

or

H=

_0_

,I cos- 2g 2
V2

o'2eSill
0 0

maximum at fixed 00

The maximum possible height occurs @ dH = 0 dH v -=-'da

2

2g

("'LCOS-- o.sm I ,I .
2

da

eelcos· -cos0 0

2"

o S111. Ie'
2"

sin,

o ) =0
0

Using the above trigonometric identities, we get

(I + cosec )sine"
or

cosO" = ~Sin eO' sin ' 0 = ~sin

0

0., (1- cos" 0,)

I

sin eo (I + cos OJ (3 cos 0, - I) = 0 sinO" = 0,

There are 3-roots:

3 The first two roots give minimum heights: the last gives the maximum H_ .. =18.9m ..~, @e =cos-I.!..=70"32' .' 3

cose,

=-

Thus, 4.13

The trajectory of the shell is given by Eq. 4.3.11 with r replacing x

Thus, Since

z = r tan e, sec/

g r:
2V,2

,
sec" Bo

eo = I+ tan e,
2

We have:

sr --.
...

,
tan
2

">v"
e

e" - r tan e" + z + --_ 2v"

2'

g r:
""

, =0
0.5

(r,z) are target coordinates. The above equation yields two possible roots: tan eo =
I gr [,

v: ± (4V

2gzv

g-r- ,).!.]
2

0.4

The roots are only real if " v,4"'1- LgZV:' - g-r- ~ 0 The critical surface is therefore: 2gzv: - g2r2 = 0

v: -

0.0

4.14

If the velocity vector, of magnitude s . makes an angle

II

e with the z-axis, and its

projection

on the xy-plane

make an angle ¢ with the x-axis: and and and ~

.t =.~sin Bcos¢ .
j'=ssinBsin¢,

= F,. sin Bcos¢ = 11l.t

+ F, cos 0 = mz
equations of motion are not

Fy=~sinesin¢=mjj

i = .,:cos
Since

F,

= -c ,e
2

e.
= -c2

(.t + i + i
2

F: = -mg
2 ),

the differential

separable.

mi
III -

= -c2s"2 sin 0 cos ¢ = -C2.~:r

= m -.
dx cis d,' dt

z
-

c, -.- = -~cls x m
lnr -In .t,

tit dt dx

.. = ms. -eli = -C,SX

ds
where y
=-"-

= -yd,',
=

c,
11/

In ~'( = -YS r .,

Similarly

4.15

Fromeqn4.3.16.
.

z, g ) r« ( ___.::._+~ ~+~ YY x,
/I

Y
2

g Ln ( 1--.YXmax
Xo 11
3

J =0
for

From Appendix D: In(l-u}=-u----In(lyxllIa, . .r,

J = _ YX.
·

...

lui < 1

llIax

_ y2 Xm:., 2

.r,

2 .,

x;

gy·\ma.x + terms in 3·3 x, 3Xo 2 Xmax +-X"",x 2y 3 ., .

---;:::

.3

r'

=0

x:z'o
gy

0
I

• max

---+
-

3.t, 3.t: z, J2 --+-4y - 16y2 gy

I

(9.i,2
4y

l • max

3.i, 3.'"'(1 16YZ,)2 ::::--±- +-4y 3g

Since

X"",X

> O. the + sign is used.

D:

From Appendix

16 Z )~ ( 1 +_l___:;_ 3g
xmax

8 = 1 +~-- i

3g

1(16 Z ~ 8 3g

)2 + terms . r'
111
.,

= --'3.t

3.," 2.t z 8i yi2 +_0 +_0_' ',' + terms 4y 4, g 3g12

III

r:

Xmax

2" 8"~ X,Z, xz; =-----2- +···

3g

For

=v

0-

sin a and 2 \- i = v~ sin 2a .

~

<:),,:;,

xmax

='

v sin 2a g

4v: sin 2a sin a ~ 3g-

r + ...
.i == -A(vsin ((vt +a)
a =0 .r == A cos tot

4.16

== A

COS

(oJ! + a).

from
from

.\-,= 0 . x.
,

=A.

Y
I

= B cos( au + J3),
I I ." = -AJ'-, +-mv2 2 ~"
c

}' == -wBsin

(WI + 13)

-kB2 with
B-"

y ==

= 4£'1 .. v. = 3(vA

and co ==

{f :

= 16A-"I+-, ( 9(v 2') Ato:

:2) A-

_"

Then

B=5A 4A=5AcosJ3 J3 = cos-'( ~) y

and

3(vA=-5wAsinJ3 ( -~) =-36.tf

= sin "

= 5 A cos ( WI -

36.9' )

Since maximum x and y displacements are ±A and ±5A. respectively, the motion takes place entirely within a rectangle of dimension 2A and lOA. ~ = J3-a = -36.9' -0 = -36.9" _ 2ABcos~ From eqn 4.4.15, tan 2 1fI2 '

A -B-

tan 21f1 =

(2A)( 5A)cos( -36.9°) A2-(5Af (

1O(

IfI = ~tan-I

-1) =

-24

*) =

-9.2"

4.17

mi = F = - oV = =kx = -;r2mx
x

ax

<

x ~ A cos( {ft+a

) ~ A cos(m +a)

13

.. = -- oV = -4;r-m.x , oy y = B cos ( 2m + fl)

my mi z Since x

= _ oV

= C cos ( 'sm + r) =y =z =0
at
1= O. a=j3=r=--

oz

=-9;r2mz

;r
2

x = A cos ( m - ; )

= A si n nt

.t = An cos nt
Since
•

\- = __.:._ A;r J3 =
D

A x

= ;rJ] = ;rJ]sinm vi; = 2;rB

o _

y=Bsin2m,

-,

II =

,,3

B=_v_

2;rJ3
v y= __ -sin2m
e,

2;rJ3 z =Csin3m.

i = 3C;rcos3m

z.

'J3

V¢ =-=

3C ;r

Since

OJx =tt ,

w)'

= 2;r , and
Zn»;
0)),

1 Imin ---=---

2;r11
OJx

=-III

= 3;r the ball does retrace its path. Ln n;

0)=

W!

The minimum time occurs at

= 1.

112

= 2,

113

= 3.

14

tmin

=-=2

2"

"

4.18

Equation 4.4.15 is

, 2 _ 2ABcos~ tan If ~ " /J- - B"

Transforming the coordinate axes xyz to the new axes x'y'z' by a rotation about the z-axis through an angle 'II given. from Section 1.8: .r' =x cos If + y sin If . y' = -xsin VJ+ j-cos e/ , ,. d or. x = x cos If - Y s m 'II . an y = .r' sin 'II + y' cos If From eqn. 4.4.10: Substituting:
. ., .4I2 (,~ - cos-, VJ- 2" COSIfSlI1 + y "- sm-If ) X xy If

2 cos ~ [ x "- cos '/1 Sill 'II + X ,Y '(' cos - If - sin If - y - cos If S1J11f ] . .,.)" . AB + B2 x-sm-VJ+Lxy
I ( ,~.' ...,
r

cos'lISll1lf1+y-cos-'11

,»).

=sm-~

For .r' to be a major or minor axis of the ellipse. the coefficient of .(v' must vanish. Zcos e sin e: 2Cos~( 2 .: 2 ) 2cOSlfIsin'lI_0 -_"'-:-, -'-- cos 1fI- sm IfI + , AAB BFrom Appendix B, 2 cos 'II sin e: = Sill21f1and cos ' '11- sin 2 IfI

= cos 21f1

--~_;_
tan
Llfl

sin 21f1 A-

"'\ ( B2 - A2 = 2 cos ~ I. 1) AB
_ 2ABcos~
A~-B~ ,

2 cos ~ cos 2'11 sin 21f1 _ 0 + ,AB B-

tan 2 IfI 4.19

Shown below is a face-centered cubic lattice. Each atom in the lattice is centered within a cube on whose 6 faces lies another adjacent atom. Thus each atom is surrounded by 6 nearest neighbors at a distance d. We neglect the influence of atoms that lie at further distances. Thus. the potential energy of the central atom can be approximated as
V

= LClj-a
;=1

(,

2d ~

15

1j

= [( d - X)2

+ y2 + Z2

J2
I

r -a = (d2 - 2d X+x 2 + v 2 +z 2)~ ~ = a=

I -

(1 --T---=--- )-2 2x. X2 + y2 + d d

Z2
2
2

From Appendix

D. (1 + x

r = 1+ nx+_!_2 n(n-l)x
d
X2

+ ...

.-a , _ .t=
I

{I -- ( --+ a 2x
2

+ )/ + Z!) +- -- ---1 ) a)( a

(f

1(

[(

-- 2X)= d

2(2X)(X2+y2+Z2) d

+ (X2+/+Z2.)2] 2
d

+ terms

III -

. X3}
d3

'i -a-a{ d = 'i-a

-::::- a d

ax a(a 1 + - - -,a (? + y-, + Z·") + - - + 1 )[4X2 + terms x-, d 2d" 42 d- [ 1+ - - -,a (' + y', + z:') + -, (a + 1 ),] ax axxd 2dX)2

.In -, X3]}
d~

'i = [( -d r; .
-a _

+ / + Zl

d'

= [ d + Tdx + x + / + Z2

-(

F" 1 2x.J...x-1"+ y. + Z+. 2 (

d d d
-a [ 1----

I'
a 2

J2
2]

r: -a -::::-d
2

ax

2d2•

(2x
(2X

+ v-

+z-

')

a -+1x ) +- (a d2 2

-a a= a 'i-a + 'i -::::-~- d2

[I

a + Y 2 + Z 2) + dl (a + 2) x 2]

Similarly:
'j-a

+ '4-a

d-a [ 2 - ;

(X2

+ l + Z2) + ; (a + 2) y2 ] + i + Z2 ) + ; (a + 2) Z2
2
?) (

rs-a + ,<:a

~ d-a [ 2 -

;2

(X2

, a dl x: V ~ cd _ [ 6 - 3a (' + y. + z: + d2 + 2a) (' + y + z: a d2 .r:

?

)]

4.20

16

kB

"

F=q(E+vxB)

K··············· y
.........
x .. my = F = qE - qx'B I

jE

"

v x B = ( [1: + Jy + ki) x ie = ijB - ).1:B

F = iq.vB+ Jq(E
m.x= Fx =qyB
x-x"

-iB)

=-y
In

qB

= qE -

. qB) qB( x, + - y m

y = qE
111

_ qB.i:,_ (qB)2 Y m m .. ~ eE. y+w-y=--+wx,.

III

= _ eE
m

+ eB.i" _ (eB)2 y
m eB m m

0)=-

y=~(_ j'

0)

eE +WX,)+ACOS(O)I+B,) m

= - Aw sin (OJI + B, ) .v, = O. so Bo = 0

A = --~1

Yo = O ,so y

ox

= a (1- cos OJ/).

(eE --+UJX, . ) m 1 (eE --+OJr . )

a=.., "'0

OJ'

111

qB. = x, -{OY = x., -0)£1 . x. = x... +-y m

(1 -COS(ul )

.i = (.to -wa) + aia COS{ut

x=(.i-. -OJa)t+asino)t
x

= a sin WI + bt . mz = F, = 0
z = iJ +zc = 0

b = i, - wa

4.21 y
-111\'-

b +mqh = mg2

v = g(b-

2h)

F = --r

mv' = -lngcosB + R b

17

cosO=-

h b mg [ . ] mg h-(b-2h) =-(3h-h) b b

h I1n,2 R=mg---=b b
the particle

leaves the side of the sphere when R

=0

h = !!_ ,i.e.. 3 4.22

-I12V-

!!.. above
3

the central plane

+mgh

=0
h = -h
so
-I11V-

at the bottom of the loop,

= 111gb. = --b
11IV'

...... i
h

= J2gb = -mg
+R
mv: b
7

Fr

R = mg + --

= mg + 2mg = 3mg

4.23

From the equation

=-I11S+- - s ,
I .. I (mg) 2 2 2 4A
harmonic
2

for the energy as a function of s in Example

4.6.2,

s is undergoing

motion with:

{u=p;=Jt=~~
Since s

= 4A sin ¢.

¢ increases by 2Jr radians during the time interval:

For cycloidal complete cycloidal

motion.

x and z are functions

of 2¢ so they undergo

cycle every time

¢ changes by Jr. Therefore.

the period for the

motion is one-half the period for s. T = }_T' = 2Jr ~

Vg

\~

CHAPTERS NON INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEMS

5.1 (a)
The non-inertial observer believes that he is in equilibrium and that the net force acting on him is zero. The scale exerts an upward force, N . whose value is equal to the scale reading --- the "weight," W', of the observer in the accelerated frame. Thus

N +mg-mAo N -mg-mAo

=0 = N -mg
-111-

44·

= N --m~ = 0

W'=N=~l11g=~W
(a) (b)

4.4

W'

= ISO/h.
is downward,
jJ'

mg

(b) The acceleration direction as g

in the same 3

N-mg+m H" 5.2 (a)

g4) =0

H"=IV--=-IV

= 901b.

F = -m(u x ({O x '~')

(,,-'fit

Forw.lr'

Fcent

=1110/,.'(;.

r 1

r: =
(b)

w=SOOS-1 10-6
X

=IOOOll's-

(1 000ll')2
=

x S er

= Sll'

dynes outward
4

~=

l1W)2,.'

(1000ll')2 S 980

FJ.:

mg

=S.04xI0

5.3

mg + T - m.A, -mg

=0

(See Figure S.I.2)

J + T cos 0 J + T sin o i - m (
= mg ,
1 and

l~)= i

TcosO

TsinO

= mg

10

tanO =-.

10

0 =5.71'

T
5.4 hanging

mg cosO

= I .00Smg
observer thinks that

The non-inertial

g'

points downward

in the direction

of the

plumb bob ... Thus

t g: g =g-Ao =gJ-lOl
-r
-0 ";

For small oscillations of a simple pendulum:

T~2"H
g' ~

,.-----

s'

+C~)'~

1.005g

T=2Jr ~

v"UJOs;i

=1.995Jr

~g

{1

box. so

l- m~

= ma'

(Zi' is the acceleration of the box relative to the truck. See

(b)

Equation 5.lAb.) Now . .f the only real force acting horizontally, so the acceration relative to the road is .f umg g m m 3 (For + in the direction of the moving truck, the - indicates that friction opposes the forward sliding of the box.) AD = - ~ (The truck is decelerating.)
a=-=---=-j1g=--

from above, ma - mAo (a)

= rna'
6

so

a'

=a-

A
c

= _lI.. + g = g
3 2

5.6 (a) f=1(:(+RcosQf)+JRsinnt

r =-iORsinnr+ r .r = = 0. R2
I,e 2

]nRcosQt

:. v

= nR

circular motion of radius R

(b)

?=r -

iJ x F' where

f' = ix'

+ jy'
cos Of -

= -1QR sin Of + ]QR

mk x (L'(' + Jy')

= -1OR sin 0.1 + }nR

.\-'= coy' - D.R sin 0.1 y = -wx' + nR cos nr
(c) Letu'

cos

0.1 - } (OX'

+ 1UJ ' y

= x' + iy' here i=rt! Ii' =:i:' + if = wi - nR sin nr - icox' + in!? cos nl itou' = = -(0 y' +ioix' :. Ii' + iont' = -OR sin 0.1 + inR cos D.t = in Re,nr
u' li'

Try a solution of the form

= Ae~"'" + Be

ifU

= -i(rJAe~'(Z)/+ inBe'fU

ion/

= icoAe~'WI + hoBe'OJ
n)
B e 'UJI so B=

., . , .( :.1l+1(rJ1I=1{0+.l.~

{o+n

QR

Also at 1 = 0 the coordinate

11'

systems coincide so

=A

+B
o

= x' ( 0 ) + iy' ( 0) = .r, + R

+R--0

:.A=x Thus.

+R-B=x

n!?
(r)+n s»

so,

=XQ

+-(0+0.

wR

II = Xo

,[

+ (rJ+n

UJR]

~'WI

+ {o+n e

ci«

5.7

The x, y frame of reference is attached to the away from the Sun. Thus, it rotates once every year frame of reference is fixed inertial frame attached to (a) In

Earth. but the x-axis always points relative to the fixed stars. The X,Y the Sun. the x, y rotating frame of reference x (r

) = R cos

( 0. -

(0) 1 - R c

Y ( 1) = - R sin ( 0. - (0) t
where R is the radius of the asteroid' s orbit and RE is the radius of the Earth's orbit. D. is the angular frequency of the Earth' s revolution about the Sun and (J) is the angular frequency of the asteroid's orbit. (b)

.\"([)=-(n-w)Rsin(n-(rJ)/~O

at

1=0
at t

y (I) = - (0. - (0) R cos (0. - (rJ)1 -) - (0. - co ) R

(c)

=0

a = _4- .11& - n x r - 20 x r - Q x 0 x r Where u is the acceleration of the asteroid in the

3

x, y frame of reference,

A, Ac

are the accelerations of the asteroid and the Earth in the fixed. inertial frame

of reference. 1\': examine:

= {OX {OX

A - Ac R -Qx
Qx

Qx Qx

r
Qx("R -

Rc -(2x

Rc)
_ A

=(wx
Thus:

w-QxQ)x

R = -(

w2 _Q2)R

note: m=wk.

Q=Qk

a =(Q2

-(2)"R-2Qxv

Therefore: Thus:

(i.~+]y) = (n2 _w2 )[lR cos( Q-{v)t - ]R sin(

n - {v)t ] -2]Q..~+ 2iqi'

.~= (Q2 _0)2) R cos(Q -{O)1 + 2n.}1 Ji = -( Q2 -{J)2)Rsin (Q-W)I - 2Q.i" Let .~= (Q - {v))i and ji = (n - {o).i" y = (Q (J) )

Then. we have

R cos ( Q -

(J) )

t + (Q _ OJ)
1

2[2

which reduces to

j' = - ( Q -

(J) )

R cos ( Q -

(J) )

Integrating ... ly=-Rsin(Q-{J))tl~O Also.

at t=O
-{V)I -

-.~(Q-{J)) = -( Q2 -{v2)R sin (Q

or .~= ( Q + w) R sin ( Q .~= -( Q (J))

2Q..~

+ 2Q..~
l

(v)

R sin (Q-W)l
(J) )

Integrating ,. . x = R cos (Q -

+ const
at 1=0

Ix=Rcos(Q-{J))t-Rcl~R-R& 5.8
y'

Relative to a reference frame fixed to the turntable the cockroach travels at a constant speed v ' in a circle. Thus a =--e, r' b
X
I
-f

1',2

,..

..

••••....

..

Since the center of the turntable is fixed. .{=O The angular velocity. (0. of the turntable is constant, so

(0 = aik': with (0 = 0 F' =be », so wx(wxF'}=-b(02

V
-",..

er.
F') and putting in terms from above

= V ell" so
ii

(V

xV

_I

= -lUV
,

fA

e;

From eqn 5.2.14,

(J. r

= a' + 2(0 v' +wx(wx

X

= --

,2

2lUV' -

bco'

For no slipping

1f'1::; u.mg ,
V,1

so

liil::; ug
?

- b + 2aJV' + bio' ::;/".'JiX

,2 "m
l' , m

") +_(0 b'Vm + b'-(0- - b u.g = 0

= -(Vb ± or b'
~'1

1'h - b: W" + ~] Ilg

Since v' was defined positive, the +square root is used. v:, = -cob + ~bJ.1.\g (b)

= -v eo. (OX v' = +(ov'e

V
-, f"

r•

a.=r

-\'h

,2

... + LWV , - bW 2
..,

\,1 " -

- 2m,,' + bto: ::; /I g

r,

v~ = cab + Jbp,g As in Example 5.2.2. (0 = ___!_ j' and A,

5.9

v'
p

- = _o_i' V
l

For the point at the front of the wheel: .. V2 ~ , F' = _"_J" and v' = -v k' b
0

(0=0
(VXr

-, =- k~' (b~') =-[ V, x - '1 ~':b~,

{VX lUX,.

- (-

-')
p

=-

v: k', X-IJ'~b:, =--1 r., r:2b

P P P. VJ' ) = 0
2 ;, ( + -+-,-b }

(0 X

v' = ~ k' x (-

a =r +wx(wxr

- ::, - - -, )+ Ao =-[ - v:
p

v: v: J '.,
2 2

p:

5.10

(See Example 5.3.3) nuo:x = 11IX x'(t}=Ae"" «e«:

') t •• ,

i' (t) = mAe"" - ciBe?" Boundary Conditions:

x (0)
2

=~ = A+B ...
4
2 B

_\-' 0) = 0 = co ( A - B) ( :. A (a) (b) x'

=!_

=!_

4
.,( I x ( ) = {v -I. SII11 2 tot

(t) =!_ cosh cot

2 2 2

x' (T) =!_ +!_ =!_ cosh (vT

:. cosh o/T

when the bead reaches the end of the rod

=2
2 a/T

or

to

co

(c)

i' (T)

= m!_sinh

= (tJ~ sinh [ cosh'"

or

2]

= ro ~ (1.732) = 0.866ml

I t: . (tJ2 [ cosh-, (vT -1 J~= ",3 col = 0.866{vl • 2

5.11

v' = 400 J' mph = 586.67 J' It- S-I OJ = 7.27x 10-5 (cos41")' +sin-l l' k')
F::lJr
Fgmv

S-I S-2

OJ X v' = -( 7.27 X 10-5)( 586.67)( sin 4 r)l' ft-

= 1-2m(vx
mg

v'l
r)
32

2( 7.27 x 10-5)( 586.67)( sin4

F:ur
FWIII'

= 0.0017

The Coriolis force is in the 5.12 (See Figure 5.4.3)

-ro x v'

direction, i.e.. +1' or east.

OJ = my.}' + OJ~.k'

wxv

--,

=-W

••V.l •y =-W

:,

+W _ ., j •.V•.

"'.,

-Wy ..V•. .,

k- ,

-. ( WXV-') hort:
WXV
horr:

...

•.V).'l +W_,Vx" ....

, ;,

~,
I I

I( - ..,) I = (
Fcor =-2m(vxv'
c.» hunt:

22 2 (U.,VY .+(U .. x..• =W_. (2Vr' +V,i2 ):; =W ... • •.V 2):; •.V ._ ....

I(ft.)
5.13

1= 2ml(wx
I

V') hon:.·1

= Lmto'v",

independent of the direction of

v' .

From Example 5.4.1 '"

x;+u( 8;')' Z
cos
Xii

and y~ = O.

.' -.!.(7 27
-

10-5 S _1)(8X1250 t

3f J

vin»:

]2
~

cos

'41'

x;, = 0.404
5.14

jt to the east.

From Example 5.4.2:

~ .:::: OJ H 2

vo

1Sin A.I

is the deflection of the baseball towards the south since it

was struck due East at Yankee Stadium at latitude A. = 4 r N (problem 5.13). Vo is the initial speed of the baseball whose range is H. From eqn 4.3.ISb, without air resistance in an inertial reference frame, the horizontal range is ... H

= v; sin2a
g

Solving for Vo ...

2

v
o

gH = ( sin 2a )2
I

t:
e

=(32ft'S- X200ft]2
sin30°
5 2

=113ji·s-

'

.
.. ~~

(7.27xlO- s-')(200 ft ).
2

l13fi·s-

sm 41 = 0.0169

It =0.2
'.

111

A deflection of 0.2 inches should not cause the outfielder any difficulty. 5.15 Equation 5.2.10 gives the relationship between the time derivative of any vector in a fixed and rotating frame of reference. Thus ... '.:: = ( -dCi ) r
dt
ttxed

= ( -dii )
dt
rot

+wxa

__ ((OX

ii = l' + wxr' + 2wx

r' + wx

P')
7

(da) dt
iiJ x Zi
Now

= /=" + (V x F' + w x f' + 2w

rol

r' + 2iiJ x p'

+ct}x ( iiJ x j:') +

X

lv x ( /V x F' ) + iiJ x ( Iv x f:' )

= (V p' + iiJ x ( /v x F' ) + 2(71 x ( (Vx r' ) + iiJ x [ iv x ( iiJ x F') J

((V X F') is 1.. to
(0 x F'

cv

and F'. Let this define a direction

h:

= liiJ x F'1,1

Since

(V 1.. /1 , ([) x ((V x F') is in the plane defined by (0 and F' and 1(71X({OX F')I =

I(V x iilliiJ x F'I = (VI(VX F'I·

...
(tJ2

Since

(o1..tVx({OxF')

lev x [(V x (tV x;;') Jl =

And Thus (vx[(vx((vxF')]is

klJx,l
-ii
2 (

in the direction
-(V

w x [ {lj x ( tV x t) J =
iiJ x a = (V X /=' = /=" + (~ x F' + 3ij
+2(lj x ( (~X;;,)

(lj X

i')
x ( (V X

i + (lJ x ( W x F' ) + 2w
X

f' )-

iiJ x F')

f' + 3{0 X P' + (~ x ( (lj X j:' )

+ 3(0 x ( iiJ X f:')

(V

((V x F')
Equations 5.4.l5a - 5.4.l5c become:

5.16

With
X

x: = Y: = z~ = .'-":= y: = O. and z: = v:
1 /l. -

'{rt ) ="31 cogt 3 cos

ou:v,
~,

cos

1 /l.

Y'(t) = 0
z'

(t ) = - ~ g/2 + v:t
2

When the bullet hits the ground

t=-"

z' (t)

= 0,

so

2v' g
3

x' = -wg ~
,

I (8g3 J cos A. (4_~o_ v: cos A. "J g2

13
+

tt)

= ---,-COSA.
3g-

4WVo oJ

x' is negative and therefore

is the distance the bullet lands to the west. -'i::,

5.17

With

a;

= y: = z: = 0

and

= v<cosa

y: = 0 i: =

Vo

sina

we can solve equation 5.4.15c to find the time it takes the projectile to strike the ground ...

I, ,. 7 z '( t ) =-"2gr+votsma+(()v,rcosacos/l.,=
or t

2v~sin a g-2{uv: cosacosA

2v: ;::;; __ a ___:sin

g

We have ignored the second term in the denominator-since impossibly For example, or large for the value of that term to approach for A

v.:

would have to be g
(Ul':

the magnitude

= 41

and

a = 45"

g - 2mV: cosa cos.i ::::::g

km v,:::::::K::::::144 ! (() s
t into equation
{U\',

Substituting
.

5 .4.15b to find the lateral deflection

. ,

gives

y(t) = -[
5.18
Let ...

cosa smA]r

=-

4{UV,3.

g2" sin Asm- a cosa

.,

U,

= acceleration

of object relative to Earth

iiJ, = co.k = its angular speed

.. ... .. . · ·
· ·. ·

......
· · .· · ..

Ao = acceleration
{jJ

of satellite

= cak

its angular speed 5.2.14)

U = a + 2iiJ x v + (V x ({V x r) + /1, (Equation

o

=U

o-

Ao - 2(v x V - OJ x W x j=
5.7 Evaluate the term ...

·. ... . ... .. ...•...........•• .....

As in problem

X" = ii, - Ao ~,,=

iiJ x (V x

r = iiJ, x {V" x it - (V x iiJ x R that

{U,2

{V x iiJ x ( i( -

(' - or')-R, (J);

R:

. .. given the condition

{U

R3

Letting x

= cos B

for small r

and

Hence:

a = Liu - 2iiJ x V = -3(v2X i - 2{vk x (ix+ }>,) a = i.~+./ji = -3(v x; + 2wyl - 2{v#
2

So

.t-2[vY-3ru2x ji + 2m.\- = 0

=0

5.19

mr

= q£

+q( l;x 5.2.14 5.2.13 so

ii)

Equation Equation

r = r' + IiJ x r + 2iiJ x V' + iiJ x ( iiJ x F')

ii =

v' + (0 x F'

{J = _.!Lf3
2m

ib = 0
(iJx F') = q£ + q [(v' + (11 x j:')x

mr' -q

(Bx

v')- % Bx

SJ

mr' + q ( v' x f3) + ~ ( iiJ x F') x B = qE + q ( v' x B) + q ( iiJ x F') x B mr' =qE+
q (iiJxF')xB
2

1222m
5.20

2..((11x F')x

jjl

= q (qB )(r')(

sin

B)( B)

ex: B2

Neglecting

terms in B2.

mr' = qE

For x'=XCOSw'l+

y sinr»? y' = =xsin ci'r + ycosw't x' =.\- cos a/t - xto' sin (V't + y sin o/t + yto' cos m't )!' = -xsin o/t - xto' cos W'I + j-cos oit - yto' sin (U't .i' =.i cos w', + ysin to't + (U'y' )!' = -xsin o/t + y costo'! - cox' .t' = _t cos ru't - .\-w' sin ru't + ji sin o/t + y{u' cos ru't + (V')!' ji' = -xsin ru'l - xco' cos to't + y cos o/t - yw' sin ru'l - w'x'

+ 2m')!' + m,2x' ji' = -xsin m'l + y cos to' - 2m'x' + CO,2 y'
5(' to't

=.t cos co', + ji sin

Substituting

into Eqns 5.6.3:

x cosro': + jisin o/t + 2{v')!, + m,2x' g xcos co't - g y sin 0/1 + 2{v'Y' I I .:":sino/: + jicOS(o'l- 2ru'.k' + (0,2 y'

=-

= + g x sin o/t - g y cos m't I I

2w'.i'

10

Collecting terms and neglecting terms in 0/2: (.~ +~ x )COS{O'I

+(Y + ~ y )sin (.~+ X)sin{u'l -(Y+~ ~

= 73.7
hours

{u'l

=0 =0

Y)COS(iJ'1

5.21

t =-- hours 24
T

sin A. 24

sin 19"

5.22

Choose a coordinate system with tbe origin at the center of the wheel, the x' and y' axes pointing toward fixed points on the rim of the wheel. and the z' axis pointing toward the center of curvature of the track. Take the initial position of the x' axis to be horizontal in the -T~ direction. so the initial position of the Y' axis is vertical. The bicycle wheel is rotating with angular velocity T~ about its axis, so ...
h

_
(UI

r, VO =k b

A unit vector in the vertical direction is: • -:,. 1':1 " V) 11 = I 5111-+ J cosh h

At the instant a point on the rim of the wheel reaches its highest point: -, • . Jt:1 V,l r = b n = b (:,I sin h + J;, cosh ) Since the coordinate system is moving with the wheel, every point on the rim is fixed in that coordinate system.

F' = 0 and i =0 The x'y'z' coordinate system also rotates as the bicycle wheel completes a circle around the track:
_ w,
o

_r~ . T' = 11- = -r~(;' sln-+ :I I

p
P b

] cos-

'.,

V,/)
b

The total rotation of the coordinate axes is represented by:

tt)

= WI+ {/J, = -

v, (:,I SIl1- +]:, cos _0_ ) + k', ---'. J~I Vt V,

p
b b b

(tJ

.:. = -v..

2 (;' I

ph

V,I cos-b'

:,. v'1) J SII1b

b b P

(tJxr

.:.

-, =- (k" cos 2 -+ k·'·' 11:2 V) v't) v,2 k"' S1I1-- =P

11

(!Jxf'

=0
P b

Vob(k'" SI11---COS-Vt OJxr -, =b

v:'

k~" S1I1-.-COSb b

Ii:'

1/:') + 1'(""1 /
n.

V);, SIl1--/ b

cos-

V"')
b

_ _ _, V,2 . 2 V) 2 1/:1 (Ux(OJxr )=- (AI S1I1-+k " COS -1/:1) +- +l S1I1--1 '., COS-k P b b b h' b V2 V2 (!J X ((!J xi') = k'_o- - iz-'p b Since the origin of the coordinate system is traveling in a circle of radius p: _ ,V1 .{ = k'-'P F = F' + iiJ X i' + 2(!J x f' + +w x ( (/J x i') + .4,

1/~2( ;, .

1<')

F = k' -"p

1'2 p

+ k' -'-

V2 P

il':":_ + k'-',b P

1'2

1.2

.. 1/2, V2 i = 3-"-k' __ "_it

b

With appropriate change in coordinate notation. this is the same result as obtained in Example 5.2.2.

12

CHAPTER 6 GRAVITATIONAL AND CENTRAL FORCES

6.1 4 m = p V = P""3 JrJ~3 1', =

(]!!!_)3 41TP
Gmn~
(21',

= Gm
4

(4JlP)~j
3m

G (41TP)3 m~ 4 3

6.2 (a) The derivation of the force is identical to that in Section 6.2 except here r < R. This means that in the last integral equation, (6.2.7), the limits on u arc R - r to R + r. GmA'! F=--

4Rr2

iR+/'(
s-»

1+

r2 - R
S2

C)

ds

_ GmM[R --4Rr2

+1 -

. (R

-r +

) R~ _1'2 ---- _r2] R2

R+r R-r

GmM[ F =--, 2r+ R-r-(R+r) 4Rr-

] =0

(b) Again the derivation of the gravitational potential energy is identical to that in Example 6.7.1, except that the limits of integration on s are

(R - r) ~ (R + r) .

¢=-G

21TpR2 iR+r
rR

R-r [R

ds +r -

= -G

JrrpR2
-I

rR

(R - r) ]

¢=_C41TR2p=_GM
For

r < R, ¢ is independent

of r. It is constant

inside the spherical shell.

6.3

The gravitational force on the particle is due only to the mass of the earth that is inside the particle's instantaneous displacement from the center of the earth, r. The net effect of the mass of the earth outside r is zero (See Problem 6.2). 4) M=-!fl' P 3

I;~

/f~'"

\'1'-1)
T ~ 2" ~ 2"
OJ

-4 . F = --GJrpmre, 'k = - -:re,. 3

The force is a linear restoring force and induces simple harmonic motion.

Vk"

1m ~ be J 4GJip 3

The period depends on the earth' s density but is independent of its size, At the surface of the earth,

--;;-

4GJip 3

g R" R 6.38xl0 m 9.8m·s-2

6

= 2Jr

ge

= 2Jr

liz,. 141 ~ .. tr 3600s

6.4

Fa ;; --'" r2

GMm

e, . where Iv!
A

=-

nr' P

The component of the gravitational force perpendicular to the tube is balanced by the normal force arising from the side of the tube. The component of force along the tube is r, = F~ cose The net force on the particle is ... 3 rcose = x .4 F = =i - Gnpmx 3 F
-

= -i -GJrprnrcose
A

= =ikx
A

As in problem 6.3, the motion is simple harmonic with a period of 1.4 hours.

6.5

r: r for a circular orbit r. v is constant. T=v

2m'

--?-=-- so

GMm

~,2

GM = __
r

6.6

Znr (a) T=-

v From Example 6.5.3. the speed of a satellite in circular orbit is ...

I

V=

R2]? gre ")nr?

I

T =-"-"_

g2Re

r. = (
R" Re

T:g

]3

= (242

IIr] x 36~02 S2 .111.-

9.8111' ,\"2]3

47r- Re 7

47r- 6.38 x 106 m

- r = 6.62.~

_ ') (
_Jr

9.8111·s

_,

60 x 6.38x 10 111 ")., -x3600-s-·hr -x24-lw-·day_J ') ")

__ ")

]2

T 6.7

= 27.27 day

~ 27 day

From Example 6.5.3, the speed ofa satellite in a circular orbit just above the earth's surface is ...

This is the same expression as derived in Problem 6.3 for a particle dropped into a hole drilled through the earth. T ~ 1.4 hours. 6.8 The Earth's orbit about the Sun is counter-clockwise as seen hom. say, the north star. It's coordinates on approach at the latus rectum arc (x.Y)=(£(J,-a). The easiest way to solve this problem is to note that e = _1_ is small. The 60 orbit is almost circular! , . GMsl1l mv: 2 GM an d v =-- s ,= r: r r r = a ~ (J ~ b when e ~ 0 with
---!:..-

~.~ ( G ~f s )
Afore

= 3 . I0
fJ

exactly

-I 1r- x v
Since
k

= avcos

= I . b ut

ml a =-_ k

(equation 6.5.19) hence 1= avcos fJ

= GMsm

= (aGM

fi-

I a cosfJ The angle fJ can be calculated as follows: Or

Gl\4 v- ( -- s -x" -' +-=1

)2

v:

b2

(see appendix C)
X 2

, _--=---

ell' dx

b2

ay b2
0 2

and at (x,y)=(ea,-a)

so here and

-'-=---=-

dv dv

b2

Co

dx

(J2 a

(1- e2 )

=E: since 1- e: =-,

a"

b2

_-_=

elr

tan fJ = £
1

or fJ;::; e (small €)

= (GM )2
S

_1_::::: cos s

(Glvfs)2
a

as before.

6.9

F(r) = F, + Fd F
s

=_

GAlm
r"
,

Fd -

GM,,111
r"

The net effect of the dust outside the planers radius is zero (Problem 6.2). The mass of the dust inside the planet's radius is:

u, = s"

p 4 3 r

F{r) = --]---JrpmGr
1 -i«
«e

CMm

6.10

ll=-=-e

I:

-=--e

du
2

k
1

de
dB

I:
-to

--=-e ~

du

k'

=' II

k2

I~

From equation 6.5.10 ...

2 d 11 --2

du

~ +1I=k-lI+lI=-~.r

ml

II

(-I ') u
.

.r(II-I)=-mI2(e+t)1l3 f{r)=_m/2(k~=+I)
r: The force varies as the inverse cube of r. From equation 6.5.4, r2iJ = 1 dO I -iio
-=-e

dt

1:2

I at I. e 2wdO =-~

':~

_1_ e2kfJ ')k .... 2k

=.!!_

+
1:2

B=_I In(2klt

+c)

B varies logarithmically with t.

r From equation 6.5.10 ...

6.11

f(r)
d211

= ~ = ku"

--+u=---·kz( 2
dB

1
2

de·

d2Z~

+(I+~)U=O
ml'

111/

z/

=--

ku m/2

(I+~)<O, If (1+ k2)=O,

If
111/ 111/

c > 0, for which

II

= ae'"

is a solution.

du de
II

=C
1
('I

e + C2
e+cz

r=--('I

If (1+

111/

k2»O.

c>O

u = A cos ( fce + 5 )

6.12

11

= - = --r I: cos e

du dO

= I: cos r:

sin 0
()
2

d~u d02

=.!_(_I_+2SiI1 BJ=
cos 0
11-

cos '

e
0

r: cos ()
u

1 (1+2-2cos2eJ\=
cos20
I;,

cos () cos': e

1 (_2 __ 1)

(til -- 2 = II(22r,. de

~ -1 ) = 21·-u 3 ,
1 ml
II

Substituting into equation 6.5.10 ...

, 2/:-11

3 -11 + II = -~
') 2

J (-I) u

/(11-1) = -21:2mfz/
/(r)=_~/:mI'
,.5

6.13

From Chapter I, the transverse component of the acceleration is ...

/(0)

(/0

= rB + 2N)

If this term is nonzero, then there must be a transverse force given by ...

= m(rO+ 2,~e)
oF ()

..

For Since

r = at) . and f ((}) 2J1wb2 = f (0) oF 0 , the

() = bt force is not a central field.

For r For

= (lB, and the force to be central, try g = bt" f (0) = In [2ab n t + ab n (n -1) t'"" ] a central field --- f (B) = 0 211+(11-1) = 0
2 2 2n 2 2

1 n=3

6.14
v,

(a) Calculating the potential energy dv. --=j(r)=-k dr ( -+- ) 4a 1'5

2

,.3

Thus,

V = -k(
,

2: + r 4r

(/4)
0

The total energy is ...

£=T +V
e

=..!..v: 2

_k(2+_1_)=_!_( 2 2
a 4a
4 •7

2 2a2

9k. )_ 9k =0
4(12

Its angular momentum is ... 1-

, = LJ"V- = -9k = constant = r " ,2

=-

B-

Its KE is ... T 2

1('2r

+r

2B'2) =- 1[(dr)2
2

dB

+r

2]0'2

I =-

[(dr)2 dB
)

+1'

2]f-r

The energy equation of the orbit is ... T+V=O=-

1
2
[(

dr 2 +1' 4-k dB r
J ] J )

,*

2 a: ? --:;-+r: 4r4
2
4

_[(dr)2 dO
or Letting So
-I

+1.2]9k -41'4

k(2-+- ) a r2 4r

dr)2 -- I ( -dB _ 9 (2a .2)

r =acos¢
then 1

-=-asm¢dB

dr

d¢

dB

d¢)2 = 1 ( dB 9

:. ¢=-B
3

Thus

= (Jcos-O
3
3;r

(r=a@O=OO)
r
---7

(b) at 0 =

o- - dt

2 .I - r2 -,

the origin of the force. To find how long it takes ...

avo
a- cos
2 2

-0 3

v, = -----'-- 1 ,
ClCOS--O

= :!""cos }_e so
1'0
3K

a 30 2 If' 37W T = 2J -cos 2 -10dO =- J cos'!' A.dA. =-o v'

Since

Vo

=( )2
~~2

4v

=-;rCl

2(

2 )2 _

9k

----

it a:

2 )2
k

(c) Since the particle falls into the center of the force v ---7 00 (since 1= vrL = const )

6.15

From Example 6.5.4 ...

,
2

~= c

(2r.)~ r +',.
,
0

Letting V = _c:. we have V =

2 1+....::. 'i
r

ve

So:

-=-

dV

Thus

( ~r
dV

dr;

r. - ': -2 1+- -' -2V 'i 'i2

1

( ) ( )]

....,....-2~-('-+-:-J-' ~ ~ ~ ( ,~ ~ ) ~

(a)

(dV) V

( ~;'J

~ ': _!_
2 I,

(b)

(Chi

J = 21j (dV)
I;

= 2( 60)1 % = 120%!

I,

The approximation of a differential has broken down - a correct result can be obtained by calculating finite differences, but the implication is clear - a 1% error in boost causes rocket to miss the moon by a huge factor --- '""2! 6.16 From section 6.5, e = 0.967 and r. = 55x 106mi.
r = r-I
0

From equations 6.5.21a&b,

1+ & 1- & lAU x93xl06mi

a=2"(r,+'i)=
a

r 1~&

=
3

55xl06mi 1-0.967

= 17.92AU
r = ca?
3 3 3

From equation 6.6.5.

t = 1yr

. AU

2X

17.922 AU

t = 75.9 yr

From equation 6.5.21a and 6.5.19 ...

s

= a_I
I'o

= ml

&=_"_0 k v,

~ mr.v;

kr0

-1

-I and

k=GMm
I

= [GM ~(&+I)

]2
...

From Example 6.5.3 we can translate the factor OM into the more convenient GM = with a, the radius of a circular orbit and Ve the orbital speed ...

aev:
r;

Vo

[aev,:

(&+1)]2 =[93xlO:m~(1.967)]2 55 x 10 1171

ve

Vo

= 1.824ve

Since I is constant ... 'ivi = ~Vo r 1-& 1-.967 VI =~V =--v = xl.824v 'i 1+& 1.967
0 C'

= 0.0306v .'

ve ~
v,

21We
t

27r x 93 x_~ mi 0 = 66,705 mph 1 yrx365day· yr x 24hr·daJ,-1

5

= 1.22x 10

mph

and

VI

=2.04xl03mph

6.17

From Example 6.10.1 ...

v r where q =- and d =ve ae are dimensionless ratios ofthe comet's speed and distance from the Sun in terms of the Earth's orbital speed and radius, respectively (q and d are the same as the factors Vand R

&=[1+' -~
~)iS

}qdSin¢)'

in Example 6.10.1). ¢J is the angle between the comet's orbital velocity and direction vector towards the Sun (see Figure 6.10.1). The orbit is hyperbolic, parabolic, or elliptic as
i.e., as ((/ E

is > , = , or < 1 ...

>, =. or< O.

(q2 _ ~)
6.18

is>, =. or < 0 as (/d is>. =, or < 2.

Since I is constant,
"min

vrnax

occurs at

1',

and vmin occurs at 'i, i.e.

~'mnx

= Vn

and

= VI
=

and form the constancy of I ... V/i

VI Vn

= Vol:

Vmin V,nax

=....:.. V;
Ii

(See Example 6.5.4) From equation 6.6.5 ... -k

112

= GA10 = (2:ra)2 -r

\.-min

,.v

max

=(2:rO)2.
r

a(£+I)
/j
1'1

From equation 6.5.21 a&b ...

= ':

1+£ . With 1-£ 2 Ii

2a = I'
0

+, ..
I'

0(&+1)
Ii

= 1 (/:+/j)(&+1)
2 Ii

=.!.(':+l)(e+l)=.!.[(l-e)+l](&+l)=1
2 1+ s

Vm;" V=,

(2:")' ~(I,)
2
-11IV-

6.19 As a result of the impulse, the speed of the planet instantaneously changes; its orbital radius does not, so there is no change in its potential energy V. The instantaneous change in its total orbital energy E is due to the change in its kinetic energy, T, only, so t5E=8T=o 8£ =2 5v T V 78v =mv8v=mv--=2Tv

8v
v

10

But the total orbital energy is £

= _l5_
k
a

2a

So

8£

= _!,.oa
2a"

Since planetary orbits are nearly circular V--and T--

8 Thus. (j E == T ____::. and a . Sa 8v We obtain - = 2a v

st: = -8a T a

2a

6.20 (a)

V = _!_
T

Vdt k

r From equation 6.5.4, 1 = r2

- kr 1Vdt =- I'-dB ) )I
r

V(r)=--

e
I

dB =!_ or dt = r dB
dt,.2

From equation 6.5.18a ...

r=----

a( 1- 6

I +6COSe

. Vdt=.

ka(1-62)
I
T

£2:r

---2

de
~

1 + s cost)

From equation 6.6.4 ... V=

2ffa = ---v1-6-

k,h - 6

Zn a de ----= 1+6cose

i~:r---- de

) I+ 6 cos 2ff , 6-<1 2' .JI-E.:

:.V=--

k a

(b)

This problem is an example of the virial theorem which, for a bounded, periodic
r

system, relates the time average of the quantity derive it for planetary motion as follows:
-

JI p.'I"
i

to its kinetic energy T. We will

To

J7 -I t 1 'JIllr· rot = -1 JF--~ rc . rut

p'
=7." -] T

To

fo

11

Integrate LH S by parts
-

1[

IIlr·

-;- -]
r

r 0-

i . J -;-,at = -1 JF-- _.}

/11r r

rut

t: 0

The first term is zero - since the quantity has the same value at 0 and Thus but hence but hence and Thus: 6.21 2 (r)

= -( F· r)

f.

where ( ) denote time average of the quantity within brackets.

=

-(r. F) = (r. VV)

2(r) = -(V) (E)=(r)+(v)=(V)=2(E)
(£) = Irk
fo

(r ~;.)

= (~) = -(v)

(V) +(v)= (V)

2 2
but E

= - - = constant
2a so
2£=--

f Edt = E = --2a

k a
=-

(V) = --

k a

as before and therefore

(r)

I = --(V)

2a

The energy of the initial orbit is 12k. k -IJ/V -=E =-2 I' 2a
v
2

(I)

~1(;-J :
k( 2

Since

,:, = a (I + E) at apogee. the speed

VI'

at apogee is

\\ = m

a (I + E) k

IJ k (I-E) - ~ = ma (I + E)
since the radius of the orbit is ,~

To place satellite in circular orbit, we need to boost its speed to ve such that
1 ,k -l1n'- --

ra

= --

21:,

k k v-------,
c-

1111"u - ma(1 +E)

~VI
I

Thus. the boost in speed

(2)

= ve -

VI

~VI

=[

ma(l

+1-'

)]2[1-(I-E)~J
E

Now we solve for the semi-major axis a and the eccentricity above. at launch v =
Vo

of the first orbit. From (1)

at r

= R£

' so

12

v; ~ :, UE - :,)
and solving for a R£ . 1 a= R notmg t rat ... 2-mv- .J..
? o

(3)

k GM£ -=--=gR£

mR£

a=(

R£ R£

2--

v:)

= 1.426 = 4.49·10

R£

km

gR£
E:.

The eccentricity

can be found from the angular momentum per unit mass, l, equation

6.5.19. and the data on ellipses defined in figure 6.5.1 ... f where
Vo'

= r-e

,.

= v, (RE sin e,) =

[-J =
ka .!. 2

[( ka 1- c2

)]*

0, are the launch velocity, angle

E:.

Solving for

(using (3) above)

e:
?

= 1--

gR£

v: ( 2--- sin v;).

gR£
I

eo = 0.795

:. c = 0.892 Inserting these values for a, € into (2) and using (3) gives (a) (b)
IIv,

~[gRE( ~~;)ni-(I-C);l~4_61-103 km-s

{altitude above the Earth ... at perigee} e
-br ( 2

h = a(1 +c)- R£ = 2.09.103 km b =br -br - ~ -2~ (r r

)

6.22

f'(r)=-k

=k

I'(a) I(a)

=-(b+3.) a
Jr

b+-2r )
ab+

From equation 6.14.3, If/ = Jr [3 + a 'If

=--===

I' ( )] ~ 1(:) = Jr[3 -(

2)T2

.Jl-ab

13

6.23

GMm 4 From Problem 6.9, /(r)=-~-3JrpmGr j .,

(r) =

2GMm
3 I'

4 --:rpmG 3

2GMma-3 -i:rpmG f' ( 0) = 3

/(a)

-GMma- _iJrpmGa 3
2

-2+ 4Jrpa 3M 3 a(l+ 4:rpa ) 3M

I

f'(a)]-2 From equation 6.14.3, If/=Jr [ 3+o'f(a)

1+4(4;:')
4:rpa3 1+_____:_ 3M
I

If/ =st ( --I+C)2 , 1+4c 6.24

4:rpa3 c =-----=-_ 3M dU{r) to 0 btai mr = __ ...c.......!. tam .. dr

. 'vVediff erentiate equation 611lb 1 ..

I'

For a circular orbit at dU dr I =0

r=o

= 0,

i: = 0 so

For small displacements x from r = a . r = x +0 and r =x From Appendix D ...

J (x + a) = J (a ) + xf" ( a) + x- J~ a ) + ... (
2 Taking J(r) Near r to be dU . f'(r) dr
...

= d2~
dr

=0
dU
-1-

ur

= -d Irz<I +x d
r

dU

.ru
r
2

Ir:o + .. ,

m.i;=_x

d2U dr?

1
':0

This represents a "restoring force," i.e., stable motion, so long as d2~ > 0 at r = a . dr-

14

6.25

I'(r)

2k + 4&

,.3

r5

From equation 6.13.7, the condition for stability is k e ----+- a(2k -+- 5 4
(12

I (a)

+ ~ I' (a) < 0

(13

4£) <0 a

--+-<0 2 4
3a 3a

&

6.26 (a)

I(r)=-k-, r1'(,.) =_kebr (-

«':
--;)

= k e-:

(b+3.) r
I (a) + ~ f' (a)
3 <0

From equation 6.13.7, the condition for stability is

b<(b)

e-ba be-ba -k-+k--<O 3a2 3a 1 a

(1<-

1 b

I(r)=-I'{r) =
r

k
,.3

3~

I (a ) + ; I' (a ) = Since

:3 + ; ( ~~) =

f (a) + a I' (a)

3

is not less than zero, the orbit is not stable.

15

6.27

. 6-18 (See Figure 6.10.1) From equation .o.

ar

a(l-c = -~-:... ) so

1+ ccose

and the data on ellipses in Figure 6.5.1 P 1+ ccose For a parabolic orbit, e = I The comet intersects earth's orbit at
a=--r= p

= a(l- c)

(l+c)

r = a.

2p

1 +cos

e'
2p
a

cosO=-I+

6.28

(See Figure 6.10.1)

Jdt along the comet's

trajectory
d! =--

inside earth's orbit

~ . From equation

r·2~0

6 .::>••4 r"~O' r: = ~ dO

=I

so

r de I

1 +ccosO and the data on ellipses in Figure 6.5.1 p

r= p

. From equation

6- 8 .::>.1 a r

1I( 1- c ) = ---=--:...

= 0(1-

c) so

(1 + c) 1+ccosO
6.S.18b. with

From equation
r=---

c = 1 for a parabolic orbit:

2p

1 +cosO

At 0

= 1£
2

the distance to the comet is r

=a =

2P 1+ cos

= 2p
1£

k As shown in Example 6.5.3. GM = . 21£0 F or a circu Iar or biIt, v =-e I yr

)

From equation

6.5.19, a =--,

m/2

where k = GMrn , so p =--

/2

av:
3 )

2GM

1= (2Gj\1p)2 T=
where

= (2ap)2

Ie --=.. I

·e r2dO

[8
0

ve

= (2a F p21£ .w·-)

4p2

(I + cos

er

-~ ~ ) J·(2a)2p21£-dOyr

= cos-)

( -I + 2(;)

from Problem 6.27

16

fip2 [0 T--3

de
(I + cos 0)2

ita?

0.

yr

From a table of integrals,

J
[l
t

dx 1 x 1 lX , = - tan - + - tan" cos x]" 2 26 2

T=- 17 a x ta11-=

fi(p)%[

tan~+-tan1 23
I

3eO] yr 2

(I-COSX)!
1+ cosx [

tan ; = 2

¥
2p

J2
=( a~ P

J
I

T=- n v:«

fi ( p )% [( -- p)~ +- (a--- p)%] . a1

p

VI

= J2(p)%(~)~(I+~Jyr
tr a

T=

~e:1)(1-:)' +
p

3p
yl

T is a maximum

when (2 P + a )( a -

p)2

is a maximum.

~ [( 2 + a)2

(a -

p) ] = 2 (2 p + a) (2) (a - p) + (2 p + a)2 ( -I)

= ( 2 P + a) ( 3a
- 6P )

. . h T IS a maXIITIUm w en p T When (2)(_!_)~ 2 p = 0.6a

= -a .
2

f2
sr:

= 2_
3tr

yr

= 77.5

day

=~

(2.2)J.04

= 0.2088yr

= 76.2 day

6.29

V(r)=---- ,.3 r

kE

17

dV k k (2 /(")=--=-+-4 3k& =-4r +3&) dr ,.2 r r f'(r)=2k _12kc =_ 2~(r2+6c)

,.3 ,.5
r

f' ((/) _ ~ ( ,.2 + 6& J = /(0) a,.2 +3&

From equation 6.14.3, \I'

= JT [3

+a
I

\I'

=+-{::::: Jr
')

j i:i

r
I

=JT

~: :~:

For

c=::"RM.
5

R=4000mi,

!1R=13mi 104 mil

e For

=::..( 4000){13) = 2.0Sx

5

')

- e «, ,.2=1.6xl07mi2 'II = 1.0039;r = \SO.T

6.30

Vrei

=----- 1

Tm.c'

.,

E+- k)2
r 2 ( E+- -2" k)( k) Zmc' r r

. dV k j(")=--=-2+--~
dr r

J(r) = - ~ [\ +~(E
r mc r mc

+ k)]
r

2k 1( k)] J , (r)=-3 [ 1+--2E+r

I

k 1 -2" ( --2 )(
r m.c

--

,.2

k)

k 1 J (r)=-3 [ 2+--2( 2E+- 3k)]

r mc r

--

r (a)
J(a)

= --

2 + -m0

c-2E (2

+ _3: ) a
a +-1m.c mc' a
(1

---.....,...--'"7-'-

a
[

,+_I_(E+k)
mc'
l1loC

I' (a)
3+ a -I (-a)

=-----;:[=--,

+_3_(E +~) 2 __ I_(2E +_3k)] _ 2 -(E-+k--=)]'-----='

2

18

=[1+-.12

m.c

(E+!5_)] a

1fI=1L

l'(a)]-2 [ 3+0 f(o)

k

1fI=1L

1+
[

mc:

~1

+E

J1

6.31

a(I_&2) r = -'---'(Here 0 is the polar angle of conic 1 +1;cosB section trajectories as illustrated by the coordinates in Figure 6.5.1) ... and the data on ellipses in Figure 6.5.1 '0 = a( 1- s) so 6.5.ISa
r
com

. From equation

=r---'

1+&
r

1 + e cos 0

From equation 6.5.1Sb

a 1 +&cosO

and at so

0 = 0° '0=-r ----

. mi' An d from equation 6 .J. 19 a =k In m I GM From Example 6.5.3, GM

,.2 com 2
2

mt

1+£

o-k(I+&)

-=--=--

GJ\1m

= a",v;

I~om

= at'v; (I + e )( 1 + e cos e)
1+
1
&COSe

vcom sin 'I' "'(1+&)

1=RV2sin2¢
cos 0

= _!_ ( R V 2 sin 2 ¢ - 1)
e

19

. SI110=~ 1

[2s - ( RV-sm-If' rI.)2 ,.,

. rI.) + 2(RU' <sm 2 If' Y

1J2

Again from Example 6.5.3 ...

E~

[I+(V' - !)(RVsin,l'
=1+(RV2sin¢)2 RV'

&2

-2RV2sin2¢

sin0 ~~[(
e

sin,)' -( RV' sin' ¢

)'Ji

sin 0 = _!_ RV2 sin ¢ cos¢

sin¢cos¢ 2 cot 0 = tan ¢ --,--RV-sin2¢ 0= cot " (tan¢-~csc2¢)

RV-

cosO sinO

= RV2

RV2 sin2 ¢ -J

For

= 0.5.

= 4,

¢ = 30":

g=coC1(tan30,"

4(.5r

2,

CSC60']
(-J3)

~eot-'

~ -~

1~

cot "

= -30'
The picture at left shows the orbital transfer and the position of the two satellites at the moment the transfer is initiated. Satellite B is "ahead" of satellite A by the angle 00 = 'i + r2 is the semi-major axis of the elliptical transfer orbit. 2 From Kepler's 3rd law (Equation 6.6.5) applied to objects in orbit about Earth ...
a t:
,

6.32

4;r2

CME

a-

The time to intercept is ... t 1 ~ T=-=;r (12= r 2 JCMt:

REJi

;r

a2

. CMr. smce --" =g

RE 2

20

t:J:)

~ ....
II

z 0
:2 ~
0

IS? !.
I

I I

t'lj
o~ or:::;;:,

II
o"_'~

II
o.._,g

Ni...
::::
0-

<::t,

::l

I I

_....
o o ,....--..,
00

...

II
o"_'~

(Jq "-t

"..--....

::::

N ...

N
"..--....

s
I

.._
II
\:)-'

'''''

"

~ ....
::l

Ni... :::: .... 0,...

I

NI ......o~
0-

~ .-..
t'lj

N
I

(Jq

0 ::l
-'

=t> ....
II

'"+

II >;:,

s ...

Ni~
I
'-.__../

'''''

~ ~

... ::::

,...
o~

en

Ni~,...
'-.__../

6-

::::

--... -~
N

s .._

.... :::: ''''' ,... .... '" :t

... -8
II

'-.__../

N 1-""
II

....

C '-'

00 o

t.,J

' o-...' ,' o~ ,... ::

'''''
e-,

" oo~

"0

._

:::~II~ ",::r"
C()Q

II

...''''' ....

.""
~ ....

... -5'

.... II .... 3•
....
II

% ~I~
II II N N

Ni...
:::: .._
,----,(Jq

r
(t)

.... ....
::l

en

3 ,.----..,. _. t.,J
II

'''''

" '-'

l:::

::: .._
....
""

'''''

...,~ ....
~
II II
t'lj

.-..
tl1 ~
I I

:::: ....

.... ::;(l)

--- -... -~ ~ ....

''''' '''''

(t)

....
en

Before distance

evaluating

this integral,

we need to find center.

2

llma~(

= rmin-I),

In

other

words.

the

of closest approach

to the scattering

= T{rmin)+

V {/;"in )

= 21 mv

21 ok
'mm

+
-

I11V02

But. the angular momentum per unit mass I is ... 1= bv; = ';"in V and substituting for v into the above gives ...

--,
Solving

mi'
for

';"in -

+ --,
lima,

'~lIn -

I1IVo-

so ... --,

':1Ii1l -

,mlo2

ml' + k

= Uma~

lImax

, k b: +--,
mvo..•

Now we evaluate the integral for 80

=
(

b
I/+_k
mV0 2

lr
)2

I But Bo = -(

lr - Bs). Thus, we have ...

k,
mvo-

b ( Os) =

lr - Bs )Bs{2lr-es)
cross section ...
2

We can now compute the differential

0'( B ) = _b_ db =
s Since dn sinBs

dBs

klr (r.- 8.,,) mvo2B/{2lr-es)2sinBs

3

= 2lrsin Os d8.,

we get ...

0'( Os)dn = 2lrlbdbl = klr [

E

(lr - Bs) des ( 2lr - Os) 8.~.

2]

22

Chapter 7 Dynamics of Systems of Particles

7.1

i: = - i + 2j + 2k .m 3
em em

1(,

')

v =!!_r. =_!_(VI+v,+v3)=_!_(21+J'·+1+J~+k) dt 3 . 3
Vern =±(31 From eqn 7.1.3.

v;
i
I I I ~~ ~

+2J+k)
j j

~~~~~~~~.---------~
x

p = Ll11 V = VI + v + v)
2

-~----------------------------

7.2 (a) From eqn. 7.2.15, T =

L _!_ m v 2
j

2
j

T=~[22+f+(12+12+12)J=4
(b) From Prob. 7.1,

vern =*(31

+2J+k)

1 , 1 ') 2_I11V,~m =2_x3x 1 ('3- +2-, + 1- = 231

(c) From eqn.7.2.8,

L = L~ mv, x
+J

L = [(1 + J)x 21J+[(J + k)x J ]+[ kx(i L=(-2k)+(-1)+(J-i)=-21+ J-2k

7.3
V_

+k)]

- = Vb -v -g
is conserved and the bullet and gun were initially at rest:

Since momentum

O=mvb+MVg

II -~ b-

1+ r

7.4

Momentum

is conserved:

mv,

= III (
m

)+

!vfVblk

vblk =-yv ... 2

T, -

T, ~ ~IIlV; -[ ~111(~
1 =-mvo 24m 3

2( 1----/\11Ill)
4

Y=- M

+~

M( r;.

n
/"

--'--"-- =
7.5

J;-T,

44

At the top of the trajectory: , ,v V = iv cos 60' = i _.::_

Momentum
~ V, 1111-=) -:(

is conserved:
m - ) ( -Vo )

....

-- -------.:..-::,
~

Vo /

m_ +-v

VO,
2

"

V2 =iv

_)O_'::_

,v

c,

~~~-:----------------) ~ 26.6· be low the horizontal.

Di rect ion:

1/ ~ tan -, ( -}

Speed: v,

+:+(~),]i~
-

1.1 18v.

7.6

When a ball reaches the floor, As a result of the bounce,

-I1lV·

= mgh

v' v

=e.
mgb' = ..!_ 111 V'
2
2

The height of the first bounce:

II =-=--=[;-11 2g 2g
Similarly.

,2

&V

2
?

the height of the second bounce,

11" &217' =

= e'h

Total distance = + 2c2}, + 2c-l/7 + ... = Now

h( -I + ~

2C2n)

far"
n~O

=_!!_, 1- r

IrI < I.

(-1+ L2c n~O

.,) 2n

2 1+ c2 =-1+--, =--,

total distance = h ( 1+

l-c-

c: J
=

I- c-

I- c·

_ 1, For the first fall, -gr 2'

h.
1:

so t .> . \g
11

(2h

For the fa II from hei hi' erg t Accounting Total time

!fh'!!h
-

=c

for equal rise and fall times:

fiE ~g(1+ 2c+

2c2 + ... ) =

riE(_1 ~g + f2c")
11=0

. Total tllne= !!h(I+C) -g l-c 7.7

From eqn. 7.5.5:

.,
XI

=
=

(1111 -cm2)xl

+(1112 +l:1112)_'"2 1111+1112

-_.~-----~
_____ tJ. ~

111

Vo

-v0I2

.
4m

.,
.1'2

(1111 +cml)x.

+(1112-t:I1II)X2

511/ 8 Both car and truck are traveling in the initial direction of the truck . v Vo • WItI1 spee ds _.::.an d -. respective Iy.

7.8

From eqn. 7.2.15, T= ~ -mivi

i

"I

1 =-miv

2 i

+-m2v2

Meanwhile:
- IIH/em 2

+ -1 JiV

22m

v )2 = -1 m (mivi +mo~ o~

o + 1 mlm~ 21111

(_.

VI -

_)2
V2

+1112

7.9

From Prob. 7.8, T Q=

2 T - T' and since v,rn I 0= -ILV- ., -- 1

2 2"" v' v

1 = -mv

2 cm

+- uv:
2 v;m:

IIV ..

"

From eqn. 7.5.4, e =-

7.10

Conservation of momentum:
,

VI

= VI

---

In"
1111

v2
,
+~V2 1111-

,2 VI

= VI

---VIV2 1111

21112

m;

,2

Conservation of energy: 1 2 1 ,2
-I1IIVI

=-111IVI

1 '2 +-I11.,V,
2 ~-

T. ~

2mlJi 2 --VI T.' = ___,_m,-,--_

j.1

7;
7.11

_!_

111 t·,2
II

From cqn. 7.2.14. 'rxmv

~, I I

L=

~'m

xmvcm + I~xm;~

=rl xmlvi

+I;X
_

m~v~
__

Fromeqn.7.3.2,R=~I+--1

.. --( m) =~-(m
1112 1711

+111)
1112

=_I~

111··
Ji

m; r S·, mce trom eqn. 7 .3 . I , =- = - _- ='i 2

Ill, =R = -_- 'i

Ji

,=Ji ~/ixm;v;-= =-Rxmlvi

j

1111

pR x (V; - v = R x ,uv L = ,: II1V + R x ,IV

=
2) em X em

=- + -_ m,

(p)-

Rxm2v=Z

7.12

Let m, = mass of Sun and a; = semi-major axis of Earth' s orbit then from eqn. 7.3.9c.

16

Ills

20111"

= ( 5.6dax
a 7.13

Iy,.

365da

)J (20+16)3
2

I_~

yr

= 0.20a

t!

1 =-a 5

f!

(Ignore primes in notation) a) (a-O.5,.J3I2)

L... P2 (l-a,O)

r;

(a,O)

The coordinates of the two primaries, PI and P2. arc shown at left - along with the coordinates of L4 and L5•

(a-O.5, -.J3/2)

b)

V(x,y)=-

(I-a)
I

a
I

x' +y
2

(7.4.13)

[(x-a)2+iJ2
-=

[(x+l-a)2+y2J

av

(1- a){ x - a)

ax

[F

a (x + 1- a)

_
-_\

[P

Now x = a - 0.5 at L~and L, also. each bracket term in the denominator equals 1 L4, L5 at

av

= -0.5+0.5a+O.5a
-::;-=

ax

= (I-a){a - 0.5-a )+a(a -0.5 + I-a)-(a

-a +0.5 = 0
ay (I-a)y

- 0.5)

av

0'

[F

+--3-Y

[P

Again. the denominator in brackets equals 1 @ L4, L5 So.

Thus 7.14 Conservation of momentum: m/'o = mpv~ + 4mpv~ v<= v~ cos 45' + 4v~ cos ¢ 4v: cos¢

Vn -

12
v'

._..
,~

......•....
\

• --------------r--.~
V

450

o = v~ sin 45'
4v: sin¢
16v'a 2 },

=
0

12
v

- 4v: sin ¢ ,

.....<I>

: ....

= v2 1

J2 v v'
0

-.

....

+ V'p 2
I4
III V,P,I

Conservation of energy:
-111

P"

v'

= -mpvp- +2 2
-

,~

16v,2 = 4v2" a Subtracting:

4v'p
c-

0= -3v2

-J2

v v' +Sv'P 2 p
n

, Jiv v=
p

0"±

2 2 '2v + 60v
10

V = -' (~v 2 ± vr;:-;:;) 62

10

v~ > 0, so the positive square root is used.

v~ = 0.9288
Ve

v'
v'

px

= v'PY = _p = 0.657 v " Ji

1 _V,2)2
0

v'

=_(v2 a 2

= v (1-.9288 )'2 2
D

v:

= 0.1853v,
V

tan¢ =

12
V __

0Ji

v~

fiv 0

v~

=
v' p

fi - .9288

.9288

¢ = tan-I 1.9134 = 62.41' cos ¢ = 0.086 Vo x=

v: v:

v' ay 7.15

= -v' a sin 'f' = -0.164v A.

1 = -m 2
0

c.

Conservation of energy: 1 -m v 2 i >:

a
pP

v ,~ +-4m .1 2
"

pa

1(1 v "- +- -111 v') 42""

16v,2 = 3v2 -4V,2 From the conservation of momentum eqn ofProb. 7.14: 16v,2 = v2 _ Jiv v' + V' 2
a

0""

Subtracting:
v

0 = -2v; - Jivov~ +5V~2 2 2 '2v +40v

, = Jiv0" ±

0 10

v v2 ~) 0 = _0 (~ ± v42 10

Using the positive square root, since v~ > 0:

v~ = 0.7895
v'
px Vo

=v'

PY

=_p

J2 =0.558v
2

v'

! v' = ~V2 _ _!_V,2 () a 16' 4P

v, (.75-.78952)2 2

v~ = 0.1780vo From the conservation of momentum eqns of Prob. 7.14: tan¢=

v~

J2v -v'P
o

.7895 J2 -.7895

¢ = tan-I 1.2638 = 51.65"

v' ax

= v'a cos

A. 'f/

= 0. 1I0 v

7.16

From eqn. 7.6.14,

tan

A. e
1

=---

sinO

y+cosO
1111

(PI and

Bare the scattering

angles in

the Lab and C.M. frames respectively. From cqn. 7.6.16, for Q
-0

0,

y =-

m2

tan 4 ) = = -1---

sinO

-+cosO
4 _!_ +cosO = sin 0 4 and squaring ...
2

1 1 -+-cosO+cos 16 2

() = l=-cos' 0
~

~ 1 15 2 cos - 0 + - cos 0 - - = 0 2 16

cosB= -"2±
Since 0 < 0 <
7r ,

1[f2l
4+2 4 tan
A.

=-.125±.696 .571 ~ 55.2"

e = COS-I
e, = --sin

7.17

From eqn. 7.6.14,

y+cosB

From cqn. 7.6.18,

!!i[l- (I+!!i)]-~ r ~~[I-HI+~ W

r=
Q
T
1112 f1l2
1

~O.3015

tan 45°

= ----- sine

.3015+ cosO
(since sin e' » cosO. 0> 45')

.3015 + cos 0 = sin 0 .3015 = sin" 0 - 2sin BcosO + cos ' B Using the identity 2sinBcosB = sin2B
2

sin2B=I-.30152 Since 0> 45

0 ,

=0.9091

20> 90":
0

2B = sin'" .9091

= 114.62°

() = 57.3

PI'

A,
\

7.18

Conservation of momentum:

----------i~-PI

..... d>

... ------1
I I I

\v .
I I

~ = ~' cos tjJ + ~' cos ( If - tjJ )

o =~'

sin tjJ-~'

sin (If -tjJ)

From Appendix B for sin (a + 13) and cos (a + fJ):

~ = ~' cos tjJ + ~' (cos

If! cos tjJ + sin If sin tjJ)

o = ~'
~2

sin tjJ - ~' (sin If! cos tjJ - cos Ifl sin tjJ) tjJ + p;2 ( cos 2 Ifl cos" tjJ + 2 cos If! cos tjJ sin tjJ sin If! + sin 2 If sin 2 tjJ) +2~'

= ~'2

cos

r;' ( cos" tjJ cos If! + cos tjJ sin If! sin tjJ )

o = ~'2

sin 2 tjJ + p;2 (sin 2 If cos' tjJ - 2 sin If! cos tjJ cos If sin tjJ + cos' Ifl sin! tjJ) -2 If ~' (sin tjJsinlf cos tjJ - cos If sin 2 tjJ)

Adding: ~2 = ~'2 + p;2 + 2~'~' cos If Conservation of energy:

p'2 p',2 p:2
_1_=_I_+_l_+Q

2m

2m

2m
_

Q = _1_( ~2 2m Q=

J(

_1~2) = _1_(2~'~'
2m

cos

If!)

~'~'

cos If!
111

7.19

let

r =......!.. =

T'

v,!
_12 VI '"

1;

ratio of scattered particle to incident particle energy

Looking at Figure 7.6.2 ...

-t'

v: .v: = (v; - vem ) . ( v; - vein )

VI -

= VI- + v;m
" ,

"- 2'VI vem cos 'f'1

2

hence

VI - = VI - - vem + 2

"

-t'

2'VIvcm
I cm

where

r = cos tjJl

V'2 v ... r=-I--....E!!...+ ..,

2v'v

v;

...,

vl-

vl-

r
... the center of mass speeds of the incident and

but scattered particle are the same.

n.
-t

m2
m2+1111

a
I+a

. 1 n~ ... fr om equation 7.6.12 wnere o =1111

VI

=--

l+a
1

Equation 7.6.11

Thus
r=---

(I +a)2

(l+a)2

2r + (l+a)

---+ (l+a)2

2r (I+a)

r-

Simplifying
r - 1~a )

C::)
a

=0
2

Let x2 = r and solving the resulting quadratic for x

x = .L: + _1_[r2 l+a l+ «

Squaring

, - (1- a )J"2

r~x' =

(l+i

), [2r' +a' -1+2r(r'

1
2

+a'

-i)~]

/). Now - t; = 1- r
.7;

= 1-

(l+a)

2r ~ + a
( 2 +a

-1 + 2r t"

(~?)1. a" -1 ] +
2

And, after a little algebra, we get the desired solution

-=---

st;
T;

2r

I+a
.

(l+a)"

~ r+"r

-1

7.20

From Equation 7.6.15 ...

v
•••

r=

mv

V; (111, + 1112 )

"

m2

, (1 + 111, / m2) V;

112

'

Now we solve for __!_ _,

v,

=(2TJ2 m)
2

vJ

and now solving for V; starting with Equation 7.6.9 ...

-2

-<2 - 1 J.1v, 2

= -1 J.1V,
I -2
--InV

. - Q an d using -< v,
2

=
-

1n2 In, +1112

v, we get ... T

"(1+m,/m2)

-Q-

(l+m,/1J12)
•

-Q

-12 -

v, -

111,

2 [ T (1 + In, /1112) ( 1 + m.] 1112)

_Q]

Thus, solving for y ...

10

Finally ...

7.21

The time of night. t

r

= constant-so

r = ~ but from problem 7.19 above v,

[ Y + Y" + a" -1 l+a As an example, let v, r = I and we have

, = v, t = --v, r

J'

,]
a=1

Ii = Y

pp scattering p-D p-He

'i

=~[y+Jy2 2 '3 =±[y+Jy

'4

+3 ] +15 ]

a=2

a=4
a=12

/3

[Y + J r' + 143]

p-C
90

Below is a polar plot of these four curves.

1

7.22

From cqn. 7.7.6, FII-Fg since v = constant,

m

Fg

= Ai = A v . = (AZ)g

v=0

=mv+Vlil

270 8

A = mass per unit length

F" = Azg + (AV)V = gA(

z+ ~ )

,
Fu is equal to the weight of a length z + ~ of chain.
g

II

7.23

4 m =-lrr3p 3 2 IiI = 4m· p r oc r=ki r=l:+kz From eqn. 7.7.6, mg

where v = z k a constant of proportionality

= mv+

VIiI

4 4 •. ' ,..:.) . -lrr 3 pg =-Jr,. 3 pz+··4 Jr"-P ( lIZ Z

g=z+-..

..

.)IIZ-

., 1.':' '

z=g---

r z: 3·'

For

r:

z+-r. k .. 3i2 = 0, Z = g-_

.,.

A series solution is used for this differential equation:

-.t..

.I " .,'"
(1n~ 11=0

.. dz dz dz . eli I d(i:2) '7=-=-·-=z-=---

dt

dz dt

dz
n

dz

--=

d(Z2) dz

" ~a
11

nz

II_I

11

Z= -

.. 1" ~al1l1z
')

n-I

= g - 3" ~anz
n l

n-I

1 For n = I: - al 2

= g - 3a

Forn=-=l:

-na n =-3a 2

Since n is an integer. an .;. --g'7 - 7 .,.

-e- "

=0

for n =-= 1

., 2

.. =r:3(2) r=
tgz

12

7.24

From eqn. 7.7.6. mg

= mv+ vm . where
V=

m and v refer to the portion of the chain

hanging over the edge of the table.

= AZ m =Ai
m .. di dt

and and

i . dz dz

v=z
2

where A is the mass per unit length of chain I d(i?)

Z=-=-'-=Z-=---

dz dz dz dt 2

dz

Azg =

AZ(.!_
dz

d(ZZ)J+Z(Ai) dz
i2

z=---=g--

.. I d(i2)

Because

of the initial condition

z;

= b :I:- 0 , a normal

power series solution to this Instead, we use the

differential equation ( as in Prob. 7.22) does not work. Method of Frobenius .

Z
·2

'" = L.a Z
n

n+.t

n~O

Z=- L._.an n+s

.. I" 2

z n+s-I =g- "n+s-I L._.(l"Z

n

Equality can be attained for a,,:1:... otherwise 1

a"

at

11 =

0 and n

=0

n :1:-0,3

For

11

= 0. -2 a S = -a.
0
c

s =-2
Z

.. -I" an (11- L. Z n-3 ") = L._.

= g - ",,-3 L._. anz

n

For

11

= 3, "2 a3 = g a3

a3

=3g
n

I For all n v Oc J: -a n (11-2)=-a 2

an = 0, z-=az-+-gz , 3
.7 _7

f1:1:-

0,3.

13

At t

= 0,

i = 0, and z

=b

O=~+

b2 2

2gb

3
3

a =--gb 3
c

., 2 h3 2 =--g-+-gz 3 Z2 3 7'

.2 2 At z=a. z =-g ( a-2h 3 a

3 )

2g =2 (3a -b)) 3a

7.25

Initially, the upward buoyancy force balances the weight of the balloon and sand.

(~J
~~:

(I)

• I

Let m = m (t)

the mass of sand at time t where 0 ~

f~

t,

m~m,(l- :.)

(2)

The velocity of sand relative to the balloon is zero upon release so V = 0 in equation 7.7.5 .,. there is no upward "rocket-thrust."

As sand is released. the net upward force is the difference between the initial buoyancy force, F 8, and the weight of the balloon and remaining sand. Let y be the subsequent displacement of the balloon, so equation 7.7.5 reduces to F = ma dv F8 -(M +m)g = (M +111)dt and using (1) and (2) above we get
-

~
dt

~~
( M + 111, ) (
-

mt

(M+~)~ = -g +-'------'--

( M + 111, ) i. - m,l
111)

whose solution is: v = dy dt

= -gt- (M

+m,)g( In(l112.

(M

+l1Io)to
1110

Y = C - r( gt + : In (1 - kt )) dt ,

Jl

k=

1\,

I 1 gt =C--gt --In(l-kt)-g 2 k Integrating by parts

J--

t, (AI!

+ 111.)

tdt

l-kt

14

= c -.!. gt2
2

gt In(l- kt)k

S(-l

+_l_)dt I-kt

g/ =C-.!.gt2- ln(1-kt)+gt +_K_ln(l-kt) 2 k k k2 12g gt =C-zgt + (l-kt)ln(l-kt)+T

but y = 0 at t = 0 so C = 0 Y and at t (a) (b) (c)

= T - 2. gt

gt

g e (1- kt ) In(1- kt)

= t.
H= gt?2[(2M+t1l0)mo+2M(M+l11o)ln(

Lm;

M +111,

.J]

v= gto
In,

[(M

+mo)111

(M

+mo)

-III,]

· m lave 1etung e = _0« I we I M t2 H = ~[(2 +£}/-;- 2(1 + £)In(1 + E)] 2£~

= g~t2 [ 2£+£2
2£o~

-2(1+£}

( £ __[;2 + __ 1i,3 2 3

... )]

Similarly: v = gto [( 1 + £) In (1 + £) - s ]

= g:.
2

[(I
0

+e) ( C _

c: + c: - ...) - c]
1

1 :::::-gt e (d) 7.26

In

= 327m:
III

v kt
.

= 9.8ms= £m
_0

=- k

or

= 1110 -

Bum-out occurs at ume T

So - the rocket equation (7.7.7) becomes

m dv

dt

= _ Vrn

(-) since V is oppositely directed to

15